Chapter V: New Mexicans (8)

[806] 'Adornanse con gargantillas de caracolillos del mar, entreverados de otras cuentas de concha colorada redonda.' _Mange_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 299. 'They had many ornaments of sea shells.' _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 132. 'Some have long strings of sea-shells.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 230-1. 'Rarely use ornaments.' _Walker's Pimas, MS._; _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, pp. 252-6; _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 850-1.

[807] _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 91; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. 131, p. 292; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 108. The Maricopas 'occupy thatched cottages, thirty or forty feet in diameter, made of the twigs of cotton-wood trees, interwoven with the straw of wheat, corn-stalks, and cane.' _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 132; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 117; _Mange_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., pp. 277, 365-6. 'Leurs (Pápagos) maisons sont de formes coniques et construites en jonc et en bois.' _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 188; _Walker's Pimas, MS._; _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 395; _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851; _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, pp. 115, 161. 'Andere, besonders die dummen Papagos, machten Löcher und schliefen des Nachts hierinnen; ja im Winter machten sie in ihren Dachslöchern zuvor Feuer, und hitzten dieselben.' _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 245. 'Their summer shelters are of a much more temporary nature, being constructed after the manner of a common arbor, covered with willow rods, to obstruct the rays of the vertical sun.' _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, p. 222. In front of the Pimo house is usually 'a large arbor, on top of which is piled the cotton in the pod, for drying.' _Emory_, in _Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav._, p. 48. The Pápagos' huts were 'fermées par des peaux de buffles.' _Ferry_, _Scènes de la Vie Sauvage_, p. 107. Granary built like the Mexican _jakals_. They are better structures than their dwellings, more open, in order to give a free circulation of air through the grain deposited in them. _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 382, vol. ii., pp. 233-5.

[808] _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 412; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, pp. 21, 23, 122, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. ii.; _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 177; _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 25, 30-1. 'Ellas son las que hacen, y edifican las Casas, assi de Piedra, como de Adove, y Tierra amasada; y con no tener la Pared mas de vn pie de ancho, suben las Casas dos, y tres, y quatro, y cinco Sobrados, ó Altos; y á cada Alto, corresponde vn Corredor por de fuera; si sobre esta altura hechan mas altos, ó Sobrados (porque ay Casas que llegan á siete) son los demás, no de Barro, sino de Madera.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 681. For further particulars, see _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 2, 42, 58, 69, 71, 76, 80, 138, 163, 167, 169; _Niza_, in _Id._, pp. 261, 269, 270, 279; _Diaz_, in _Id._, pp. 293, 296; _Jaramillo_, in _Id._, pp. 369, _Cordoue_, in _Id._, tom. x., pp. 438-9; _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, pp. 13, 90, 114; _Bent_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 244; _Ten Broeck_, in _Id._, vol. iv., pp. 76, 80, and plates, pp. 24, 72; _Warden_, _Recherches_, p. 79; _Ruxton's Adven. Mex._, p. 191; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 455; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 453; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 278; _Mayer's Mex., Aztec, etc._, vol. ii., p. 359; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., pp. 268, 276; _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, p. 195; _Garces_, _Diario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., p. 322; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, pp. 119, 121, 126; _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 97, 99, 104, 105; _Ruxton_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1850, tom. cxxvi., pp. 42, 45, 52, 57; _Gallatin_, in _Id._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 248, 257, 267, 270, 277, 278, 288; _Espejo_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., pp. 385, 392, 394-6; _Coronado_, in _Id._, vol. iii., pp. 377, 379; _Niza_, in _Id._, vol. iii., pp. 367, 372; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 538; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p. 238; _Id._, _Tagebuch_, pp. 217-18, 285; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, pp. 209, 215, 217. The town of Cíbola 'domos è lapidibus et caemento affabre constructas et conjunctim dispositas esse, superliminaria portarum cyaneis gemmis, (Turcoides vocant) ornata.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, pp. 297, 311-14; _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 480. 'The houses are well distributed and very neat. One room is designed for the kitchen, and another to grind the grain. This last is apart, and contains a furnace and three stones made fast in masonry.' _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 118-20, 141, 311, 313, 318, 420, 422; _Castaño de Sosa_, in _Pacheco_, _Col. Doc. Inéd._, tom. iv., pp. 329-30; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 178; _Foster's Pre-Hist. Races_, p. 394.

[809] In the province of Tucayan, 'domiciliis inter se junctis et affabre constructis, in quibus et tepidaria quae vulgo Stuvas appellamus, sub terra constructa adversus hyemis vehementiam.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 301. 'In the centre was a small square box of stone, in which was a fire of guava bushes, and around this a few old men were smoking.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 110. 'Estufas, que mas propiamente deberian llamar sinagogas. En estas hacen sus juntas, forman sus conciliábulos, y ensayan sus bailes á puerta cerrada.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 333; _Beaumont_, _Crón. de Mechoacan, MS._, p. 418; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 273; _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, pp. 13, 21; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 139, 165, 169-70, 176; _Espejo_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., pp. 392-3; _Niel_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 90-1.

