Chapter V: New Mexicans (6)

[668] 'They make them of upright poles a few feet in height ... upon which rest brush and dirt.' _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., pp. 111-12. 'The very rudest huts hastily constructed of branches of cedar trees, and sometimes of flat stones for small roofs.' _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 217. These huts are about eight feet high, eighteen feet in diameter at base, the whole being covered with bark or brush and mud. _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 60. 'Exceedingly rude structures of sticks about four or five feet high.' _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 213. 'The Comanches make their lodges ... in a conical shape ... which they cover with buffalo hides.' _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 213. 'Ils habitent sous des tentes.' _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., tom. 96, p. 192; _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 414; _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 212; _Bent_, in _Id._, vol. i., p. 243; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., p. 290; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 96; _Farnham's Trav._, p. 32; _Mange_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 299; _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 413; _Dufey_, _Résumé de l'Hist._, tom. i., p. 4; _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 279; _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 131; _Dillon_, _Hist. Mex._, p. 97; _Ludecus_, _Reise_, p. 104; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 205; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 352; _Emory's Recon._, p. 61; _Marcy's Rept._, p. 219; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cli., p. 274; _Jaramillo_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. ix., pp. 372-9; _Beaumont_, _Crón. de Mechoacan_, p. 417; _Alarchon_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 431; _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, p. 239; see also, _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 209; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 109-115; _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 230; _Cordoue_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. x., p. 443; _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 301; _Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 544; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 336.

[669] _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, p. 18. 'This compels the Navajoes to erect substantial huts of an oval form, the lower portion of the hut being excavated.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 306. 'They live in brush houses, in the winter time, digging a hole in the ground and covering this with a brush roof.' _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 130; _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, p. 218; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 136; _Maillard's Hist. Tex._, p. 241.

[670] 'Their lodges are ... about four or five feet high, with a triangular opening for ingress or egress.' _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 213. The most they do is to build small huts ... with thick poles for the arches and a small door through which a single person can hardly pass. _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 266. A ranchería of the Cuabajai is described as 'formada como una grande galeria en una pieza muy larga adornada con arcos de sauz, y cubierta con esteras de tule muy delgadas y bien cocidas; tenia ventanas para la luz y desahogar el humo y dos puertas, una al Oriente y otra al Poniente, ... á los dos lados de la pieza habia varios cámaras ó alojamientos para dormir.' _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, pp. 474-5.

[671] 'Some live in caves in the rocks.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 289. 'They do not live in houses built of stone as has been repeatedly represented, but in caves, caverns, and fissures of the cliffs.' _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 217. 'Ils habitaient des cavernes et des lieux souterrains, où ils déposaient leurs récoltes.' _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 309. Most of the Navajos 'live in houses built of stone.' _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 180; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 352; _Almanza_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 825; _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 679; _Sanchez_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 93; _Gordon's Hist. and Geog. Mem._, p. 88.

[672] 'The large cottonwood posts and the substantial roof of the wide shed in front, are characteristic of the architecture of this people.' _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 23, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. 'They are built upon sandy soil and are thirty or forty feet square; the sides about two feet thick of wicker-work and straw ... their favorite resort seems to be the roof, where could usually be counted from twenty to thirty persons, all apparently at home.' _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 464.

[673] See plate in _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 48. 'The fire is made in the front of the lodge.' _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 70.

[674] 'In every village may be seen small structures, consisting of a frame-work of slight poles, bent into a semi-spherical form and covered with buffalo hides. These are called medicine lodges and are used as vapor-baths.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 60. 'They make huts three feet high for bath-rooms and heat them with hot stones.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 289.

[675] _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xviii., p. 464; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 23, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.

[676] 'Ils sont très-laborieux; ils cultivent les melons, les haricots, et d'autres légumes; ils récoltent aussi en abondance le maïs.' _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 186. 'Bohnen, Mais, Weizen, feingeriebenes Mehl, Kürbisse und Melonen.' _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 385, 396-7. 'The Yumas and other tribes on the Colorado, irrigate their lands, and raise wheat, corn, melons, &c.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., pp. 263, 180, 181; _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 81; _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 419; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 332; _Ives' Colorado River_, pp. 60, 67, 70, 73; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., pp. 117, 128, 129; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 123; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., pp. 40, 65, 66; _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, p. 18; _Browne's Apache Country_, pp. 51, 52, 107; _Mowry's Arizona_, p. 33; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 91; _Mexicanische Zustände_, tom. i., p. 64; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 111; _Champagnac_, _Voyageur_, p. 84; _Bent_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 243; _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 217; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, pp. 13, 120, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 349; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 288-9; _Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man_, vol. ii., p. 567; _Farnham's Life in Cal._; _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 411; _Clark_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. viii., p. 280; _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 25-6.

[677] 'A small but agreeable nut called the Piñon, grows abundantly in this country; and during a period of scarcity, it sometimes constitutes the sole food of the poorer class of natives for many successive weeks.' _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 212. 'Living upon the fruit of the mezquit and tornilla trees.' _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, pp. 10, 19; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 112. 'Tambien tienen para su sustento mescali, que es conserva de raiz de maguey.' _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 31; _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 212; _Hardy's Trav._, pp. 338; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 147, 331, 350, 396, 397; _Cordoue_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. x., p. 446; _Castañeda_, in _Id._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 53, 54; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 217; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 234.

