Chapter III: Columbians (5)

THE NOOTKA FAMILY dwells south of the Haidah, occupying the coast of British Columbia, from Bentinck Arms to the mouth of the Fraser, and the whole of Vancouver Island. By other authors the name has been employed to designate a tribe at Nootka Sound, or applied to nearly all the Coast tribes of the Columbian Group. 'The native population of Vancouver Island ... is chiefly composed of the following tribes:--North and East coasts (in order in which they stand from North to South)--Quackolls, Newittees, Comuxes, Yukletas, Suanaimuchs, Cowitchins, Sanetchs, other smaller tribes;--South Coast (... from East to West)--Tsomass, Tsclallums, Sokes, Patcheena, Sennatuch;--West Coast ... (from South to North)--Nitteenats, Chadukutl, Oiatuch, Toquatux, Schissatuch, Upatsesatuch, Cojuklesatuch, Uqluxlatuch, Clayoquots, Nootkas, Nespods, Koskeemos, other small tribes.' _Grant_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxvii., p. 293. 'In Barclay Sound: Pacheenett, Nittinat, Ohiat, Ouchuchlisit, Opecluset, Shechart, Toquart, Ucletah, Tsomass;--Clayoquot Sound: Clayoquot, Kilsamat, Ahouset, Mannawousut, Ishquat;--Nootka Sound: Matchclats, Moachet, Neuchallet, Ehateset.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 251. 'About Queen Charlotte Sound;--Naweetee, Quacolth, Queehavuacolt (or Queehaquacoll), Marmalillacalla, Clowetsus (or Clawetsus), Murtilpar (or Martilpar), Nimkish, Wewarkka, Wewarkkum, Clallueis (or Clalluiis), Cumquekis, Laekquelibla, Clehuse (or Clehure), Soiitinu (or Soiilenu), Quicksutinut (or Quicksulinut), Aquamish, Clelikitte, Narkocktau, Quainu, Exenimuth, (or Cexeninuth), Tenuckttau, Oiclela.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 488; _Kane's Wand._, end of vol. On the seaboard, south of Nitinaht Sound, and on the Nitinaht River, the Pacheenaht and Nitinaht tribes; on Barclay, otherwise Nitinaht Sound, the Ohyaht, Howchuklisaht, Opechisaht, Seshaht, Youclulaht, and Toquaht tribes; on Klahohquaht Sound, the Klahohquaht, Killsmaht, Ahousaht and Manohsaht tribes; on Nootkah Sound, the Hishquayaht, Muchlaht, Moouchat (the so-called Nootkahs), Ayhuttisaht and Noochahlaht; north of Nootkah Sound, the Kyohquaht, Chaykisaht, and Klahosaht tribes. _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 308. Alphabetical list of languages on Vancouver Island: Ahowzarts, Aitizzarts, Aytcharts, Cayuquets, Eshquates (or Esquiates), Klahars, Klaizzarts, Klaooquates (or Tlaoquatch), Michlaïts, Mowatchits, Neuchadlits, Neuwitties, Newchemass, (Nuchimas), Savinnars, Schoomadits, Suthsetts, Tlaoquatch, Wicananish. _Buschmann_, _Brit. Nordamer._, p. 349. 'Among those from the north were the Aitizzarts, Schoomadits, Neuwitties, Savinnars, Ahowzarts, Mowatchits, Suthsetts, Neuchadlits, Michlaits, and Cayuquets; the most of whom were considered as tributary to Nootka. From the South the Aytcharts, and Esquiates also tributary, with the Klaooquates and the Wickanninish, a large and powerful tribe, about two hundred miles distant.' _Jewitt's Nar._, pp. 36-7. 'Tribes situated between Nanaimo and Fort Rupert, on the north of Vancouver Island, and the mainland Indians between the same points ... are divided into several tribes, the Nanoose, Comoux, Nimpkish, Quawguult, &c., on the Island; and the Squawmisht, Sechelt, Clahoose, Ucletah, Mamalilaculla, &c., on the coast, and among the small islands off it.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 243. List of tribes on Vancouver Island: 'Songes, Sanetch, Kawitchin, Uchulta, Nimkis, Quaquiolts, Neweetg, Quacktoe, Nootka, Nitinat, Klayquoit, Soke.' _Findlay's Directory_, pp. 391-2. The proper name of the Vancouver Island Tribes is Yucuatl. _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 135. The Nootka Territory 'extends to the Northward as far as Cape Saint James, in the latitude of 52° 20´ N. ... and to the Southward to the Islands ... of the Wicananish.' _Meares' Voy._, p. 228. 'The Cawitchans, Ucaltas, and Coquilths, who are I believe of the same family, occupy the shores of the Gulf of Georgia and Johnston's Straits.' _Anderson_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. vii., p. 74. 'Twenty-four tribes speaking the Challam and Cowaitzchim languages, from latitude 50° along the Coast South to Whitby Island in latitude 48°; part of Vancouver's Island, and the mouth of Franc's River.' Also on the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Vancouver Islands, the Sanetch, three tribes; Hallams, eleven tribes; Sinahomish; Skatcat; Cowitchici, seven tribes; Soke; Cowitciher, three tribes. _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hudson's Bay_, p. 81; also in _Hazlitt's B. C._, pp. 66-7. Five tribes at Fort Rupert;--Quakars, Qualquilths, Kumcutes, Wanlish, Lockqualillas. _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 165. 'The Chicklezats and Ahazats, inhabiting districts in close proximity on the west coast of Vancouver.' _Barrett-Lennard's Trav._, p. 41. 'North of the district occupied by the Ucletahs come the Nimkish, Mamalilacula, Matelpy and two or three other smaller tribes. The Mamalilaculas live on the mainland.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 249. The population of Vancouver Island 'is divided into twelve tribes; of these the Kawitchen, Quaquidts and Nootka are the largest.' _Cornwallis' N. El Dorado_, p. 30. 'Ouakichs, Grande île de Quadra et Van Couver.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335.

[Sidenote: NATIONS INHABITING VANCOUVER ISLAND.]

In naming the following tribes and nations I will begin at the north and follow the west coast of the island southward, then the east coast and main land northward to the starting-point.

The _Uclenus_ inhabit Scott Island. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 488; _Kane's Wand._, end of vol.

The _Quanes_ dwell at Cape Scott. _Id._

The _Quactoe_ are found in the 'woody part N.W. coast of the island.' _Findlay's Directory_, p. 391.

The _Koskiemos_ and _Quatsinos_ live on 'the two Sounds bearing those names.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 251. Kuskema, and Quatsinu, 'outside Vancouver's Island south of C. Scott.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 488; _Kane's Wand._, end of vol.

The _Kycucut_, 'north of Nootka Sound, is the largest tribe of the West coast.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 251.

