Chapter VII: Wild Tribes of Central America (5)

'Ay en Nicaragua cinco leguajes ... Coribici ... Chorotega ... Chondal ... Orotiña ... Mexicano.' _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 264. 'Hablauan en Nicaragua, cinco lenguas diferentes, Coribizi, que lo hablan mucho en Chuloteca ... Los de Chontal, ... la quarta es Orotina, Mexicana es la quinta.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. iv., cap. vii. 'In Nicaragua there were fiue linages, and different languages: the Coribici, Ciocotoga, Ciondale, Oretigua, and the Mexican.' _Purchas his Pilgrimes_, vol. v., p. 887; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iv., p. 35; _Buschmann_, _Ortsnamen_, p. 132.

The _Chorotegans_ 'occupied the entire country north of the Niquirans, extending along the Pacific Ocean, between it and Lake Managua, to the borders, and probably for a distance along the shores of the gulf of Fonseca. They also occupied the country south of the Niquirans, and around the gulf of Nicoya, then called Orotina.' _Squier's Nicaragua_, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 310. 'Welche die Gegenden zwischen der Südsee und dem Managua-See von der Fonseca-Bai südwärts bis zu den aztekisch sprechenden Indianern bewohnen und auch südlich von den Niquirians bis zur Bai von Nicoya sich ausbreiten.' _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. 246. 'North of the Mexican inhabitants of Nicaragua (the Niquirans), between the Pacific Ocean, Lake Managua, and the Gulf of Fonseca.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 48. Before the conquest they occupied 'les régions aujourd'hui à peu près désertes qui s'étendent entre le territoire de Tehuantepec et celui de Soconusco, sur les bords de l'Océan Pacifique.' ... To escape the Olmec tyranny they emigrated to 'golfe de Nicoya; de là, ils retournèrent ensuite, en passant les monts, jusqu'au lac de Nicaragua et se fixèrent sur ses bords.' Driven off by the Nahuas 'les uns, se dirigeant au nord-ouest, vont fonder Nagarando, au bord du lac de Managua, tandis que les autres contournaient les rivages du golfe de Nicoya, que l'on trouve encore aujourd'hui habités par leurs descendants.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Popol Vuh_, introd., pp. cc., ccii. 'Als die Spanier nach Nicaragua kamen, war diess Volk an der Küste verbreitet ... wohnten längs der Küste des Austroloceans.' _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, pp. 397-8.

The _Dirians_ 'occupied the territory lying between the upper extremity of Lake Nicaragua, the river Tipitapa, and the southern half of Lake Managua and the Pacific, whose principal towns were situated where now stand the cities of Granada, (then called Salteba,) Masaya, and Managua, and the villages of Tipitapa, Diriomo and Diriamba.' _Squier's Nicaragua_, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 310. 'Groupés dans les localités encore connues de Liria, de Diriomé, de Diriamba, de Monbacho et de Lenderi, sur les hauteurs qui forment la base du volcan de Mazaya.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., p. 111. 'Occupied Masaya, Managua, Tipitapa, Diriomo, and Diriamba.' _Stout's Nicaragua_, p. 114; _Froebel_, _Aus Amer._, tom. i., p. 287.

The _Nagrandans_. 'Entre les Dirias et la Choluteca était située la province des Mangnés ou Nagarandas (Torquemada dit que Nagarando est un mot de leur langue. Oviedo les appelle Nagrandas), dont les fertiles campagnes s'étendaient, au nord et à l'ouest du lac de Managua, jusqu'à la mer; on y admirait les cités florissantes de Chinandéga, de Chichigalpa, de Pozoltega, de Telica, de Subtiaba, de Nagarando, appelée aussi Xolotlan, de Matiares et une foule d'autres, réduites maintenant, pour la plupart, à de misérables bourgades.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., pp. 111-12. 'The Nagrandans occupied the plain of Leon between the northern extreme of Lake Managua and the Pacific.' _Stout's Nicaragua_, p. 114. 'An welche sich weiter nordwestwärts (the last mention was Dirians) die Bewohner der Gegend von Leon, welche Squier Nagrander nennt ... anschlossen.' _Froebel_, _Aus Amer._, tom. i., p. 287. 'Chorotega tribe of the plains of Leon, Nicaragua.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 130; _Squier's Nicaragua_, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 310.

The _Niquirans_ 'settled in the district of Nicaragua, between the Lake of Nicaragua and the Pacific Ocean.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 134. 'Au centre du pays, sur le lac Nicaragua, appelé Cocibolca par les indigènes, vivaient les Niquirans.' _Holinski_, _La Californie_, p. 290. Ometepec. 'This island was occupied by the Niquirans.' _Squier's Nicaragua_, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 313; _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., p. 74.

The _Orotiñans_ occupied 'the country around the Gulf of Nicoya, and to the southward of Lake Nicaragua.' _Squier's Nicaragua_, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 310. 'Am Golfe von Orotina oder Nicoya.... Unter den geographischen Namen im Lande der Orotiner stösst man auf den Vulkan Orosi, im jetzigen Costa Rica, während einer der Vulkane in der Kette der Maribios, bei Leon, also im Lande der Nagrander, Orota heisst.' _Froebel_, _Aus Amer._, tom. i., p. 287. 'Les Orotinas, voisins du golfe de Nicoya, dont les villes principales étaient Nicoya, Orotina, Cantren et Choroté.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., pp. 110. 'Settled the country south of Lake Nicaragua around the Gulf of Nicoya.' _Stout's Nicaragua_, p. 114.

[Sidenote: MOSQUITO NATIONS.]

The MOSQUITOS, as a subdivision of this group, inhabit the whole of Honduras, the eastern portion of Nicaragua, and all that part of the coast on the Caribbean Sea known as the Mosquito Coast.

The _Xicaques_ 'exist in the district lying between the Rio Ulua and Rio Tinto.... It seems probable that the Xicaques were once much more widely diffused, extending over the plains of Olancho, and into the Department of Nueva Segovia, in Nicaragua.' _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. 244. 'Se rencontrent principalement dans le département de Yoro ... (some) à l'embouchure de la rivière Choloma, et le reste est dispersé dans les montagnes à l'ouest de la plaine de Sula. Dans le département de Yoro, ils sont répandus dans le pays depuis la rivière Sulaco jusqu'à la baie de Honduras.' _Id._, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1858, tom. clx., pp. 133-4. Yoro department; 'Welche am oberen Lauf der Flüsse und in dem Berg- und Hügellande zwischen der Küste und dem Thale von Olancho wohnen.' _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. 317.

The _Poyas_. 'In the triangle between the Tinto, the sea, and the Rio Wanks, or Segovia.' _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. 244. 'Inhabit the Poyer mountains, beyond the Embarcadero on the Polyer River.' _Young's Narrative_, p. 80. 'Den westlichen Theil des Distrikts Taguzgalpa, zwischen den Flüssen Aguan und Barbo.' _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 389. 'Inhabit the heads of the Black and Patook rivers.' _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii., p. 258.

The _Towkas_, 'bewohnen die südlichen Gegenden des Distrikts (Taguzgalpa) und das Gebirge.' _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, pp. 390-1. 'Their principal residence is at the head of Patook River.' _Young's Narrative_, p. 87. 'They dwell along the Twaka river which is a branch of the Prinz Awala.' _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii., p. 258.