[678] 'The quail and hare of the valley, and the deer and lizards of the plains, together furnish but a scanty supply.' _Ehrenberg_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1866, p. 110. 'They ate worms, grasshoppers, and reptiles.' _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, pp. 115-116. 'An den dünnen Gurt hatten unsere Besucher noch Ratten, grosse Eidechsen und Frösche befestigt.' _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 383. 'Depending upon game and roots for food.' _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 137, and 1869, p. 92. 'Mas para ellos es plato regaladísimo el de ratones del campo asados ó cocidos y toda especie de insectos.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 332; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 430; _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, pp. 419, 473; _Figuier's Hum. Race_, p. 484; _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 212; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 297.

[679] On the Rivers Colorado and Gila. 'Usan de hilo torcido unas redes y otras de varios palitos, que los tuercen y juntan por las puntas, en que forman á modo de un pequeño barquito para pescar del infinito pescado que hay en el rio.' _Sedelmair_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851. The Cajuenches when the produce is insufficient, live on fish. _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 10. The Navajos 'live by raising flocks and herds, instead of hunting and fishing.' _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 411. The Apaches 'no comen pescado alguno, no obstante de lo que abundan sus rios.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 375. 'El Apache no come el pescado, aunque los hay abundantes en sus rios.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 285; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 123; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 149; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 373; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., pp. 227-8.

[680] 'They do not make butter and cheese.... Some who own cattle make from the curd of soured milk small masses, which some have called cheese.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 292. 'They never to my knowledge make butter or cheese, nor do I believe they know what such things are.' _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 217. The Navajoes 'make butter and cheese.' _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 180. Some of the 'men brought into camp a quantity of cheese.' _Ives' Colorado River_, pp. 128, 130.

[681] _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 112. 'They plant corn very deep with a stake and raise very good crops.' _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 337; _Merriwether_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 172.

[682] 'The metate is a slightly hollowed hard stone, upon which soaked maize is laid and then reduced to paste.... The paste so formed is then patted between the hands until it assumes a flat, thin and round appearance when it is laid on a hot pan and baked into a tortilla.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 145-6. 'Ils récoltent aussi en abondance le maïs dont ils font de tortillas.' _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 186. 'Their meat was boiled with water in a Tusquin (clay kettle) and this meat-mush or soup was the staple of food among them.' _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, pp. 114, 115. 'A large Echino Cactus ... hollowed so as to make a trough. Into this were thrown the soft portions of the pulpy substance which surrounds the heart of the cactus; and to them had been added game and plants gathered from the banks of the creek. Mingled with water, the whole had been cooked by stirring it up with heated stones.' _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 96. 'Ils mangent des pains de maïs cuits sous la cendre, aussi gros que les gros pains de Castille.' _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 49; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 238; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 63; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 291; _Castaño de Soza_, in _Pacheco_, _Col. Doc. Inéd._, tom. iv., pp. 330-1.

[683] 'The Apaches rely chiefly upon the flesh of the cattle and sheep they can steal ... they are said, however, to be more fond of the meat of the mule than that of any other animal.' _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., pp. 290-1. 'A nonproductive race, subsisting wholly on plunder and game.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 141. The Jicarilla Apaches: 'the chase is their only means of support.' _Carson_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1860, p. 164. 'They live entirely by hunting.' _Delgado_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1866, p. 138. 'Die Nahrung der Apaches besteht hauptsächlich in dem Fleische der Rinder und Schafe ... doch soll, wie man sagt, Maulthierfleisch ihre Lieblingsspeise sein.' _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 352. 'Ihre besten Leckerbissen sind Pferde und Mauleselfleisch, welches sie braten und dem Rindfleische vorziehen.' _Ochs_, in _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 289. Their daintiest food is mule and horseflesh. _Apostólicos Afanes_, p. 432. 'Anteriormente antes que en la frontera abundase el ganado, uno de sus alimentos era la came del caballo, y la caza de diferentes animales.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, pp. 266-7; _Edward's Hist. Texas_, p. 95; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 112; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 327; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 187; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 116; _Ward's Mexico_, vol. i., p. 580; _Armin_, _Das Heutige Mexiko_, p. 282; _Stanley's Portraits_, p. 57; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 460; _Edwards' Campaign_, p. 95; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 276; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 202; see further _Ind. Aff. Repts._, from 1854-73; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 308; _Peters' Life of Carson_, p. 452; _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 679.

[684] 'What I would have sworn was an antelope, proved to be a young Indian, ... who having enveloped himself in an antelope's skin with head, horns and all complete, had gradually crept up to the herd under his disguise.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 28, 194. 'Se viste de una piel de los mismos animales, pone sobre su cabeza otra de la clase de los que va á buscar, y armado de su arco y flechas andando en cuatro piés, procura mezclarse en una banda da ellos.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 375; _García Conde_, in _Album Mex._, tom. i., p. 372; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 212; _Ferry_, _Scènes de la Vie Sauvage_, p. 262.

[685] 'They always asked if we had bear on the table, for they wished to avoid it.... I found they had some superstitious prejudice against it.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 324. 'The Apaches are rather fond of lion and panther meat, but seldom touch that of the bear.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 226. 'Tambien matan para comer osos.' _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 25. The Navajoes 'never kill bears or rattlesnakes unless attacked.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 291. 'Sie verehren den Bären, der nie von ihnen getödtet wird, und dessen Fleisch zu essen sie sich scheuen. Schweinefleisch verschmähen sie desgleichen; beim ärgsten Hunger können sie es nicht über sich gewinnen, davon zu kosten.' _Armin_, _Das Heutige Mexiko_, p. 278; _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 370.