[810] 'Magna ipsis Mayzü copia et leguminum.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, pp. 298, 302, 310-13, 315. 'Hallaron en los pueblos y casas muchos mantenimientos, y gran infinidad de gallinas de la tierra.' _Espejo_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., pp. 386, 393. 'Criaban las Indias muchas Gallinas de la Tierra.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 678. 'Zy leven by mair, witte orweten, haesen, konynen en vorder wild-braed.' _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 215, and _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, p. 242. Compare _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 177; _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 97-8, 104, 108; _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 122; _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, pp. 5-6; _Jaramillo_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 369-71; _Diaz_, in _Id._, pp. 294-5; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., pp. 268, 281; _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 86; _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, pp. 16, 82, 91, 113; _Wislizenus' Tour_, p. 26; _Bent_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 244; Ruxton, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 52; _Gallatin_, in _Id._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 270-1, 279, 288-9, 292, 297; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., pp. 439, 445, 453; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in the Felsengeb._, tom. ii., pp. 239, 284; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., pp. 178, 214-18, 233-7; _Browne's Apache Country_, pp. 78, 94, 107-10, 141-2, 276-7; _Sedelmair_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 848, 850; _Id._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 19; _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 131; _Mowry's Arizona_, p. 30; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 278; _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, pp. 196, 221; _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 221; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 273; _Ind. Aff. Repts._, from 1857 to 1872.

[811] 'Para su sustento no reusa animal, por inmundo que sea.' _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 395. 'Los pápagos se mantienen de los frutos silvestres.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, pp. 160-1. 'Hatten grossen Appetit zu Pferd- und Mauleselfleisch.' _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, pp. 247-9, 267, 282-92; _Sonora_, _Descrip., Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 837-8; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 188; _Stone_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. v., p. 166.

[812] The Pimas 'Hacen grandes siembras ... para cuyo riego tienen formadas buenas acequias.' _Garces_, _Diario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., pp. 235, 237. 'We were at once impressed with the beauty, order, and disposition of the arrangements for irrigating.' _Emory_, in _Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav._, pp. 47-8. With the Pueblos: 'Regen-bakken vergaederden 't water: of zy leiden 't uit een rievier door graften.' _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 218; _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 312; _Espejo_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, tom. iii., pp. 385-7, 392-4; _Cutts' Conq. of Cal._, p. 196.

[813] _Walker's Pimas, MS._; _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 299. 'Usan de hilo torcido unas redes y otras de varios palitos, que los tuercen y juntan por las puntas.' _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 851-2.

[814] 'Hacen de la Masa de Ma'z por la mañana Atole.... Tambien hacen Tamales, y Tortillas.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 679. 'The fruit of the petajaya ... is dried in the sun.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 89, 91, 106, 111-12. 'From the suwarrow (Cereus Giganteus) and pitaya they make an excellent preserve.' _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 123. See also _Ives' Colorado Riv._, pp. 31, 45, 121, 123, 126; _Carleton_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1854, p. 308; _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 8, 76; _Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, tom. iii., p. 378; _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, pp. 113, 115; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 61, 71, 164, 170-2; _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 114, 119, 121-2, 147-8; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 218-9, 285.

[815] _Ives' Colorado Riv._, pp. 119-20, 124. 'Ils vont faire leurs odeurs au loin, et rassemblent les urines dans de grands vases de terre que l'on va vider hors du village.' _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 171.

[816] 'The only defensive armor they use is a rude shield made of raw bull-hide.' _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 145-6. 'Bows and arrows, and the wooden boomerang.' _Colyer_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 91. The Papagos 'armes sont la massue, la lance et l'arc; ils portent aussi une cuirasse et un bouclier en peau de buffle.' _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 188. For further comparisons see _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 30, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., p. 280; _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 300; _Larenaudière_, _Mex. et Guat._, p. 147; _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 342; _Niza_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, tom. iii., p. 372; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 528.; _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 299; _Sedelmair_, in _Id._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851; _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Id._, p. 106; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., pp. 217, 237.

[817] Bows 'of strong willow-boughs.' _Walker's Pimas, MS._ 'Bows are six feet in length, and made of a very tough and elastic kind of wood, which the Spaniards call Tarnio.' _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, pp. 91, 149.

[818] The Pima 'arrows differ from those of all the Apache tribes in having only two feathers.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 103. 'War arrows have stone points and three feathers; hunting arrows, two feathers and a wooden point.' _Walker's Pimas, MS._; _Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, tom. iii., p. 380.

[819] The Pimas: 'Flechas, ennervadas con el eficaz mortífero veneno que componen de varias ponzoñas, y el zumo de la yerba llamada en pima _Usap_.' _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 307. 'Die Spitzen ihrer Pfeile ... welche mit einer dunklen Substanz überzogen waren. Sie behaupteten, dass diese aus Schlangengift bestehe, was mir indess unwahrscheinlich ist.' _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 438; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 59, 107, 126.

[820] 'Una macana, como clava ó porra.... Estas son de un palo muy duro y pesado.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 556. 'Macanas, que son vnas palos de media vara de largo, y llanos todos de pedernales agudos, que bastan a partir por medio vn hombre.' _Espejo_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, tom. iii., pp. 386, 393.

[821] 'De grosses pierres avaient été rassemblées au sommet, pour les rouler sur quiconque attaquerait la place.' _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 270. 'They have placed around all the trails leading to the town, pits, ten feet deep.' _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 81. See further, _Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 376; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 279; _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 840; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 179.

[822] 'Painted to the eyes, their own heads and their horses covered with all the strange equipments that the brute creation could afford.' _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 37.

[823] 'Sometimes a fellow would stoop almost to the earth, to shoot under his horse's belly, at full speed.' _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 37.

[824] _Walker's Pimas, MS._

[825] _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 106.

[826] _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., pp. 274-5; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 104; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, pp. 93, 148; _Cutts' Conq. of Cal._, p. 223; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, serie v., No. 96, p. 188.