The '_Toonglas_ inhabit along the other branch of the same river.' _Ib._

The _Smoos_ 'inhabit the heads of all the rivers from Blewfields to Patook.' _Id._, p. 256.

The _Cookras_ 'reside about one hundred and thirty miles from its mouth' (the Rio Escondido). _Strangeways' Mosquito Shore_, p. 30.

The _Caribs_ 'now occupy the coast from the neighborhood of the port of Truxillo to Carataska Lagoon.... Their original seat was San Vincent, one of what are called the Leeward Islands, whence they were deported in a body, by the English, in 1798, and landed upon the then unoccupied island of Roatan, in the Bay of Honduras.' They afterwards removed to the main land 'in the vicinity of Truxillo, whence they have spread rapidly to the eastward. All along the coast, generally near the mouths of the various rivers with which it is fringed, they have their establishments or towns.' _Bard's Waikna_, p. 316. 'Now settled along the whole extent of coast from Cape Gracias à Dios to Belize.' _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, p. 185. 'Dwell on the sea coast, their first town, Cape Town, being a few miles to the westward of Black River.' _Young's Narrative_, pp. 71, 122, 134. In Roatan: 'Die Volksmenge besteht aus Caraiben und Sambos, deren etwa 4,000 auf der Insel seyn sollen.' _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 386. 'Unter den Caraibendörfern sind zu nennen: Stanu Creek ... unfern im S. von Belize und von da bis zur Südgrenze Settee, Lower Stanu Creek, Silver Creek, Seven Hills und Punta Gorda.' _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. 300. See also: _Sivers_, _Mittelamerika_, pp. 154, 179; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., p. 289.

The _Ramas_ extend from Greytown to Blewfields, a region 'uninhabited except by the scanty remnant of a tribe called Ramas.' 'Inhabit a small island at the southern extremity of Blewfields Lagoon; they are only a miserable remnant of a numerous tribe that formerly lived on the St. John's and other rivers in that neighbourhood. A great number of them still live at the head of the Rio Frio, which runs into the St. John's River at San Carlos Fort.' _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii., pp. 242, 259. 'Rama Cay, in Blewfiels Lagoon. This small island is the refuge of a feeble remnant of the once powerful Rama tribe.' _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, p. 278.

The _Mosquitos_ inhabit 'the whole coast from Pearl Key Lagoon to Black River, and along the banks of the Wawa and Wanx, or Wanks Rivers for a great distance inland.' _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii., p. 250. 'L'intérieur du pays est occupé par la nation sauvage et indomptable des Mosquitos-Sombos. Les côtes, surtout près le cap Gracias à Dios, sont habitées par une autre tribu d'Indiens que les navigateurs anglais ont appelés Mosquitos de la côte.' _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 472. 'An dem Ende dieser Provinz (Honduras), nahe bey dem Cap, Gratias-a-Dios, findet man die berühmte Nation der Mosquiten.' _Delaporte_, _Reisen_, tom. x., p. 404. 'Nearly the whole coast of Honduras; and their most numerous tribe exists near the Cape Gracios á Dios.' _Bonnycastle's Span. Amer._, vol. i., p. 172. 'Ocupan el terreno de mas de sesenta leguas, que corren desde la jurisdiccion de Comaniagua, hasta la de Costa-Rica.' _Revista Mex._, tom. i., p. 404. 'Die Sambo, oder eigentlichen Mosquitoindianer welche den grössten Theil der Seeküste bis zum Black river hinauf und die an derselben gelegenen Savannen bewohnen.' _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, p. 19. 'Inhabiting on the Main, on the North side, near Cape Gratia Dios; between Cape Honduras and Nicaragua.' _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., p. 7. 'Inhabit a considerable space of country on the continent of America, nearly extending from Point Castile, or Cape Honduras, the southern point of the Bay of Truxillo, to the northern branch of the river Nicaragua, called usually St. Juan's; and comprehending within these limits nearly 100 leagues of land on the sea coast, from latitude 11 to 16 deg.' _Henderson's Honduras_, pp. 211-12. The Sambos 'inhabit the country from Sandy Bay to Potook.' _Strangeways' Mosquito Shore_, p. 330. 'The Sambos, or Mosquitians, inhabit the sea coast, and the savannas inland, as far west as Black River.' _Young's Narrative_, p. 71. 'The increase and expansion of the Caribs has already driven most of the Sambos, who were established to the northward and westward of Cape Gracias á Dios, into the territory of Nicaragua, southward of the Cape.' _Squier's Honduras_ [Lond., 1870,] p. 169; _Id._, _Cent. Amer._, p. 228.

[Sidenote: ISTHMIAN NATIONS.]

The ISTHMIANS, the last sub-division of this group, embrace the people of Costa Rica, together with the nations dwelling on the Isthmus of Panamá, or Darien, as far as the gulf of Urabá, and along the river Atrato to the mouth of the Napipi, thence up the last-named river to the Pacific Ocean. 'The Indian tribes within the territory of Costarrica, distinguished by the name of Parcialidades, are the Valientes, or most eastern people of the state; the Tiribees, who occupy the coast from Bocatoro to the Banana; the Talamancas and Blancos, who inhabit the interior, but frequent the coast between the Banana and Salt Creek; the Montaños and Cabecares, who are settled in the neighbourhood of the high lands bounding Veragua, and the Guatusos, inhabiting the mountains and forest between Esparsa and Bagases, and towards the north of these places.' _Galindo_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. vi., p. 134. From Boca del Toro towards the west coast dwell the Viceitas, Blancos, Valientes, Guatusos, Tiribis, and Talamancas. _Wagner and Scherzer_, _Costa Rica_, p. 554. Blancos, Valientes, and Talamancas 'entlang der Ostküste zwischen dem Rio Zent und Boca del Toro, im Staate Costa Rica.' _Id._, p. 573.

The _Guatusos_ 'vom Nicaragua-See an den Rio Frio aufwärts und zwischen diesem und dem San Carlos bis zum Hochlande.' _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. 357. 'Inhabit a territory lying between the Merivales mountains on the west, the lake of Nicaragua and the San Juan river on the north, the Atlantic shore on the east, and the table land of San José upon the south.' ... The Rio Frio 'head-waters are the favorite haunt or habitation of the Guatusos ... occupy the north-east corner of Costa Rica.' _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., pref., pp. xii., xix., p. 298. They inhabit 'the basin of the Rio Frio.' _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. 405; _Id._, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1856, tom. cli., p. 5; _Id._, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. iv., p. 65; _Vigne's Travels_, vol. i., p. 77.

The _Guetares_ 'viven ençima de las sierras del puerto de la Herradora é se extienden por la costa deste golpho al Poniente de la banda del Norte hasta el confin de los Chorotegas.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., p. 108.

The _Blancos_ 'welche ungefähr 5 Tagereisen südöstlich von Angostura in den Bergen hausen.' _Wagner and Scherzer_, _Costa Rica_, pp. 556, 554.

The _Valientes_ and _Ramas_, 'zwischen dem Punta Gorda und der Lagune von Chiriqui.' _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, p. 9.