[686] 'The Northern and Middle Comanches ... subsist almost exclusively upon the flesh of the buffalo, and are known among the Indians as buffalo-eaters.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 19, 26, 46. 'They plant no corn, and their only food is meat, and a few wild plants that grow upon the prairies.' _Marcy's Rept._, p. 188. The Comanches are a 'nation subsisting solely by the chase.' _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 214. 'Subsist mainly upon the buffalo.' _Graves_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 180. 'Acknowledge their entire ignorance of even the rudest methods of agriculture.' _Baylor_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, p. 177; _Bent_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 244; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 575; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 103, and _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, p. 268; _Combier_, _Voy._, p. 292; _French's Hist. Coll. La._, pt. ii., p. 155; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 115; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, pp. 214-16, 307; _Figuier's Hum. Race_, p. 480; _Ludecus_, _Reise_, p. 104; _Dragoon Camp._, p. 153; _Foote's Texas_, p. 298; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 192; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 21; _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 469; _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 345; _Holley's Texas_, p. 153; _Dufey_, _Résumé_, tom. i., p. 4; _Dewees' Texas_, p. 233; _Frost's Ind. Battles_, p. 385.

[687] 'Luego que los cíbolos echan á huir, los cazadores sin apresurarlos demasiado los persiguen á un galope corto, que van activando mas y mas hasta que rompen en carrera ... el indio sin cesar de correr, dispara su arco en todas direcciones, y va sembrando el campo de reses.... Las indias al mismo tiempo van dessollando cada una de aquellas reses, recogiendo la piel y la carne.' _Revista Científica_, tom. i., pp. 165-6. 'At a suitable distance from their prey they divide into two squadrons, one half taking to the right, and the other to the left, and thus surround it.' _Edward's Hist. Tex._, p. 108; _French's Hist. Coll. La._, pt. ii., p. 155; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., pp. 214-216. Women when they perceive a deer or antelope 'give it chase, and return only after capturing it with the lasso.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 249.

[688] 'When any game was killed, the Indians would tear out the heart, liver, and entrails, and eat them raw.' _Frost's Ind. Battles_, p. 385. 'Ces Indiens se nourissent de viande crue et boivent du sang.... Ils coupent la viande en tranches très-minces et la font sécher au soleil; ils la réduisent ensuite en poudre pour la conserver.' _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 190-1. 'They "jerked" or dried the meat and made the pemmican.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 18. 'Comen las criadillas crudas, recogiendo la sangre que corre del cuerpo con unas tutundas ó jicaras, se la beben caliente.' _Beaumont_, _Crón. de Mechoacan, MS._, p. 528; _Farnham's Trav._, p. 32; _Horn's Captivity_, pp. 16, 23; _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 345.

[689] 'At one time their larder is overstocked and they gorge themselves to repletion.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 32, 44, 46. 'Catch and tame these wild horses, and when unsuccessful in chase, subsist upon them.' _Holley's Texas_, p. 153. 'When pressed by hunger from scarcity of game, they subsist on their young horses and mules.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., pp. 132-3. 'Have a rare capacity for enduring hunger, and manifest great patience under its infliction. After long abstinence they eat voraciously.' _Burnet_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 231; _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 235; _Edward's Hist. Tex._, p. 108.

[690] The tribe 'lived in the most abject condition of filth and poverty.' _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 96. 'With very few exceptions, the want of cleanliness is universal--a shirt being worn until it will no longer hang together, and it would be difficult to tell the original color.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 290. 'They are fond of bathing in the summer, ... but nothing can induce them to wash themselves in winter.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 302. They give off very unpleasant odors. _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 307. 'They seem to have a natural antipathy against water, considered as the means of cleansing the body ... water is only used by them in extreme cases; for instance, when the vermin become too thick on their heads, they then go through an operation of covering the head with mud, which after some time is washed out.' _Dodt_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 130; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, 108; _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 214; _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 203; _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 470.

[691] 'They defecate promiscuously near their huts; they leave offal of every character, dead animals and dead skins, close in the vicinity of their huts.' _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 339; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 114; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 380.

[692] The Mojave 'arms are the bow and arrow, the spear and the club.' _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, p. 18. 'Armed with bows and arrows.' _Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav._, p. 39. The Querechos 'use the bow and arrow, lance and shield.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 19, 23. 'The Apache will invariably add his bow and arrows to his personal armament.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 15, 75-6, 103, 189. 'Neben Bogen und Pfeilen führen sie noch sehr lange Lanzen.' _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 230. 'They use the bow and arrow and spear.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 293. 'Armed with bows and arrows, and the lance.' _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 214. For colored lithograph of weapons see _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 50, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. 'El armamento de los apaches se componen de lanza, arco y flechas.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 372. 'Las armas de los apaches son fusil, flechas y lanza.' _García Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 315. 'Los Yumas son Indios ... de malas armas, muchos no llevan arco, y si lo llevan es mal dispuesto, y con dos ó tres flechas.' _Garces_, in _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 419; _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. iii., p. 111; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 399; _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 190; _Drew_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 105; _Odin_, in _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 450; _Wislizenus' Tour_, p. 71; _Dewees' Texas_, p. 233; _Holley's Texas_, p. 153; _Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 543; _Dragoon Camp._, p. 153; _Moore's Texas_, p. 33; _Ward's Mexico_, vol. ii., p. 602; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 421; _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 82; _Combier_, _Voy._, p. 224; _Brantz-Mayer's Mex., Aztec, etc._, vol. ii., p. 123; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 444; _Peters' Life of Carson_, p. 452; _Cutts' Conq. of Cal._, p. 185; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., pp. 328-9, 451; _Pagés' Travels_, vol. i., p. 107; _Linati_, _Costumes_, plate xxii.; _Armin_, _Das Heutige Mexiko_, p. 274; _Möllhausen_, _Mormonenmädchen_, tom. ii., p. 152; _Figuier's Hum. Race_, pp. 480-2, with cut.

