Chapter IV: Californians (4)

Fish are killed with spears having movable heads, which become detached when the game is struck, and are also taken in nets made of rushes or twigs. In the latter case a place is chosen where the river is crossed by a bar, the net is then floated down the stream and on reaching the bar both ends are drawn together. The fish thus enclosed are taken from the circle by hand, and the Shoshone as he takes each one, puts its head in his mouth and kills it with his teeth. Captain Clarke describes an ingeniously constructed weir on Snake River, where it was divided into four channels by three small islands. Three of these channels were narrow "and stopped by means of trees which were stretched across, and supported by willow stakes, sufficiently near to prevent the passage of the fish. About the centre of each was placed a basket formed of willows, eighteen or twenty feet in length, of a cylindrical form, and terminating in a conic shape at its lower extremity; this was situated with its mouth upwards, opposite to an aperture in the weir. The main channel of the water was then conducted to this weir, and as the fish entered it they were so entangled with each other, that they could not move, and were taken out by emptying the small end of the willow basket. The weir in the main channel was formed in a manner somewhat different; there were, in fact two distinct weirs formed of poles and willow sticks quite across the river, approaching each other obliquely with an aperture in each side of the angle. This is made by tying a number of poles together at the top, in parcels of three, which were then set up in a triangular form at the base, two of the poles being in the range desired for the weir, and the third down the stream. To these poles two ranges of other poles are next lashed horizontally, with willow bark and withes, and willow sticks joined in with these crosswise, so as to form a kind of wicker-work from the bottom of the river to the height of three or four feet above the surface of the water. This is so thick as to prevent the fish from passing, and even in some parts with the help of a little gravel and some stone enables them to give any direction which they wish to the water. These two weirs being placed near to each other, one for the purpose of catching the fish as they ascend, the other as they go down the river, are provided with two baskets made in the form already described, and which are placed at the apertures of the weir."

For present consumption the fish are boiled in water-tight baskets by means of red-hot stones, or are broiled on the embers; sometimes the bones are removed before the fish is cooked; great quantities are also dried for winter. Some few of the Utahs cultivate a little maize, vegetables, and tobacco, and raise stock, but efforts at agriculture are not general. The Snakes sometimes accompany the more northern tribes into the country of the Blackfeet, for the purpose of killing buffalo.[618]

In their persons, dwellings and habits, the Utahs are filthy beyond description. Their bodies swarm with vermin which they catch and eat with relish. Some of the Snakes are of a more cleanly disposition, but, generally speaking, the whole Shoshone family is a remarkably dirty one.[619]

[Sidenote: WEAPONS OF THE SHOSHONES.]

The bow and arrow are universally used by the Shoshones, excepting only some of the most degraded root-eaters, who are said to have no weapon, offensive or defensive, save the club. The bow is made of cedar, pine, or other wood, backed with sinew after the manner already described, or, more rarely, of a piece of elk-horn. The string is of sinew. The length of the bow varies. According to Farnham, that used by the Pi Utes is six feet long, while that of the Shoshones seen by Lewis and Clark was only two and a half feet in length. The arrows are from two to four feet, and are pointed with obsidian, flint, or, among the lower tribes, by merely hardening the tip with fire. Thirty or forty are usually carried in a skin quiver, and two in the hand ready for immediate use. Lances, which are used in some localities, are pointed in the same manner as the arrows when no iron can be procured. The Snakes have a kind of mace or club, which they call a _poggamoggon_. It consists of a heavy stone, sometimes wrapped in leather, attached by a sinew thong about two inches in length, to the end of a stout leather-covered handle, measuring nearly two feet. A loop fastened to the end held in the hand prevents the warrior from losing the weapon in the fight, and allows him to hold the club in readiness while he uses the bow and arrow.[620] They also have a circular shield about two and a half feet in diameter, which is considered a very important part of a warrior's equipment, not so much from the fact that it is arrow-proof, as from the peculiar virtues supposed to be given it by the medicine-men. The manufacture of a shield is a season of great rejoicing. It must be made from the entire fresh hide of a male two-year-old buffalo, and the process is as follows. A hole is dug in the ground and filled with red-hot stones; upon these water is poured until a thick steam arises. The hide is then stretched, by as many as can take hold of it, over the hole, until the hair can be removed with the hands and it shrinks to the required size. It is then placed upon a prepared hide, and pounded by the bare feet of all present, until the ceremony is concluded. When the shield is completed, it is supposed to render the bearer invulnerable. Lewis and Clarke also make mention of a species of defensive armor "something like a coat of mail, which is formed by a great many folds of dressed antelope skins, united by means of a mixture of glue and sand. With this they cover their own bodies and those of their horses, and find it impervious to the arrow." I find mention in one instance only, of a shield being used by the Utahs. In that case it was small, circular, and worn suspended from the neck. The fishing spear I have already described as being a long pole with an elk-horn point. When a fish is struck the shaft is loosened from its socket in the head, but remains connected with the latter by a cord.[621] Arrows are occasionally poisoned by plunging them into a liver which has been previously bitten by a rattlesnake.[622]

[Sidenote: MANNER OF MAKING WAR.]

The tribes that possess horses always fight mounted, and manage their animals with considerable address. In war they place their reliance upon strategy and surprise; fires upon the hills give warning of an enemy's approach. Prisoners of war are killed with great tortures, especially female captives, who are given over to the women of the victorious tribe and by them done to death most cruelly; it is said, however, that male prisoners who have distinguished themselves by their prowess in battle, are frequently dismissed unhurt. Scalps are taken, and sometimes portions of the flesh of a brave fallen enemy are eaten that the eater may become endued with the valor of the slain. He who takes the most scalps gains the most glory. Whether the warriors who furnished the trophies fell by the hand of the accumulator or not, is immaterial; he has but to show the spoils and his fame is established. The Snakes are said to be peculiarly skillful in eluding pursuit. When on foot, they will crouch down in the long grass and remain motionless while the pursuer passes within a few feet of them, or when caught sight of they will double and twist so that it is impossible to catch them. The custom of ratifying a peace treaty by a grand smoke, common to so many of the North American aborigines, is observed by the Shoshones.[623] The pipe, the bowl of which is usually of red stone, painted or carved with various figures and adorned with feathers, is solemnly passed from mouth to mouth, each smoker blowing the smoke in certain directions and muttering vows at the same time.