[827] _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 78-9; _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 206; _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 108-9.

[828] _Walker's Pimas, MS._; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 292-4.

[829] Baskets and pottery 'are ornamented with geometrical figures.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 382, vol. ii., pp. 227-8, 236. 'Schüsselförmige runde Körbe (Coritas), diese flechten sie aus einem hornförmigen, gleich einer Ahle spitzigen Unkraute.' _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 193. The Pueblos had 'de la vaiselle de terre très-belle, bien vernie et avec beaucoup d'ornements. On y vit aussi de grands jarres remplies d'un métal brillant qui servait à faire le vernis de cette faïence.' _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 138, 173, 185; see also _Niza_, in _Id._, p. 259. 'They (Pueblos) vse vessels of gold and siluer.' _Niza_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 372; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 216, 271, 273, 279; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 435; _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 97, 111; _Carleton_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1854, p. 308; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., pp. 457, 459; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., p. 278; _Foster's Pre-Hist. Races_, p. 393; _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 97; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 425; _Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 380; _Browne's Apache Country_, pp. 68, 109, 112, 276.

[830] 'All the inhabitants of the Citie (Cíbola) lie vpon beddes raysed a good height from the ground, with quilts and canopies ouer them, which couer the sayde Beds.' _Niza_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 370; _Id._, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 271. The Quires had 'umbracula (vulgo Tirazoles) quibus Sinenses utuntur Solis, Lunæ, et Stellarum imaginibus eleganter picta.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 312; _Espejo_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 393. The Moquis' chief men have pipes made of smooth polished stone. _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 87; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 121.

[831] _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 72, 76, 87. 'Sie flechten von zartgeschlitzten Palmen auf Damastart die schönsten ganz leichten Hüthe, aus einem Stücke.' _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 192. The Maricopa blankets will turn rain. _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 106, 90. The Moquis wove blankets from the wool of their sheep, and made cotton cloth from the indigenous staple. _Poston_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1863, p. 388. The Maricopas make a heavy cloth of wool and cotton, 'used by the women to put around their loins; and an article from 3 to 4 inches wide, used as a band for the head, or a girdle for the waist.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 224. 'Rupicaprarum tergora eminebant (among the Yumanes) tam industriè præparata ut cum Belgicis certarent.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 310.

[832] _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 301; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., pp. 117, 123; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 290; _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, pp. 91, 113, 115; _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 81, 86; _Eaton_, in _Id._, vol. iv., p. 221; _Emory_, in _Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav._, p. 48; see further _Ind. Aff. Reports_, from 1854 to 1872; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 290. 'These Papagos regularly visit a salt lake, which lies near the coast and just across the line of Sonora, from which they pack large quantities of salt, and find a ready market at Tubac and Tucson.' _Walker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1859, p. 352, and 1860, p. 168. 'Many Pimas had jars of the molasses expressed from the fruit of the Cereus Giganteus.' _Emory_, in _Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav._, p. 48.

[833] 'Die Vernichtung des Eigenthums eines Verstorbenen,--einen unglücklichen Gebrauch der jeden materiellen Fortschritt unmöglich macht.' _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. i., p. 437. 'The right of inheritance is held by the females generally, but it is often claimed by the men also.' _Gorman_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1858, p. 200. 'All the effects of the deceased (Pima) become common property: his grain is distributed; his fields shared out to those who need land; his chickens and dogs divided up among the tribe.' _Browne's Apache Country_, pp. 69, 112; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 121; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 262; _Niza_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 264, 265, 267, 268; _Id._, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 372. The Zuñis 'will sell nothing for money, but dispose of their commodities entirely in barter.' _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 91. The Pimos 'wanted white beads for what they had to sell, and knew the value of money.' _Cutts' Conq. of Cal._, p. 188; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. xi., pp. 164, 72. 'Ils apportèrent des coquillages, des turquoises et des plumes.' _Cabeza de Vaca_, _Relation_, in _Id._, tom. vii., p. 274; _Diaz_, in _Id._, tom. xi., p. 294; _Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 377. Many of the Pueblo Indians are rich, 'one family being worth over one hundred thousand dollars. They have large flocks.' _Colyer_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 89; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 144.

[834] _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., p. 278; _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 147; _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 177; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 458; _Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, tom. iii., p. 380; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 284.

[835] 'Estos ahijados tienen mucho oro y lo benefician.' _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. i., p. 28. 'They vse vessels of gold and siluer, for they have no other mettal.' _Niza_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 372; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 2, 133; _Espejo_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., pp. 386-8, 393-5; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 217; _Diaz_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 294.

[836] Pueblo government purely democratic; election held once a year. 'Besides the officers elected by universal suffrage, the principal chiefs compose a "council of wise men."' _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 142-4. 'One of their regulations is to appoint a secret watch for the purpose of keeping down disorders and vices of every description.' _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., p. 274. See further: _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 61, 168; _Niza_, in _Id._, p. 269; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 455; _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 298; _Wislizenus' Tour_, p. 26; _Mayer's Mex., Aztec, etc._, vol. ii., p. 359; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxi., p. 277; _Stanley's Portraits_, p. 55.

[837] _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 85, 76; _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 108.

[838] 'Gobierno no tienen alguno, ni leyes, tradiciones ó costumbres con que gobernarse.' _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 366. 'Cada cual gobernado por un anciano, y todas por el general de la nacion.' _Escudero_, _Noticias de Sonora y Sinaloa_, p. 142; _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 267. Compare: _Grossman_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 124; _Mowry_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1859, p. 356; _Walker's Pimas, MS._

[839] 'Un homme n'épouse jamais plus d'une seule femme.' _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 164; _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 86-7; _Ward_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1864, p. 190.