Inhabiting the Isthmus were numerous tribes speaking different languages, mentioned by early writers only by the name of the chief, which was usually identical with that of both town and province. In the province of Panamá there were 'quatro señores de lenguas diferentes.... De alli se baxaua a la prouincia de Natá ... treynta leguas de Panamá ... otro llamado Escoria, ocho leguas de Natá.... Ocho leguas mas adelante, la buelta de Panamá, auia otro Cazique dicho Chirú, de lengua diferente: y otras siete leguas mas adelante, házia Panamá, estaua el de Chamé, que era el remate de la lengua de Coyba: y la prouincia de Paris se hallaua doze leguas de Natá, Les hueste.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. vi. Westward from the gulf of Urabá 'hay una provincia que se dice Careta ... yendo mas la costa abajo, fasta cuarenta leguas desta villa, entrando la tierra adentro fasta doce leguas, está un cacique que se dice Comogre y otro que se dice Poborosa.' _Balboa_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., p. 366. 'En la primera provincia de los darieles hay las poblaciones siguientes: Seraque, Surugunti, Queno, Moreri, Agrazenuqua, Occabayanti y Uraba.' _Hervás_, _Catálogo_, tom. i., p. 280. 'Treinta y tantas leguas del Darien habia una provincia que se decia Careta, y otra cinco leguas de ella que se dice Acla.... La primera provincia desde Acla hácia el ueste es Comogre.... En esta tierra está una provincia que se llama Peruqueta, de una mar á otra, y la isla de las Perlas, y golfo de S. Miguel, y otra provincia, que llamamos las Behetrías por no haber en ella ningun señor, se llama Cueva: es toda una gente y de una lengua.... Desde esta provincia da Peruqueta hasta Adechame que son cerca de 40 leguas todavía al ueste, se llama la provincia de Coiba, y la lengua es la de Cueva ... desde Burica hasta esta provincia, que se dice Tobreytrota, casi que cada señor es diferente de lengua uno de otro.... Desde aquí tornando á bajar cerca de la mar, venimos á la provincia de Nata ... está 30 leguas de Panamá ... tenia por contrario á un señor que se decia Escoria, que tenia sus poblaciones en un rio grande ocho leguas de Meta.... Esta es lengua por sí. Y ocho leguas de allí hácia Panamá está otro señor que se dice Chiru, lengua diferente. Siete leguas de Chiru, hácia Panamá, está la provincia de Chame: es el remate de la lengua de Coiba ... Chiman ... dos leguas de Comogre ... desde esto Chiman ... la provincia de Pocorosa, y de allí dos leguas la vuelta del ueste ... la de Paruraca, donde comienza la de Coiba, y de allí la misma via cuatro leguas ... la de Tubanamá, y de allí á ocho leguas todo á esta via ... la de Chepo, y seis leguas de allí ... la de Chepobar, y dos leguas delante ... la de Pacora, y cuatro de allí ... la de Panamá, y de allí otras cuatro ... la de Periquete, y otras cuatro adelante ... la de Tabore, y otras cuatro adelante ... la de Chame, que es remate de la lengua y provincia de Coiba ... de Chame á la provincia del Chiru hay ocho leguas ... y este Chiru es otra lengua por sí.' _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., pp. 397-8, 407-8, 410.

The _Guaimies_. 'En la provincia de Veraguas, situada á 9 grados de latitud boreal, está la nacion de los Guaimies ó Huamies.' _Hervás_, _Catálogo_, tom. i., pp. 280-1. 'Los quales indios, segun decian, no eran naturales de aquella comarca: ántes era en antigua patria la tierra que está junto al rio grande de Darien.' _Cieza de Leon_, in _Id._, p. 281.

'The Indians who at present inhabit the Isthmus are scattered over Bocas del Toro, the northern portions of Veraguas, the north-eastern shores of Panamá, and almost the whole of Darien, and consist principally of four tribes, the Savanerics, the San Blas Indians, the Bayanos, and the Cholos. Each tribe speaks a different language.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. i., p. 317. 'Les Goajiros, les Motilones, les Guainetas et les Cocinas, dans les provinces de Rio-Hacha, de Upar et de Santa-Marta; et les Dariens, les Cunas et les Chocoes, sur les rives et les affluents de l'Atrato et les côtes du Darien.' _Roquette_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1855, tom. cxlvii., pp. 24-5.

'The _Savanerics_ occupy the northern portion of Veraguas.' _Ib._

The _Dorachos_ occupied western Veragua. _Id._, p. 312.

The _Manzanillo_, or San Blas Indians, 'inhabit the north-eastern portion of the province of Panama.' _Id._, p. 320. 'The chief settlement is about San Blas, the rest of the coast being dotted over with small villages.' _Gisborne's Darien_, p. 156. 'Their principal settlements are on the upper branches of the Chepo, Chiman, and Congo, on the Tuquesa, Ucurganti, Jubuganti, and Chueti, branches of the Chuquanaqua, and on the Pucro and Paya.' _Cullen's Darien_, p. 69. 'The whole of the Isthmus of Darien, except a small portion of the valley of the Tuyra, comprising the towns of Chipogana, Pinogana, Yavisa, and Santa Maria, and a few scattering inhabitants on the Bayamo near its mouth, is uninhabited except by the San Blas or Darien Indians.... They inhabit the whole Atlantic coast from San Blas to the Tarena, mouth of the Atrato, and in the interior from the Sucubti to the upper parts of the Bayamo.' _Selfridge's Darien Surveys_, p. 10.

The _Mandingos_ 'occupy the coast as far as the Bay of Caledonia.' _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxviii., p. 92; _Reichardt_, _Cent. Amer._, p. 161; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 61.

The _Bayanos_, 'about the River Chepo.' _Id._, p. 18; _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. i., p. 321.

The _Cholos_, 'extending from the Gulf of San Miguel to the bay of Choco, and thence with a few interruptions to the northern parts of the Republic of Ecuador.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. i., p. 321. 'Inhabiting part of the Isthmus of Darien, east of the river Chuquanaqua, which is watered by the river Paya and its branches in and about lat. 8° 15´ N., and long. 77° 20´ W.' _Latham_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xx., p. 189.

'The _Cunas_ have established themselves on the shores of the Gulf of Urabá, near the outlets of the Atrato.' _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxviii., p. 92.

The _Cunacunas_, 'on the south-easterly side of the Isthmus.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 59. 'The remnants of the Chucunaquese who in 1861 dwelt on the banks of the river which bears their name ... have gone up towards the north.' _Ib._

The _Chocos_, 'on the Leon and the different tributaries of the Atrato.' _Michler's Darien_, p. 26.

The _Caimanes_, 'between Punta Arenas and Turbo.' _Ib._

The _Urabás_, 'en las selvas y bosques de la Provincia de Urabá.' _Alcedo_, _Dicc._, tom. v., p. 258.

The _Idibas_ 'del Reyno de Tierra-Firme y Gobierno de Panamá, son confinantes con los Chocoes y los Tatabes.' _Id._, tom. ii., p. 413.

The _Payas_ 'on the river of that name.' _Selfridge's Darien Surveys_, p. 86.