The only tools used before iron and steel were introduced by the whites were of flint, bone, or horn. The flint knife had no regular form, and had a sharp edge about three or four inches long, which was renewed when it became dull. Elk-horn hatchets, or rather wedges, were used to fell trees. They made water-proof baskets of plaited grass, and others of wicker-work covered with hide. The Snakes and some of the Utahs were versed in the art of pottery, and made very good vessels from baked clay. These were not merely open dishes, but often took the form of jars with narrow necks, having stoppers.[624]

[Sidenote: LAWS AND GOVERNMENT.]

Boats, as a rule, the Shoshones have none. They usually cross rivers by fording; otherwise they swim, or pass over on a clumsy and dangerous raft made of branches and rushes.[625] By way of compensation they all, except the poorest, have horses, and these constitute their wealth. They have no regular currency, but use for purposes of barter their stock of dried fish, their horses, or whatever skins and furs they may possess. They are very deliberate traders, and a solemn smoke must invariably precede a bargain.[626] Although each tribe has an ostensible chief, his power is limited to giving advice, and although his opinion may influence the tribe, yet he cannot compel obedience to his wishes. Every man does as he likes. Private revenge, of course, occasionally overtakes the murderer, or, if the sympathies of the tribe be with the murdered man, he may possibly be publicly executed, but there are no fixed laws for such cases. Chieftainship is hereditary in some tribes; in others it is derived from prestige.[627]

The Utahs do not hesitate to sell their wives and children into slavery for a few trinkets. Great numbers of these unfortunates are sold to the Navajos for blankets. An act which passed the legislature of Utah in 1852, legalizing slavery, sets forth that from time immemorial, slavery has been a customary traffic among the Indians; that it was a common practice among them to gamble away their wives and children into slavery, to sell them into slavery to other nations, and that slaves thus obtained were most barbarously treated by their masters; that they were packed from place to place on mules; that these unfortunate humans were staked out to grass and roots like cattle, their limbs mutilated and swollen from being bound with thongs; that they were frozen, starved, and killed by their inhuman owners; that families and tribes living at peace would steal each other's wives and children, and sell them as slaves. In view of these abuses it was made lawful for a probate judge, or selectmen, to bind out native captive women and children to suitable white persons for a term not to exceed twenty years.[628]

Polygamy, though common, is not universal; a wife is generally bought of her parents;[629] girls are frequently betrothed in infancy; a husband will prostitute his wife to a stranger for a trifling present, but should she be unfaithful without his consent, her life must pay the forfeit. The women, as usual, suffer very little from the pains of child-bearing. When the time of a Shoshone woman's confinement draws near, she retires to some secluded place, brings forth unassisted, and remains there for about a month, alone, and procuring her subsistence as best she can. When the appointed time has elapsed she is considered purified and allowed to join her friends again. The weaker sex of course do the hardest labor, and receive more blows than kind words for their pains. These people, in common with most nomadic nations, have the barbarous custom of abandoning the old and infirm the moment they find them an incumbrance. Lewis and Clarke state that children are never flogged, as it is thought to break their spirit.[630]

[Sidenote: GAMBLING AND DRINKING.]

The games of hazard played by the Shoshones differ little from those of their neighbors; the principal one appears to be the odd-and-even game so often mentioned; but of late years they have nearly abandoned these, and have taken to 'poker,' which they are said to play with such adroitness as to beat a white man. With the voice they imitate with great exactness the cries of birds and beasts, and their concerts of this description, which generally take place at midnight, are discordant beyond measure. Though they manufacture no intoxicating liquor themselves, they will drink the whisky of the whites whenever opportunity offers. They smoke the _kinikkinik_ leaf when no tobacco can be procured from the traders.[631] In connection with their smoking they have many strange observances. When the pipe is passed round at the solemnization of a treaty, or the confirmation of a bargain, each smoker, on receiving it from his neighbor, makes different motions with it; one turns the pipe round before placing the stem to his lips; another describes a semicircle with it; a third smokes with the bowl in the air; a fourth with the bowl on the ground, and so on through the whole company. All this is done with a most grave and serious countenance, which makes it the more ludicrous to the looker-on. The Snakes, before smoking with a stranger, always draw off their moccasins as a mark of respect. Any great feat performed by a warrior, which adds to his reputation and renown, such as scalping an enemy, or successfully stealing his horses, is celebrated by a change of name. Killing a grizzly bear also entitles him to this honor, for it is considered a great feat to slay one of these formidable animals, and only he who has performed it is allowed to wear their highest insignia of glory, the feet or claws of the victim. To bestow his name upon a friend is the highest compliment that one man can offer another.

The Snakes, and some of the Utahs, are skillful riders, and possess good horses. Their horse-furniture is simple. A horse-hair or raw-hide lariat is fastened round the animal's neck; the bight is passed with a single half-hitch round his lower jaw, and the other end is held in the rider's hand; this serves as a bridle. When the horse is turned loose, the lariat is loosened from his jaw and allowed to trail from his neck. The old men and the women have saddles similar to those used for packing by the whites; they are a wooden frame made of two pieces of thin board fitting close to the sides of the horse, and held together by two cross-pieces, in shape like the legs of an isosceles triangle. A piece of hide is placed between this and the horse's back, and a robe is thrown over the seat when it is ridden on. The younger men use no saddle, except a small pad, girthed on with a leather thong. When traveling they greatly overload their horses. All the household goods and provisions are packed upon the poor animal's back, and then the women and children seat themselves upon the pile, sometimes as many as four or five on one horse.[632]

[Sidenote: DISEASES AND BURIAL.]