The _Aitizzarts_ are 'a people living about thirty or forty miles to the Northward' of Nootka Sound. _Jewitt's Nar._, pp. 63, 77.

The _Ahts_ live on the west coast of the island. 'The localities inhabited by the Aht tribes are, chiefly, the three large Sounds on the west coast of Vancouver Island, called Nitinaht (or Barclay) Klahohquaht, and Nootkah.' _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 10.

The _Chicklezahts_ and _Ahazats_ inhabit districts in close proximity on the west coast of Vancouver. _Barrett-Lennard's Trav._, p. 41.

The _Clayoquots_, or Klahohquahts, live at Clayoquot Sound, and the Moouchats at Nootka Sound. _Sproat's Scenes_, pp. 22, 25. North of the Wickininish. _Jewitt's Nar._, p. 76.

The _Toquahts_ are a people 'whose village is in a dreary, remote part of Nitinaht (or Barclay) Sound.' _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 104.

The _Seshats_ live at Alberni, Barclay Sound. _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 3.

The _Pacheenas_, or 'Pacheenetts, which I have included in Barclay Sound, also inhabit Port San Juan.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 251.

The _Tlaoquatch_ occupy the south-western part of Vancouver. 'Den Südwesten der Quadra- und Vancouver-Insel nehmen die Tlaoquatch ein, deren Sprache mit der vom Nutka-Sunde verwandt ist.' _Buschmann_, _Brit. Nordamer._, p. 372. Tlaoquatch, or Tloquatch, on 'the south-western coast of Vancouver's Island.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 188.

The _Sokes_ dwell 'between Victoria and Barclay Sound.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 251. 'East point of San Juan to the Songes territory.' _Findlay's Directory_, p. 392.

The _Wickinninish_ live about two hundred miles south of Nootka. _Jewitt's Nar._, p. 76.

The _Songhies_ are 'a tribe collected at and around Victoria.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 243. 'The Songhish tribe, resident near Victoria.' _Macfie's Vanc. Isl._, p. 430. Songes, 'S.E. part of the island.' _Findlay's Directory_, p. 391.

The _Sanetch_ dwell 'sixty miles N.W. of Mount Douglas.' _Findlay's Directory_, p. 391.

The _Cowichins_ live 'in the harbour and valley of Cowitchen, about 40 miles north of Victoria.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 243. 'Cowichin river, which falls into that (Haro) canal about 20 miles N. of Cowichin Head, and derives its name from the tribe of Indians which inhabits the neighbouring country.' _Douglas_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxiv., p. 246. Kawitchin, 'country N.W. of Sanetch territory to the entrance of Johnson's Straits.' _Findlay's Directory_, p. 391. 'North of Fraser's River, and on the opposite shores of Vancouver's Island.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 224. 'North of Fraser's River, on the north-west coast.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 91.

The _Comux_, or Komux, 'live on the east coast between the Kowitchan and the Quoquoulth tribes.' _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 311. Comoux, south of Johnston Straits. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 488; _Kane's Wand._, end of vol. The Comoux 'extend as far as Cape Mudge.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 243.

The _Kwantlums_ dwell about the mouth of the Fraser. 'At and about the entrance of the Fraser River is the Kuantlun tribe: they live in villages which extend along the banks of the river as far as Langley.' _Mayne's B. C._, pp. 243, 295.

The _Teets_ live on the lower Frazer River. 'From the falls (of the Fraser) downward to the seacoast, the banks of the river are inhabited by several branches of the Haitlin or Teet tribe.' _Anderson_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. vii., p. 73. 'Extending from Langley to Yale, are the Smess, Chillwayhook, Pallalts, and Teates.... The Smess Indians occupy the Smess River and lake, and the Chillwayhooks the river and lake of that name.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 295. Teate Indians. See _Bancroft's Map of Pac. States_.

The _Nanaimos_ are 'gathered about the mouth of the Fraser.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 243.--Chiefly on a river named the Nanaimo, which falls into Wentuhuysen Inlet. _Douglas_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxiv., p. 247.

The _Squawmishts_ 'live in Howe Sound.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 243.

The _Sechelts_ live on Jervis Inlet. _Mayne's B. C._, pp. 243-4.

The _Clahoose_, or Klahous, 'live in Desolation Sound.' _Mayne's B. C._, pp. 243-4.

The _Nanoose_ 'inhabit the harbour and district of that name, which lies 50 miles north of Nanaimo.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 243.

The _Tacultas_, or Tahcultahs, live at Point Mudge on Valdes Island. _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 155.

The _Ucletas_ are found 'at and beyond Cape Mudge.' 'They hold possession of the country on both sides of Johnstone Straits until met 20 or 30 miles south of Fort Rupert by the Nimpkish and Mamalilacullas.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 244. Yougletats--'Une partie campe sur l'ile Vancouver elle-même, le reste habite sur le continent, au nord de la Rivière Fraser.' _De Smet_, _Miss. de l'Orégon_, p. 340. Yongletats, both on Vancouver Island, and on the mainland above the Fraser River. _Bolduc_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1845, tom. cviii., pp. 366-7.

The _Nimkish_ are 'at the mouth of the Nimpkish river, about 15 miles below Fort Rupert.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 249; _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 158.

The _Necultas_ and _Queehanicultas_ dwell at the entrance of Johnston Straits. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 488; _Kane's Wand._, end of vol.

The _Quackolls_ and 'two smaller tribes, live at Fort Rupert.' _Mayne's B. C._, pp. 244, 249. 'On the north-east side of Vancouver's Island, are to be found the Coquilths.' _Cornwallis' N. El Dorado_, p. 98. Coquilths, a numerous tribe living at the north-east end. _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 239. The Cogwell Indians live around Fort Rupert. _Barrett-Lennard's Trav._, p. 68.

The _Newittees_ 'east of Cape Scott ... meet the Quawguults at Fort Rupert.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 251. Neweetg, 'at N.W. entrance of Johnson's Straits.' _Findlay's Directory_, p. 391. 'At the northern extremity of the island the Newette tribe.' _Cornwallis' N. El Dorado_, p. 98. Newchemass came to Nootka 'from a great way to the Northward, and from some distance inland.' _Jewitt's Nar._, p. 77.

The _Saukaulutucks_ inhabit the interior of the northern end of Vancouver Island. _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 158. 'At the back of Barclay Sound, ... about two days' journey into the interior, live the only inland tribe.... They are called the Upatse Satuch, and consist only of four families.' _Grant_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxvii., p. 287.

[Sidenote: THE SOUND FAMILY.]