FOOTNOTES:

[960] The Lacandones are of one stock with the Manches, and very numerous. They were highly civilized only one hundred and fifty years ago. _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., preface, pp. 14-17. 'The old Chontals were certainly in a condition more civilised.' _Id._, pp. 286-95, 265-70. 'Die Chontales werden auch Caraiben genannt.' _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, pp. 243-8, 265, 283-90, 311, 321, 326, 330, 335. It seems there existed in Nicaragua: Chorotegans, comprising Dirians, Nagrandans, and Orotiñans; Cholutecans and Niquirans, Mexican colonies; and Chondals. _Squier's Nicaragua_, vol. ii., pp. 309-12. Examine further: _Müller_, _Amerikanische Urreligionen_, p. 454; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. i., pp. 285-92; _Puydt_, _Rapport_, in _Amérique Centrale_, p. 69; _Benzoni_, _Hist. del Mondo Nuovo_, fol. 104; _Malte-Brun_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1858, tom. clviii., p. 200; _Berendt_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 425; _Crowe's Cent. Amer._, p. 40; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, pp. 357-8, 370; _Dollfus and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. 18-19; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. i., pp. 202, 208, 272, tom. ii., pp. 49, 125, 313; _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., pp. 79, 110-11; _Valois_, _Mexique_, pp. 288, 299-300; _Escobar_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., pp. 89-97.

[961] _Crowe's Cent. Amer._, pp. 40-1; _Squier's Nicaragua_, pp. 268, 278-9; _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, pp. 33-4; _Dunn's Guatemala_, pp. 277-8; _Reichardt_, _Nicaragua_, pp. 106-7; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 272; _Lafond_, _Voyages_, tom. i., p. 338; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. i., p. 260, tom. ii., pp. 126, 197; _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., p. 414; _Belly_, _Nicaragua_, tom. i., pp. 200-1; _Scherzer_, _Wanderungen_, pp. 52-3; _Foote's Cent. Amer._, p. 104. Round Leon 'hay más indios tuertos ... y es la causa el contínuo polvo.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iv., p. 64. In Guatemala, 'los hombres muy gruessos.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. v., caps. xi., xii., dec. iv., lib. x., cap. xiv. 'Ceux de la tierra fria sont petits, trapus, bien membrés, susceptibles de grandes fatigues ... ceux de la tierra caliente sont grands, maigres, paresseux.' _Dollfus and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. 47, 21. 'Kurze Schenkel, langen Oberleib, kurze Stirne und langes struppiges Haar.' _Bülow_, _Nicaragua_, p. 78. 'The disproportionate size of the head, the coarse harsh hair, and the dwarfish stature,' of the Masayas. _Boyle's Ride_, vol. ii., pp. 8-9.

[962] _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., pp. 407, 414. In Salvador, the women's 'only garment being a long straight piece of cotton cloth without a seam.' _Foote's Cent. Amer._, pp. 103-4. The Nicaraguans 'se rasent la barbe, les cheueux, et tout le poil du corps, et ne laissent que quelques cheueux sur le sommet de la teste.... Ils portent des gabans, et des chemises sans manches.' _D'Avity_, _L'Amérique_, tom. ii., p. 93. 'The custom of tattooing, it seems, was practiced to a certain extent, at least so far as to designate, by peculiarities in the marks, the several tribes or caziques ... they flattened their heads.' _Squier's Nicaragua_, vol. ii., pp. 341, 345; _Id._, _Nicaragua_, pp. 273-4; _Valenzuela_, in _Id._, _Cent. Amer._, p. 566; _Tempsky's Mitla_, pp. 363-5, 368; _Dollfus and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. 19-20, 46-9, 56-60; _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, pp. 193-5; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, pp. 302-5; _Valois_, _Mexique_, pp. 278-9; _Gage's New Survey_, pp. 316-8; _Montgomery's Guatemala_, pp. 98-9; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. iv., cap. vii.; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., pp. 102, 126, 145, 171, 227, 245, 253; _Galindo_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1834, tom. lxiii., p. 149; _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 166; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 263.

[963] The Lacandones have 'floating gardens which can navigate the lagoons like bolsas,' and are often inhabited. They have stone sepulchres highly sculptured. _Pontelli_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Nov. 7, 1862_. 'In these ancient Chontales villages the houses were in the centre, and the tombs, placed in a circle around.... The Indians who before the Spanish conquest inhabited Nicaragua did not construct any large temples or other stone buildings.' _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, pp. 126-7. They live like their forefathers 'in buildings precisely similar ... some huts of a single room will monopolise an acre of land.' _Boyle's Ride_, vol. ii., pp. 6-8; _Gage's New Survey_, pp. 318-19; _Scherzer_, _Wanderungen_, pp. 75, 430, 496; _Puydt_, _Rapport_, in _Amérique Centrale_, pp. 69-70; _Valois_, _Mexique_, p. 278; _Benzoni_, _Hist. Mondo Nuovo_., fol. 86, 102; _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, pp. 89, 96; _Dollfus and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. 19, 55; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. iv., cap. vii.; _Berendt_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 425; _West und Ost Indischer Lustgart_, pt. ii., pp. 380, 390; _Valenzuela_, in _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. 566.

[964] They 'vivent le plus souvent de fruits et de racines.' _Dollfus and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. 47, 20-2, 69. 'Tout en faisant maigre chère, ils mangent et boivent continuellement, comme les animaux.' _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., pp. 104, 92, 102, 132, 134, 145, 240, tom. i., pp. 205-6. Nicaraguans 'essen auch Menschenfleisch ... alle Tag machet nur ein Nachbar ein Fewer an, dabei sie alle kochen, vnd dann ein anderer.' _West und Ost Indischer Lustgart_, pt. i., p. 390. 'Perritos pequeños que tambien los comian, y muchos venados y pesquerías.' _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., pp. 413-14, 407. Hunting alligators: a man dives under, and fastens a noose round the leg of the sleeping monster; his companions then haul it on shore and kill it. _Sivers_, _Mittelamerika_, pp. 139, 130. Compare further: _Findlay's Directory_, vol. i., p. 253; _Gage's New Survey_, pp. 319-23; _Scherzer_, _Wanderungen_, pp. 412-13, 494; _Benzoni_, _Hist. Mondo Nuovo_, fol. 103-4; _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, pp. 196-7; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. vii.-ix., lib. x., cap. xiv.; _Escobar_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 91; _Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 320; _Waldeck_, _Voy. Pitt._, pp. 42-3.

[965] _Dunlop's Cent. Amer._, p. 337; _Scherzer_, _Wanderungen_, p. 173.

[966] The Lacandones 'emploient des flèches de canne ayant des têtes de cailloux.' _Galindo_, in _Antiq. Mex._, tom. i., div. ii., p. 67. See also, _Bülow_, _Nicaragua_, pp. 79-80; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 305; _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, pp. 195, 278; _Scherzer_, _Wanderungen_, pp. 413, 430; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. i., p. 358.

[967] _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., p. 31; _Pontelli_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Nov. 7, 14, 1862_.

[968] _Valois_, _Mexique_, pp. 278, 287; _Sivers_, _Mittelamerika_, p. 130; _Scherzer_, _Wanderungen_, p. 430; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 279; _Squier's Nicaragua_, pp. 272-3; _Valenzuela_, in _Id._, _Cent. Amer._, p. 567. The Lacandon hut contained 'des métiers à tisser, des sarbacanes, des haches et d'autres outils en silex.' _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., pp. 79, 104, 197, 211. 'Duermen en vna red, que se les entra por las costillas, o en vn cañizo, y por cabecera vn madero: ya se alumbran con teas.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. xiv., dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. vi. At Masaya, 'Leur mobilier se compose de nattes par terre, de hamacs suspendus, d'un lit de cuir et d'une caisse en cèdre, quelquefois ornée d'incrustations de cuivre.' _Belly_, _Nicaragua_, tom. i., pp. 197-8.

