Chapter II: Hyperboreans (4)

The _Magemutes_ live between the rivers Kishunak and Kipunaiak. 'Die Magmjuten oder Magagmjuten, zwischen den Flüssen Kiskunakh und Kipunajakh.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 5. 'These inhabit the vicinity of Cape Romanzoff and reach nearly to the Yukon-mouth.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 407. 'Magimuten, am Flusse Kyschunack.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 122. 'Im S des Norton Busens.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Sprache_, p. 766.

The _Kwichpagmutes_, or inhabitants of the large river, dwell upon the Kwichpak River, from the coast range to the Uallik. 'Die Kwichpagmjuten, haben ihre Ansiedelungen am Kwickpakh vom Küstengebirge an bis zum Nebenflusse Uallik.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 5. 'Kuwichpackmüten, am Flusse Kuwichpack.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 122. 'Tlagga Silla, or little dogs, nearer to the mouth of the Yukon, and probably conterminous with the Eskimo Kwichpak-meut.' _Latham's Nat. Races_, p. 293. On Whymper's map are the _Primoski_, near the delta of the Yukon.

The _Kwichluagmutes_ dwell upon the banks of the Kwichluak or Crooked River, an arm of the Kwichpak. 'Die Kwichljuagmjuten an den Ufern eines Mündungsarmes des Kwichpakh, der Kwichljuakh.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 5. 'Inhabit the Kwikhpak Slough.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 407.

The _Pashtoliks_ dwell upon the river Pashtolik. 'Die Paschtoligmjuten, an den Ufern des Pastolflusses.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 6. 'Paschtoligmüten, am Flusse Paschtol.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 122. Whymper places them immediately north of the delta of the Yukon.

The _Chnagmutes_ occupy the coast and islands south of the Unalaklik River to Pashtolik Bay. 'Die Tschnagmjuten, an den Ufern der Meerbusen Pastol und Schachtolik zwischen den Flüssen Pastol an Unalaklik.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 6. 'Den Tschnagmüten, gegen Norden von den Paschtuligmüten und gegen Westen bis zum Kap Rodney.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 122. 'Am. sdl. Norton-Busen.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Sprache_, p. 805.

The _Anlygmutes_ inhabit the shores of Golovnin Bay and the southern coast of the Kaviak peninsula. 'Die Anlygmjuten, an den Ufern der Bai Golownin nördlich vom Nortonsunde.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 6. 'Anlygmüten, an der Golowninschen Bai.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 122. 'Ndl. vom Norton-Sund.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Sprache_, p. 722.

The _Kaviaks_ inhabit the western portion of the Kaviak peninsula. 'Adjacent to Port Clarence and Behring Strait.' _Whymper's Alaska_, p. 167. 'Between Kotzebue and Norton Sounds.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 137.

The _Malemutes_ inhabit the coast at the mouth of the Unalaklik River, and northward along the shores of Norton Sound across the neck of the Kaviak Peninsula at Kotzebue Sound. 'Die Maleigmjuten bewohnen die Küste des Nortonsundes vom Flusse Unalaklik an und gehen durch das Innere des Landes hinauf bis zum Kotzebuesunde.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 6. 'From Norton Sound and Bay north of Shaktolik, and the neck of the Kaviak Peninsula to Selawik Lake.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 407. 'Den Malimüten, nahe an den Ufern des Golfes Schaktulack oder Schaktol.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 122. The Malemutes 'extend from the island of St. Michael to Golovin Sound.' _Whymper's Alaska_, p. 167. 'Ndl. am Norton-Busen bis zum Kotzebue Sund.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Sprache_, p. 766.

[Sidenote: THE ALEUTS.]

