Chapter V: New Mexicans (7)

[742] 'When one or more (of the Navajos) are successful in battle or fortunate in their raids to the settlements on the Rio Grande, he is endowed with the title of captain or chief.' _Bristol_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1867, p. 357. 'En cualquiera de estas incorporaciones toma el mando del todo por comun consentimiento el mas acreditado de valiente.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 373. The Comanches have 'a right to displace a chief, and elect his successor, at pleasure.' _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 346. A chief of the Comanches is never degraded 'for any private act unconnected with the welfare of the whole tribe.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 130.

[743] The office of chief is not hereditary with the Navajos. _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 307. The wise old men of the Querechos 'curb the impetuosity of ambitious younger warriors.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 20. 'I infer that rank is (among the Mojaves), to some extent, hereditary.' _Ives' Colorado Riv._, pp. 67, 71. 'This captain is often the oldest son of the chief, and assumes the command of the tribe on the death of his father,' among the Apaches. _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 210.

[744] The Mescaleros and Apaches 'choose a head-man to direct affairs for the time being.' _Carleton_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1854, p. 315. 'Es gibt auch Stämme, an deren Spitze ein Kriegs- sowie ein Friedens-Häuptling steht.' _Armin_, _Das Heutige Mexiko_, p. 279; _García Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 315.

[745] When Col. Langberg visited the Comanches who inhabit the Bolson de Mapimi, 'wurde dieser Stamm von einer alten Frau angeführt.' _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 222; _Id._, _Cent. Amer._, p. 352; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 348. 'I have never known them (Comanches) to make a treaty that a portion of the tribe do not violate its stipulations before one year rolls around.' _Neighbors_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 267.

[746] The chiefs of the Comanches 'are in turn subject to the control of a principal chief.' _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 345. 'La autoridad central de su gobierno reside en un gefe supremo.' _Revista Científica_, tom. i., p. 57; _Escudero_, _Noticias de Chihuahua_, p. 229. The southern Comanches 'do not of late years acknowledge the sovereignty of a common ruler and leader in their united councils nor in war.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 43. The Gila Apaches acknowledge 'no common head or superior.' _Merriwether_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 170, 172.

[747] The Comanches 'hold regular councils quarterly, and a grand council of the whole tribe once a year.' _Edward's Hist. Tex._, p. 108. 'At these councils prisoners of war are tried, as well as all cases of adultery, theft, sedition and murder, which are punished by death. The grand council also takes cognizance of all disputes between the chiefs, and other matters of importance.' _Maillard's Hist. Tex._, p. 244. 'Their decisions are of but little moment, unless they meet the approbation of the mass of the people; and for this reason these councils are exceedingly careful not to run counter to the wishes of the poorer but more numerous class, being aware of the difficulty, if not impossibility, of enforcing any act that would not command their approval.' _Collins_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 274. 'Singulis pagis sui Reguli erant, qui per praecones suos edicta populo denuntiabant.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 311. 'Tienen otra Persona, que llaman Pregonero, y es la segunda Persona de la República; el oficio de este, es manifestar al Pueblo todas las cosas que se han de hacer.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. ii., p. 337; _Id._, tom. i., p. 680. They recognize 'no law but that of individual caprice.' _Steck_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1863, p. 109. The Comanches 'acknowledge no right but the right of the strongest.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 575. 'La loi du talion est la base fondamentale du code politique, civil et criminel de ces diverses peuplades, et cette loi reçoit une rigoureuse application de nation à nation, de famille à famille, d'individu à individu.' _Hartmann and Millard_, _Tex._, p. 114.

[748] The Comanches punish 'Adultery, theft, murder, and other crimes ... by established usage.' _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 347. Among the Navajos, 'Lewdness is punished by a public exposure of the culprit.' _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 180. _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 26, 59. Navajoes 'regard each other's right of property, and punish with great severity any one who infringes upon it. In one case a Navajo was found stealing a horse; they held a council and put him to death.' _Bristol_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 344. A Cuchano young boy who frightened a child by foretelling its death, which accidentally took place the next day, 'was secretly accused and tried before the council for "being under the influence of evil spirits,"' and put to death. _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. iii.; _Feudge_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1868, p. 137. Among the Yumas, 'Each chief punishes delinquents by beating them across the back with a stick. Criminals brought before the general council for examination, if convicted, are placed in the hands of a regularly appointed executioner of the tribe, who inflicts such punishment as the council may direct.' _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. iii.

[749] The Apache chief Ponce, speaking of the grief of a poor woman at the loss of her son, says: 'The mother of the dead brave demands the life of his murderer. Nothing else will satisfy her.... Would money satisfy me for the death of my son? No! I would demand the blood of the murderer. Then I would be satisfied.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 69. 'If one man (Apache) kills another, the next of kin to the defunct individual may kill the murderer--if he can. He has the right to challenge him to single-combat.... There is no trial, no set council, no regular examination into the crime or its causes; but the ordeal of battle settles the whole matter.' _Id._, p. 293.

[750] _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 7; _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 294. 'Ils (Comanches) tuent tous les prisonniers adultes, et ne laissent vivre que les enfans.' _Dillon_, _Hist. Mex._, p. 98. The Navajos 'have in their possession many prisoners, men, women, and children, ... whom they hold and treat as slaves.' _Bent_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 244.