[969] 'Le principe colorant est fixé an moyen d'une substance grasse que l'on obtient par l'ébullition d'un insecte nommé age.' _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., pp. 130, 197. Consult further, _Squier's Nicaragua_, pp. 269-73; _Baily's Cent. Amer._, pp. 124-5; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. vii., ix., lib. x., cap. xiv.; _Crowe's Cent. Amer._, pp. 44; _Squier_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. v., p. 215; _Dollfus and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, p. 47; _Dunlop's Cent. Amer._, p. 338; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 274.

[970] _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, pp. 241-2; _Lafond_, _Voyages_, tom. i., p. 317; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., p. 31; _Dollfus and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. 47-8. In their trade, the Lacandones 'are said to have employed not less than 424 canoes.' _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, p. 271.

[971] The Quichés 'portent jusqu'au Nicaragua des hamacs en fil d'agave.' _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., pp. 145, 92, 130-1, 198, tom. i., pp. 260, 318, 320; _Dollfus and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. 18, 60; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. v., cap. xii.; _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, pp. 68, 271, 475; _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, pp. 248, 345; _Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 319; _Hardcastle_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. vi., p. 153; _Gage's New Survey_, p. 319.

[972] Among the Nahuatls 'mechanical arts are little understood, and, of course, the fine arts still less practiced.' _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. 320; _Id._, _Nicaragua_, pp. 270-3. The Masayans have 'une caisse en cèdre, quelquefois ornée d'incrustations de cuivre.' _Belly_, _Nicaragua_, pp. 197-8. See also, _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., p. 130; _Puydt_, _Rapport_, in _Amérique Centrale_, p. 134; _Gage's New Survey_, p. 329; _Valois_, _Mexique_, pp. 287, 420-6; _Sivers_, _Mittelamerika_, pp. 127, 295; _Funnell's Voy._, p. 113; _Dunn's Guatemala_, p. 281; _Pontelli_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Nov. 7, 1862_.

[973] _Dollfus and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. 20, 49-51; _Puydt_, _Rapport_, in _Amérique Centrale_, p. 134; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 398; _Gage's New Survey_, pp. 318-9, 417; _Pontelli_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Nov. 7, 1862_. 'Chacun d'eux vint ensuite baiser la main du chef, hommage qu'il reçut avec une dignité imperturbable.' _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., pp. 245-6, 134.

[974] 'Leur dernier-né suspendu à leurs flancs.' _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., pp. 198, 126, tom. i., pp. 204-5, 318. In Salvador, the 'bridegroom makes his wife's trousseau himself, the women, strange to say, being entirely ignorant of needlework.' _Foote's Cent. Amer._, p. 103. Further reference in _Valois_, _Mexique_, pp. 280, 288; _Belly_, _Nicaragua_, pp. 200-1, 253; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, pp. 303-4; _Revue Brit._, 1825, in _Amérique Centrale_, p. 23; _Bülow_, _Nicaragua_, p. 80; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 272; _Gage's New Survey_, p. 319; _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, pp. 195-6; _Tempsky's Mitla_, p. 365; _Dollfus and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. 20, 47; _Scherzer_, _Wanderungen_, p. 66; _Id._, _Die Indianer von Istlávacan_, p. 11.

[975] _Gage's New Survey_, pp. 323, 347-50; _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., p. 415; _Valois_, _Mexique_, pp. 279-80, 420-6; _Dollfus and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, p. 48; _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, pp. 78-81; _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, pp. 306, 312; _Valenzuela_, in _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. 567; _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, pp. 447-9; _Coreal_, _Voyages_, tom. i., pp. 88-9; _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 34; _Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 320-2; _Pontelli_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Nov. 14, 1862_. 'Les Indiens ne fument pas.' _Belly_, _Nicaragua_, p. 164. 'Ihr gewöhnliches Getränke ist Wasser.' _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 304. 'Je n'ai entendu qu'à Flores, pendant le cours de mon voyage, des choeurs exécutés avec justesse.' _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., pp. 42-4, 325, tom. i., p. 196.

[976] The Lacandon chief received me with 'the emblem of friendship (which is a leaf of the fan-palm).' _Pontelli_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Nov. 14, 1862_. See _Tempsky's Mitla_, pp. 364-5; _Valois_, _Mexique_, pp. 407-8; _Escobar_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 91; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 394; _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, p. 197; _Foote's Cent. Amer._, p. 122; _Dollfus and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. 48-9; _Scherzer_, _Die Indianer von Istlávacan_, pp. 7-15; _Reichardt_, _Nicaragua_, pp. 106, 234; _Valenzuela_, in _Squier's Cent. Amer._, pp. 566-7; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. i., p. 206, tom. ii., pp. 58, 101-2, 104, 197; _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., pp. 293-4, vol. ii., pp. 11-12, 48.

[977] At Masaya, 'The death-rate among children is said to be excessive.' _Boyle's Ride_, vol. ii., p. 10. 'Alle Glieder der Familie hatten ein äusserst ungesundes Aussehen und namentlich die Kinder, im Gesicht bleich und mager, hatten dicke, aufgeschwollene Bäuche,' caused by yucca-roots. _Scherzer_, _Wanderungen_, pp. 494, 173-4; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., pp. 109-10, 152; _Gage's New Survey_, p. 318; _Puydt_, _Rapport_, in _Amérique Centrale_, p. 49; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. i., pp. 345-6; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, pp. 302, 398; _Escobar_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 91; _Scherzer_, _Die Indianer von Istlávacan_, pp. 10-11.

[978] _Scherzer_, _Die Indianer von Istlávacan_, pp. 11-12; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., p. 63; _Valois_, _Mexique_, p. 408.

[979] 'La somme des peines est donc limitée comme celle des jouissances; ils ne ressentent ni les unes ni les autres avec beaucoup de vivacité.' _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. i., pp. 205-7, 196, tom. ii., pp. 104, 132, 198, 200, 253. 'When aroused, however, they are fierce, cruel, and implacable ... shrewd ... cringing servility and low cunning ... extreme teachableness.' _Crowe's Cent. Amer._, pp. 42-3. 'Melancholy ... silent ... pusillanimous ... timid.' _Dunn's Guatemala_, p. 278. 'Imperturbability of the North American Indian, but are a gentler and less warlike race.' _Foote's Cent. Amer._, pp. 104-5. Nicaraguans 'are singularly docile and industrious ... not warlike but brave.' _Squier's Nicaragua_, p. 268. For further reference concerning these people see _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. 555; _Bülow_, _Nicaragua_, pp. 79-81; _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, pp. 197-8; _Belly_, _Nicaragua_, pp. 109, 160; _Puydt_, _Rapport_, in _Amérique Centrale_, pp. 70, 135-6; _T' Kint_, in _Id._, pp. 157-8; _Fossey_, _Mexique_, p. 471; _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., pref., p. xiv., and p. 75; _Gage's New Survey_, pp. 311-12, 333; _Valois_, _Mexique_, pp. 238-9, 277, 288, 299, 430; _Dollfus and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. 47-9, 69; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iv., p. 35; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. iv., cap. vii.; _Scherzer_, _Wanderungen_, pp. 53, 61, 455, 464-5; _Dunlop's Cent. Amer._, pp. 211, 337-8. The Lacandones are very laconic, sober, temperate and strict. _Pontelli_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Nov. 7, 1862_.