THE SOUND FAMILY includes all the tribes about Puget Sound and Admiralty Inlet, occupying all of Washington west of the Cascade Range, except a narrow strip along the north bank of the Columbia. In locating the nations of this family I begin with the extreme north-east, follow the eastern shores of the sound southward, the western shores northward, and the coast of the Pacific southward to Gray Harbor. List of tribes between Olympia and Nawaukum River. 'Staktamish, Squaks'namish, Sehehwamish, Squalliamish, Puyallupamish, S'homamish, Suquamish, Sinahomish, Snoqualmook, Sinaahmish, Nooklummi.' _Tolmie_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 251; _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 434. A canadian trapper found the following tribes between Fort Nisqually and Fraser River; 'Sukwámes, Sunahúmes, Tshikátstat, Puiále, and Kawítshin.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., pp. 220-1. Cheenales, west; Cowlitz, south; and Nisqually, east of Puget Sound. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 200, map.

The _Shimiahmoos_ occupy the 'coast towards Frazer's river.' 'Between Lummi Point and Frazer's River.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 247, 250. 'Most northern tribe on the American side of the line.' _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 433; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 491.

The _Lummis_ 'are divided into three bands--a band for each mouth of the Lummi River.' _Fitzhugh_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 327. 'On the northern shore of Bellingham Bay.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 244. 'Lummi river, and peninsula.' _Id._, p. 250. 'On a river emptying into the northern part of Bellingham bay and on the peninsula.' _Id._, p. 247, and in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 433.

The _Nooksaks_ are 'on the south fork of the Lummi River.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1851, p. 250. Nooksâhk, 'on the main fork of the river.' _Id._, p. 247. Nooksáhk, 'above the Lummi, on the main fork of the river.' _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 433. 'South fork Lummi river.' _Id._, p. 435. Nootsaks 'occupy the territory from the base of Mount Baker down to within five miles of the mouth of the Lummi.' _Coleman_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xxxix., p. 799. Neuksacks 'principally around the foot of Mount Baker.' _Fitzhugh_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 328. The Neukwers and Siamanas, or Stick Indians 'live on lakes back of Whatcom and Siamana lakes and their tributaries.' _Id._, p. 329. Three tribes at Bellingham Bay, Neuksack, Samish, and Lummis, with some Neukwers and Siamanas who live in the back country. _Id._, p. 326. Neuksacks, a tribe inhabiting a country drained by the river of the same name ... taking the name Lummi before emptying into the Gulf of Georgia. _Simmons_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1860, p. 188. Nooklummie, 'around Bellingham's bay.' _Am. Quar. Register_, vol. iii., p. 389; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 714.

The _Samish_ live on Samish River and southern part of Bellingham Bay. _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 247, 250. 'They have several islands which they claim as their inheritance, together with a large scope of the main land.' _Fitzhugh_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 327.

The _Skagits_ 'live on the main around the mouth of Skagit river, and own the central parts of Whidby's island, their principal ground being the neighborhood of Penn's cove.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 433, and in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 246. Whidby's Island 'is in the possession of the Sachet tribe.' _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. i., p. 300. The Sachets inhabit Whidby's Island. _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 510. Sachets, 'about Possession Sound.' _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 143. Skadjets, 'on both sides of the Skadjet river, and on the north end of Whidby's Island.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 701; _Am. Quar. Register_, vol. iii., p. 388. The Skagit, 'on Skagit river, and Penn's cove,' the N'quachamish, Smalèhhu, Miskaiwhu, Sakuméhu, on the branches of the same river. _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 250; _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 435. Sockamuke, 'headwaters of Skagit River,' Neutubvig, 'north end of Whidby's Island, and county between Skagit's river and Bellingham's bay.' Cowewachin, Noothum, Miemissouks, north to Frazer River. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 598.

The _Kikiallis_ occupy the banks of 'Kikiallis river and Whitby's island.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 246, 250.

The _Skeysehamish_ dwell in the 'country along the Skeysehamish river and the north branch of the Sinahemish.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 701; _Am. Quar. Register_, vol. iii., p. 388.

The _Snohomish_ reside on 'the southern end of Whidby's island, and the country on and near the mouth of the Sinahomish river.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 432, 435. The Sinahemish 'live on the Sinahemish river (falling into Possession Sound).' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 701; _Am. Quar. Register_, vol. iii., p. 388. 'Sinahoumez (en 12 tribus) de la rivière Fraser à la baie de Puget.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'N'quutlmamish, Skywhamish, Sktahlejum, upper branches, north side, Sinahomish river.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 245, 250. Neewamish, 'Neewamish river, bay and vicinity;' Sahmamish, 'on a lake between Neewamish and Snohomish river;' Snohomish, 'South end of Whitney's Island, Snohomish river, bay and vicinity;' Skeawamish, 'north fork of the Snohomish river, called Skeawamish river;' Skuckstanajumps, 'Skuckstanajumps river, a branch of Skeawamish river;' Stillaquamish, 'Stillaquamish river and vicinity;' Kickuallis, 'mouth of Kickuallis river and vicinity.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 598. Stoluchwámish, on Stoluchwámish river, also called Steilaquamish. _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 432, 435, also in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 246, 250. Squinámish, Swodámish, Sinaahmish, 'north end of Whitby's island, canoe passage, and Sinamish river.' _Id._, pp. 247, 250. 'Southern end of Whidby's island and Sinahomish river.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 432-3.

The _Snoqualmooks_ 'reside on the south fork, north side of the Sinahomish river.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 436, and in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 250. Snoqualimich, 'Snoqualimich river and the south branch of the Sinahemish.' _Harley_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 701; _Am. Quar. Register_, vol. iii., p. 388.

The _Dwamish_ are 'living on and claiming the lands on the D'Wamish river.' _Paige_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 329. Dwamish River and Lake, White and Green Rivers. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 491. On D'wamish lake etc. ... reside the Samamish and S'Ketehlmish tribes. 'The D'wamish tribe have their home on Lake Fork, D'Wamish river.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 432, 436. Dwamish, 'Lake Fork, Dwamish River;' Samamish, S'Ketéhlmish, 'Dwamish Lake;' Smelkámiah, 'Head of White River;' Skopeáhmish, 'Head of Green River;' Stkámish, 'main White River.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 250.

The _Skopeahmish_ have their home at the 'head of Green river.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 436. The Sekamish band 'on the main White river;' the Smulkamish tribe 'at the head of White river.' _Ib._

The _Seattles_, a tribe of the Snowhomish nation, occupied as their principal settlement, 'a slight eminence near the head of what is now known as Port Madison Bay.' _Overland Monthly_, 1870, vol. iv., p. 297.