[751] One boy from Mexico taken by the Comanches, said, 'dass sein Geschäft in der Gefangenschaft darin bestehe die Pferde seines Herrn zu weiden.' _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 102; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., p. 313. The natives of New Mexico take the women prisoners 'for wives.' _Marcy's Rept._, p. 187. Some prisoners liberated from the Comanches, were completely covered with stripes and bruises. _Dewees' Texas_, p. 232. Miss Olive Oatman detained among the Mohaves says: 'They invented modes and seemed to create necessities of labor that they might gratify themselves by taxing us to the utmost, and even took unwarranted delight in whipping us on beyond our strength. And all their requests and exactions were couched in the most insulting and taunting language and manner, as it then seemed, and as they had the frankness soon to confess, to fume their hate against the race to whom we belonged. Often under the frown and lash were we compelled to labor for whole days upon an allowance amply sufficient to starve a common dandy civilized idler.' _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, pp. 114-18, 130.

[752] 'It appeared that the poor girl had been stolen, as the Indian (Axua) said, from the Yuma tribe the day before, and he now offered her for sale.' _Hardy's Trav._, p. 379. 'The practice of parents selling their children is another proof of poverty' of the Axuans. _Id._, p. 371.

[753] 'According to their (Tontos') physiology the female, especially the young female, should be allowed meat only when necessary to prevent starvation.' _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 115. The Comanches 'enter the marriage state at a very early age frequently before the age of puberty.' _Neighbors_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 132. Whenever a Jicarilla female arrives at a marriageable age, in honor of the 'event the parents will sacrifice all the property they possess, the ceremony being protracted from five to ten days with every demonstration of hilarity.' _Steck_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1863, p. 109; _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 28-9. Among the Yumas, the applicant for womanhood is placed in an oven or closely covered hut, in which she is steamed for three days, alternating the treatment with plunges into the near river, and maintaining a fast all the time.' _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., pp. 110-11. The Apaches celebrate a feast with singing, dancing, and mimic display when a girl arrives at the marriageable state, during which time the girl remains 'isolated in a huge lodge' and 'listens patiently to the responsibilities of her marriageable condition,' recounted to her by the old men and chiefs. 'After it is finished she is divested of her eyebrows.... A month afterward the eye lashes are pulled out.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 143, 243-6.

[754] There is no marriage ceremony among the Navajoes 'a young man wishing a woman for his wife ascertains who her father is; he goes and states the cause of his visit and offers from one to fifteen horses for the daughter. The consent of the father is absolute, and the one so purchased assents or is taken away by force. All the marriageable women or squaws in a family can be taken in a similar manner by the same individual; i. e., he can purchase wives as long as his property holds out.' _Bristol_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 357; _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 49; _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 214; _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 233.

[755] Among the Apaches, the lover 'stakes his horse in front of her roost.... Should the girl favor the suitor, his horse is taken by her, led to water, fed, and secured in front of his lodge.... Four days comprise the term allowed her for an answer.... A ready acceptance is apt to be criticised with some severity, while a tardy one is regarded as the extreme of coquetry.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 245-9; _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 89; _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 30, 51. The Apache 'who can support or keep, or attract by his power to keep, the greatest number of women, is the man who is deemed entitled to the greatest amount of honor and respect.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 44, 85. Un Comanche, 'peut épouser autant de femmes qu'il veut, à la seule condition de donner à chacune un cheval.' _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 135. Among the Navajoes, 'The wife last chosen is always mistress of her predecessors.' _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 42, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. They seldom, if ever, marry out of the tribe. _Ward_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 455. 'In general, when an Indian wishes to have many wives he chooses above all others, if he can, sisters, because he thinks he can thus secure more domestic peace.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 306. 'I think that few, if any, have more than one wife,' of the Mojaves. _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 71.

[756] 'The Navajo marriage-ceremony consists simply of a feast upon horse-flesh.' _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 460. When the Navajos desire to marry, 'they sit down on opposite sides of a basket, made to hold water, filled with atole or some other food, and partake of it. This simple proceeding makes them husband and wife.' _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 415.

[757] The Comanche women 'are drudges.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 575; _Dufey_, _Résumé de l'Hist._, tom. i., p. 4; _Neighbors_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 265; _Escudero_, _Noticias de Chihuahua_, p. 230; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 308. Labor is considered degrading by the Comanches. _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 347. The Apache men 'no cuidan de otras cosas, sino de cazar y divertirse.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 563; _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 29, 49, 56. 'La femme (du Comanche) son esclave absolue, doit tout faire pour lui. Souvent il n'apporte pas même le gibier qu'il a tué, mais il envoie sa femme le chercher au loin.' _Dubuis_, in _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 459. The Navajos 'treat their women with great attention, consider them equals, and relieve them from the drudgery of menial work.' _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, p. 203. The Navajo women 'are the real owners of all the sheep.... They admit women into their councils, who sometimes control their deliberations; and they also eat with them.' _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 412; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 101., in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. 'De aquí proviene que sean árbitros de sus mugeres, dandoles un trato servilísimo, y algunas veces les quitan hasta la vida por celos.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 268. 'Les Comanches, obligent le prisonnier blanc, dont ils ont admiré le valeur dans le combat, á s'unir aux leurs pour perpétuer sa race.' _Fossey_, _Mexique_, p. 462.