[980] The name Mosquito is generally supposed to have arisen from the numerous mosquito insects to be found in the country; others think that the small islands off the coast, "which lie as thick as mosquitoes," may have caused the appellation; while a third opinion is that the name is a corruption of an aboriginal term, and to substantiate this opinion it is said that the natives call themselves distinctly Misskitos. _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 134, 19-23. The Carib name is pronounced "Kharibees" on the coast. _Macgregor's Progress of America_, vol. i., pp. 770, 775. 'Il existe chez eux des langues très différentes, et nous avons remarqué qu'à cent lieues de distance ils ne se comprennent plus les uns les autres.' _Varnhagen_, _Prem. Voy. de Amerigo Vespucci_, p. 40. See further: _Stout's Nicaragua_, p. 113; _Squier's Nicaragua_, vol. ii., p. 308; _Id._, _Cent. Amer._, pp. 241, 244-7; 252-3; _Bülow_, _Nicaragua_, p. 77; _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, p. 346; _Galindo_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. iii., p. 290; _Bell_, in _Id._, vol. xxxii., pp. 258-9; _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 123, 201-2, 243; _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, pp. 395-6; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 36, 86; _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, pp. 243-7, 303, 347-50; _Henderson's Honduras_, p. 216; _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., pp. xii-xiii., 269, 287; _Sivers_, _Mittelamerika_, pp. 179-80, 287-8.

[981] 'Die Backenknochen treten nicht, wie bei andern amerikanischen Stämmen, auffallend hervor ... starke Oberlippe.' _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 134-6, 59, 70, 151. Consult also: _Squier's Cent. Amer._, pp. 230, 251, 597-8; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, pp. 388-9; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. i., pp. 397-8; _Varnhagen_, _Prem. Voy. de Amerigo Vespucci_, pp. 40-1. The pure type has 'schlichte, gröbere, schwarze Haare und feinere Lippen.' _Sivers_, _Mittelamerika_, pp. 74, 177, 180, 287-8; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 26, 28-9, 72, 75, 79, 82, 87, 123; _Uring's Hist. Voy._, p. 226; _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii., pp. 256-9; _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, pp. 248, 305, 403; _Colon_, _Hist. Almirante_, in _Barcia_, _Historiadores_, tom. i., p. 104; _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 127, 298, 317; _Strangeways' Mosquito Shore_, p. 329. The natives of Corn island are 'of a dark copper-colour, black Hair, full round Faces, small black Eyes, their Eye-brows hanging over their Eyes, low Foreheads, short thick Noses, not high, but flattish; full Lips, and short Chins.' _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., pp. 31-2, 7-8.

[982] _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. i., cap. vi., lib. viii., cap. iii., v.; _Esquemelin_, _Zee-Roovers_, pp. 150-1; _Squier_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xix., p. 614; _Id._, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1858, tom. clx., p. 134; _Martin's Brit. Col._, vol. ii., p. 412; _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, pp. 248-50, 280, 308, 403, 415; _Macgregor's Progress of Amer._, vol. i., p. 772; _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., pp. 11, 32; _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 127, 253-6, 298; _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 116-17, 136-7; _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii., pp. 256-60; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 12, 26, 29, 32, 72, 77, 83, 122, 133. 'Alcuni vsano certe camiciuole com'quelle, che vsiamo noi, lunghe sino al belico, e senza manche. Portano le braccia, e il corpo lauorati di lauori moreschi, fatti col fuoco.' _Colombo_, _Hist. del Ammiraglio_, pp. 403-5.

[983] _Strangeways' Mosquito Shore_, p. 334; _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, p. 185; _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. 660; _Id._, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xix., p. 613; _Id._, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1858, tom. clx., p. 134; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 13, 77, 98-9, 125; _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, pp. 279, 295, 415-6; _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii., pp. 258-9; _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 293-4, 318-9; _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 20, 137-9; _Sivers_, _Mittelamerika_, pp. 167, 178; _Cockburn's Journey_, pp. 23, 55-7.

[984] _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. iii.-v.; _Macgregor's Progress of Amer._, vol. i., pp. 774-5; _Squier_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xix., p. 613; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 14, 18, 21, 61, 74-7, 96, 98, 106; _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 100-11, 132-6, 297-303, 320; _Sivers_, _Mittelamerika_, pp. 75-6, 87, 168-74. The Woolwas had fish 'which had been shot with arrows.' _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, pp. 403, 248-50, 300-1, 407, 412-13; _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., pp. 9-13, 35-7.

[985] _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., pref., p. 18; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 76, 99, 133; _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 335.

[986] Of the people of Las Perlas islands it is said; 'Aen't endt van haer geweer een hay-tandt, schieten met geen boogh.' _Esquemelin_, _Zee-Roovers_, pp. 71, 150. Also see: _Colon_, _Hist. Almirante_, in _Barcia_, _Historiadores_, tom. i., p. 105; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. ix., cap. x., and dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. iii.; _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., pp. 7-8; _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 120, 128.

[987] _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. iii.; _Esquemelin_, _Zee-Roovers_, p. 153; _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., p. 8; _Delaporte_, _Reisen_, tom. x., p. 406; _Strangeways' Mosquito Shore_, p. 331.

[988] 'Hammocks, made of a Sort of Rushes.' _Cockburn's Journey_, pp. 64, 23. 'El almohada vn palo, o vna piedra: los cofres son cestillos, aforrados en cueros de venados.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. v. Consult also: _Young's Narrative_, pp. 76-7; _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., p. 85; _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. 660; _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 100, 116, 123, 138, 173.

[989] _Sivers, Mittelamerika_, p. 167; _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 127, 298-9. 'Auf irgend eine Zubereitung (of skins) verstehen sich die Indianer nicht.' _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 190, 148. 'They make large Jars here, one of which will hold ten Gallons, and not weigh one Pound.' _Cockburn's Journey_, p. 83.

[990] _Young's Narrative_, pp. 11, 19, 76, 160-1; _Martin's West Indies_, vol. i., pp. 155-6; _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., pp. 35, 85. 'Der Tuberose tree der Engländer liefert die stärksten Baumstämme, deren die Indianer sich zur Anfertigung ihrer grössten Wasserfahrzeuge bedienen.' _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 116, 70, 147.

[991] The Mosquitos have 'little trade except in tortoise-shells and sarsaparilla.' _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. 659. Compare _Bard's Waikna_, p. 317; _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii., p. 252; _Strangeways' Mosquito Shore_, p. 337; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 16, 82, 86-7, 91, 126; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. iii., v.; _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 148, 171-4, 190.

[992] The Mosquitos 'divisaient l'année en 18 mois de 20 jours, et ils appellaient les mois _Ioalar_.' _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 472. 'Dit konense reeckenen by de Maen, daer van sy vyftien voor een jaer reeckenen.' _Esquemelin_, _Zee-Roovers_, p. 152. 'Für die Berechnung der Jahre existirt keine Aera. Daher weiss Niemand sein Alter.' _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 142, 267-8. See also _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 244-5; _Young's Narrative_, p. 76; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. vi.