The _Suquamish_ 'claim all the land lying on the west side of the Sound, between Apple Tree cove on the north, and Gig harbor on the south.' _Paige_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 329. Soquamish, 'country about Port Orchard and neighbourhood, and the west side of Widby's Island.' _Harley_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 700; _Am. Quar. Register_, vol. iii., p. 388. 'Peninsula between Hood's canal and Admiralty inlet.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 250, and in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 435. Snoquamish, 'Port Orchard, Elliott's Bay, and their vicinity.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 598. Shomamish, 'on Vashon's Island.' _Ib._ 'Vashon's Island.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 250. S'slomamish, 'Vaston's island.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 435. 'The Indians frequenting this port (Orchard) call themselves the Jeachtac tribe.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 510.

The _Puyallupamish_ live 'at the mouth of Puyallup river;' T'quaquamish, 'at the heads of Puyallup river.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 250, and in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 435. Squallyamish and Pugallipamish, 'in the country about Nesqually, Pugallipi, and Sinnomish rivers.' _Harley_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 701; _Am. Quar. Register_, vol. iii., p. 388. Puallipawmish or Pualliss, 'on Pualliss river, bay, and vicinity.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 598. Puyyallapamish, 'Puyallop River.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 491.

The _Nisquallies_, or Skwall, 'inhabit the shores of Puget's Sound.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 211. 'Nesquallis, de la baie de Puget à la pointe Martinez.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. Nasqually tribes, 'Nasqually River and Puget's Sound.' _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hudson Bay_, p. 81. Squallyamish, 'at Puget Sound.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 177. The Squalliahmish are composed of six bands, and have their residence on Nisqually River and vicinity. _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 435. Squallyamish or Nisqually, Nisqually River and vicinity. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 598. Fort Nisqually is frequented by the 'Squallies, the Clallams, the Paaylaps, the Scatchetts, the Checaylis,' and other tribes. _Simpson's Overland Journey_, vol. i., p. 181.

The _Steilacoomish_ dwell on 'Stalacom Creek;' Loquamish, 'Hood's Reef.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 491. Stitcheosawmish, 'Budd's inlet and South bay,' in the vicinity of Olympia. _Id._, vol. iv., p. 598. Steilacoomamish, 'Steilacoom creek and vicinity.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 250, and in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 435.

The _Sawamish_ have their residence on 'Totten's inlet.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 435. Sayhaymamish, 'Totten inlet.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 598. 'Srootlemamish, Quackenamish at Case's inlet.' _Ib._ Quáks'namish, 'Case's inlet;' S'Hotlemamish, 'Carr's inlet;' Sahéhwamish, 'Hammersly's inlet;' Sawámish, 'Totten's inlet;' Squaiaitl, 'Eld's inlet;' Stéhchasámish, 'Budd's inlet;' Noosehchatl, 'South bay.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 250.

The _Skokomish_ live at the upper end of Hood Canal. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 598; _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 244, 250. Töanhooch and Shokomish on Hood's Canal. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 491. Tuanoh and Skokomish 'reside along the shores of Hood's Canal.' _Am. Quar. Register_, vol. iii., p. 388. Toankooch, 'western shore of Hood's canal. They are a branch of the Nisqually nation.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 244; _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 431. Tuanooch, 'mouth of Hood's Canal.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 598. 'The region at the head of Puget Sound is inhabited by a tribe called the Toandos.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 140. Homamish, Hotlimamish, Squahsinawmish, Sayhaywamish, Stitchassamish, 'reside in the country from the Narrows along the western shore of Puget's Sound to New Market.' _Mitchell and Harley_, in _Am. Quar. Register_, vol. iii., p. 388.

The _Noosdalums_, or Nusdalums, 'dwell on Hood's Channel.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 135. 'Die Noosdalum, wohnen am Hood's-Canal;' _Buschmann_, _Brit. Nordamer._, p. 373. 'Noostlalums, consist of eleven tribes or septs living about the entrance of Hood's canal, Dungeness, Port Discovery, and the coast to the westward.' _Am. Quar. Register_, vol. iii., p. 388; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 700.

The _Chimakum_, or Chinakum, 'territory seems to have embraced the shore from Port Townsend to Port Ludlow.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 242-244. 'On Port Townsend Bay.' _Id._, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 431, 435; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 598.

The _Clallams_, or Clalams, are 'about Port Discovery.' _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 143. 'Their country stretches along the whole southern shore of the Straits to between Port Discovery and Port Townsend.' _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 429; _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 242, 244. Southern shore of the Straits of Fuca east of the Classets. _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 220. At Port Discovery. _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 319. Sklallum, 'between Los Angelos and Port Townsend.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 598. Sklallams, 'at Cape Flattery.' _Id._, vol. v., p. 491. 'Scattered along the strait and around the bays and bights of Admiralty Inlet, upon a shoreline of more than a hundred miles.' _Scammon_, in _Overland Monthly_, 1871, vol. vii., p. 278. 'S'Klallams, Chemakum, Toanhooch, Skokomish, and bands of the same, taking names from their villages, ... and all residing on the shores of the straits of Fuca and Hood's Canal.' _Webster_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1862, p. 407. Kahtai, Kaquaith, and Stehllum, at Port Townsend, Port Discovery, and New Dungeness. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 491; _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 249. Stentlums at New Dungeness. _Id._, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 435.

[Sidenote: INDIANS OF THE COAST OF WASHINGTON.]

The _Makahs_, or _Classets_, dwell about Cape Flattery. Macaw, 'Cape Flattery to Neah Bay.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 598. Pistchin, 'Neah Bay to Los Angelos Point.' _Ib._ 'Country about Cape Flattery, and the coast for some distance to the southward, and eastward to the boundary of the Halam or Noostlalum lands.' _Id._, vol. v., p. 700; _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 241, 249; _Hale_, in _Id._, 1862, p. 390; _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 429, 435. 'At Neah Bay or Waadda, and its vicinity.' _Simmons_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1858, p. 231. Tatouche, a tribe of the Classets. _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 516. Classets 'reside on the south side of the Straits of Fuca.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 220; _Mitchell and Harley_, in _Am. Quar. Register_, vol. iii., p. 388. Tatouche or Classets, 'between the Columbia and the strait of Fuca.' _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 143. 'Clatset tribe.' _Cornwallis' N. El Dorado_, p. 97. 'Classets, on the Strait of Fuca.' _Greenhow's Hist. Ogn._, p. 30; _Stevens' Address_, p. 10. Makahs, 'inhabiting a wild broken peninsula circumscribed by the river Wyatch, the waters of the Strait and the Pacific.' _Scammon_, in _Overland Monthly_, 1871, vol. vii., p. 277. Klaizzarts, 'living nearly three hundred miles to the South' of Nootka Sound. _Jewitt's Nar._, p. 75. The Elkwhahts have a village on the strait. _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 153.

List of tribes between Columbia River and Cape Flattery on the Coast; Calasthocle, Chillates, Chiltz, Clamoctomichs, Killaxthocles, Pailsh, Potoashs, Quieetsos, Quinnechart, Quiniülts. _Morse's Rept._, p. 371.