[758] Among the Apaches, 'muchas veces suele disolverse el contrato por unánime consentimiento de los desposados, y volviendo la mujer á su padre, entrega este lo que recibió por ella.' _Cordero_. in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 373. When the Navajo women abandon the husband, the latter 'asks to wipe out the disgrace by killing some one.' _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 334; _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 217.

[759] Navajo women, 'when in parturition, stand upon their feet, holding to a rope suspended overhead, or upon the knees, the body being erect.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 290. 'Previous to a birth, the (Yuma) mother leaves her village for some short distance and lives by herself until a month after the child is born; the band to which she belongs then assemble and select a name for the little one, which is given with some trivial ceremony.' _Emory's Rept._, vol. i., p. 110; _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 31. 'Si el parto es en marcha, se hacen á un lado del camino debajo de un árbol, en donde salen del lance con la mayor facilidad y sin apuro ninguno, continuando la marcha con la criatura y algun otro de sus chiquillos, dentro de una especie de red, que á la manera de una canasta cargan en los hombros, pendiente de la frente con una tira de cuero ó de vaqueta que la contiene, en donde llevan ademas alunos trastos ó cosas que comer.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 281; _Fossey_, _Mexique_, p. 462. 'Luego que sale á luz esta, sale la vieja de aquel lugar con la mano puesta en los ojos, y no se descubre hasta que no haya dado una vuelta fuera de la casa, y el objeto que primero se le presenta á la vista, es el nombre que se le pone á la criatura.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 335.

[760] _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 92; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 320; _Ives' Colorado River_, pp. 66, 71; _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 211. 'Quand les Indiennes (Comanches) voyagent avec leurs enfants en bas âge, elles les suspendent à la selle avec des courroies qu'elles leur passent entre les jambes et sous les bras. Les soubresauts du cheval, les branches, les broussailles heurtent ces pauvres petits, les déchirent, les meurtrissent: peu importe, c'est une façon de les aguerrir.' _Domenech_, _Journ._, p. 135; _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 52. 'A la edad de siete años de los apaches, ó antes, lo primero que hacen los padres, es poner á sus hijos el carcax en la mano enseñándoles á tirar bien, cuya táctica empiezan á aprender en la caza.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 283. The Apaches, 'juventutem sedulo instituunt castigant quod aliis barbaris insolitum.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 316. Male children of the Comanches 'are even privileged to rebel against their parents, who are not entitled to chastise them but by consent of the tribe.' _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 346-7. In fact a Navajo Indian has said, 'that he was afraid to correct his own boy, lest the child should wait for a convenient opportunity, and shoot him with an arrow.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 294.

[761] _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 354; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 367; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 399; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 119.

[762] 'The Navajo women are very loose, and do not look upon fornication as a crime.' _Guyther_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 339; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 244. 'Prostitution is the rule among the (Yuma) women, not the exception.' _Mowry_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 301; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 476; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 96. 'Prostitution prevails to a great extent among the Navajoes, the Maricopas, and the Yuma Indians; and its attendant diseases, as before stated, have more or less tainted the blood of the adults; and by inheritance of the children.' _Carleton_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 433. Among the Navajoes, 'the most unfortunate thing which can befall a captive woman is to be claimed by two persons. In this case, she is either shot or delivered up for indiscriminate violence.' _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 50. The Colorado River Indians 'barter and sell their women into prostitution, with hardly an exception.' _Safford_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 139. 'The Comanche women are, as in many other wild tribes, the slaves of their lords, and it is a common practice for their husbands to lend or sell them to a visitor for one, two, or three days at a time.' _Marcy's Rept._, p. 187; _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 419. 'Las faltas conyugales no se castigan por la primera vez; pero á la segunda el marido corta la punta de la nariz á su infiel esposa, y la despide de su lado.' _Revista Científica_, vol. i., p. 57; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 192. 'The squaw who has been mutilated for such a cause, is _ipso facto_ divorced, and, it is said, for ever precluded from marrying again. The consequence is, that she becomes a confirmed harlot in the tribe.' _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., pp. 43, 308-10, 313. 'El culpable, segun dicen, jamas es castigado por el marido con la muerte; solamente se abroga el derecho de darle algunos golpes y cogerse sus mulas ó caballos.' _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 253; _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 49. 'These yung men may not haue carnall copulation with any woman: but all the yung men of the countrey which are to marrie, may company with them.... I saw likewise certaine women which liued dishonestly among men.' _Alarchon_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 436.

[763] 'They tolde mey that ... such as remayned widowes, stayed halfe a yeere, or a whole yeere before they married.' _Alarchon_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 431; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 110; _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 54; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p. 234; _García Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 315.