The poorer Utahs are very subject to various diseases, owing to exposure in winter. They have few, if any, efficient remedies. They dress wounds with pine-gum, after squeezing out the blood. The Snakes are much affected by rheumatism and consumption, caused chiefly by their being almost constantly in the water fishing, and by exposure. Syphilis has, of course, been extensively introduced among all the tribes. A few plants and herbs are used for medicinal purposes, and the medicine-men practice their wonted mummeries, but what particular means of cure they adopt is not stated by the authorities. I find no mention of their having sweat-houses.[633]

Concerning the disposal of the dead usage differs. In some parts the body is burned, in others it is buried. In either case the property of the deceased is destroyed at his burial. His favorite horse, and, in some instances, his favorite wife, are killed over his grave, that he may not be alone in the spirit land. Laceration in token of grief is universal, and the lamentations of the dead person's relatives are heard for weeks after his death, and are renewed at intervals for many months. Child-like in this, they rush into extremes, and when not actually engaged in shrieking and tearing their flesh, they appear perfectly indifferent to their loss.[634]

[Sidenote: SHOSHONE CHARACTER.]

The character of the better Shoshone tribes is not much worse than that of the surrounding nations; they are thieving, treacherous, cunning, moderately brave after their fashion, fierce when fierceness will avail them anything, and exceedingly cruel. Of the miserable root and grass eating Shoshones, however, even this much cannot be said. Those who have seen them unanimously agree that they of all men are lowest. Lying in a state of semi-torpor in holes in the ground during the winter, and in spring crawling forth and eating grass on their hands and knees, until able to regain their feet; having no clothes, scarcely any cooked food, in many instances no weapons, with merely a few vague imaginings for religion, living in the utmost squalor and filth, putting no bridle on their passions, there is surely room for no missing link between them and brutes.[635] Yet as in all men there stands out some prominent good, so in these, the lowest of humanity, there is one virtue: they are lovers of their country; lovers, not of fair hills and fertile valleys, but of inhospitable mountains and barren plains; these reptile-like men love their miserable burrowing-places better than all the comforts of civilization; indeed, in many instances, when detained by force among the whites, they have been known to pine away and die.

TRIBAL BOUNDARIES.

[Sidenote: NORTHERN CALIFORNIANS.]

To the NORTHERN CALIFORNIANS, whose territory extends from Rogue River on the north to Eel River south, and from the Pacific Ocean to the Californian boundary east, including the Klamath, and other lakes, are assigned, according to the authorities, the following tribal boundaries: There are 'the Hoopahs, and the Ukiahs of Mendocino;' 'the Umpquas, Kowooses or Cooses, Macanootoony's of the Umpqua river section, Nomee Cults, and Nomee Lacks of Tehama County; the Copahs, Hanags, Yatuckets, Terwars and Tolowas, of the lower Klamath river; the Wylaks and Noobimucks of Trinity county mountains west from Sacramento plains; the Modocs of Klamath Lake, the Ylackas of Pitt River, the Ukas and Shastas of Shasta county.' _Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _June 8, 1860_.

'The _Tototins_ are divided into twelve bands; eight of them are located on the coast, one on the forks of the Coquille, and three on Rogue river.' 'The Tototins, from whom is derived the generic name of the whole people speaking the language, reside on the north bank of the Tototin river, about four miles from its mouth. Their country extends from the eastern boundary of the Yahshutes, a short distance below their village, up the stream about six miles, where the fishing-grounds of the Mackanotins commence.' 'The country of the Euquachees commences at the "Three Sisters," and extends along the coast to a point about three miles to the south of their village, which is on a stream which bears their name. The mining town of Elizabeth is about the southern boundary of the Euquachees, and is called thirty miles from Port Orford. Next southward of the Euquachees are the Yahshutes, whose villages occupy both banks of the Tototin or Rogue river, at its mouth. These people claim but about two and a half miles back from the coast, where the Tototin country commences. The Yahshutes claim the coast to some remarkable headlands, about six miles south of Rogue river. South of these headlands are the Chetlessentuns. Their village is north of, but near, the mouth of a stream bearing their name, but better known to the whites as Pistol river. The Chetlessentuns claim but about eight miles of the coast; but as the country east of them is uninhabited, like others similarly situated, their lands are supposed to extend to the summit of the mountains. Next to the Chetlessentuns on the south are the Wishtenatins, whose village is at the mouth of a small creek bearing their name. They claim the country to a small trading-post known as the Whale's Head, about twenty-seven miles south of the mouth of Rogue River. Next in order are the Cheattee or Chitco band, whose villages were situated on each side of the mouth, and about six miles up a small river bearing their name.... The lands of these people extend from Whale's Head to the California line, and back from the coast indefinitely.... The Mackanotin village is about seven miles above that of the Tototins, and is on the same side of the river. They claim about twelve miles of stream. The Shistakoostees succeed them (the Mackanotins). Their village is on the north bank of Rogue river, nearly opposite the confluence of the Illinois. These are the most easterly band within my district in the South.' _Parrish_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 283-9. 'Dr. Hubbard, in his notes (1856) on the Indians of Rogue River and South Oregon, on the ocean, before alluded to, gives the following list of names of Rancherias and clans of the Lototen or Tutatamys tribe. Masonah Band, location, Coquille river; Chockrelatan Band, location, Coquille forks; Quatomah Band, location, Flore's creek; Laguaacha Band, location, Elk river; Cosulhenten Band, location, Port Orford; Yuquache Band, location, Yugua creek; Chetlessenten Band, location, Pistol river; Yah Shutes Band, location, Rogue river; Wishtanatan Band, location, Whale's head; Cheahtoc Band, location, Chetko; Tototen Band, location, six miles above the mouth of Rogue river; Sisticoosta Band, location, above Big Bend, of Rogue river; Maquelnoteer Band, location, fourteen miles above the mouth of Rogue river.' _Cal. Farmer_, _June 18, 1860_. The Tutotens were a large tribe, numbering thirteen clans, inhabiting the southern coast of Oregon. _Golden Era_, _March, 1856_. 'Toutounis ou Coquins, sur la rivière de ce nom et dans l'intérieur des terres.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'On the lower part of the Clamet River are the Totutune, known by the unfavorable soubriquet of the Rogue, or Rascal Indians.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 221. The bands of the Tootooton tribe 'are scattered over a great extent of country--along the coast and on the streams from the California line to twenty miles north of the Coquille, and from the ocean to the summit of the coast range of mountains.' _Palmer_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 259. Taylor places the Tutunahs in the northwest corner of Del Norte County. _MS. Map._

The _Hunas_ live in California a little south of Rogue River, on the way north from Crescent City. _Pfeiffer's Second Journ._, p. 314.