The _Quillehute_ and _Queniult_, or Quenaielt, 'occupy the sea-coast between Ozelt or old Cape Flattery, on the north, and Quinaielt river on the south.' _Simmons_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1860, p. 195. Quinaielt, Quillehuté, Queets, and Hoh, live on the Quinaielt river and ocean. _Smith_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 21. The Queniult live 'at Point Grenville.' _Swan's N. W. Coast_, p. 210. 'On the banks of a river of the same name.' _Id._, p. 78. The Wilapahs 'on the Wilapah River.' _Id._, p. 211. The Copalis 'on the Copalis River, eighteen miles north of Gray's Harbor.' _Id._, p. 210. Quinaitle, north of Gray's Harbor. _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 249. Quinaik, 'coast from Gray's harbor northward.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 435. Ehihalis, Quinailee, Grey's Harbor and north. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 490. South of the Classets along the coast come the Quinnechants, Calasthortes, Chillates, Quinults, Pailsk, etc. _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 428. The Kaliouches and Konnichtchates, spoken of as dwelling on Destruction Island and the neighboring main. _Tarakanov_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1823, tom. xx., p. 336, et seq.

The _Chehalis_, or Chickeeles, 'inhabit the country around Gray's Harbour.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 140. On the Chehalis river. _Nesmith_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1867, p. 8. Frequent also Shoalwater Bay. _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 240, 249. On the Cowelits. 'Among the Tsihailish are included the Kwaiantl and Kwenaiwitl ... who live near the coast, thirty or forty miles south of Cape Flattery.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., pp. 211-12. 'In the vicinity of the mouth of the Columbia.' _Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 113. 'Chekilis, et Quinayat. Près du havre de Gray et la rivière Chekilis.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335; _Swan's N. W. Coast_, p. 210; _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 435; _Starling_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 599. 'A quarante milles au nord, (from the Columbia) le long de la côte, habitent les Tchéilichs.' _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. x., p. 90. The Whiskkah and Wynooche tribes on the northern branches of the Chihailis. _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 240. Sachals 'reside about the lake of the same name, and along the river Chickeeles.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 140.

The _Cowlitz_ live on the upper Cowlitz River. Occupy the middle of the peninsula which lies west of Puget Sound and north of the Columbia. _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 211. On the Cowlitz River. The Taitinapams have their abode at the base of the mountains on the Cowlitz. _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 435; and in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 240, 249; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 599, vol. v., p. 490. Cowlitsick, 'on Columbia river, 62 miles from its mouth.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 368. There are three small tribes in the vicinity of the Cowlitz Farm, 'the Cowlitz, the Checaylis and the Squally.' _Simpson's Overland Journ._, vol. i., p. 179. The Staktomish live 'between Nisqually and Cowlitz and the head waters of Chehaylis river.' _Am. Quar. Register_, vol. iii., p. 389; _Harley_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 701.

[Sidenote: THE CHINOOK FAMILY.]

THE CHINOOK FAMILY includes, according to my division, all the tribes of Oregon west of the Cascade Range, together with those on the north bank of the Columbia river. The name has usually been applied only to the tribes of the Columbia Valley up to the Dalles, and belonged originally to a small tribe on the north bank near the mouth. 'The nation, or rather family, to which the generic name of Chinook has attached, formerly inhabited both banks of the Columbia River, from its mouth to the Grand Dalles, a distance of about a hundred and seventy miles.' 'On the north side of the river, first the Chinooks proper (Tchi-nuk), whose territory extended from Cape Disappointment up the Columbia to the neighborhood of Gray's _Bay_ (not Gray's _Harbor_, which is on the Pacific), and back to the northern vicinity of Shoalwater Bay, where they interlocked with the Chihalis of the coast.' _Gibbs' Chinook Vocab._, pp. iii., iv. The name Watlalas or Upper Chinooks 'properly belongs to the Indians at the Cascades,' but is applied to all 'from the Multnoma Island to the Falls of the Columbia.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., pp. 214-5. 'The principal tribes or bands were the Wakaíkam (known as the Wahkyekum), the Katlámat (Cathlamet), the Tshinuk (Chinook), and the Tlatsap (Clatsop).' _Ib._ 'The natives, who dwell about the lower parts of the Columbia, may be divided into four tribes--the Clotsops, who reside around Point Adams, on the south side; ... the Chinooks; Waakiacums; and the Cathlamets; who live on the north side of the river, and around Baker's Bay and other inlets.' _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 114. The tribes may be classed: 'Chinooks, Clatsops, Cathlamux, Wakicums, Wacalamus, Cattleputles, Clatscanias, Killimux, Moltnomas, Chickelis.' _Ross' Adven._, p. 87. Tribes on north bank of the Columbia from mouth; Chilts, Chinnook, Cathlamah, Wahkiakume, Skillute, Quathlapotle. _Lewis and Clarke's Map._ 'All the natives inhabiting the southern shore of the Straits (of Fuca), and the deeply indented territory as far as and including the tide-waters of the Columbia, may be comprehended under the general term of Chinooks.' _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 25. 'The Chenook nation resides along upon the Columbia river, from the Cascades to its confluence with the ocean.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 261. 'Inhabiting the lower parts of the Columbia.' _Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 110. 'Hauts-Tchinouks, près des cascades du Rio Colombia. Tchinouks d'en bas, des Cascades jusqu'à la mer, Bas-Tchinouks.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., pp. 335, 350-1. 'On the right bank of the Columbia.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 40. The Cheenooks and Kelussuyas, 4 tribes, live at 'Pillar Rock, Oak Point, the Dallas, the Cascades, Cheate River, Takama River, on the Columbia.' 'Cheenooks, Clatsops and several tribes near the entrance of the Columbia River.' _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hud. B._, p. 81. Upper and Lower Chinooks on the Columbia River, Lower Chinooks at Shoalwater Bay. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 490. Chinooks, 'north of the Columbia.' _Id._, p. 492. 'Upper Chinooks, five bands, Columbia River, above the Cowlitz. Lower Chinooks, Columbia River below the Cowlitz, and four other bands on Shoalwater Bay.' _Stevens_, in _Id._, p. 703. 'Mouth of Columbia river, north side, including some 50 miles interior.' _Emmons_, in _Id._, vol. iii., p. 201. The Chinnooks 'reside chiefly along the banks of a river, to which we gave the same name; and which, running parallel to the sea coast ... empties itself into Haley's Bay.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 425, and map; _Irving's Astoria_, p. 335. 'To the south of the mouth of the Columbia.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 15. 'Chenooks on the Columbia.' _Swan's N. W. Coast_, p. 210. North side of the Columbia. _Morse's Report_, p. 368; _Greenhow's Hist. Ogn._, p. 286. Tshinuk south of the Columbia at mouth. Watlala on both sides of the river from the Willamette to Dalles. They properly belong to the Indians at the Cascades. _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., pp. 214-5, and map, p. 197. Banks of the Columbia from Dalles to the mouth. _Farnham's Trav._, p. 85. The upper Chinooks were the Shalala and Echeloots of Lewis and Clarke. _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417. In the vicinity of the mouth of the Columbia, there are, besides the Chinooks, the Klickatacks, Cheehaylas, Naas, and many other tribes. _Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 113.