[764] 'En las referidas reuniones los bailes son sus diversiones favoritas. Los hacen de noche al son de una olla cubierta la boca con una piel tirante, que suenan con un palo, en cuya estremidad lian un boton de trapos. Se interpolan ambos secsos, saltan todos a un mismo tiempo, dando alaridos y haciendo miles de ademanes, en que mueven todos los miembros del cuerpo con una destreza extraordinaria, arremedando al coyote y al venado. Desta manera forman diferentes grupos simétricamente.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 269; _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 177; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 285. 'Este lo forma una junta de truhanes vestidos de ridiculo y autorizados por los viejos del pueblo para cometer los mayores desórdenes, y gusten tanto de estos hechos, que ni los maridos reparan las infamias que cometen con sus mugeres, ni las que resultan en perjuicio de las hijas.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 335. 'The females (of the Apaches) do the principal part of the dancing.' _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 212. 'Among the Abenakis, Chactas, Comanches, and other Indian tribes, the women dance the same dances, but after the men, and far out of their sight ... they are seldom admitted to share any amusement, their lot being to work.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., pp. 199, 214. 'De éstos vinieron cinco danzas, cada una compuesta de treinta indias; de éstas, veintiseis como de 15 à 20 años, y las cuatro restantes de mas edad, que eran las que cuidaban y dirigian à las jóvenes.' _Museo Mex._, tom. i., p. 288. 'The dance (of the Tontos) is similar to that of the California Indians; a stamp around, with clapping of hands and slapping of thighs in time to a drawl of monotones.' _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 419.

[765] _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 180. The Yumas 'sing some few monotonous songs, and the beaux captivate the hearts of their lady-loves by playing on a flute made of cane.' _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. iii. 'No tienen mas orquesta que sus voces y una olla ó casco de calabazo à que se amarra una piel tirante y se toca con un palo.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 373-4; _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 419; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, pp. 71-2; _García Conde_, in _Album Mex._, tom. i., pp. 166, 168.

[766] _Stanley's Portraits_, p. 55; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 133. 'Y el vicio que tienen estos Indios, es jugar en las Estufas las Mantas, y otras Preseas con vnas Cañuelas, que hechan en alto (el qual Juego vsaban estos Indios Mexicanos) y al que no tiene mas que vna Manta, y la pierde, se la buelven; con condicion, que ha de andar desnudo por todo el Pueblo, pintado, y embijado todo el cuerpo, y los Muchachos dandole grita.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 680.

[767] _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 347.

[768] 'The players generally take each about ten arrows, which they hold with their bows in the left hand; he whose turn it is advances in front of the judges, and lances his first arrow upwards as high as possible, for he must send off all the others before it comes down. The victory belongs to him who has most arrows in the air together, and he who can make them all fly at once is a hero.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 198. 'The Indians amuse themselves shooting at the fruit (pitaya), and when one misses his aim and leaves his arrow sticking in the top of the cactus, it is a source of much laughter to his comrades.' _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 78; _Armin_, _Das Heutige Mexiko_, p. 309. The hoop and pole game of the Mojaves is thus played. 'The hoop is six inches in diameter, and made of elastic cord; the poles are straight, and about fifteen feet in length. Rolling the hoop from one end of the course toward the other, two of the players chase it half-way, and at the same time throw their poles. He who succeeds in piercing the hoop wins the game.' _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 463; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. iii.; _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 114; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., pp. 216, 223; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 395; _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 214. 'Tienen unas pelotas de materia negra como pez, embutidas en ella varias conchuelas pequeñas del mar, con que juegan y apuestan arrojándola con el pié.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. iii., p. 111; _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., vol. iv., p. 851.

[769] 'Los salvages recogen sus hojas generalmente en el Otoño, las que entónces están rojas y muy oxidadas: para hacer su provision, la secan al fuego ó al sol, y para fumarlas, las mezclan con tabaco.' _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 257. The Comanches smoke tobacco, 'mixed with the dried leaves of the sumach, inhaling the smoke into their lungs, and giving it out through their nostrils.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 29, 32; _Alarchon_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 432; _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 285.

[770] _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 352. The Comanches 'avoid the use of ardent spirits, which they call "fool's water."' _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 347; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., p. 307. _Dubuis_, in _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 469. 'In order to make an intoxicating beverage of the mescal, the roasted root is macerated in a proportionable quantity of water, which is allowed to stand several days, when it ferments rapidly. The liquor is boiled down and produces a strongly intoxicating fluid.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 217. 'When its stem (of the maguey) is tapped there flows from it a juice which, on being fermented, produces the pulque.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 290. The Apaches out of corn make an intoxicating drink which they called "teeswin," made by boiling the corn and fermenting it. _Murphy_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 347; _Hardy's Trav._, pp. 334, 337.

[771] _Jones_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 223; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 108; _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 137; _Turner_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1852, tom. 135, p. 307; _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 212; _García Conde_, in _Album Mex._, 1849, tom. i., p. 165; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 277; _Shepard's Land of the Aztecs_, p. 182; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 114-6; _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 61; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 399. The Apache women, 'Son tan buenas ginetas, que brincan en un potro, y sin mas riendas que un cabrestillo, saben arrendarlo.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 564; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 298; _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 28; _Figuier's Hum. Race_, p. 480. 'A short hair halter was passed around under the neck of the horse, and both ends tightly braided into the mane, on the withers, leaving a loop to hang under the neck, and against the breast, which, being caught up in the hand, makes a sling into which the elbow falls, taking the weight of the body on the middle of the upper arm. Into this loop the rider drops suddenly and fearlessly, leaving his heel to hang over the back of the horse, to steady him, and also to restore him when he wishes to regain his upright position on the horse's back.' _Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 540; _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 412. Les Comanches 'regardent comme un déshonneur d'aller à pied.' _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 192; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 282. The Comanches, for hardening the hoofs of horses and mules, have a custom of making a fire of the wild rosemary--artemisia--and exposing their hoofs to the vapor and smoke by leading them slowly through it. _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 203.