_Modoc_, by some _Moädoc_, is a word which originated with the Shasteecas, who applied it indefinitely to all wild Indians or enemies. 'Their proper habitat is on the southern shore of Lower Klamath Lake, on Hot Creek, around Clear Lake, and along Lost River in Oregon.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. x., p. 535. They own the Klamath River from the lake 'to where it breaks through the Siskiyou range to the westward.' _Id._, vol. xi., p. 21. In the northern part of Siskiyou County. _MS. Map_. 'The Modocs of the Klamath Lake were also called Moahtockna.' _Cal. Farmer_, _June 22, 1860_. East of the Klamaths, whose eastern boundary is twenty-five or thirty miles east of the Cascade Range, along the southern boundary of Oregon, 'and extending some distance into California, is a tribe known as the Modocks. East of these again, but extending farther south, are the Moetwas.' 'The country round Ancoose and Modoc lakes, is claimed and occupied by the Modoc Indians.' _Palmer_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 262-3. 'The Modocs (or Moadoc, as the word is pronounced) known in their language as the Okkowish, inhabit the Goose lake country, and are mostly within the State of California.... The word Modoc is a Shasta Indian word, and means all distant, stranger, or hostile Indians, and became applied to these Indians by white men in early days from hearing the Shastas speak of them.' See _Steele_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1864, p. 121.

The _Oukskenahs_, in the north-western part of Siskiyou County. _MS. Map._

[Sidenote: THE TRINITY RIVER TRIBES.]

The _Klamaths_ or _Lutuami_--'Lutuami, or Tlamatl, or Clamet Indians. The first of these names is the proper designation of the people in their own language. The second is that by which they are known to the Chinooks, and through them to the whites. They live on the head waters of the river and about the lake, which have both received from foreigners the name of Clamet.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 218. That portion of the eastern base of the Cascade Range, south of the forty-fourth parallel, 'extending twenty-five or thirty miles east, and south to the California line, is the country of the Klamath Indians.' _Palmer_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 262. The Tlameths 'inhabit the country along the eastern base of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains, and south to the Great Klameth Lake.' _Thompson_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 283. The Clamets inhabit 'Roquas River, near the south boundary' (of Oregon). _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hudson's Bay_, p. 81. 'Lutuami, Clamets; also Tlamatl--Indians of southwestern Oregon, near the Clamet Lake.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 100. 'Klamacs, sur la rivière de ce nom et dans l'intérieur des terres.' _De Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. Clamet: on the upper part of the river, and sixty miles below the lake so named. _Framboise_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 255. 'Next east of the Shastas are the Klamath Lake Indians, known in their language as the Okshee, who inhabit the country about the Klamath lakes, and east about half way to the Goose Lake, to Wright Lake, and south to a line running about due east from Shasta Butte.' _Steele_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1864, pp. 120-1. 'The name of Klamath or Tlamath, belonging to the tribes on the lake where the river rises, is not known among those farther down.... Thus, at the forks, the Weitspeks call the river below Pohlik, signifying down; and that above Pehtsik, or up; giving, moreover, the same name to the population in speaking of them collectively. Three distinct tribes, speaking different languages, occupy its banks between the sea and the mouth of the Shasté, of which the lowest extends up to Bluff Creek, a few miles above the forks. Of these there are, according to our information, in all, thirty-two villages.... The names of the principal villages ... are the Weitspek (at the forks), Wahsherr, Kaipetl, Moraiuh, Nohtscho, Méhteh, Schregon, Yauterrh, Pecquan, Kauweh, Wauhtecq, Scheperrh, Oiyotl, Naiagutl, Schaitl, Hopaiuh, Rekqua, and Weht'lqua, the two last at the mouth of the river.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 138.

The _Eurocs_ inhabit 'the lower Klamath from Weitspeck down, and along the coast for about twenty miles.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. viii., p. 530. The Eurocs 'inhabit the banks of the Klamath from the junction of the Trinity to the mouth, and the sea coast from Gold Bluff up to a point about six miles above the mouth of the Klamath.' _Powers' Pomo, MS._

The _Cahrocs_ live between the Eurocs and the foot of the Klamath Mountains, also a short distance up Salmon River. 'On the Klamath River there live three distinct tribes, called the Eurocs, Cahrocs, and Modocs; which names mean respectively, "down the river," "up the river," and "head of the river."' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. viii., p. 328. Speaking of Indians at the junction of Salmon and Klamath Rivers, Mr. Gibbs says: 'they do not seem to have any generic appellation for themselves, but apply the terms "Kahruk," up, and "Youruk," down, to all who live above or below themselves, without discrimination, in the same manner that the others (at the junction of the Trinity) do "Pehtsik," and "Pohlik."' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 151.

The _Tolewahs_ are the first tribe on the coast north of Klamath River. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 139. The Tahlewahs are a 'tribe on the Klamath River.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 179. 'In the vicinity of Crescent City and Smith's River there are the ... Lopas, Talawas, and Lagoons.' _Heintzelman_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, pp. 391-2. 'In Del Norte County ... the Haynaggis live along Smith River, the Tolowas on the Lagoon, and the Tahatens around Crescent City.' _Powers' Pomo, MS._ The Cops, Hanags, Yantuckets, and Tolawas, are 'Indian tribes living near the Oregon and California coast frontiers.' _Crescent City Herald_, _Aug. 1857_. The Tolowas at the meeting point of Trinity, Humboldt, and Klamath counties. _MS. Map._

The _Terwars_, north-west of the Tolowas. _MS. Map._

The _Weitspeks_ are the 'principal band on the Klamath, at the junction of the Trinity.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 422; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 200.