THE ALEUTS inhabit the islands of the Aleutian archipelago, and part of the peninsula of Alaska and the Island of Kadiak. They are divided into the _Atkahs_, who inhabit the western islands, and the _Unalaskans_ or eastern division. The tribal divisions inhabiting the various islands are as follows; namely, on the Alaskan peninsula, three tribes to which the Russians have given names--_Morshewskoje_, _Bjeljkowskoje_, and _Pawlowskoje_; on the island of Unga, the _Ugnasiks_; on the island of Unimak, the _Sesaguks_; the _Tigaldas_ on Tigalda Island; the _Avatanaks_ on Avatanak Island; on the Island of Akun, three tribes, which the Russians call _Arteljnowskoje_, _Rjätscheschnoje_, and _Seredkinskoje_; the _Akutans_ on the Akutan Island; the _Unalgas_ on the Unalga Island; the _Sidanaks_ on Spirkin Island; on the island of Unalashka, the _Ililluluk_, the _Nguyuk_, and seven tribes called by the Russians _Natykinskoje_, _Pestnjakow-swoje_, _Wesselowskoje_, _Makuschinskoja_, _Koschhiginskoje_, _Tuscon-skoje_, and _Kalechinskoje_; and on the island of Umnak the _Tuliks_. Latham, _Nat. Races_, p. 291, assigns them to the Aleutian Isles. 'Die Unalaschkaer oder Fuchs-Aleuten bewohnen die Gruppe der Fuchsinseln, den südwestlichen Theil der Halbinsel Aljaska, und die Inselgruppe Schumaginsk. Die Atchaer oder Andrejanowschen Aleuten bewohnen die Andrejanowschen, die Ratten, und die Nahen-Inseln der Aleuten-Kette.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, pp. 7, 8. Inhabit 'the islands between Alyaska and Kamschatka.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 4.

[Sidenote: THE THLINKEETS.]

THE THLINKEETS, or Kolosches, occupy the islands and shores between Copper River and the river Nass. 'Die eigentlichen Thlinkithen (Bewohner des Archipels von den Parallelen des Flusses Nass bis zum St. Elias-berge).' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 4. 'The Kalosh Indians seen at Sitka inhabit the coast between the Stekine and Chilcat Rivers.' _Whymper's Alaska_, p. 100. 'Kaloches et Kiganis. Côtes et îles de l'Amérique Russe.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. The 'Koloshians live upon the islands and coast from the latitude 50° 40´ to the mouth of the Atna or Copper River.' _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 562. 'From about 60° to 45° N. Lat., reaching therefore across the Russian frontier as far as the Columbia River.' _Müller's Chips_, vol. i., p. 334. 'At Sitka Bay and Norfolk Sound.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 96. 'Between Jacootat or Behring's Bay, to the 57th degree of north latitude.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 242. 'Die Völker eines grossen Theils der Nordwest-Küste von America.' _Vater_, _Mithridates_, vol. iii., pt. iii., p. 218. 'Les Koliugi habitent le pays montueux du Nouveau-Norfolk, et la partie septentrionale du Nouveau-Cornouaille.' _Humboldt_, _Pol._, tom. i., p. 349.

The _Ugalenzes_ or Ugalukmutes, the northernmost Thlinkeet tribe, inhabit the coast from both banks of the mouth of Copper River, nearly to Mount St Elias. 'About Mount Elias.' _Latham's Nat. Races_, p. 292. Adjacent to Behring Bay. _Prichard's Researches_, vol. v., p. 370. 'Die Ugalenzen, die im Winter eine Bucht des Festlandes, der kleinen Insel Kajak gegenüber, bewohnen, zum Sommer aber ihre Wohnungsplätze an dem rechten Ufer des Kupferflusses bei dessen Mündung aufschlagen.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 4. 'Das Vorgebirge St. Elias, kann als die Gränzscheide der Wohnsitze der See-Koloschen gegen Nordwest angesehen werden.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 96. 'Les Ugalachmiuti s'étendent depuis le golfe du Prince Guillaume, jusqu'à la baie de Jakutat.' _Humboldt_, _Pol._, tom. i., p. 348. 'Ugalenzen oder Ugaljachmjuten. An der russ. Küste ndwstl. vom St. Elias Berg.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Sprache_, p. 807. 'West of Cape St. Elias and near the island of Kadjak.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 194.

The _Yakutats_ 'occupy the coast from Mount Fairweather to Mount St. Elias.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 428. At 'Behring Bay.' _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 575.