[772] _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 18; _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 290; _Cordoue_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. x., p. 443; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 454; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 209. 'Les Teyas et Querechos ont de grands troupeaux de chiens qui portent leur bagage; ils l'attachent sur le dos de ces animaux au moyen d'une sangle et d'un petit bât. Quand la charge se dérange les chiens se mettent à hurler, pour avertir leur maître de l'arranger.' _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 117, 125, 190. 'On the top of the bank we struck a Camanche trail, very broad, and made by the lodge poles, which they transport from place to place ... by fastening them on each side of their pack horses, leaving the long ends trailing upon the ground.' _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 154. 'Si carecen de cabalgaduras, cargan los muebles las mujeres igualmente que sus criaturas.' _García Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 317; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 128.

[773] _Neighbors_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 132; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, p. 234; _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 29, 33, 189; _Marcy's Rept._, p. 187; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., pp. 38, 46; _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, pp. 473, 475; _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 378. When the Yampais 'wish to parley they raise a firebrand in the air as a sign of friendship.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 218.

[774] 'These messengers (of the Mohaves) were their news-carriers and sentinels. Frequently two criers were employed (sometimes more) one from each tribe. These would have their meeting stations. At these stations these criers would meet with promptness, and by word of mouth, each would deposit his store of news with his fellow expressman, and then each would return to his own tribe with the news.' _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, pp. 220, 283. 'El modo de darse sus avisos para reunirse en casos de urgencia de ser perseguidos, es por medio de sus telégrafos de humos que forman en los cerros mas elevados formando hogueras de los palos mas humientos que ellos conocen muy bien.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 281. _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 5. 'Para no detenerse en hacer los humos, llevan los mas de los hombres y mujeres, los instrumentos necessarios para sacar lumbre; prefieren la piedra, el eslabon, y la yesca; pero si no tienen estos útiles, suplen su falta con palos preparados al efecto bien secos, que frotados se inflaman.' _García Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 317.

[775] _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 217; _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, p. 18. 'Su frazada en tiempo de frio es un tizon encendido que aplicándolo á la boca del estómago caminan por los mañanas, y calentando ya el sol como a las ocho tiran los tizones, que por muchos que hayan tirado por los caminos, pueden ser guias de los caminantes.' _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., vol. iv., p. 851.

[776] The Comanches 'have yearly gatherings to light the sacred fires; they build numerous huts, and sit huddled about them, taking medicine for purification, and fasting for seven days. Those who can endure to keep the fast unbroken become sacred in the eyes of the others.' _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 451. If a Yuma kills one of his own tribe he keeps 'a fast for one moon; on such occasions he eats no meat--only vegetables--drinks only water, knows no woman, and bathes frequently during the day to purify the flesh.' _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 110. 'It was their (Mojaves,) custom never to eat salted meat for the next moon after the coming of a captive among them.' _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 180; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 402; _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 13; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 125-6.

[777] 'Entre cuyas tribus hay algunas que se comen á sus enemigos.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 332. 'Los chirumas, que me parecen ser los yumas, no se que coman carne humana como dijo el indio cosnina.' _Garces_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., p. 363. 'Among the spoil which we took from these Camanches, we found large portions of human flesh evidently prepared for cooking.' _Dewees' Texas_, p. 232-3. Certain Europeans have represented the Comanches 'as a race of cannibals; but according to the Spaniards ... they are merely a cruel, dastardly race of savages.' _Pagés' Travels_, vol. i., p. 107.

[778] _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 451; _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 253; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 34; _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 407.

[779] _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 418. 'Gonorrhoea and syphilis are not at all rare' among the Navajos. _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 290; _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 31.

[780] _Hardy's Trav._, p. 442-3. 'Los comanches la llaman Puip; y cuando uno de entre ellos está herido, mascan la raiz (que es muy larga) y esprimen el yugo y la saliva en la llaga.' _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 257; _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 290; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 118; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 156; _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 289; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 63; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 142; _Id._, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 118; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 335; _Neighbors_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 130; _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 193. The Apaches: 'Cuando se enferma alguno á quien no han podido hacer efecto favorable la aplicacion de las yerbas, único antidoto con que se curan, lo abandonan, sin mas diligencia ulterior que ponerle un monton de brasas á la cabecera y una poca de agua, sin saberse hasta hoy qué significa ésto ó con qué fin la hacen.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 280.

[781] _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 217; _Domenech_, _Jour._, pp. 13, 139; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 42, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 212; _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 240-1. Among the Comanches during the steam bath, 'the shamans, or medicine-men, who profess to have the power of communicating with the unseen world, and of propitiating the malevolence of evil spirits, are performing various incantations, accompanied by music on the outside.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 60; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 576; _Bristol_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 358. 'De aquí ha sucedido que algunos indios naturalmente astutos, se han convertido en adivinos, que han llegado á sostener como á sus oràculos. Estos mismos adivinos hacen de médicos, que por darse importancía á la aplicacion de ciertas yerbas, agregan porcion de ceremonias supersticiosas y ridiculas, con cánticos estraños, en que hablan á sus enfermos miles de embustes y patrañas.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 280.