The _Oppegachs_ are a tribe at Red-Cap's Bar, on the Klamath River. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 148.

The _Hoopahs_ live 'am unteren Rio de la Trinidad, oder Trinity River.' _Buschmann_, _Das Apache als eine Athhapask. Spr._, p. 218. 'Indian tribe on the lower part of the Trinity River.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 82. The Hoopas live 'in Hoopa Valley, on the lower Trinity River.' _Power's Pomo, MS._, p. 85. 'The lower Trinity tribe is, as well as the river itself, known to the Klamaths by the name of Hoopah.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 139; see also p. 422. In the northern part of Klamath County. _MS. Map._

'Upon the Trinity, or Hoopah, below the entrance of the south fork or Otahweiaket, there are said to be eleven ranches, the Okenoke, Agaraits, Uplegoh, Olleppauh'lkahtehtl and Pephtsoh; ... and the Haslintah, Aheltah, Sokéakeit, Tashhuanta, and Witspuk above it; A twelfth, the Méyemma, now burnt, was situated just above "New" or "Arkansas" River.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 139.

The _Copahs_, in the extreme north of Klamath county, north of the Hoopahs. _MS. Map._ The Cops are mentioned as 'living near the Oregon and California coast frontiers,' in the _Crescent City Herald_, _Aug., 1857_.

The _Kailtas_ live on the south fork of Trinity River. _Powers' Pomo, MS._

The _Pataways_ occupy the banks of the Trinity, from the vicinity of Big Bar to South Fork. _Powers' Pomo, MS._

The _Chimalquays_ lived on New River, a tributary of the Trinity. _Powers' Pomo, MS._

The _Siahs_ 'occupied the tongue of land jutting down between Eel River, and Van Dusen's Fork.' _Powers' Pomo, MS._ The Sians or Siahs lived on the headwaters of Smith River. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 139.

The _Ehneks_, Eenahs, or Eenaghs, lived above the Tolewas on Smith River. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 139. 'Ehnek was the name of a band at the mouth of the Salmon or Quoratem River.' _Id._, p. 422; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 67.

_Wishosk_ 'is the name given to the Bay (Humboldt) and Mad River Indians by those of Eel River.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 422; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 201.

The _Weeyots_ are 'a band on the mouth of Eel River and near Humboldt Bay.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 200. The Humboldt Bay Indians call themselves Wishosk; and those of the hills Teokawilk; 'but the tribes to the northward denominate both those of the Bay and Eel River, Weyot, or Walla-walloo.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 133.

'The _Patawats_ live on the lower waters of Mad River, and around Humboldt Bay, as far south as Arcata, perhaps originally as far down as Eureka.' _Powers' Pomo, MS._

_Ossegon_ is the name given to the Indians of Gold Bluff, between Trinidad and the Klamath. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 133.

'The _Lassics_ formerly dwelt in Mad River Valley, from the head waters down to Low Gap, or thereabout, where they borrowed on the Wheelcuttas.' _Powers' Pomo, MS._

_Chori_ was the name given to the Indians of Trinidad by the Weeyots. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 133.

The _Chillulahs_ 'occupied the banks of Redwood Creek, from the coast up about twenty miles.' _Powers' Pomo, MS._ The Oruk, Tchololah, or Bald Hill Indians, lived on Redwood Creek. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 139.

The _Wallies_ occupy the sandy country north of Humboldt Bay. _Overland Monthly_, vol. ii., p. 536.

'The _Wheelcuttas_ had their place on the Upper Redwood Creek, from the land of the Chillulahs up to the mountains. They ranged across southward by the foot of the Bald Hills, which appear to have marked the boundary between them and the Chillulahs in that direction; and penetrated to Van Dusen's Fork, anent the Siahs and Lassics, with whom they occasionally came in bloody collision.' _Powers' Pomo, MS._

The _Veeards_ 'live around lower Humboldt Bay, and up Eel River to Eagle Prairie.' _Powers' Pomo, MS._

The _Shastas_ live to the south-west of the Lutuamis or Klamaths. _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 218. 'Sastés, dans l'intérieur au Nord de la Californie.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'The Shasta Indians, known in their language as Weohow--it meaning stone house, from the large cave in their country--occupy the land east of Shasta river, and south of the Siskiyou mountains, and west of the lower Klamath lake.' _Steele_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1864, p. 120. The Shastas occupy the centre of the county of that name. _MS. Map._ 'Indians of south-western Oregon, on the northern frontiers of Upper California.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 168. Watsahewah is the name 'of one of the Scott River bands of the Shasta family.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 422. The name is spelled variously as Shasty, Shaste, Sasté, &c.

The _Palaiks_ live to the southeast of the Lutuamis or Klamaths. _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 218. 'Indians of south-western Oregon, on the northern frontiers of Upper California.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 145.

On the Klamath are the Odeeilahs; in Shasta Valley the Ikarucks, Kosetahs, and Idakariúkes; and in Scott's Valley the Watsahewas and Eehs. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 171.

'The _Hamburg Indians_, known in their language as the Tka, inhabit immediately at the mouth of Scott's river, known in their language as the Ottetiewa river.' _Steele_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1864, p. 120.

'The _Scott's Valley Indians_, known in their language as the Iddoa, inhabit Scott's Valley above the cañon.' _Ib._

'The _Yreka_ (a misnomer for Yeka--Shasta Butte) Indians, known in their language as the Hoteday, inhabit that part of the country lying south of Klamath river, and west of Shasta river.' _Ib._

The _Yuka_ or Uka tribe 'inhabited the Shasta Mountains in the vicinity of McCloud's fork of Pitt River.' _Cal. Farmer_, _June 22, 1860_. The Ukas are directly south of the Modocs. _MS. Map._ 'The Yukeh, or as the name is variously spelt, Yuka, Yuques, and Uca, are the original inhabitants of the Nome-Cult, or Round Valley, in Tehama County ... and are not to be confounded with the Yukai Indians of Russian River.' _Gibbs_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. vii., p. 123.