[693] 'Their weapons of war are the spear or lance, the bow, and the laso.' _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, p. 173.

[694] Among 'their arms of offence' is 'what is called Macána, a short club, like a round wooden mallet, which is used in close quarters.' _Hardy's Trav._, p. 373. 'War clubs were prepared in abundance.' _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 176. Die Apachen 'nur Bogen, Pfeile und Keulen.' _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 444. 'Their clubs are of mezquite wood (a species of acacia) three or four feet long.' _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 108. 'Ils n'ont d'autre arme qu'un grand croc et une massue.' _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 186. 'Arma sunt ... oblongi lignei gladii multis acutis silicibus utrimque muniti.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 311. 'Sus Armas son Flechas, y Macanas.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 681. Among the Comanches: 'Leur massue est une queue de buffle à l'extrémité de laquelle ils insèrent une boule en pierre on en métal.' _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 193; _Mowry_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 302.

[695] 'Mit vierstreifigen Strickschleudern bewaffnet.' _Mexikanische Zustände_, tom. i., p. 64. 'Sie fechten mit Lanzen, Büchsen, Pfeilen und Tamahaks.' _Ludecus_, _Reise_, p. 104. 'Une petite hache en silex.' _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 193; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., p. 539; _Treasury of Trav._, p. 31; _Escudero_, _Noticias de Chihuahua_, p. 230; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 272.

[696] The Querecho 'bows are made of the tough and elastic wood of the "bois d'arc" or Osage orange (Maclura Aurantiaca), strengthened and reenforced with the sinews of the deer wrapped firmly around them, and strung with a cord made of the same material.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 24. The Tonto 'bow is a stout piece of tough wood ... about five feet long, strengthened at points by a wrapping of sinew ... which are joined by a sinew string.' _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 418. The Navajo 'bow is about four feet in length ... and is covered on the back with a kind of fibrous tissue.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 293. The Yuma 'bow is made of willow.' _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 108. 'Langen Bogen von Weidenholz.' _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 124. Apaches: 'the bow forms two semicircles, with a shoulder in the middle; the back of it is entirely covered with sinews, which are laid on ... by the use of some glutinous substance.' _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 338. 'Los tamaños de estas armas son differentes, segun las parcialidades que las usan.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 372; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 360; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 453; _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 98; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, pp. 117, 149; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 450.

[697] The Apaches: 'Tous portaient au poignet gauche le bracelet de cuir ... Ce bracelet de cuir est une espèce de paumelle qui entoure la main gauche, ... Le premier sert à amortir le coup de fouet de la corde de l'arc quand il se détend, la seconde empêche les pennes de la flèche de déchirer la peau de la main.' _Ferry_, _Scènes de la vie Sauvage_, p. 256. 'With a leather bracelet on one wrist and a bow and quiver of arrows form the general outfit.' _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 418.

[698] The Coyoteros 'use very long arrows of reed, finished out with some hard wood, and an iron or flint head, but invariably with three feathers at the opposite end.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 103. Navajoes: 'the arrow is about two feet long and pointed with iron.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 293. The Querechos 'arrows are twenty inches long, of flexible wood, with a triangular point of iron at one end, and two feathers ... at the opposite extremity.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 24. The Apache 'arrows are quite long, very rarely pointed with flint, usually with iron. The feather upon the arrow is placed or bound down with fine sinew in threes, instead of twos.... The arrow-shaft is usually made of some pithy wood, generally a species of yucca.' _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 209. 'Sagittæ acutis silicibus asperatæ.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 311. 'Arrows were ... pointed with a head of stone. Some were of white quartz or agate, and others of obsidian.' _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 98. The Tonto 'arrows ... are three feet long ... the cane is winged with four strips of feather, held in place by threads of sinew ... which bears on its free end an elongated triangular piece of quartz, flint, or rarely iron.' _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 418. The Lipan arrows 'have four straight flutings; the Comanches make two straight black flutings and two red spiral ones.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 270; _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, p. 18; _Tempsky's Mitla_, p. 82; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 276; _Conder's Mex. Guat._, vol. ii., p. 76; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 360; _Möllhausen_, _Flüchtling_, tom. iv., p. 31; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 149.

[699] The Apache 'quivers are usually made of deer-skin, with the hair turned inside or outside, and sometimes of the skin of the wild-cat, with the tail appended.' _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 210. 'Quiver of sheep-skin.' _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 461. 'Quiver of fresh-cut reeds.' _Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav._, p. 39. 'Un carcax ó bolsa de piel de leopardo en lo general.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 373; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 31, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Tempsky's Mitla_, p. 80.