[782] At the Colorado river they 'burned those which dyed.' _Alarchon_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 432; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 404; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 97; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 467; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 240-1. 'It is the custom of the Mojaves to burn their property when a relation dies to whose memory they wish to pay especial honor.' _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 69. 'Die Comanches tödteten früher das Lieblingsweib des gestorbenen Häuptlings.' _Müller_, _Amerikanische Urreligionen_, p. 88. 'No Navajo will ever occupy a lodge in which a person has died. The lodge is burned.' _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 213; _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 289. 'When a death occurs they (Yumas) move their villages, although sometimes only a short distance, but never occupying exactly the same locality.' _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 110.

[783] 'When a Comanche dies ... he is usually wrapped in his best blankets or robes, and interred with most of his "jewelry," and other articles of esteem.' _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., pp. 317, 243. 'Cuando muere algun indio, ... juntando sus deudos todas las alhajas de su peculio, se las ponen y de esta manera lo envuelven en una piel de cíbolo y lo llevan á enterrar.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 336; _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 347; _Wislizenus' Tour_, p. 69. The Comanches cover their tombs 'with grass and plants to keep them concealed.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 363; _Id._, _Jour._, p. 14. The Apaches: 'probably they bury their dead in caves; no graves are ever found that I ever heard of.' _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 212. See also _James' Exped._, vol. ii., p. 305. 'On the highest point of the hill, was a Comanche grave, marked by a pile of stones and some remnants of scanty clothing.' _Parker's Notes on Tex._, pp. 137, 151. The custom of the Mescalero Apaches 'heretofore has been to leave their dead unburied in some secluded spot.' _Curtis_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1871, p. 402; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 50; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p. 233; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 119.

[784] Among the Navajos 'Immediately after a death occurs a vessel containing water is placed near the dwelling of the deceased, where it remains over night; in the morning two naked Indians come to get the body for burial, with their hair falling over and upon their face and shoulders. When the ceremony is completed they retire to the water, wash, dress, do up their hair, and go about their usual avocations.' _Bristol_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 358. The Navajos 'all walked in solemn procession round it (the grave) singing their funeral songs. As they left it, every one left a present on the grave; some an arrow, others meat, moccasins, tobacco, war-feathers, and the like, all articles of value to them.' _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 119; _Revista Científica_, tom. i., p. 57. 'A los niños y niñas de pecho les llevan en una jicara la leche ordenada de sus pechos las mismas madres, y se las echan en la sepultura; y esto lo hacen por algunos dias continuos.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 543; _Neighbors_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 133; _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 280; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 100; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 304; _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 56. 'When a young warrior dies, they mourn a long time, but when an old person dies, they mourn but little, saying that they cannot live forever, and it was time they should go.' _Parker's Notes on Tex._, pp. 192, 236.

[785] _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 414-5; _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 250, 297.

[786] 'The quality of mercy is unknown among the Apaches.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 33-4, 193, 215-16, 227-8. 'Perfectly lawless, savage, and brave.' _Marcy's Rept._, p. 197. 'For the sake of the booty, also take life.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 202. 'Inclined to intemperance in strong drinks.' _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 211. 'Ferocísimos de condicion, de naturaleza sangrientos.' _Almanza_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 824. 'Sumamente vengativo.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 283. 'Alevoso y vengativo caracte ... rastutos ladrones, y sanguinarios.' _Bustamante_, in _Cavo_, _Tres Siglos_, tom. iii., p. 78. 'I have not seen a more intelligent, cheerful, and grateful tribe of Indians than the roving Apaches.' _Colyer_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1871, pp. 15, 47, 51; _García Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., pp. 314-15, 317; _Doc. Hist. N. Vizcaya, MS._, p. 4; _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 371; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., pp. 322, 326-7; _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 419; _Apostólicos Afanes_, p. 430; _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 83; _Turner_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1852, tom. cxxxv., pp. 307, 314; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., pp. 5, 6, 8; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 294; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 330, 361; _Bent_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 243; _Ward's Mexico_, vol. i., p. 580; _Mowry's Arizona_, pp. 31-2; _Pope_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. ii., p. 13; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 14, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 273; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., pp. 291, 295; _Hist. Chrétienne de la Cal._, p. 99; _Edward's Hist. Tex._, p. 95; _Peters' Life of Carson_, p. 323; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 187; _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 341; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 276; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., pp. 462-3; _Figuier's Hum. Race_, pp. 482, 484; _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 419; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. ii., p. 404; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 44; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 111; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., pp. 475-6, and _Cent. Amer._, p. 527; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 117; _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 99; _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 850; see further, _Ind. Aff. Repts._, from 1854 to 1872; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, pp. 116, 122.

[787] The Navajos: 'Hospitality exists among these Indians to a great extent.... Nor are these people cruel.... They are treacherous.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, pp. 292, 295. 'Brave, hardy, industrious.' _Colyer_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 89; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 40. 'Tricky and unreliable.' _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 56. The Mojaves: 'They are lazy, cruel, selfish; ... there is one good quality in them, the exactitude with which they fulfil an agreement.' _Ives' Colorado Riv._, pp. 20, 71-2; _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 211; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 329; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p. 234; _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 217-18; _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, p. 203; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 384.