'The Flathead Indians are met with on the banks of the Columbia River, from its mouth eastward to the Cascades, a distance of about 150 miles; they extend up the Walhamette River's mouth about thirty or forty miles, and through the district between the Walhamette and Fort Astoria.' _Kane's Wand._, p. 173. 'The Flatheads are a very numerous people, inhabiting the shores of the Columbia River, and a vast tract of country lying to the south of it.' _Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 108. 'The Cathlascon tribes, which inhabit the Columbia River.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 225. Cathlascos on the Columbia River, S. side 220 miles from its mouth. _Morse's Rept._, p. 368.

Shoalwater Bay Indians: Whilapah on Whilapah river; Necomanchee, or Nickomin, on Nickomin river, flowing into the east side of the bay; Quelaptonlilt, at the mouth of Whilapah river; Wharhoots, at the present site of Bruceport; Querqueltin, at the mouth of a creek; Palux, on Copalux or Palux river; Marhoo, Nasal, on the Peninsula. _Swan's N. W. Coast_, p. 211. 'Karweewee, or Artsmilsh, the name of the Shoalwater Bay tribes.' _Id._, p. 210. Along the coast north of the Columbia are the Chinnooks, Killaxthockle, Chilts, Clamoitomish, Potoashees, etc. _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 428. Quillequeoquas at Shoalwater Bay. Map in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 200. Kwalhioqua, north of the Columbia near the mouth. _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 204, and map, p. 197. Klatskanai, 'on the upper waters of the Nehalem, a stream running into the Pacific, on those of Young's River, and one bearing their own name, which enters the Columbia at Oak Point.' _Gibbs' Chinook Vocab._, p. iv. Willopahs, 'on the Willopah River, and the head of the Chihalis.' _Ib._

The _Chilts_ inhabit the 'coast to the northward of Cape Disappointment.' _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., p. 302. 'North of the mouth of the Columbia and Chealis rivers.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 261, and map. 'On the sea-coast near Point Lewis.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 401.

Miscellaneous bands on the Columbia; Aleis, on the north side of the Colombia. _Gass' Jour._, p. 285. Cathlacumups 'on the main shore S.W. of Wappatoo Isl.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 371. Cathlakamaps, 'at the mouth of the Wallaumut.' _Id._, p. 368. Cathlanamenamens, 'On the island in the mouth of the Wallaumut.' _Id._, p. 368. Cathlanaquiahs, 'On the S.W. side of Wappatoo Isl.' _Id._, p. 371. Cathlapootle, eighty miles from mouth of the Columbia opposite the mouth of the Willamette. _Id._, p. 368. Calhlathlas, 'at the rapids, S. side.' _Id._, p. 368. Clahclellah, 'below the rapids.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 370. Clannarminnamuns, 'S.W. side of Wappatoo Isl.' _Id._, p. 371. Clanimatas, 'S.W. side of Wappatoo Isl.' _Ib._ Clockstar, 'S.E. side of Wappattoo Isl.' _Ib._ Cooniacs, 'of Oak Point (Kahnyak or Kukhnyak, the Kreluits of Franchère and Skilloots of Lewis and Clarke).' _Gibbs' Chinook Vocab._, p. iv. Hellwits, 'S. side 39 miles from mouth.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 368. Katlagakya, 'from the Cascades to Vancouver.' _Framboise_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 255. Katlaminimim, on Multnomah Island. _Ib._ Katlaportl, river of same name, and right bank of Columbia for five miles above its mouth. _Ib._ Ketlakaniaks, at Oak Point, formerly united with Kolnit. _Ib._ Klakalama, between Kathlaportle and Towalitch rivers. _Ib._ Mamnit, 'Multnomah Isl.' _Ib._ Nechakoke, 'S. side, near Quicksand river, opposite Diamond Isl.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 370. Neerchokioon, south side above the Wallaumut river. _Ib._ Shalala at the grand rapids down to the Willamet. _Ib._ Quathlapotle, between the Cowlits and Chahwahnahinooks (Cathlapootle?) river. _Lewis and Clarke's Map._ Seamysty, 'at the mouth of the Towalitch River.' _Framboise_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 255. Shoto, W. side back of a pond and nearly opposite the entrance of the Willamut. _Morse's Rept._, p. 370. Skillutes, 'about junction of Cowlitz.' _Lewis and Clarke's Map._ Skiloots on the Columbia on each side, from the lower part of the Columbia Valley as low as Sturgeon Island, and on both sides of the Coweliskee River. _Morse's Rept._, p. 371. Smockshop. _Id._, p. 370. Trile Kalets, near Fort Vancouver. _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hud. B._, p. 81. Wahclellah, 'below all the rapids.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 370. Wakamass, 'Deer's Isle to the lower branch of the Wallamat.' _Framboise_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 255. Wyampams, at the narrows. _Ross' Adven._, pp. 117-19. Tchilouits on the Columbia, south bank, below the Cowlitz. _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. x., p. 112. Cathlâkaheckits and Cathlathlalas in vicinity of the Cascades. _Id._, tom. xii., 1821, p. 23.

The _Clatsops_ live on Point Adams. _Hines' Voy._, p. 88. 'South side of the (Columbia) river at its mouth.' _Greenhow's Hist. Ogn._, pp. 30, 286. 'Southern shore of the bay at the mouth of the Columbia, and along the seacoast on both sides of Point Adams.' _Morton's Crania_, p. 211; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 401, 426, and map. 12 miles from mouth, south side. _Morse's Rept._, p. 368. 'South side of the river.' _Gass' Jour._, p. 244. 'From near Tillamook Head to Point Adams and up the river to Tongue Point.' _Gibbs' Chinook Vocab._, p. iv. Klakhelnk, 'on Clatsop Point, commonly called Clatsops.' _Framboise_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 255; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 201, vol. v., p. 492.

[Sidenote: COAST TRIBES OF OREGON.]