[840] 'Ils traitent bien leurs femmes.' _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 126. 'Desde que maman los Niños, los laban sus Madres con Nieve todo el cuerpo.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 679; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 123; _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 178.

[841] 'Early marriages occur ... but the relation is not binding until progeny results.' _Poston_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1864, p. 152. 'No girl is forced to marry against her will, however eligible her parents may consider the match.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 222-4; _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 146; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 105; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 112.

[842] 'Si el marido y mujer se desavienen y los hijos non pequeños, se arriman á cualquiera de los dos y cada uno gana por su lado.' _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 369. 'Tanto los pápagos occidentales, como los citados gilas desconocen la poligamia.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 161. 'Among the Pimas loose women are tolerated.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 102-4; _Ruxton_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 59; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 117.

[843] 'The Pimas also cultivate a kind of tobacco, this, which is very light, they make up into cigaritos, never using a pipe.' _Walker's Pimas, MS._ The Pueblos 'sometimes get intoxicated.' _Walker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1860, p. 169. The Pueblos 'are generally free from drunkenness.' _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 146. _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 112; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 446; _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 249.

[844] _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 17. 'Their hair hung loose upon their shoulders, and both men and women had their hands painted with white clay, in such a way as to resemble open-work gloves. The women ... were bare-footed, with the exception of a little piece tied about the heel.... They all wore their hair combed over their faces, in a manner that rendered it utterly impossible to recognize any of them.... They keep their elbows close to their sides, and their heels pressed firmly together, and do not raise the feet, but shuffle along with a kind of rolling motion, moving their arms, from the elbows down, with time to the step. At times, each man dances around his squaw; while she turns herself about, as if her heels formed a pivot on which she moved.' _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 74. The dresses of the men were similar to those worn on other festivities, 'except that they wear on their heads large pasteboard towers painted typically, and curiously decorated with feathers; and each man has his face entirely covered by a vizor made of small willows with the bark peeled off, and dyed a deep brown.' _Id._, p. 83. 'Such horrible masks I never saw before--noses six inches long, mouths from ear to ear, and great goggle eyes, as big as half a hen's egg, hanging by a string partly out of the socket.' _Id._, p. 85. 'Each Pueblo generally had its particular uniform dress and its particular dance. The men of one village would sometimes disguise themselves as elks, with horns on their heads, moving on all-fours, and mimicking the animal they were attempting to personate. Others would appear in the garb of a turkey, with large heavy wings.' _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., pp. 271, 275. 'Festejo todo (Pimas) el dia nuestra llegada con un esquisito baile en forma circular, en cuyo centro figaraba una prolongada asta donde pendian trece cabelleras, arcos, flechas y demas despojos de otros tantos enemigos apaches que habian muerto.' _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 277. 'Este lo forma una junta de truhanes vestidos de ridículo y autorizados por los viejos del pueblo para cometer los mayores desórdenes, y gustan tanto de estos hechos, que ni los maridos reparan las infamias que cometen con sus mugeres, ni las que resultan en perjuicio de las hijas.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., pp. 333-5. For further particulars see _Kendall's Nar._, vol. i., p. 378; _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 104-8; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 244; _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 154-5; _Espejo_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 394; _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, plates 1, 2, 3; _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 67; _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 343.

[845] _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 73-4; _Johnson's Hist. Arizona_, p. 11. 'Their instruments consisted, each of half a gourd, placed before them, with the convex side up; upon this they placed, with the left hand, a smooth stick, and with their right drew forward and backwards upon it, in a sawing manner, a notched one.' _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 17. 'I noticed, among other things, a reed musical instrument with a bell-shaped end like a clarionet, and a pair of painted drumsticks tipped with gaudy feathers.' _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 121. 'Les Indiens (Pueblos) accompagnent leurs danses et leur chants avec des flûtes, où sont marqués les endroits où il faut placer les doigts.... Ils disent que ces gens se réunissent cinq ou six pour jouer de la flûte; que ces instruments sont d'inégales grandeurs.' _Diaz_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 295; _Castañeda_, in _Id._, pp. 72, 172; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 455; _Garces_, _Diario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., p. 331. 'While they are at work, a man, seated at the door, plays on a bagpipe, so that they work keeping time: they sing in three voices.' _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 119.

[846] The Cocomaricopas, 'componen unas bolas redondas del tamaño de una pelota de materia negra como pez, y embutidas en ellas varias conchitas pequeñas del mar con que hacen labores y con que juegan y apuestan, tirándola con la punta del pié corren tres ó cuatro leguas y la particularidad es que el que da vuelta y llega al puesto donde comenzaron y salieron á la par ese gana.' _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851. 'It is a favorite amusement with both men [Maricopas] and boys to try their skill at hitting the pitahaya, which presents a fine object on the plain. Numbers often collect for this purpose; and in crossing the great plateau, where these plants abound, it is common to see them pierced with arrows.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 237; _Mowry_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 301. 'Amusements of all kinds are universally resorted to [among the Pueblos]; such as foot-racing, horse-racing, cock-fighting, gambling, dancing, eating, and drinking.' _Ward_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1864, p. 192; _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., pp. 299, 365.