[788] _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 124. 'Estos indios se aventajan en muchas circunstancias á los yumas y demas naciones del Rio Colorado; son menos molestos y nada ladrones.' _Garces_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., p. 273; also in _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 472; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 62.

[789] 'Grave and dignified ... implacable and unrelenting ... hospitable, and kind ... affectionate to each other ... jealous of their own freedom.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 25, 30-1, 34, 36-9, 41, 60. 'Alta estima hacen del valor estas razas nomadas.' _Museo Mex._, tom. ii., p. 34. 'Loin d'être cruels, ils-sont très-doux et très-fidèles dans leurs amitiés.' _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. ix., p. 191; _Payno_, in _Revista Científica_, tom. i., p. 57; _Escudero_, _Noticias de Chihuahua_, pp. 229-30; _Domenech_, _Jour._, pp. 13, 137, 469; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, tom. v., No. 96, p. 193; _Neighbors_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., pp. 132-3; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., pp. 293, 295; vol. ii., pp. 307, 313; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 273; _Shepard's Land of the Aztecs_, p. 182; _Pagés' Travels_, vol. i., p. 107; _Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex._, vol. ii., p. 308.

[790] 'Tiguex est situé vers le nord, à environ quarante lieues,' from Cíbola. _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 165. 'La province de Cibola contient sept villages; le plus grand se nomme Muzaque.' _Id._, p. 163. Of two provinces north of Tiguex, 'l'une se nommait Hemes, et renfermait sept villages; l'autre Yuque-Yunque.' _Id._, p. 138. 'Plus au nord (of Tiguex) est la province de Quirix ... et celle de Tutahaco.' _Id._, p. 168. From Cicuyé to Quivira, 'On compte sept autres villages.' _Id._, p. 179. 'Il existe aussi, d'après le rapport ... un autre royaume très-vaste, nommé villes, et la capitale. Acus sans aspiration est un royaume.' _Niza_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 271. 'The kingdome of Totonteac so much extolled by the Father prouinciall, ... the Indians say is a hotte lake, about which are five or sixe houses; and that there were certaine other, but that they are ruinated by warre. The kingdome of Marata is not to be found, neither haue the Indians any knowledge thereof. The kingdome of Acus is one onely small citie, where they gather cotton which is called Acucu, and I say that this is a towne. For Acus with an aspiration nor without, is no word of they countrey. And because I gesse that they would deriue Acucu of Acus, I say that it is this towne whereinto the kingdom of Acus is conuerted.' _Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 378; _Espeio_, in _Id._, pp. 386-394; _Mendoza_, _Lettre_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 296; _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 315; _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 100; _Escalante_, in _Id._, pp. 124-5; _Pike's Explor. Trav._, pp. 341-2; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 528-9; _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 220; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 197.

[791] _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, pp. 10-12, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, pp. 128-130; _Hezio_, _Noticia de las Misiones_, in _Meline's Two Thousand Miles_, pp. 208-9; _Chacon_, in _Id._, pp. 210-11; _Alencaster_, in _Id._, p. 212; _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 115; _Calhoun_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 633.

[792] _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 13, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. 'Los nombres de los pueblos del Moqui son, segun lengua de los Yavipais, Sesepaulabá, Masagneve, Janogualpa, Muqui, Concabe y Muca á quien los zuñís llaman Oraive, que es en el que estuve.' _Garces_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., p. 332; _Ruxton's Adven. Mex._, p. 195; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 127.

[793] Affirmations are abundant enough, but they have no foundation whatever in fact, and many are absurd on their face. 'Nous affirmons que les Indiens Pueblos et les anciens Mexicains sont issus d'une seule et même souche.' _Ruxton_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 44. 'These Indians claim, and are generally supposed, to have descended from the ancient Aztec race.' _Merriwether_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 174. 'They are the descendants of the ancient rulers of the country.' _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 114. 'They are the remains of a once powerful people.' _Walker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1872, p. 55; _Colyer_, in _Id._, 1869, p. 90. 'They (Moquis) are supposed by some to be descended from the band of Welsh, which Prince Madoc took with him on a voyage of discovery, in the twelfth century; and it is said that they weave peculiarly and in the same manner as the people of Wales.' _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 81. 'Il est assez singulier que les Moquis soient désignés par les trappers et les chasseurs américains, qui pènètrent dans leur pays ... sous le nom d'Indiens Welches.' _Ruxton_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 55. 'Moques, supposed to be vestiges of Aztecs.' _Amer. Quart. Register_, vol. i., p. 173; _Prichard's Researches_, vol. v., p. 431.

[794] 'Les hommes sont petits.' _Mendoza_, _Lettre_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 294. The Moquis are 'of medium size and indifferently proportioned, their features strongly marked and homely, with an expression generally bright and good-natured.' _Ives' Colorado Riv._, pp. 120-2, 123-7. The Keres 'sind hohen Wuchses.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 528; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 453; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 197; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p. 240; _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 301; _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 93; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 67-8; _Ruxton_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1850, tom. cxxvi., pp. 52-3; _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 342.