The _Chilkat_ come next, and live on Lynn Canal and the Chilkat River. 'At Chilkaht Inlet.' 'At the head of Chatham Straits.' _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, pp. 535, 575. 'Am Lynn's-Canal, in russ. Nordamerika.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Sprache_, p. 736. 'On Lynn's Canal.' _Schoolcraft's Archives_, vol. v., p. 489. A little to the northward of the Stakine-Koan. _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 288.

The _Hoonids_ inhabit the eastern banks of Cross Sound. 'For a distance of sixty miles.' 'At Cross Sound reside the Whinegas.' 'The Hunnas or Hooneaks, who are scattered along the main land from Lynn Canal to Cape Spencer.' _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, pp. 535, 562, 575. The Huna Cow tribe is situated on Cross Sound. _Schoolcraft's Archives_, vol. v., p. 489.

The _Hoodsinoos_ 'live near the head of Chatham Strait.' 'On Admiralty Island.' 'Rat tribes on Kyro and Kespriano Islands.' _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, pp. 335, 562, 575. 'Hootsinoo at Hoodsinoo or Hood Bay.' _Schoolcraft's Archives_, vol. v., p. 489. 'Hoodsunhoo at Hood Bay.' _Gallatin_, in _Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact._, vol. ii., p. 302. 'Hoodsunhoo at Hood Bay.' 'Eclikimo in Chatham's Strait.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 175.

The _Takoos_ dwell 'at the head of Takoo Inlet on the Takoo River. The Sundowns and Takos who live on the mainland from Port Houghton to the Tako River.' _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, pp. 536, 562. Tako and Samdan, Tako River. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 489.

The _Auks Indians_ are at the mouth of the Takoo River and on Admiralty Island. 'North of entrance Tako River.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, p. 489. 'The Ark and Kake on Prince Frederick's Sound.' _Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact._, vol. ii., p. 302.

The _Kakas_ inhabit the shores of Frederick Sound and Kuprianoff Island. 'The Kakus, or Kakes, who live on Kuprinoff Island, having their principal settlement near the northwestern side.' _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 562. 'The Ark and Kake on Prince Frederick's Sound.' _Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact._, vol. ii., p. 302.

The _Sitkas_ occupy Baranoff Island. 'They are divided into tribes or clans, of which one is called Coquontans.' _Buschmann_, _Pima Spr. u. d. Spr. der Koloschen_, p. 377. 'The tribe of the Wolf are called Coquontans.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 242. 'The Sitka-Koan,' or the people of Sitka. 'This includes the inhabitants of Sitka Bay, near New Archangel, and the neighboring islands.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 412. Simpson calls the people of Sitka 'Sitkaguouays.' _Overland Jour._, vol. i., p. 226. 'The Sitkas or Indians on Baronoff Island.' _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, pp. 535, 562.

The _Stikeen Indians_ inhabit the country drained by the Stikeen River. 'Do not penetrate far into the interior.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 411. The Stikein tribe 'live at the top of Clarence's Straits, which run upwards of a hundred miles inland.' _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 288. 'At Stephens Passage.' 'The Stikeens who live on the Stackine River and the islands near its mouth.' _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 562. 'Stikeen Indians, Stikeen River, Sicknaahutty, Taeeteetan, Kaaskquatee, Kookatee, Naaneeaaghee, Talquatee, Kicksatee, Kaadgettee.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 489. The Secatquonays occupy the main land about the mouths of the Stikeen River, and also the neighboring islands. _Simpson's Overland Jour._, vol. i., p. 210.

The _Tungass_, 'live on Tongas Island, and on the north side of Portland Channel.' _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 562. Southern entrance Clarence Strait. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 489. The Tongarses or Tun Ghaase 'are a small tribe, inhabiting the S.E. corner of Prince of Wales's Archipelago.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 218. 'Tungass, an der sdlst. russ. Küste.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Sprache_, p. 806. 'Tunghase Indians of the south-eastern part of Prince of Wales's Archipelago.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 192. Tongas Indians, lat. 54° 46´ N. and long. 130° 35´ W. _Dall's Alaska_, p. 251.

[Sidenote: THE TINNEH.]