The _Wakiakum_, or 'Wakaikum, live on the right bank of the Columbia; on a small stream, called Cadet River.' _Framboise_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 255. Wakiakums (Wakáiakum) 'towards Oak Point.' _Gibbs' Chinook Vocab._, p. iv. Wahkiacums, adjoining the Cathlamahs on the south-east and the Skilloots on the north-west. _Lewis and Clarke's Map._ Waakicums, thirty miles from the mouth of the Columbia, north side. _Morse's Rept._, p. 368.

The _Cathlamets_ extend from Tongue Point to Puget's Island. _Gibbs' Chinook Vocab._, p. iv. 'Opposite the lower village of the Wahkiacums.' _Irving's Astoria_, p. 336. '30 miles from the mouth of Columbia.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 368. 'On a river of same name.' _Framboise_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 255; _Lewis and Clarke's Map._

'Along the coast south of the Columbia river are the Clatsops, Killamucks, Lucktons, Kahunkle, Lickawis, Youkone, Necketo, Ulseah, Youitts, Shiastuckle, Killawats, Cookoose, Shalalahs, Luckasos, Hannakalals.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 427-8. 'Along the coast S. of Columbia river, and speak the Killamucks language,' Youicone, Neekeetoos, Ulseahs, Youitts, Sheastukles, Killawats, Cookkoooose, Shallalah, Luckkarso, Hannakallal. _Morse's Rept._, p. 371. Náélim, 'on a river on the sea-coast, 30 miles S. of Clatsop Point,' and the following tribes proceeding southward. Nikaas, Kowai, Neselitch, Tacóón, Aleya, Sayonstla, Kiliwatsal, Kaons, Godamyou (!), Stotonia, at the mouth of Coquin river. _Framboise_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., pp. 255-6.

The _Killamooks_ dwell along the coast southward from the mouth of the Columbia. 'Near the mouth of the Columbia.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 262. Callimix, '40 miles S. of Columbia.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 368. Killamucks, 'along the S.E. coast for many miles.' _Id._, p. 371. Tillamooks, 'along the coast from Umpqua River to the Neachesna, a distance of one hundred and twenty miles.' _Palmer_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 256, 259. Kilamukes, 'south and east of mouth of the Columbia, extending to the coast.' _Emmons_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 201. Nsietshawus, or Killamuks, 'on the sea-coast south of the Columbia.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 211, and map, p. 197. 'Between the river Columbia and the Umpqua.' _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hud. B._, p. 81. 'Country about Cape Lookout.' _Palmer's Jour._, p. 105. 'On comprend sous le nom général de Killimous, les Indiens du sud du Rio Colombia, tels que les Nahelems, les Nikas, les Kaouais, les Alsiias, les Umquas, les Toutounis et les Sastés. Ces deux dernières peuplades se sont jusqu'à présent montrées hostiles aux caravanes des blancs.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., pp. 335, 357. Killamucks, next to the Clatsops. _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 426. 'Callemeux nation.' _Gass' Jour._, p. 260. Callemax on the coast forty leagues south of the Columbia. _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, tom. x., p. 90.

The Lucktons are found 'adjoining the Killamucks, and in a direction S.S.E.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 427.

The Jakon, or Yakones, dwell south of the Killamooks on the coast. _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 218, and map, p. 197.

The Tlatskanai are farther inland than the Killamooks. _Id._, p. 204.

The _Umpquas_ live 'on a river of that name.' _Framboise_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc. Jour._, vol. ii., p. 256. 'In a valley of the same name. They are divided into six tribes; the Sconta, Chalula, Palakahu, Quattamya, and Chastà.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 262. Umbaquâs. _Id._, p. 262. 'Umpquas (3 tribus) sur la rivière de ce nom, et de la rivière aux Vaches.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'The Umkwa inhabit the upper part of the river of that name, having the Kalapuya on the north, the Lutuami (Clamets), on the east, and the Sainstkla between them and the sea.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 204, and map, p. 197. Two hundred and twenty-five miles south of the Columbia. _Hines' Voy._, p. 94. 'The country of the Umpquas is bounded east by the Cascade mountains, west by the Umpqua mountains and the ocean, north by the Calipooia mountains and south by Grave Creek and Rogue River mountains.' _Palmer_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 255; _Emmons_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 201, vol. v., p. 492.

The Saiustkla reside 'upon a small stream which falls into the sea just south of the Umqua River.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 221, map, p. 197. Sinselaw, 'on the banks of the Sinselaw river.' _Harvey_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1863, p. 80. Sayousla, 'near the mouth of Sayousla bay.' _Brooks_, in _Id._, 1862, p. 299. Saliutla, 'at the mouth of the Umbaquâ river.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 262.

The Katlawotsetts include the Siuslaw and Alsea bands on Siuslaw River; the Scottsburg, Lower Umpqua, and Kowes Bay bands on Umpqua River. _Drew_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 359. Kiliwatshat, 'at the mouth of the Umpqua.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 221.

The Alseas, or Alseyas, live on Alsea Bay. _Brooks_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1862, p. 299; _Harvey_, in _Id._, 1863, p. 80. Chocreleatan, 'at the forks of the Coquille river.' Quahtomahs, between Coquille River and Port Orford. Nasomah, 'near the mouth of the Coquille River.' _Parrish_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 287.

[Sidenote: NATIVES OF THE WILLAMETTE VALLEY.]

Willamette Valley Nations: 'The nations who inhabit this fertile neighbourhood are very numerous. The Wappatoo inlet extends three hundred yards wide, for ten or twelve miles to the south, as far as the hills near which it receives the waters of a small creek, whose sources are not far from those of the Killamuck river. On that creek resides the Clackstar nation, a numerous people of twelve hundred souls, who subsist on fish and wappatoo, and who trade by means of the Killamuck river, with the nation of that name on the sea-coast. Lower down the inlet, towards the Columbia, is the tribe called Cathlacumup. On the sluice which connects the inlet with the Multnomah, are the tribes Cathlanahquiah and Cathlacomatup; and on Wappatoo island, the tribes of Clannahminamun and Clahnaquah. Immediately opposite, near the Towahnahiooks, are the Quathlapotles, and higher up, on the side of the Columbia, the Shotos. All these tribes, as well as the Cathlahaws, who live somewhat lower on the river, and have an old village on Deer island, may be considered as parts of the great Multnomah nation, which has its principal residence on Wappatoo island, near the mouth of the large river to which they give their name. Forty miles above its junction with the Columbia, it receives the waters of the Clackamos, a river which may be traced through a woody and fertile country to its sources in Mount Jefferson, almost to the foot of which it is navigable for canoes. A nation of the same name resides in eleven villages along its borders: they live chiefly on fish and roots, which abound in the Clackamos and along its banks, though they sometimes descend to the Columbia to gather wappatoo, where they cannot be distinguished by dress or manners, or language, from the tribes of Multnomahs. Two days' journey from the Columbia, or about twenty miles beyond the entrance of the Clackamos, are the falls of the Multnomah. At this place are the permanent residences of the Cushooks and Chaheowahs, two tribes who are attracted to that place by the fish, and by the convenience of trading across the mountains and down Killamuck river, with the nation of Killamucks, from whom they procure train oil. These falls were occasioned by the passage of a high range of mountains; beyond which the country stretches into a vast level plain, wholly destitute of timber. As far as the Indians, with whom we conversed, had ever penetrated that country, it was inhabited by a nation called Calahpoewah, a very numerous people, whose villages, nearly forty in number, are scattered along each side of the Multnomah, which furnish them with their chief subsistence, fish, and the roots along its banks.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 507-8. Calapooyas, Moolallels, and Clackamas in the Willamette Valley. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 200, map. Cathlakamaps at the mouth of the Ouallamat; Cathlapoutles opposite; Cathlanaminimins on an island a little higher up; Mathlanobes on the upper part of the same island; Cathlapouyeas just above the falls; the Cathlacklas on an eastern branch farther up; and still higher the Chochonis. _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. x., pp. 115, 117.