[795] 'The people are somewhat white.' _Niza_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 372. 'Much fairer in complexion than other tribes.' _Ruxton's Adven. Mex._, p. 195; _Kendall's Nar._, vol. i., p. 379; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 230; _Prichard's Researches_, vol. v., pp. 423, 431; _Walker_, in _S. F. Herald_, _Oct. 15, 1853_; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 41.

[796] 'Prettiest squaws I have yet seen.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 111. Good looking and symmetrical. _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 421-2.

[797] _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 81. 'Many of the inhabitants have white skin, fair hair, and blue eyes.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 210, vol. ii., p. 66; _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 220-1; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 285; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 456.

[798] 'A robust and well-formed race.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 90, 103. 'Well built, generally tall and bony.' _Walker's Pimas, MS._ The Maricopas 'sont de stature plus haute et plus athlétique que les Pijmos.' _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 290; see also _Emory_, in _Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav._, pp. 49, 50; _Id._, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. ii., p. 12; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 19; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. iii., p. 103; _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 196; _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 132; _Bigler's Early Days in Utah and Nevada, MS._; _Johnson's Hist. Arizona_, p. 11; _Brackett_, in _Western Monthly_, p. 169; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 448; _San Francisco Bulletin_, _July, 1860_.

[799] 'Las mujeres hermosas.' _Mange_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., pp. 298, 364. 'Rather too much inclined to embonpoint.' _Ives' Colorado Riv._, pp. 31, 33, 39; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 229.

[800] 'Ambos secsos ... no mal parecidos y muy melenudos.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, pp. 116, 161. 'Trigueños de color.' _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851. 'Die Masse, Dicke und Länge ihres Haupthaares grenzt an das Unglaubliche.' _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 455; _Id._, _Cent. Amer._, p. 513; _Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man_, vol. ii., p. 557; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, pp. 143-5, 149; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 180.

[801] 'Heads are uncovered.' _Ruxton's Adven. Mex._, p. 196. 'Los hombres visten, y calçan de cuero, y las mugeres, que se precian de largos cabellos, cubren sus cabeças y verguenças con lo mesmo.' _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 275. 'De kleeding bestond uit kotoene mantels, huiden tot broeken, genaeyt, schoenen en laerzen van goed leder.' _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, pp. 209, 217-18. The women 'having the calves of their legs wrapped or stuffed in such a manner as to give them a swelled appearance.' _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, pp. 14, 115; _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, pp. 297-8, 301, 303, 312-13; _Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., pp. 377, 380; _Espejo_, in _Id._, pp. 384-96; _Niza_, in _Id._, pp. 368, 370; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 457; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, pp. 30, 122, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., pp. 197, 203, vol. ii., pp. 213, 281; _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 73-88; _Wizlizenus' Tour_, p. 26; _Larenaudière_, _Mex. et Gaut._, p. 147; _Warden_, _Recherches_, p. 79; _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 99-100, 105-6; _Foster's Pre-Hist. Races_, p. 394; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 61-68, 76, 163, 173, 177; _Jaramillo_, in _Id._, pp. 369-371; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, pp. 119-127; _Ruxton_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 53; _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 220; _Abert_, in _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 471; _Mayer's Mex., Aztec, etc._, vol. ii., p. 359; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 217, 283; _Kendall's Nar._, vol. i., p. 379; _Revilla-Gigedo_, _Carta, MS._; _Alcedo_, _Diccionario_, tom. iv., p. 388; _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 479; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., pp. 248, 279-80; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., pp. 195, 239.

[802] Both sexes go bareheaded. 'The hair is worn long, and is done up in a great queue that falls down behind.' _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 147, 154-5, 421. The women 'trençan los cabellos, y rodeanse los à la cabeça, por sobre las orejas.' _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 273. 'Llevan las viejas el pelo hecho dos trenzas y las mozas un moño sobre cada oreja.' _Garces_, _Diario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., pp. 328-9; _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 220.

[803] 'Van vestidos estos indios con frazadas de algodon, que ellos fabrican, y otras de lana.' _Garces_, _Diario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., p. 235. Their dress is cotton of domestic manufacture. _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 132. 'Kunstreich dagegen sind die bunten Gürtel gewebt, mit denen die Mädchen ein Stück Zeug als Rock um die Hüften binden.' _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., pp. 440, 447; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 68; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 123; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 452, vol. ii., pp. 216-7, 219; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 104; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. iii., p. 103; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, pp. 31, 33; _Mowry's Arizona_, p. 30; _Mange_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., pp. 364-5; _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 116; _Briefe aus den Verein. Staat._, tom. ii., p. 322.

[804] 'Men never cut their hair.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 90. They plait and wind it round their heads in many ways; one of the most general forms a turban which they smear with wet earth. _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., pp. 454-6; _Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav._, p. 47; _Emory_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. ii., p. 9; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, pp. 143, 145, 149; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 107; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 296.

[805] _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 542. 'All of them paint, using no particular design; the men mostly with dark colors, the women, red and yellow.' _Walker's Pimas, MS._; _Johnson's Hist. Arizona_, p. 11. 'The women when they arrive at maturity, ... draw two lines with some blue-colored dye from each corner of the mouth to the chin.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 228.