[700] 'The spear is eight or ten feet in length, including the point, which is about eighteen inches long, and also made of iron.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 293. Should the Apaches possess any useless firearms, 'generalmente vienen á darles nuevo uso, haciendo de ellas lanzas, cuchillos, lengüetas de flechas.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 372. 'La lanza la usan muy larga.' _García Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 315. 'Lance of fifteen feet in length.' _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 338; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 276; _Holley's Texas_, p. 153; _Cutts' Conq. of Cal._, p. 242; _Revista Científica_, tom. i., p. 162; _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 195; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 298.

[701] The Comanche 'shield was round ... made of wicker-work, covered first with deer skins and then a tough piece of raw buffalo-hide drawn over, ... ornamented with a human scalp, a grizzly bear's claw and a mule's tail ... for the arm were pieces of cotton cloth twisted into a rope.' _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 195. 'En el brazo izquierdo llevaba el chimal, que es un escudo ovalado, cubierto todo de plumas, espejos, chaquiras y adornos de paño encarnado.' _Revista Científica_, tom. i., p. 162. Their shield 'is generally painted a bright yellow.' _Domenech's Deserts_ vol. ii., p. 268. 'Shield of circular form, covered with two thicknesses of hard, undressed buffalo hide, ... stuffed with hair ... a rifle-ball will not penetrate it unless it strikes perpendicular to the surface.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 24-5; _Möllhausen_, _Flüchtling_, tom. iv., p. 31; _Tempsky's Mitla_, p. 80. A 'Navajo shield ... with an image of a demon painted on one side ... border of red cloth, ... trimmed with feathers.' _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 454; _Linati_, _Costumes_, plate xxii.; _Shepard's Land of the Aztecs_, p. 182; _Edward's Hist. Tex._, p. 104.

[702] 'Wherever their observations can be made from neighboring heights with a chance of successful ambush, the Apache never shows himself.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 79, 189. 'Attacking only when their numbers, and a well-laid ambush, promise a certainty of success.' _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 419. 'Colocan de antemano una emboscada.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 375; _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, pp. 221-3, 256; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 4; _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 47; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, p. 107; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 276; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 186; _Davis_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1868, p. 161.

[703] 'Salen ... generalmente divididos en pequeñas partidas para ocultar mejor sus rastros.... Es imponderable la velocidad con que huyen despues que han ejecutado un crecido robo ... las montañas que encumbran, los desiertos sin agua que atraviesan.' _García Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 316. 'They steal upon their enemies under the cover of night.' _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 107; _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 303; _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 83; _Apostólicos Afanes_, p. 434; _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 375-6; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 279; _Figuier's Hum. Race_, p. 480; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 276.

[704] 'La practica, que observan para avisarse los unos à los otros ... es levantar humaredas.' _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 394. 'Smokes are of various kinds, each one significant of a particular object.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 183-4. 'In token of retreate sounded on a certaine small trumpet ... made fires, and were answered againe afarre off ... to giue their fellowes vnderstanding, how wee marched and where we arriued.' _Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, tom. iii., p. 376; _Möllhausen_, _Flüchtling_, tom. ii., p. 157; _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 419.

[705] 'La suma crueldad con que tratan á los vencidos atenaccandolos vivos y comiendose los pedazos de la carne que la arrancan.' _Doc. Hist. N. Vizcaya, MS._, p. 4. 'Their savage and blood-thirsty natures experience a real pleasure in tormenting their victim.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 266. 'Hang their victims by the heels to a tree and put a slow fire under their head.' _Browne's Apache Country_, pp. 201, 93, 96. Among the Navajos, 'Captives taken in their forays are usually treated kindly.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 295. 'Ils scalpent avec la corde de leur arc, en la tournant rapidement autour de la tête de leur victime.' _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 82; _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 303; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, pp. 114-118, 138, 149, 218; _Farnham's Trav._, p. 32; _Graves_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 180; _Labadi_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1862, p. 247; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 453; _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 180; _Stone_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. v., p. 167; _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 212; _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. iii., p. 10; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 118.

[706] _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 216; _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 114.

[707] 'Obran en la guerra con mas táctica que los apaches.' _García Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 318. 'A young man is never considered worthy to occupy a seat in council until he has encountered an enemy in battle.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 34; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 22; _Domenech_, _Jour._, pp. 140-1; _Foote's Texas_, vol. i., p. 298; _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 346; _Maillard's Hist. Tex._, p. 243.

[708] 'When a chieftain desires to organize a war-party, he ... rides around through the camp singing the war-song.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 53. 'When a chief wishes to go to war ... the preliminaries are discussed at a war-dance.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 132; _Armin_, _Das Heutige Mexiko_, p. 280; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., p. 315.

[709] 'They dart forward in a column like lightning.... At a suitable distance from their prey, they divide into two squadrons.' _Holley's Texas_, p. 153. 'A Comanche will often throw himself upon the opposite side of his charger, so as to be protected from the darts of the enemy.' _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., pp. 312-13; _Dewees' Texas_, p. 234; _Shepard's Land of the Aztecs_, p. 182; _Ludecus_, _Reise_, p. 104.