'The _Noser_ or _Noza_ Indians ... live in the vicinity of Lassen's Butte.' _Siskiyou Chronicle_, _May, 1859_.

The _Ylakas_ are to the southeast of the Ukas. _MS. Map._

The CENTRAL CALIFORNIANS occupy the whole of that portion of California extending north and south, from about 40° 30´ to 35°, and east and west, from the Pacific Ocean to the Californian boundary. They are tribally divided as follows:

'The _Mattoles_ have their habitat on the creek which bears their name, and on the still smaller stream dignified with the appellation of Bear River. From the coast they range across to Eel River, and by immemorial Indian usage and prescriptive right, they hold the western bank of this river from about Eagle Prairie, where they border upon the Veeards, up southward to the mouth of South Fork.' _Powers' Pomo, MS._

The _Betumkes_ live on the South Fork of Eel River. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 634. In the northern part of Mendocino County. _MS. Map._

The _Choweshaks_ live on the head of Eel river. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 421. Tribes living on the Middle Fork of Eel River, in the valley called by the Indians Betumki were the Naboh Choweshak, Chawteuh Bakowa, and Samunda. _Id._, p. 116. The Choweshaks lived on the head of Eel River. _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 48.

'The _Loloncooks_ live on Bull Creek and the lower South Fork of Eel River, owning the territory between those streams and the Pacific.' _Powers' Pomo, MS._

The _Batemdakaiees_ live in the valley of that name on the head of Eel River. _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 17.

[Sidenote: RUSSIAN RIVER AND COAST TRIBES.]

The _Pomos_ consist of 'a great number of tribes or little bands, sometimes one in a valley, sometimes three or four, clustered in the region where the headwaters of Eel and Russian rivers interlace, along the estuaries of the coast and around Clear Lake. Really, the Indians all along Russian river to its mouth are branches of this great family, but below Calpello they no longer call themselves Pomos.... The broadest and most obvious division of this large family is, into Eel river Pomos and Russian river Pomos.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ix., pp. 498-9.

The Castel Pomos 'live between the forks of the river extending as far south as Big Chamise and Blue Rock.' _Id._, p. 499.

The Ki-Pomos 'dwell on the extreme headwaters of South Fork, ranging eastward to Eel River, westward to the ocean and northward to the Castel Pomos.' _Ib._, _MS. Map_.

'The Cahto Pomos (Lake people) were so called from a little lake which formerly existed in the valley now called by their name.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ix., p. 500.

The Choam Chadéla Pomos (Pitch Pine People) live in Redwood Valley. _Id._, p. 504.

The Matomey Ki Pomos (Wooded Valley People) live about Little Lake. _Ib._

The Camalèl Pomos (Coast People) or Usals live on Usal Creek. _Ib._

The Shebalne Pomos (Neighbor People) live in Sherwood Valley. _Ib._

The Pome Pomos (Earth People) live in Potter Valley. Besides the Pome Pomos there are two or three other little rancherias in Potter Valley, each with a different name; and the whole body of them are called Ballo Ki Pomos (Oat Valley People). _Id._

The Camalel Pomos, Yonsal Pomos, and Bayma Pomos live on Ten Mile, and the country just north of it, in Mendocino County. _Tobin_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 405.

'The Salan Pomas are a tribe of Indians inhabiting a valley called Potter's Valley.' _Ford_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, p. 257.

The _Niahbella Pomos_ live in the north-west of Mendocino County. _MS. Map._

The _Ukiahs_ live on Russian River in the vicinity of Parker's Ranch. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 112, 421. 'The Yuka tribe are those mostly within and immediately adjoining the mountains.' _Mendocino Herald_, _March, 1871_. The Yukai live on Russian River. _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 285. The Ukias are in the south-eastern part of Mendocino County. _MS. Map._

The _Soteomellos_ or Sotomieyos 'lived in Russian River valley.' _Cal. Farmer_, _March 30, 1860_.

The _Shumeias_ 'lived on the extreme upper waters of Eel River, opposite Potter Valley.' _Powers' Pomo, MS._

The _Tahtoos_ 'live in the extreme upper end of Potter Valley.' _Ib._

The _Yeeaths_ live at Cape Mendocino. _Tobin_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 406.

The _Kushkish_ Indians live at Shelter Cove. _Id._, p. 405.

The _Comachos_ live in Russian River Valley, in Rancheria and Anderson Valleys. _Powers' Pomo, MS._

The _Kajatschims_, _Makomas_, and _Japiams_ live in the Russian River Valley, north of Fort Ross. _Baer_, _Stat. und Ethno._, p. 80.

The _Gallinomeros_ occupy Dry Creek Valley and Russian River Valley below Healdsburg. _Powers' Pomo, MS._

The _Masalla Magoons_ 'live along Russian river south of Cloverdale.' _Id._

The _Rincons_ live south of the Masalla Magoons. _Id._

The _Gualalas_ live on Gualala or Wallalla Creek. _Id._

The Nahlohs, Carlotsapos, Chowechaks, Chedochogs, Choiteeu, Misalahs, Bacowas, Samindas, and Cachenahs, Tuwanahs, lived in the country between Fort Ross and San Francisco Bay. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 634.

_Chwachamaju_ (Russian Severnovskia) or Northerners, is the name of one of the tribes in the vicinity of Fort Ross. _Kostromitonow_, in _Baer_, _Stat. und Ethno._, p. 80. 'Severnovskia, Severnozer, or "Northerners." Indians north of Bodega Bay. They call themselves Chwachamaja.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 170.