THE TINNEH occupy the vast interior north of the fifty-fifth parallel, and west from Hudson Bay, approaching the Arctic and Pacific Coasts to within from fifty to one hundred and fifty miles: at Prince William Sound, they even touch the seashore. Mackenzie, _Voy._, p. cxvii., gives boundaries upon the basis of which Gallatin, _Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact._, vol. ii., p. 9, draws a line from the Mississippi to within one hundred miles of the Pacific at 52° 30´, and allots them the northern interior to Eskimos lands. 'Extend across the continent.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 2. 'Von der nördlichen Hudsonsbai aus fast die ganze Breite des Continents durchläuft--im Norden und Nordwesten den 65ten Grad u. beinahe die Gestade des Polarmeers erreicht.' _Buschmann_, _Athapask. Sprachst._, p. 313. The Athabascan area touches Hudson's Bay on the one side, the Pacific on the other.' _Latham's Comp. Phil._, p. 388. 'Occupies the whole of the northern limits of North America, together with the Eskimos.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 14.

The _Chipewyans_, or Athabascas proper, Mackenzie, _Voy._, p. cxvi., places between N. latitude 60° and 65°, and W. longitude 100° and 110°. 'Between the Athabasca and Great Slave Lakes and Churchill River.' _Franklin's Nar._, vol. i., p. 241. 'Frequent the Elk and Slave Rivers, and the country westward to Hay River.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 5. The Northern Indians occupy the territory immediately north of Fort Churchill, on the Western shore of Hudson Bay. 'From the fifty-ninth to the sixty-eighth degree of North latitude, and from East to West is upward of five hundred miles wide.' _Hearne's Jour._, p. 326; _Martin's Brit. Col._, vol. iii., p. 524.

The _Copper Indians_ occupy the territory on both sides of the Coppermine River south of the Eskimo lands, which border on the ocean at the mouth of the river. They are called by the Athabascas _Tantsawhot-Dinneh_. _Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii., 76; _Gallatin_, in _Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact._, vol. ii., p. 19.

The _Horn Mountain Indians_ 'inhabit the country betwixt Great Bear Lake and the west end of Great Slave Lake.' _Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii., p. 82.

The _Beaver Indians_ 'inhabit the lower part of Peace River.' _Harmon's Jour._, p. 309. On Mackenzie's map they are situated between Slave and Martin Lakes. 'Between the Peace River and the West branch of the Mackenzie.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 6. Edchawtawhoot-dinneh, Strong-bow, Beaver or Thick-wood Indians, who frequent the Rivière aux Liards, or south branch of the Mackenzie River, _Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii., p. 85.

The _Thlingcha-dinneh_, or Dog-ribs, 'inhabit the country to the westward of the Copper Indians, as far as Mackenzie's River.' _Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii., p. 80. _Gallatin_, in _Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact._, vol. ii., p. 19. 'East from Martin Lake to the Coppermine River.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 3. 'At Fort Confidence, north of Great Bear Lake.' _Simpson's Nar._, p. 200. 'Between Martin's Lake and the Coppermine River.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 66.

The _Kawcho-dinneh_, or Hare Indians, are 'immediately to the northward of the Dog-ribs on the north side of Bear Lake River.' _Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii., p. 83. They 'inhabit the banks of the Mackenzie, from Slave Lake downwards.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 3. Between Bear Lake and Fort Good Hope, _Simpson's Nar._, p. 98. On Mackenzie River, below Great Slave Lake, extending towards the Great Bear Lake. _Gallatin_, in _Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact._, vol. ii., p. 19.

'To the eastward of the Dog-ribs are the Red-knives, named by their southern neighbors, the _Tantsaut-'dtinnè_ (Birch-rind people). They inhabit a stripe of country running northwards from Great Slave Lake, and in breadth from the Great Fish River to the Coppermine.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 4.

The _Ambawtawhoot Tinneh_, or Sheep Indians, 'inhabit the Rocky Mountains near the sources of the Dawhoot-dinneh River which flows into Mackenzie's.' _Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii., p. 84. Further down the Mackenzie, near the 65° parallel. _Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 7.