[710] 'Ils tuent tous les prisonniers adultes, et ne laissent vivre que les enfants, qu'ils élèvent avec soin pour s'en servir comme d'esclaves.' _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 290. 'Invariably kill such men as offer the slightest impediment to their operations, and take women and children prisoners.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 24, 54. 'Prisoners of war belong to the captors.' _Burnet_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 232; _Farnham's Trav._, p. 32; _Figuier's Hum. Race_, p. 480; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 41; _Foote's Texas_, vol. i., p. 298; _Horn's Captivity_, p. 15; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 205.

[711] 'Ten chiefs were seated in a circle within our tent, when the pipe, the Indian token of peace, was produced ... they at first refused to smoke, their excuse being, that it was not their custom to smoke until they had received some presents.' _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., p. 39.

[712] 'I saw no earthenware vessels among them; the utensils employed in the preparation of food being shallow basins of closely netted straw. They carried water in pitchers of the same material, but they were matted all over with a pitch.' _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 419. 'Aus Binsen und Weiden geflochtene Gefässe, mitunter auch einige aus Thon geformte;' ... by the door stood 'ein breiter Stein ... auf welchem mittelst eines kleineren die Mehlfrüchte zerrieben wurden.' _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 396, 404. 'Panniers of wicker-work, for holding provisions, are generally carried on the horse by the women.' _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 210; _Neighbors_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 129. 'Their only implements are sticks.' _Greene_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 140. 'They (the Axuas of Colorado River) had a beautiful fishing-net made out of grass.' ... 'They had also burnt earthen jars, extremely well made. The size of each of them might be about two feet in diameter in the greatest swell; very thin, light, and well formed.' _Hardy's Trav._, p. 338. 'Nets wrought with the bark of the willow.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 220; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 200. 'Tienen mucha loza de las coloradas, y pintadas y negras, platos, caxetes, saleros; almofias, xicaras muy galanas: alguna de la loza está vidriada. Tienen mucho apercibimiento de leña, é de madera, para hacer sus casas, en tal manera, á lo que nos dieron á entender, que cuando uno queria hacer casa, tiene aquella madera allí de puesto para el efecto, y hay mucha cantidad. Tiene dos guaxexes á los lados del pueblo, que le sirven para se bañar, porque de otros ojos de agua, á tiro de arcabuz, beben y se sirven. A un cuarto de legua va el rio Salado, que decimos, por donde fué nuestro camino, aunque el agua salada se pierde de muchas leguas atrás.' _Castaño de Sosa_, in _Pacheco_, _Col. Doc. Inéd._, tom. iv., p. 331; _Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Feb. 14th, 1862_; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 200. 'Their only means of farming are sharpened sticks.' _Colyer_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1871, p. 50.

[713] 'Their utensils for the purpose of grinding breadstuff, consist of two stones; one flat, with a concavity in the middle; the other round, fitting partly into the hollow of the flat stone.' _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 209; _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 418; _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 282.

[714] 'The cradle of the Navajo Indians resembles the same article made by the Western Indians. It consists of a flat board, to support the vertebral column of the infant, with a layer of blankets and soft wadding, to give ease to the position, having the edges of the frame-work ornamented with leather fringe. Around and over the head of the child, who is strapped to this plane, is an ornamented hoop, to protect the face and cranium from accident. A leather strap is attached to the vertebral shell-work, to enable the mother to sling it on her back.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 435-6, and plate p. 74.

[715] 'The saddle is not peculiar but generally resembles that used by the Mexicans. They ride with a very short stirrup, which is placed further to the front than on a Mexican saddle. The bit of the bridle has a ring attached to it, through which the lower jaw is partly thrust, and a powerful pressure is exerted by this means when the reins are tightened.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 292. 'Sa selle est faite de deux rouleaux de paille reliés par une courroie et maintenus par une sangle de cuir.' _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 82; _Tempsky's Mitla_, p. 80. The Navajos have 'aus zähem Eschenholz gefertigten Sattelbogen.' _Möllhausen_, _Flüchtling_, tom. iv., p. 39.

[716] 'Das Netz war weitmaschig, aus feinen, aber sehr starken Bastfäden geflochten, vier Fuss hoch, und ungefähr dreissig Fuss lang. Von vier zu vier Fuss befanden sich lange Stäbe an demselben, mittelst welcher es im Wasser, zugleich aber auch auf dem Boden und aufrecht gehalten wurde.' _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 227; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 220.

[717] 'El apache para sacar lumbre, usa ... un pedazo de sosole y otro de lechuguilla bien secos. Al primero le forman una punta, lo que frotan con la segunda con cuanta velocidad pueden á la manera del ejercicio de nuestros molinillos para hacer el chocolate: luego que ambos palos se calientan con la frotacion, se encienden y producen el fuego.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 282.

[718] The Navajos 'manufacture the celebrated, and, for warmth and durability, unequaled, Navajo blanket. The Navajo blankets are a wonder of patient workmanship, and often sell as high as eighty, a hundred, or a hundred and fifty dollars.' _Walker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1872, p. 53. 'Navajo blankets have a wide and merited reputation for beauty and excellence.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 305; _Ind. Aff. Rept., Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 341; _Turner_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1852, tom. cxxxv., p. 314; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, pp. 13, 32, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 411; _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, p. 203; _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 180; _Figuier's Hum. Race_, p. 481; _Peters' Life of Carson_, p. 125; _Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man_, vol. ii., p. 567; _Farnham's Life in Cal._, pp. 373-4.