The _Olamentkes_ live at Bodega. _Kostromitonow_, in _Baer_, _Stat. und Ethnog._, p. 80; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 20.

The _Kainamares_ or Kainaméahs are at Fitch's Ranch, extending as far back as Santa Rosa, down Russian River, about three leagues to Cooper's Ranch, and thence across the coast at Fort Ross, and for twenty-five miles above. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 102. 'The Kanimares had rancherias at Santa Rosa, Petaluma, or Pataloma, and up to Russian river.' _Cal. Farmer_, _March 30, 1860_. 'The proper name of Russian river in Sonoma valley is Canimairo after the celebrated Indians of those parts.' _Id._, _June 8, 1860_. The Indians of the plains in vicinity of Fort Ross, call themselves Kainama. _Kostromitonow_, in _Baer_, _Stat. und Ethno._, p. 80. The Kyanamaras 'inhabit the section of country between the cañon of Russian river and its mouth.' _Ford_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, p. 257.

The _Tumalehnias_ live on Bodega Bay. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 102.

The _Socoas_, _Lamas_, and _Seacos_, live in Russian River Valley in the vicinity of the village of Sanél. _Powers' Pomo, MS._

The _Sonomas_, Sonomis, or Sonomellos, lived at the embarcadero of Sonoma. _Cal. Farmer_, _March 30, 1860_. The Sonomas lived in the south-eastern extremity of what is now the county of Sonoma. _MS. Map._

The _Tchokoyems_ lived in Sonoma valley. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 421. The Chocuyens lived in the region now called Sonoma county, and from their chief the county takes its name. _Cronise's Nat. Wealth_, p. 22. The word Sonoma means 'Valley of the Moon.' _Tuthill's Hist. Cal._, p. 301. The Tchokoyems live in Sonoma Valley. _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 184.

'The _Timbalakees_ lived on the west side of Sonoma valley.' _Cal. Farmer_, _March 30, 1860_.

The _Guillicas_ lived 'northwest of Sonoma,' on the old Wilson ranch of 1846. _Ib._; _MS. Map_.

The _Kinklas_ live in 39° 14´ north lat. and 122° 12´ long. _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 201. The Klinkas are a 'tribu fixée au nord du Rio del Sacramento.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 358. South of the Rogue River Indians 'the population is very scanty until we arrive at the valley of the Sacramento, all the tribes of which are included by the traders under the general name of Kinklá, which is probably, like Tlamatl, a term of Chinook origin.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 221.

The Talatui live 'on the Kassima River, a tributary to the Sacramento, on the eastern side, about eighty miles from its mouth.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 631. _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 180.

The _Oleepas_ live on the Feather River, twenty miles above Marysville. _Delano's Life on the Plains_, p. 293.

'The Nemshous, as stated by General Sutter, roamed (prior to 1846) between the Bear and American rivers; across the Sacramento were the Yolos and Colusas; north of the American Fork were the Bashones. On the banks of the river north of Fort Helvetia, roamed the Veshanacks, the Touserlemnies and Youcoolumnies; between the American (plain and hills) and the Mokalumne roamed the Walacumnies, Cosumnies, Solumnees, Mokelumnees, Suraminis, Yosumnis, Lacomnis, Kis Kies and Omochumnies.' _Cal. Farmer_, _June 8, 1860_. The Colusas live in the north-eastern corner of Colusa County. The Yolos, in the northern part of the county of that name. West of them the Olashes. The Bushones in the south of Yolo County. The Nemshoos in the eastern part of Placer County. The Yukutneys north of them. The Vesnacks south-west of the Nemshoos, and north of the Pulpenes. The Youcoulumnes and Cosumnes are in the eastern part of Amador county. The Mokelumnes south of them. The Yachachumnes west of the Mokelumnes. _MS. Map_. 'Yolo is a corruption of the Indian Yoloy, which signified a region thick with rushes, and was the name of the tribe owning the tule lands west of the Sacramento and bordering on Cache Creek.' _Tuthill's Hist. Cal._, p. 301. The following are names of rancherias of tame Indians or Neophytes in the Sacramento Valley; Sakisimme, Shonomnes, Tawalemnes, Seywamenes, Mukelemnes, Cosumne. Rancherias of wild Indians or Gentiles, are: Sagayacumne, Socklumnes, Olonutchamne, Newatchumne, Yumagatock, Shalachmushumne, Omatchamne, Yusumne, Yuleyumne, Tamlocklock, Sapototot, Yalesumne, Wapoomne, Kishey, Secumne, Pushune, Oioksecumne, Nemshan, Palanshan, Ustu, Olash, Yukulme, Hock, Sishu, Mimal, Yulu, Bubu, Honcut. _Indian Tribes of the Sacramento Valley, MS._ Tame Indians or Neophites: Lakisumne, Shonomne, Fawalomnes, Mukeemnes, Cosumne. Wild Indians or Gentiles: Sagayacumne, Locklomnee, Olonutchamne, Yumagatock, Shalachmushumne, Omutchamne, Yusumne, Yaleyumne, Yamlocklock, Lapototot, Yalesumne, Wajuomne, Kisky, Secumne, Pushune, Oioksecumne, Nemshaw, Palanshawl Ustu, Olash, Yukulme, Hock, Lishu, Mimal, Ubu, Bubu, Honcut. _Sutter's Estimate of Indian Population, 1847, MS._ The Ochecamnes, Servushamnes, Chupumnes, Omutchumnes, Sicumnes, Walagumnes, Cosumnes, Sololumnes, Turealemnes, Saywamines, Nevichumnes, Matchemnes, Sagayayumnes, Muthelemnes, and Lopstatimnes, lived on the eastern bank of the Sacramento. The Bushumnes (or Pujuni), (or Sekomne) Yasumnes, Nemshaw, Kisky, Yaesumnes, Huk, and Yucal, lived on the western bank of the Sacramento. _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., pp. 630, 631.

The _Yubas_ or _Yuvas_ lived on Yuva River, a tributary to the Sacramento. _Fremont's Geog. Memoir_, p. 22.