[847] _Walker's Pimas, MS._ 'The Papago of to-day will on no account kill a coyote.' _Davidson_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865, p. 132. 'Eben so abergläubischen Gebrauch hatten sie bey drohenden Kieselwetter, da sie den Hagel abzuwenden ein Stück von einem Palmteppiche an einem Stecken anhefteten und gegen die Wolken richteten.' _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, pp. 203, 207; _Arny_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1871, pp. 385, 389. 'A sentinel ascends every morning at sunrise to the roof of the highest house, and, with eyes directed towards the east, looks out for the arrival of the divine chieftain, who is to give the sign of deliverance.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 165, 197, 390, 210, and vol. ii., p. 54. 'On a dit que la coutume singulière de conserver perpétuellement un feu sacré près duquel les anciens Mexicains attendaient le retour du dieu Quetzacoatl, existe aussi chez les Pueblos.' _Ruxton_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 58; _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv.. p. 851; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 278; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 92; _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 93. 'I, however, one night, at San Felipe, clandestinely witnessed a portion of their secret worship. One of their secret night dances is called Tocina, which is too horrible to write about.' _Arny_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1871, p. 385; _Ward_, in _Id._, 1864, p. 192; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 121; _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 73, 77; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 278. 'Ils ont des prêtres ... ils montent sur la terrasse la plus élevée du village et font un sermon au moment où le soleil se lève.' _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 133, 164, 239.

[848] _Walker's Pimas, MS._; _Mowry_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 361; _Ruggles_, in _Id._, 1869, p. 209; _Andrews_, in _Id._, 1870, p. 117; _Ward_, in _Id._, 1864, p. 188; _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 119, 311. The cause of the decrease of the Pecos Indians is 'owing to the fact that they seldom if ever marry outside of their respective pueblos.' _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 251; _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 273. 'Au milieu [of the estufa] est un foyer allumé, sur lequel on jette de temps en temps une poignée de thym, ce qui suffit pour entretenir la chaleur, de sorte qu'on y est comme dans un bain.' _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 170.

[849] _Walker's Pimas, MS._ The Pimas, 'usan enterrar sus varones con su arco y flechas, y algun bastimento y calabazo de agua, señal que alcanzan vislumbre de la immortalidad, aunque no con la distincion de prémio ó castigo.' _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 369. 'The Maricopas invariably bury their dead, and mock the ceremony of cremation.' ... 'sacrifice at the grave of a warrior all the property of which he died possessed, together with all in possession of his various relatives.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 103, 105. 'The Pimos bury their dead, while the Coco-Maricopas burn theirs.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 262. 'The females of the family [Pueblo] approached in a mournful procession (while the males stood around in solemn silence), each one bearing on her head a tinaja, or water-jar, filled with water, which she emptied into the grave, and whilst doing so commenced the death-cry. They came singly and emptied their jars, and each one joined successively in the death-cry; ... They believe that on a certain day (in August, I think) the dead rise from their graves and flit about the neighboring hills, and on that day, all who have lost friends, carry out quantities of corn, bread, meat, and such other good things of this life as they can obtain, and place them in the haunts frequented by the dead, in order that the departed spirits may once more enjoy the comforts of this nether world.' _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 75-8. If the dead Pima was a chief, 'the villagers are summoned to his burial. Over his grave they hold a grand festival. The women weep and the men howl, and they go into a profound mourning of tar. Soon the cattle are driven up and slaughtered, and every body heavily-laden with sorrow, loads his squaw with beef, and feasts for many days.' _Browne's Apache Country_, pp. 112-13; _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, pp. 204, 210, 281; _Ferry_, _Scènes de la vie Sauvage_, p. 115; _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, p. 500; _Id._, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 437; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 165.

[850] 'Though naturally disposed to peaceful pursuits, the Papagoes are not deficient in courage.' _Browne's Apache Country_, pp. 142, 107, 110-11, 140, 277; _Johnson's Hist. Arizona_, p. 10; _Stone_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. v., p. 166; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 188; _Escudero_, _Noticias de Sonora y Sinaloa_, p. 142; _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, pp. 116, 160; _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, pp. 500, 506, 512; _Id._, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., pp. 437, 447, 454; _Garces_, _Diario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., p. 238; _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Id._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 850; _Gallardo_, in _Id._, p. 892. 'The peaceful disposition of the Maricopas is not the result of incapacity for war, for they are at all times enabled to meet, and vanquish the Apaches in battle.' _Emory_, in _Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav._, p. 49; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. iii., pp. 62, 103; _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 282; _Hardy's Trav._, pp. 440, 443; _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., pp. 365-6; _Mowry's Arizona_, p. 30; _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, pp. 397, 412; _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 553-5, 838. 'The Pueblos were industrious and unwarlike in their habits.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 98, 110. The Moquis 'are a mild and peaceful race of people, almost unacquainted with the use of arms, and not given to war. They are strictly honest.... They are kind and hospitable to strangers.' _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 421, 145. 'C'est une race (Pueblos) remarquablement sobre et industrieuse, qui se distingue par sa moralité.' _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 277, 288, 290; _Ruxton_, in _Id._, 1850, tom. cxxvi., pp. 45, 47, 60; _Ruxton's Adven. Mex._, p. 191; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, pp. 31, 36, 45, 122, 124-7; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., p. 120, 268, 274; _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 342; _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 241; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. iv., p. 453; _Champagnac_, _Voyageur_, p. 84; _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, pp. 196, 221; _Espejo_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 392; _Wislizenus' Tour_, p. 26; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 91; _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 72, 87; _Eaton_, in _Id._, p. 220; _Bent_, in _Id._, vol. i., p. 244; _Kendall's Nar._, vol. i., p. 378; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 126, 163; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 528; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 144; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p. 240. The Pueblos 'are passionately fond of dancing, and give themselves up to this diversion with a kind of frenzy.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., pp. 198, 185, 203, 206, and vol. ii., pp. 19, 51-2; _Cutts' Conq. of Cal._, pp. 188-9, 222; _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, pp. 81, 91, 113, 115; _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 177; _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., pp. 679-80; _Mayer's Mex. as it Was_, p. 239; _Id._, _Mex., Aztec etc._, vol. ii., p. 358. See further: _Ind. Aff. Rept._, from 1854 to 1872.