[719] 'This art may have been acquired from the New Mexicans, or the Pueblo Indians.' _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 217. 'This manufacture of blankets ... was originally learned from the Mexicans when the two people lived on amicable terms.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 367.

[720] 'The blanket is woven by a tedious and rude process, after the manner of the Pueblo Indians.... The manner of weaving is peculiar, and is, no doubt, original with these people and the neighboring tribes.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 291; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 437.

[721] 'The spinning and weaving is done ... by hand. The thread is made entirely by hand, and is coarse and uneven.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 291. 'The wool or cotton is first prepared by carding. It is then fastened to the spindle near its top, and is held in the left hand. The spindle is held between the thumb and the first finger of the right hand, and stands vertically in the earthen bowl. The operator now gives the spindle a twirl, as a boy turns his top, and while it is revolving, she proceeds to draw out her thread, precisely as is done by our own operatives, in using the common spinning-wheel. As soon as the thread is spun, the spindle is turned in an opposite direction, for the purpose of winding up the thread on the portion of it next to the wooden block.' _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 436.

[722] _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 436. 'The colors are woven in bands and diamonds. We have never observed blankets with figures of a complicated pattern.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 291.

[723] 'The colors, which are given in the yarn, are red, black, and blue. The juice of certain plants is employed in dyeing, but it is asserted by recent authorities that the brightest red and blue are obtained by macerating strips of Spanish cochineal, and altamine dyed goods, which have been purchased at the towns.' _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 436. 'The colors are red, blue, black, and yellow; black and red being the most common. The red strands are obtained by unravelling red cloth, black by using the wool of black sheep, blue by dissolving indigo in fermented urine, and yellow is said to be by coloring with a particular flower.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 291. The women 'welche sich in der Wahl der Farben und der Zusammenstellung von bunten Streifen und phantastischen Figuren in dem Gewebe gegenseitig zu übertreffen suchen. Ursprünglich trugen die Decken nur die verschiedenen Farben der Schafe in breiten Streifen, doch seit die Navahoes farbige, wollene Stoffe von Neu-Mexiko beziehen können, verschaffen sie sich solche, um sie in Fäden aufzulösen, und diese dann zu ihrer eigenen Weberei zu verwenden.' _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p. 235; _Ruxton's Adven. Mex._, p. 195.

[724] 'Ils (the Apaches) travaillent bien les cuirs, font de belles brides.' _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 82. 'They manufacture rough leather.' _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 335. 'Man macht Leder.' _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 195. 'It has been represented that these tribes (the Navajos) wear leather shoes.... Inquiry from persons who have visited or been stationed in New Mexico, disaffirms this observation, showing that in all cases the Navajo shoes are skins, dressed and smoked after the Indian method.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 204; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 305; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., p. 286. They 'knit woolen stockings.' _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 411. 'They also manufacture ... a coarse woolen cloth with which they clothe themselves.' _Clark_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. viii., p. 280; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 403, vol. ii., pp. 244-5. 'The Navajoes raise no cotton.' _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 212. 'Sie sind noch immer in einigen Baumwollengeweben ausgezeichnet.' _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 349. 'These people (the inhabitants of Arizona in 1540) had cotton, but they were not very carefull to vse the same: because there was none among them that knew the arte of weauing, and to make apparel thereof.' _Alarchon_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 433; _Bent_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 243; _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 89; _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 680; _Alcedo_, _Diccionario_, tom. iii., p. 184.

[725] The Xicarillas, 'manufacture a sort of pottery which resists the action of fire.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 8; _Graves_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 177. The Yuma 'women make baskets of willow, and also of tule, which are impervious to water; also earthen ollas or pots, which are used for cooking and for cooling water.' _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 111; _Revillagigedo_, _Carta, MS._, p. 21. 'Figure 4. A scoop or dipper, from the Mohave tribe, and as neat and original an article in earthenware as could well be designed by a civilized potter.' _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 46, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. 'Professor Cox was informed that the New Mexican Indians colored their pottery black by using the gum of the mezquite, which has much the appearance and properties of gum arabic, and then baking it. Much of the ancient pottery from the Colorado Chiquito is colored, the prevailing tints being white, black, and red.' _Foster's Pre-Hist. Races_, p. 250; _Ruxton's Adven. Mex._, p. 195. The Yampais had 'some admirably made baskets of so close a texture as to hold water; a wicker jar coated with pine tree gum.' _Sitgreaves' Zuñi. Ex._, p. 10; _Bent_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 243.

[726] _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, p. 286. 'In regard to the manufacture of plumage, or feather-work, they certainly display a greater fondness for decorations of this sort than any Indians we have seen.... I saw no exhibition of it in the way of embroidery.' _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 79; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 349.

[727] 'Mines d'argent exploitées par les Comanches, qui en tirent des ornements pour eux et pour leurs chevaux, ainsi que des balles pour leurs fusils.' _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 132.