The _Meidoos_ and _Neeshenams_ are on the Yuba and Feather Rivers. 'As you travel south from Chico the Indians call themselves Meidoo until you reach Bear River; but below that it is Neeshenam, or sometimes mana or maidec, all of which denote men or Indians.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. xii., p. 21.

The _Cushnas_ live near the south fork of the Yuba River. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., 506; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 59. Taylor also mentions the Cushnas south of the Yuba. _Cal. Farmer_, _May 31, 1861_.

[Sidenote: CLEAR LAKE TRIBES.]

The _Guenocks_ and _Locollomillos_ lived between Clear Lake and Napa. _Cal. Farmer_, _March 30, 1860_.

The _Lopillamillos_ or Lupilomis lived on the borders of Clear lake. _Ib._; _MS. Map_.

The _Mayacmas_ and _Tyugas_ dwell about Clear Lake. _San Francisco Herald_, _June, 1858_. The Mayacmas and Tyugas 'inhabited the vicinity of Clear lake and the mountains of Napa and Mendocino counties.' _Cal. Farmer_, _June 22, 1860_; _MS. Map_.

The _Wi-Lackees_ 'live along the western slope of the Shasta mountains from round Valley to Hay Fork, between those mountains on one side and Eel and Mad Rivers on the other, and extending down the latter stream about to Low Gap.' _Powers' Pomo, MS._ The Wye Lakees, Nome Lackees, Noimucks, Noiyucans and Noisas, lived at Clear Lake. _Geiger_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1859, p. 438.

_Napobatin_, meaning 'many houses,' was the collective name of six tribes living at Clear Lake: their names were Hulanapo, Habenapo or stone house, Dahnohabe, or stone mountain, Möalkai, Shekom, and Howkuma. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 109.

The _Shanelkayas_ and _Bedahmareks_, or lower people, live on the east fork of Eel River. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 109.

'The _Sanéls_ live at Clear lake.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 112. 'The Sanels occupy Russian River Valley in the vicinity of the American village of Sanel.' _Powers' Pomo, MS._

The _Bochheafs_, _Ubakheas_, _Tabahteas_, and the _Moiyas_, live between Clear Lake and the coast. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 112.

The _Socoas_, _Lamas_, and _Seacos_, occupy Russian River Valley in the vicinity of the village of Sanel. _Powers' Pomo, MS._

The _Napas_ 'inhabited the Salvador Vallejo ranch of Entre-Napa--that is the place between Napa river and Napa creek.' _Hittell_, in _Hesperian Mag._, vol. iv., p. 56; _Cal. Farmer_, _June 7, 1861_. 'The Napa Indians lived near that town and near Yount's ranch.' _Cal. Farmer_, _March 30, 1860_.

'The _Caymus_ tribe occupied the tract now owned by G. C. Yount.' _Hittell_, in _Hesperian Mag._, vol. iv., p. 55.

'The _Calajomanas_ had their home on the land now known as the Bale ranche.' _Ib._

The _Mayacomas_ dwelt in the vicinity of the hot springs in the upper end of Napa Valley. _Ib._

The _Ulucas_ lived on the east of the river Napa, near the present townsite. _Id._, p. 56.

'The _Suscols_ lived on the ranch of that name, and between Napa and Benicia.' _Cal. Farmer_, _March 30, 1860_. 'The former domain of the Suscol Indians was afterwards known as Suscol ranch.' _Hittel_, in _Hesperian Mag._, vol. iv., p. 56; _MS. Map_.

The _Tulkays_ lived 'below the town of Napa.' _Cal. Farmer_, _March 30, 1860_.

The _Canaumanos_ lived on Bayle's ranch in Napa valley. _Ib._

The _Mutistuls_ live 'between the heads of Napa and Putos creeks.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 111.

The _Yachimeses_ originally occupied the ground upon which the city of Stockton now stands. _Cal. Farmer_, _Dec. 7, 1860_.

The _Yachichumnes_ 'formerly inhabited the country between Stockton and Mt. Diablo.' _San Francisco Evening Bulletin_, _Sept. 9, 1864_.

The _Suisunes_ live in Suisun valley. _Cal. Farmer_, _March 30, 1860_. Solano County was named from their chief. _Cronise's Nat. Wealth_, p. 22; _Tuthill's Hist. Cal._, p. 301.

The _Ullulatas_ 'lived on the north side of Suisun Valley.' _Cal. Farmer_, _March 30, 1860_.

The _Pulpenes_ lived on the eastern side of Suisun Valley. _Ib._

The _Tolenos_ lived on the north side of Suisun Valley. _Ib._

The _Karquines_ lived on the straits of that name. _Ib._

The _Tomales_, Tamales, Tamallos, or Tamalanos, and Bollanos, lived between Bodega Bay and the north shore of San Francisco Bay. _Id._, _March 2, 1860_, _March 30, 1860_.

The _Socoisukas_, _Thamiens_, and _Gerguensens_ or Gerzuensens 'roamed in the Santa Clara valley, between the Coyote and Guadalupe rivers, and the country west of San Jose city to the mountains.' _Id._, _June 22, 1860_.

The _Lecatuit_ tribe occupied Marin county, and it is from the name of their chief that the county takes its name. _Cronise's Nat. Wealth_, p. 22.

'The _Petalumas_ or the _Yolhios_ lived near or around that town.' _Cal. Farmer_, _March 30, 1860_.

The _Tulares_, so called by the Spaniards, lived between the northern shore of the bay of San Francisco and San Rafael. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 421.

The _Wapos_ inhabited 'the country about the Geysers.' _Ford_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, p. 257.

The _Yosemites_ inhabited the valley of the same name. The Tosemiteiz are on the headwaters of the Chowchilla. _Lewis_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 399.

The _Ahwahnachees_ are the inhabitants of Yosemite Valley. _Hittel's Yosemite_, p. 42.

[Sidenote: TRIBES NEAR THE MISSION DOLORES.]