The Cathlathlas live '60 miles from the mouth of the Wallaumut.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 368.

The Cloughewallhah are 'a little below the falls.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 177.

The Katlawewalla live 'at the falls of the Wallamat.' _Framboise_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 256.

The Leeshtelosh occupy the 'headwaters of the Multnomah.' _Hunter's Captivity_, p. 73.

The Multnomahs (or Mathlanobs) dwell 'at upper end of the island in the mouth of the Wallaumut.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 368.

The Nemalquinner lands are 'N.E. side of the Wallaumut river, 3 miles above its mouth.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 370.

The Newaskees extend eastward of the headwaters of the Multnomah, on a large lake. _Hunter's Captivity_, p. 73.

The Yamkallies dwell 'towards the sources of the Wallamut River.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 225.

The _Calapooyas_ live in the upper Willamette Valley. Callipooya, 'Willamette Valley.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 492, vol. iii., p. 201. Kalapuya, 'above the falls.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 217. Callawpohyeaas, Willamette tribes sixteen in number. _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 108. Calapooah, seventeen tribes on the Willamette and its branches. _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 261. Callappohyeaass nation consists of Wacomeapp, Nawmooit, Chillychandize, Shookany, Coupé, Shehees, Longtonguebuff, Lamalle, and Pecyou tribes. _Ross' Adven._, pp. 236-6. Kalapooyahs, 'on the shores of the Oregon.' _Morton's Crania_, p. 213. 'Willamat Plains.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 225. Kalapuyas, 'above the falls of the Columbia.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 36. '50 miles from the mouth of the Wallaumut, W. side.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 368. Vule Puyas, Valley of the Willamette. _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hud. B._, p. 81.

The _Clackamas_ are on the 'Clackama River.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 492. 'Clakemas et Kaoulis, sur le Ouallamet et la rivière Kaoulis.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'Valley of the Clakamus and the Willamuta Falls.' _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hud. B._, p. 81. Klackamas, 'three miles below the falls.' _Hines' Voy._, p. 144. Clackamis. _Palmer's Jour._, p. 84. Clarkamees. _Morse's Rept._, p. 372. Clackamus. _Lewis and Clarke's Map._

The _Mollales_ are found in 'Willamettee Valley.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 492. 'At the mouth of the Wallamet, and the Wapatoo Islands.' _Tucker's Oregon_, p. 71. 'Upon the west side of the Willamette and opposite Oregon City.' _Palmer's Jour._, p. 84.

[Sidenote: THE SHUSHWAP FAMILY.]

THE SHUSHWAP FAMILY comprises all the inland tribes of British Columbia, south of lat. 52° 30´.

The _Atnahs_, Strangers, Niccoutamuch, or Shushwaps proper, inhabit the Fraser and Thompson valleys. 'At Spuzzum ... a race very different both in habits and language is found. These are the Nicoutamuch, or Nicoutameens, a branch of a widely-extended tribe. They, with their cognate septs, the Atnaks, or Shuswapmuch, occupy the Frazer River from Spuzzum to the frontier of that part of the country called by the Hudson Bay Company New Caledonia, which is within a few miles of Fort Alexandria.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 296. 'Shushwaps of the Rocky Mountains inhabit the country in the neighbourhood of Jasper House, and as far as Tête Jaune Cache on the western slope. They are a branch of the great Shushwap nation who dwell near the Shushwap Lake and grand fork of the Thompson River in British Columbia.' Thompson River and Lake Kamloops. _Milton and Cheadle's Northw. Pass._, pp. 241, 335. 'On the Pacific side, but near the Rocky Mountains, are the Shoushwaps who, inhabiting the upper part of Frazer's River, and the north fork of the Columbia.' _Blakiston_, in _Palliser's Explor._, p. 44. 'The Shooshaps live below the Sinpauelish Indians.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 313. 'The Shushwaps possess the country bordering on the lower part of Frazer's River, and its branches.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 205. The Atnahs or Soushwap, 'live in the country on the Fraser's and Thompson's Rivers.' 'They were termed by Mackenzie the Chin tribe.' (See p. 251, note 141 of this vol.) _Prichard's Researches_, vol. v., p. 427; _Buschmann_, _Brit. Nordamer._, p. 320. Shooshaps, south of the Sinpavelist. _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 50-1. 'The Atnah, or Chin Indian country extends about one hundred miles,' from Fort Alexander. _Cox's Adven._, vol. ii., p. 361. Shooshewaps inhabit the region of the north bend of the Columbia, in 52°. Atnahs, in the region of the Fraser and Thompson rivers. _Macdonald's Lecture on B. C._, p. 10; _Hector_, in _Palliser's Explor._, p. 27. 'The Shewhapmuch (Atnahs of Mackenzie) ... occupy the banks of Thompson's River; and along Frazer's River from the Rapid village, twenty miles below Alexandria, to the confluence of these two streams. Thence to near the falls the tribe bears the name of Nicutemuch.' _Anderson_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. vii., p. 76.

'The Stta Llimuh, natives of Anderson Lake, speak a dialect of the Sheswap language.' Skowhomish, in the same vicinity. _McKay_, in _B. C. Papers_, vol. ii., p. 32.

'The Loquilt Indians have their home in the winter on Lake Anderson, and the surrounding district, whence they descend to the coast in Jervis Inlet in the summer.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 299.

The Kamloops dwell about one hundred and fifty miles north-west of Okanagan. _Cox's Adven._, vol. ii., p. 156.

The Clunsus are east of Fraser River, between Yale and latitude 50°; Skowtous, on the fiftieth parallel south of Lake Kamloops and west of Lake Okanagan; Sockatcheenum, east of Fraser and north of 51°. _Bancroft's Map of Pac. States._