[728] The Mescaleros had 'a raft of bulrush or cane, floated and supported by some twenty or thirty hollow pumpkins fastened together.' _Hutchings' Cal. Mag._, vol. iii., p. 56. The Yumas had 'batteaus which could hold 200 or 300 pounds weight.' _Id._, vol. iv., p. 546. The Mojaves had 'Flössen, die von Binsen-Bündeln zusammengefügt waren (die einzige Art von Fahrzeug, welche ich bei den Bewohnern des Colorado-Thales bemerkte).' _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 401. 'Merely bundles of rushes placed side by side, and securely bound together with willow twigs ... their owners paddled them about with considerable dexterity.' _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 117, and plate. _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., pp. 238, 254; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 69.

[729] 'Immense numbers of horses and sheep, attesting the wealth of the tribe.' _Ives' Colorado Riv._, pp. 128, 130. 'They possess more wealth than all the other wild tribes in New Mexico combined.' _Graves_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 179. 'They are owners of large flocks and herds.' _Bent_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 243; _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 217; _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 211, 212; _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 180; _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 411; _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, pp. 291-2; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 289; _Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man_, vol. ii., p. 567; _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, p. 173; _Peters' Life of Carson_, p. 124; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 349; _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 79; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 460; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 254; _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 60.

[730] The Jicarilla Apaches 'manufacture a species of coarse earthenware, which they exchange for corn and wheat.' _Keithly_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1863, p. 115. _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 123.

[731] 'Das Eigenthum des Vaters nicht auf den Sohn übergeht, sondern dass Neffen und Nichten als die rechtmässigen Erben anerkannt werden wenn nicht der Vater bei Lebzeiten schon seine Habe an die eigenen Kinder geschenkt hat.' _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p. 234. 'The husband has no control over the property of his wife.... Property does not descend from father to son, but goes to the nephew of the decedent, or, in default of a nephew, to the niece ... but if, while living, he distributes his property to his children, that disposition is recognised.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, pp. 294-5. 'When the father dies ... a fair division is not made; the strongest usually get the bulk of the effects.' _Bristol_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 357.

[732] 'The blankets, though not purchasable with money ... were sold, in some instances, for the most trifling article of ornament or clothing.' _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 81. Shell beads, which they call 'pook,' are their substitute for money.' _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 115.

[733] The Querechos encountered by Coronado had with them 'un grand troupeau de chiens qui portaient tout ce qu'ils possédaient.' _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 117. 'The only property of these people, with the exception of a few articles belonging to their domestic economy, consists entirely in horses and mules.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 22; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 23; _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 347; _Marcy's Rept._, p. 188; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 116-17.

[734] 'There are no subdivisions of land acknowledged in their territory, and no exclusive right of game.' _Neighbors_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 131. 'Their code is strictly Spartan.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 23.

[735] 'They are sufficiently astute in dealing.' _Burnet_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 232. 'Le chef des Indiens choisit, parmi ces objets, ceux qui sont nécessaires à sa tribu.' _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 193. 'In Comanche trade the main trouble consists in fixing the price of the first animal. This being settled by the chiefs.' _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., p. 45; _Parker's Notes on Tex._, pp. 190, 234; _Burnet_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 232; _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 130; _Dewees' Texas_, p. 36.

[736] Mr Bartlett, describing an excursion he made to the Sierra Waco near the Copper Mines in New Mexico, says, he saw 'an overhanging rock extending for some distance, the whole surface of which is covered with rude paintings and sculptures, representing men, animals, birds, snakes, and fantastic figures ... some of them, evidently of great age, had been partly defaced to make room for more recent devices.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., pp. 170-4, with cuts. In Arizona, Emory found 'a mound of granite boulders ... covered with unknown characters.... On the ground nearby were also traces of some of the figures, showing some of the hieroglyphics, at least, to have been the work of modern Indians.' _Emory's Reconnoissance_, pp. 89, 90, with cut. The Comanches 'aimaient beaucoup les images, qu'ils ne se lassaient pas d'admirer.' _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 136.

[737] 'The Apaches count ten thousand with as much regularity as we do. They even make use of the decimal sequences.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 237.

[738] 'They have no computation of time beyond the seasons ... the cold and hot season ... frequently count by the Caddo mode--from one to ten, and by tens to one hundred, &c.... They are ignorant of the elements of figures.' _Neighbors_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., pp. 129-30. 'Ce qu'ils savent d'astronomie se borne à la connaissance de l'étoile polaire.... L'arithmétique des sauvages est sur leurs doigts; ... Il leur faut absolument un objet pour nombrer.' _Hartmann and Millard_, _Tex._, pp. 112-13.

[739] The Navajos have no tribal government, and in reality no chiefs. _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 288. 'Their form of government is so exceedingly primitive as to be hardly worthy the name of a political organization.' _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 412, 413; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 71. 'Ils n'ont jamais connu de domination.' _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série. v., No. 96, p. 187. 'Each is sovereign in his own right as a warrior.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 177.

[740] 'It is my opinion that the Navajo chiefs have but very little influence with their people.' _Bennett_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 238, and 1870, p. 152; _Bristol_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 357.

[741] 'Los padres de familia ejercen esta autoridad en tanto que los hijos no salen de la infancia, porque poco antes de salir de la pubertad son como libres y no reconocen mas superioridad que sus propias fuerzas, ó la del indio que los manda en la campaña.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, pp. 282-3. 'Every rich man has many dependants, and these dependants are obedient to his will, in peace and in war.' _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 211; _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 89. 'Every one who has a few horses and sheep is a "head man."' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 288; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p. 233. The rule of the Querechos is 'essentially patriarchal.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 20.