[851] _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, p. 359; _Forbes' Cal._, pp. 20-2; _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. i., p. 239; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 451; _Gleeson's Hist. Cath. Church_, vol. i., pp. 95-6; _Prichard's Researches_, vol. v., p. 446. 'Esse sono tre nella California Cristiana, cioè quelle de' Pericui, de' Guaicuri, e de' Cochimì.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., p. 109. Venegas, in giving the opinion of Father Taravàl, says: 'Tres son (dice este habil Missionero) las Lenguas: la Cochimi, la Pericù, y la de Loreto. De esta ultima salen dos ramos, y son: la Guaycùra, y la Uchiti; verdad es, que es la variacion tanta, que el que no tuviere connocimiento de las tres Lenguas, juzgara, no solo que hay quatro Lenguas, sino que hay cinco.... Està poblada la primera àzia el Medioda, desde el Cabo de San Lucas, hasta mas acá del Puerto de la Paz de la Nacion Pericú, ó siguiendo la terminacion Castellana de los Pericúes: la segunda desde la Paz, hasta mas arriba del Presidio Real de Loreto, es de los Monquis; la tercera desde el territorio de Loreto, por todo lo descubierto al Norte de la nacion Cochimi, ó de los Cochimíes.' _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., pp. 63-6. 'Auf der Halbinsel Alt-Californien wohnen: an der Südspitze die Perícues, dann die Monquis oder Menguis, zu welchen die Familien der Guaycúras und Coras gehören, die Cochímas oder Colímiës, die Laimónes, die Utschítas oder Vehítis, und die Icas.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p. 212. 'All the Indian tribes of the Peninsula seem to be affiliated with the Yumas of the Colorado and with the Coras below La Paz ... in no case do they differ in intellect, habits, customs, dress, implements of war, or hunting, traditions, or appearances from the well-known Digger Indians of Alta-California, and undoubtedly belong to the same race or family.' _Browne's Lower Cal._, pp. 53-4.

[852] 'Di buona statura, ben fatti, sani, e robusti.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 112-13. 'El color en todos es muy moreno ... no tienen barba ni nada de vello en el cuerpo.' _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., pp. 47, 61, carta ii., p. 12. Compare: _Kino_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 407; _Crespi_, in _Id._, serie iv., tom. vii., p. 135; _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 345, 351; _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., p. 68; _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, p. 357; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 443-4; _Gleeson's Hist. Cath. Church_, p. 99.

[853] 'Siendo de gran deshonra en los varones el vestido.' _Salvatierra_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. v., p. 42. 'Aprons are about a span wide, and of different length.' _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, pp. 361-2. Consult further: _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., pp. 81-8, 113; _Gleeson's Hist. Cath. Church_, pp. 96-9, 107-10; _Forbes' Cal._, pp. 9, 18; _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 120-3, 133, 144; _Gemelli Careri_, in _Churchill's Col. Voyages_, vol. iv., p. 469, and in _Berenger_, _Col. de Voy._, tom. ii., p. 371.

[854] 'Unos se cortan un pedazo de oreja, otros las dos; otros agugerean el labio inferior, otros las narizes, y es cosa de risa, pues allí llevan colgando ratoncillos, lagartijitas, conchitas. &c.' _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., pp. 48, 22. 'It has been asserted that they also pierce the nose. I can only say that I saw no one disfigured in that particular manner.' _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, p. 362. 'Nudi agunt, genas quadratis quibusdam notis signati.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 306. Further reference: _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., pp. 279, 282; _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 347-8, and in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 412; _Delaporte_, _Reisen_, tom. x., p. 428.

[855] _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., p. 88; _Campbell's Hist. Span. Amer._, p. 86; _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 347, 350; _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., p. 45; _Lockman's Trav. Jesuits_, vol. i., p. 403. 'Le abitazioncelle più comuni sono certe chiuse circolari di sassi sciolti, ed ammucchiati, le quali hanno cinque piedi di diametro, e meno di due d'altezza.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., p. 119. 'I am certainly not much mistaken in saying that many of them change their night-quarters more than a hundred times in a year.' _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, p. 361.

[856] 'Twenty-four pounds of meat in twenty-four hours is not deemed an extraordinary ration for a single person.' _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, pp. 364-7. 'No tienen horas señaladas para saciar su apetito: comen cuanto hallan por delante; hasta las cosas mas sucias sirven á su gula.' _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., pp. 46-7, 21; see also: _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 13; _Salvatierra_, in _Id._, serie iv., tom. v., p. 116; _Crespi_, in _Id._, serie iv., tom. vii., pp. 106, 135, 143; _Delaporte_, _Reisen_, tom. x., pp. 423-4; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 153; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. iii., p. 106; _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 350; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 451; _Alcedo_, _Diccionario_, tom. i., p. 318.