[993] _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 292-3; _Cockburn's Journey_, p. 37; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 63. The natives of Honduras had 'pedaços de Tierra, llamada _Calcide_, con la qual se funde el Metal.' _Colon_, _Hist. Almirante_, in _Barcia_, _Historiadores_, tom. i., p. 104.

[994] _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. v.; _Cockburn's Journey_, p. 45; _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., pp. 10-11; _Esquemelin_, _Zee-Roovers_, p. 150; _Delaporte_, _Reisen_, tom. x., p. 406; _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, p. 184; _Crowe's Cent. Amer._, p. 49; _Winterfeldt_, _Mosquito-Staat_, p. 22; _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 231, 297-8; _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, pp. 258-9; _Squier_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xix., p. 614; _Id._, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1858, tom. clx., p. 134; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 71, 98; _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 171-2. 'Sie stehen unter eignen Kaziken, die ihre Anführer im Kriege machen und welchen sie unbedingt gehorchen.' Poyas, 'Ihre Regierungsform ist aristokratisch.' _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, pp. 388, 390. Mosquito 'conjurers are in fact the priests, the lawyers and the judges ... the king is a despotic monarch.' _Bonnycastle's Span. Amer._, vol. i., p. 174.

[995] _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 335.

[996] _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 127, 129-30, 202-11, 236, 243, 299-300, 321-3; _Strangeways' Mosquito Shore_, pp. 332, 336; _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, p. 137; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., p. 216. 'They marry but one Wife, with whom they live till death separates them.' _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., p. 9. 'Doch besitzen in der That die meisten Männer nur ein Weib.' _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 144-6, 133-9; _Salazar y Olarte_, _Hist. Conq. Mex._, tom. ii., p. 312.

[997] Esquemelin relates that the natives on the Belize coast and adjacent islands carried the new-born infant to the temple, where it was placed naked in a hole filled with ashes, exposed to the wild beasts, and left there until the track of some animal was noticed in the ashes. This became patron to the child who was taught to offer it incense and to invoke it for protection. _Zee-Roovers_, pp. 64-9, 149. The genitals are pierced as a proof of constancy and affection for a woman. _Id._, pp. 151-3. Compare _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. i., cap. vi., lib. viii., cap. iii.-vi.; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 73, 75, 123, 125; _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii., pp. 251, 254-5, 257-8; _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, pp. 249, 306-8; _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 335; _Delaporte_, _Reisen_, tom. x., p. 409; _Crowe's Cent. Amer._, pp. 49, 245-7.

[998] _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. iii., vi.; _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii., p. 255-6. The Woolwas 'haben gewisse Jahresfeste bei welchen weder ein Fremder noch Weiber und Kinder des eignen Stammes zugelassen werden. Bei diesen Festen führen sie mit lautem Geschrei ihre Tänze auf, "wobei ihnen ihr Gott Gesellschaft leistet."' _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. i., pp. 407-8.

[999] _Squier_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xix., pp. 603-6, 613; _Sivers_, _Mittelamerika_, pp. 171-2, 174-6; _Martin's West Indies_, vol. i., p. 155; _Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 337; _Uring's Hist. Voy._, pp. 223-5; _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., pp. 10, 127; _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 205-9, 226-9, 232-3, 299; _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 108, 141-2, 146-7, 196, 201-2, 267; _Crowe's Cent. Amer._, p. 247; _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, pp. 306, 405; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 30-3, 72, 77-8, 125, 132-5; _Esquemelin_, _Zee-Roovers_, pp. 150-1. The natives of Honduras kept small birds which 'could talk intelligibly, and whistle and sing admirably.' _Cockburn's Journey_, pp. 52-3, 46, 70-2, 88-90.

[1000] _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. iv.-vi.; _Cockburn's Journey_, pp. 36, 45-6; _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., pp. 8-9, 86; _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 142-3; _Martin's Brit. Col._, vol. ii., p. 413; _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 228-32, 239-43, 256-8, 273-4. Sivers was thought possessed of the devil, and carefully shunned, because he imitated the crowing of a cock. _Sivers_, _Mittelamerika_, p. 178.

[1001] _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. v., dec. v., lib. i., cap. x.; _Crowe's Cent. Amer._, pp. 245-7; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 23, 26, 28, 73, 82; _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii., pp. 253, 260-1; _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 132, 148-51; _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 243-4.

[1002] The dead 'are sewed up in a mat, and not laid in their grave length-ways, but upright on their feet, with their faces directly to the east.' _Amer. Span. Settl._, p. 46. 'Ein anderer Religionsgebrauch der alten Mosquiten war, dass sie bey dem Tode eines Hausvaters alle seine Bedienten mit ihm begruben.' _Delaporte_, _Reisen_, tom. x., p. 408. _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 68-73, 245-6; _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 136, 143-4; _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, pp. 307-8; _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii., p. 255; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. i., p. 407; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. v.-vi.; _Esquemelin_, _Zee-Roovers_, pp. 152-3.

[1003] _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. viii., cap. vii., dec. iv., lib. i., cap. vi., lib. viii., cap. iii., v.; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 78-82, 85, 87, 122, 133; _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii., pp. 250-2, 257-8; _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 245, 317, 324; _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 135, 139-40, 144-5, 236; _Strangeways' Mosquito Shore_, p. 329; _Puydt_, _Rapport_, in _Amérique Centrale_, p. 71; _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, pp. 248-9, 279, 308-9; _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., pref., pp. 13, 18; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., pp. 240, 289, 302; _Crowe's Cent. Amer._, pp. 49, 243.

[1004] The Guatusos 'are said to be of very fair complexion, a statement which has caused the appellation of _Indios blancos_, or _Guatusos_--the latter name being that of an animal of reddish-brown colour, and intended to designate the colour of their hair.' _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, p. 24; _Id._, _Aus Amer._, tom. i., p. 244. Speaking of Sir Francis Drake's mutineers and their escape from Esparsa northward, he says: 'It is believed by many in Costa Rica that the white Indians of the Rio Frio, called Pranzos, or Guatusos ... are the descendants of these Englishmen.' _Boyle's Ride_, vol. ii., pp. 210, 27, and vol. i., pref., pp. xx-xxii. 'Talamanca contains 26 different tribes of Indians; besides which there are several neighbouring nations, as the Changuenes, divided into thirteen tribes; the Terrabas, the Torresques, Urinamas, and Cavecaras.' _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, p. 373; _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. 413; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 407; _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., pp. 331-3.