[857] 'La pesca si fa da loro in due maniere, o con reti nella spiaggia, o ne' gorghi rimasi della marea, o con forconi in alto mare.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 111, 125-6; 'Use neither nets nor hooks, but a kind of lance.' _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, p. 364. 'Forman los Indios redes para pescar, y para otros usos.' _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., p. 52.

[858] 'Poichè le stesse donne si lavavano, e si lavano anche oggidì con essa (orina) la faccia.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., p. 133.

[859] _Gemelli Careri_, in _Churchill's Col. Voyages_, vol. iv., p. 469; _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 346, 351; _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, p. 362; _Kino_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 407; _Crespi_, in _Id._, serie iv., tom. vii., p. 143. 'Si trovarono altre spezie d'armi per ferir da vicino, ma tutte di legno. La prima è un mazzapicchio, simile nella forma a una girella col suo manico tutta d'un pezzo. La seconda è a foggia d'un ascia di legnajuolo tutta anch'essa d'un sol pezzo. La terza ha la forma d'una piccola scimitara.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 124, 127.

[860] 'El modo de publicar la guerra era, hacer con mucho estruendo gran provision de cañas, y pedernales para sus flechas, y procurar, que por varios caminos llegassen las assonadas à oídos de sus contrarios.' _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., pp. 97-8. Referring to Venegas' work, Baegert, _Smithsonian Rept._, 1864, p. 385, says: 'All that is said in reference to the warfare of the Californians is wrong. In their former wars they merely attacked the enemy unexpectedly during the night, or from an ambush, and killed as many as they could, without order, previous declaration of war, or any ceremonies whatever.' See also: _Apostólicos Afanes_, pp. 424-5, and _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., p. 127.

[861] 'In lieu of knives and scissors they use sharp flints for cutting almost everything--cane, wood, aloë, and even their hair.' _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, p. 363. 'Le loro reti, tanto quelle da pescare, quanto quelle, che servono a portare checchessia, le fanno col filo, che tirano dalle foglie del Mezcal.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., p. 124. Further notice in _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 350; _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., p. 90; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 447.

[862] Vancouver, _Voy._, vol. ii., p. 482, speaking of Lower California says: 'We were visited by one of the natives in a straw canoe.' 'Vedemmo che vsci vna canoua in mare con tre Indiani dalle lor capanne.' _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 350-1, 343, 347, and in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 418. See further: _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., p. 126; _Gemelli Careri_, in _Churchill's Col. Voyages_, vol. iv., p. 469, and in _Berenger_, _Col. de Voy._, tom. ii., p. 371.

[863] 'Tienen trato de pescado con los indios de tierra adentro.' _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 17; also, _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 347-8.

[864] 'Su modo de contar es muy diminuto y corto, pues apénas llegan á cinco, y otros á diez, y van multiplicando segun pueden.' _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., p. 103. 'Non dividevano l'Anno in Mesi, ma solamente in sei stagioni.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 110-11.

[865] _Clavigero_, _Storia della, Cal._, tom. i., pp. 129-30. _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., p. 79. 'Entre ellos siempre hay alguno mas desahogado y atrevido, que se reviste con el caracter de Capitan: pero ni este tiene jurisdiccion alguna, ni le obedecen, y en estando algo viejo lo suelen quitar del mando: solo en los lances que les tiene cuenta siguen sus dictámenes.' _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., pp. 40, 45.

[866] _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 130-4; _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_ tom. iii., fol. 348; _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 284; _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, pp. 367-9. 'Sus casamientos son muy ridiculos: unos para casarse enseñan sus cuerpos á las mugeres, y estas á ellos; y adoptándose á su gusto, se casan: otros en fin, que es lo mas comun, se casan sin ceremonia.' _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., pp. 50, 40-1. 'El adulterio era mirado como delito, que por lo menos daba justo motivo á la venganza, á excepción de dos ocasiones: una la de sus fiestas, y bayles: y otra la de las luchas.' _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., p. 93. 'Les hommes s'approchaient des femmes comme des animaux, et les femmes se mettaient publiquement à quatre pattes pour les recevoir.' _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 153. This method of copulation is by no means peculiar to the Lower Californians, but is practiced almost universally by the wild tribes of the Pacific States. Writers naturally do not mention this custom, but travellers are unanimous in their verbal accounts respecting it.

[867] 'Fiesta entre los Indios Gentiles no es mas que una concurrencia de hombres y mugeres de todas partes para desahogar los apetitos de luxuria y gula.' _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., pp. 60-75. 'Una de las fiestas mas celebres de los Cochimies era la del dia, en que repartian las pieles à las mugeres una vez al año.' _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., pp. 85-6, 96; _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1864, p. 389; _Salvatierra_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. v., pp. 103, 116.

[868] _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., pp. 59-65; _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 126, 146. 'There existed always among the Californians individuals of both sexes who played the part of sorcerers or conjurers, pretending to possess the power of exorcising the devil.' _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1864, p. 389.

[869] _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1864, pp. 385-7. 'Las carreras, luchas, peleas y otras trabajos voluntarios les ocasionan muchos dolores de pecho y otros accidentes.' _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., pp. 85-99.

[870] _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 112-13, 142-5; _Apostólicos Afanes_, pp. 426-7; _Salvatierra_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. v., p. 23; _Delaporte_, _Reisen_, tom. x., pp. 433-4. 'Rogaba el enfermo, que le chupassen, y soplassen de el modo mismo, que lo hacian los Curanderos. Executaban todos por su orden este oficio de piedad, chupando, y soplando primero la parte lesa, y despues todos los otros organos de los sentidos.' _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., pp. 117-18.

[871] Baegert says: 'It seems tedious to them to spend much time near an old, dying person that was long ago a burden to them and looked upon with indifference. A person of my acquaintance restored a girl to life that was already bound up in a deer-skin, according to their custom, and ready for burial.' _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1864, p. 387.

[872] 'Solevano essi onorar la memoria d'alcuni defunti ponendo sopra un' alta pertica la loro figura gossamente formata di rami, presso alla quale si metteva un Guama a predicar le loro lodi.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., p. 144; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 184.

[873] 'La estupidèz è insensibilidad: la falta de conocimiento, y reflexion: la inconstancia, y volubilidad de una voluntad, y apetitos sin freno, sin luz, y aun sin objeto: la pereza, y horror à todo trabajo, y fatiga à la adhesion perpetua à todo linage de placer, y entretenimiento puerìl, y brutàl: la pusilanimidad, y flaqueza de animo; y finalmente, la falta miserable de todo lo que forma à los hombres esto es racionales, politicos, y utiles para sì, y para la sociedad.' _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., pp. 74-9, 87-8. 'Las naciones del Norte eran mas despiertas, dóciles y fieles, ménos viciosas y libres, y por tanto mejor dispuestas para recibir el cristianismo que las que habitaban al Sur.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. lxxxix. 'Eran los coras y pericues, y generalmente las rancherias del Sur de California, mas ladinos y capaces; pero tambien mas viciosos é inquietos que las demas naciones de la península.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. iii., p. 252. 'Ces peuples sont d'une tres-grande docilité, ils se laissent instruire.' _Californie, Nouvelle Descente_, in _Voy. de l'Empereur de la Chine_, p. 104. Other allusions to their character may be found in _Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex._, vol. i., p. 330; _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 292; _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1864, pp. 378-85; _Crespi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. vii., pp. 135, 143-6; _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 442; _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 113-14; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 451.

[874] Father Ribas, the first priest who visited the Yaquis, was surprised at the loud rough tone in which they spoke. When he remonstrated with them for doing so, their reply was, 'No vés que soy Hiaqui: y dezianlo, porque essa palabra, y nombre, significa, el que habla a gritos.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 285. Mayos: 'Their name comes from their position, and means in their own language boundary, they having been bounded on both sides by hostile tribes.' _Stone_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. v., p. 165. 'Segun parece, la palabra _talahumali ó tarahumari_ significa, "_corredor de a pié_;" de _tala ó tara_, pié, _y huma_, correr'. _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. i., p. 364. 'La palabra _tepehuan_ creen algunos que es Mexicana, y corrupcion de _tepehuani_, conquistador; ó bien un compuesto de _tepetl_, monte, y _hua_, desinencia que en Mexicano indica posesion, como si dijéramos señor ó dueño del monte. Otros, acaso con mas exactitud, dicen que _tepchuan_ es voz tarahumar, derivada de _pehua_ ó pegua, que significa _duro_, lo cual conviene con el carácter de la nacion.' _Id._, tom. ii., p. 45. 'La palabra _acaxee_ parece ser la misma que la de _acaxete_, nombre de un pueblo perteneciente al estado de _Puebla_, ambos corrupcion de la palabra Mexicana _acaxitl_, compuesta de _atl_ (agua,) y de _caxitl_ (cazuela ó escudilla), hoy tambien corrompida, _cajete_: el todo significa _alberca_, nombre perfectamente adecuado á la cosa, pues que Alcedo, [_Diccion. geográf. de América_] dice que en _Acaxete_, "hay una caja ó arca de agua de piedra de cantería, en que se recogen las que bajan de la Sierra y se conducen à _Tepeaca_: el nombre, pues, nos dice que si no la obra arquitectónica, á lo menos la idea y la ejecucion, vienen desde los antiguos Mexicanos."' _Diccionario Universal de Hist. Geog._, tom. i., p. 31.

[875] 'Las mugeres son notables por los pechos y piés pequeños.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 169. 'Tienen la vista muy aguda.... El oido es tambien vivissimo.' _Arlegui_, _Crón. de Zacatecas_, pp. 174-5. See also, _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, pp. 7, 145, 285, 677; _Zuñiga_, in _Escudero_, _Noticias de Sonora y Sinaloa_, p. 142; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 416; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, pp. 184, 189; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans._, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 44, 49; _Beaumont_, _Crón. de Mechoacan, MS._, p. 242; _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, pp. 79-80; _Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia, MS._, p. 80; _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 69; _Hardy's Trav._, pp. 289, 299; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., pp. 444, 446; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., pp. 214-15, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 419; _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 345; _Guzman_, _Rel. Anon._, in _Icazbalceta_, _Col. de Doc._, tom. ii., fol. 296; _Sevin_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxx., p. 12; _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, pp. 284-5; _Ward's Mexico_, vol. i., pp. 571, 583; _Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man_, vol. ii., p. 562; _Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 362.

[876] 'No alcanzan ropa de algodon, si no es algunas pampanillas y alguna manta muy gruesa; porque el vestido de ellos es de cuero de venados adobados, y el vestido que dellos hacen es coser un cuero con otro y ponérselos por debajo del brazo atados al hombro, y las mujeres traen sus naguas hechas con sus jirones que les llegan hasta los tobillos como faja.' _Guzman_, _Rel. Anón._, in _Icazbalceta_, _Col. de Doc._, tom. ii., pp. 296, 290, 481. The Ceri women wear 'pieles de alcatras por lo general, ó una tosca frazada de lana envuelta en la cintura.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, pp. 131, 74, 153.