[1005] 'The indians who at present inhabit the Isthmus are scattered over Bocas del Toro, the northern portions of Veraguas, the north-eastern shores of Panama and almost the whole of Darien, and consist principally of four tribes, the Savanerics, the San Blas Indians, the Bayanos, and the Cholos.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. i., p. 317. 'At the time of the conquest of Darien, the country was covered with numerous and well-peopled villages. The inhabitants belonged to the Carribbee race, divided into tribes, the principal being the Maudinghese, Chucunaquese, Dariens, Cunas, Anachacunas, &c. On the eastern shore of the Gulf of Uraba dwelt the immense but now nearly exterminated tribe of the Caimans,--only a few remnants of the persecutions of the Spaniards, having taken refuge in the Choco Mountains, where they are still found.... The Dariens, as well as the Anachacunas, have either totally disappeared or been absorbed in other tribes.' _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxviii., pp. 91-2; _Fitz-Roy_, in _Id._, vol. xx., pp. 163-4; _Roquette_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1855, tom. cxlvii., p. 30; _Bateman_, in _N. Y. Century_, _6th Decem., 1860_; _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., p. 406; _Macgregor's Progress of Amer._, vol. i., p. 823; _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Popol Vuh_, introd., p. ccii. See Tribal Boundaries.

[1006] Savanerics, 'a fine athletic race.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. i., p. 318. 'Tienen los cascos de la cabeça gruessos.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., p. 138. 'The Chocós are not tall nor remarkable in appearance, but always look well conditioned.' _Michler's Darien_, p. 65. 'Son apersonados.' _Dávila_, _Teatro Ecles._, tom. ii., fol. 56; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 77, 87; _Selfridge's Darien Surveys_, pp. 10, 36; _Colon_, _Hist. Almirante_, in _Barcia_, _Historiadores_, tom. i., p. 107; _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxviii., pp. 95-7; _Peter Martyr_, dec. viii., lib. vi; _Gisborne's Darien_, p. 155; _Cockburn's Journey_, p. 235; _D'Avity_, _L'Amérique_, tom. ii., p. 98; _Winthrop's Canoe and Saddle_, p. 365; _Macgregor's Progress of Amer._, vol. i., p. 823; _Fransham's World in Miniature_, p. 25. 'Afirmaua Pasqual de Andagoya, auer visto algunos tan grandes, que los otros hombres eran enanos con ellos, y que tenian buenas caras, y cuerpos.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. vi.; _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., p. 412; _Gage's New Survey_, p. 174; _Darien_, _Defence of the Scots' Settlement_, pp. 69-70; _Cullen's Darien_, pp. 65, 67.

[1007] Golfo Dulce. 'Modicæ sunt staturæ, bene compositis membris, moribus blandis et non invenustis.' _Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 329. 'It is a universal belief along the Atlantic coast, from Belize to Aspinwall, that the Frio tribe have white complexions, fair hair, and grey eyes.' _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., pp. 20, 236, and pref., pp. xxi-xxii.; _Squier_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1856, tom. cli., pp. 6, 12; _Id._, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. iv., p. 62; _Wafer's New Voy._, pp. 131-7.

[1008] 'El miembro generativo traen atado por el capullo, haçiéndole entrar tanto adentro, que á algunos no se les paresçe de tal arma sino la atadura, que es unos hilos de algodon allí revueltos.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 109-11, 179. See also: _Cockburn's Journey_, pp. 181-3, 188; _Wagner and Scherzer_, _Costa Rica_, pp. 557-9; _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., p. 251. Referring to Vasco Nuñez de Balboa, 'La gente que hallo andaua en cueros, sino eran señores, cortesanos, y mugeres.' _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 82, 66, 87. Urabá; 'Ex gentibus ijs mares nudos penitus, foeminas uero ab umbilico gossampina contectas multitia repererunt.' _Peter Martyr_, dec. ii., lib. i., also dec. iii., lib. iv., dec. vii., lib. x., dec. viii., lib. vi., viii.; _Quintana_, _Vidas de Españoles_ (_Balboa_), p. 9; _Wafer's New Voy._, pp. 37, 87, 102, plate, 132-4, 138-48, plate; _Wallace_, in _Miscellanea Curiosa_, vol. iii., p. 418; _Warburton's Darien_, p. 322; _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., p. 26; _Andagoya_, in _Id._, pp. 307-8, 407, 412; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. v., vi., and dec. iv., lib. i., cap. x.; _Michler's Darien_, pp. 43, 65-6, 86.

[1009] _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. i., pp. 314, 316; _Porras_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. i., p. 285; _Colon_, in _Id._, p. 298; _Cockburn's Journey_, pp. 240-1; _Gage's New Survey_, p. 191; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, pp. 88, 284; and _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, pp. 99, 319; _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxviii., pp. 95-8; _Selfridge's Darien Surveys_, p. 10; _Cullen's Darien_, pp. 67-8; _Esquemelin_, _Zee-Roovers_, p. 142; _Las Casas_, _Hist. Apologética, MS._, cap. ccxlii.-ccxliv. The women of Cueba 'se ponian una barra de oro atravessada en los pechos, debaxo de las tetas, que se las levanta, y en ella algunos páxaros é otras figuras de relieve, todo de oro fino: que por lo menos pessaba çiento é çinqüenta é aun dosiçentos pessos una barreta destas.... Destos caracoles grandes se haçen unas conteçicas blancas de muchas maneras, é otras coloradas, é otras negras, é otras moradas, é cañuticos de lo mesmo: é haçen braçaletes en que con estas qüentas mezclan otras, é olivetas de oro que se ponen en las muñecas y ençima de los tobillos é debaxo de las rodillas por gentileça: en espeçial las mugeres.... Traen assimesmo çarçillos de oro en las orejas, é horádanse las nariçes hecho un agugero entre las ventanas, é cuelgan de allí sobre el labio alto otro çarçillo.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 126, 138.

[1010] Their hair 'they wear usually down to the middle of the Back, or lower, hanging loose at its full length.... All other Hair, except that of their Eye-brows and Eye-lids, they eradicate.' _Wafer's New Voy._, pp. 132-3; _Gisborne's Darien_, p. 155; _Macgregor's Progress of Amer._, p. 824; _D'Avity_, _L'Amérique_, tom. i., p. 98.

[1011] _Benzoni_, _Hist. Mondo Nuovo_, fol. 86; _Squier_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1836, tom. cli., p. 9; _Froebel_, _Aus Amer._, tom. i., p. 246; _Id._, _Cent. Amer._, p. 26; _Wagner and Scherzer_, _Costa Rica_, p. 253.

[1012] _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxviii., p. 95; _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. i., pp. 319, 321-2; _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, p. 151; _Michler's Darien_, p. 84; _Wafer's New Voy._, pp. 149-52; _Cockburn's Journey_, pp. 234-5. On the banks of the Rio Grande, the Spaniards under Johan de Tavira found 'muchas poblaçiones en barbacoas ó casas muy altas, fechas é armadas sobre postes de palmas negras fortíssimas é quassi inexpugnables'.... 'Hay otra manera de buhíos ó casas en Nata redondos, como unos chapiteles muy altos.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 50, 131, 8, 46. 'En otras muchas partes hacian sus casas de madera y de paja de la forma de una campana. Estas eran muy altas y muy capaces que moraban en cada una de ellas diez y mas vecinos.' _Las Casas_, _Hist. Apologética, MS._, cap. 43.

[1013] 'Hallaron muchos pueblos cercados, con palenques de madera.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. iv., cap. ix., dec. i., lib. ix., cap. ii., vi. 'Tengano le lor case in cima de gli alberi.' _Benzoni_, _Hist. Mondo Nuovo_, fol. 160. See also: _Irving's Columbus_, vol. iii., p. 176; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 75; _Colon_, _Hist. Almirante_, in _Barcia_, _Historiadores_, tom. i., p. 108.