The _Sarsis_, _Circees_, _Ciriés_, _Sarsi_, _Sorsi_, _Sussees_, _Sursees_, or _Surcis_, 'live near the Rocky Mountains between the sources of the Athabasca and Saskatchewan Rivers; are said to be likewise of the Tinné stock.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 6. 'Near the sources of one of the branches of the Saskachawan.' _Gallatin_, in _Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact._, vol. ii., p. 19.

The _Tsillawdawhoot Tinneh_, or Brush-wood Indians, inhabit the upper branches of the Rivière aux Liards. _Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii., p. 87. On the River aux Liards (Poplar River), _Gallatin_, in _Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact._, vol. ii., p. 19.

The _Nagailer_, or Chin Indians, on Mackenzie's map, latitude 52° 30´ longitude 122° to 125°, 'inhabit the country about 52° 30´ N. L. to the southward of the Takalli, and thence extend south along Fraser's River towards the Straits of Fuca.' _Prichard's Researches_, vol. v., p. 427.

The _Slouacuss Tinneh_ on Mackenzie's are next north-west from the Nagailer. Vater places them at 52° 4´. 'Noch näher der Küste um den 52° 4´ wohnten die Slua-cuss-dinais d. i. Rothfisch-Männer.' _Vater_, _Mithridates_, vol. iii., pt. iii., p. 421. On the upper part of Frazers River. _Cox's Adven._, p. 323.

The _Rocky Mountain Indians_ are a small tribe situated to the south-west of the Sheep Indians. _Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii., p. 85. 'On the Unjigah or Peace River.' _Gallatin_, in _Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact._, vol. ii., p. 19. On the upper tributaries of Peace River. _Mackenzie's Voy._, p. 163.

The _Tacullies_, or Carriers, inhabit New Caledonia from latitude 52° 30´ to latitude 56°. 'A general name given to the native tribes of New-Caledonia.' _Morse's Report_, p. 371. 'All the natives of the Upper Fraser are called by the Hudson Bay Company, and indeed generally, "Porteurs," or Carriers.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 298. 'Tokalis, Le Nord de la Nouvelle Calédonie.' _Mofras, Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'Northern part of New Caledonia.' _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 33. 'On the sources of Fraser's River.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 178. 'Unter den Völkern des Tinné-Stammes, welche das Land westlich von den Rocky Mountains bewohnen, nehmen die Takuli (Wasservolk) oder Carriers den grössten Theil von Neu-Caledonien ein.' _Buschmann_, _Athapask. Sprachst._, p. 152. 'Greater part of New Caledonia.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 31. 'Latitude of Queen Charlotte's Island.' _Prichard's Researches_, vol. v., p. 427. 'From latitude 52° 30´, where it borders on the country of the Shoushaps, to latitude 56°, including Simpson's River.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 202. 'South of the Sicannis and Straits Lake.' _Harmon's Jour._, p. 196. They 'are divided into eleven clans, or minor tribes, whose names are--beginning at the south--as follows: the Tautin, or Talkotin; the Tsilkotin or Chilcotin; the Naskotin; the Thetliotin; the Tsatsnotin; the Nulaautin; the Ntshaautin; the Natliautin; the Nikozliautin; the Tatshiautin; and the Babine Indians.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 202. 'The principal tribes in the country north of the Columbia regions, are the Chilcotins and the Talcotins.' _Greenhow's Hist. Ogn._, p. 30. The Talcotins 'occupy the territory above Fort Alexandria on Frazer River.' _Hazlitt's B. C._, p. 79. 'Spend much of their time at Bellhoula, in the Bentinck Inlet.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 299. The Calkobins 'inhabit New Caledonia, west of the mountains.' _De Smet's Letters and Sketches_, p. 157. The Nateotetains inhabit the country lying directly west from Stuart Lake on either bank of the Nateotetain River. _Harmon's Jour._, p. 218. The Naskootains lie along Frazer River from Frazer Lake. _Id._, p. 245.

The _Sicannis_ dwell in the Rocky Mountains between the Beaver Indians on the east, and the Tacullies and Atnas on the west and south. _Id._, p. 190. They live east of the Tacullies in the Rocky Mountain. _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 202. 'On the Rocky Mountains near the Rapid Indians and West of them.' _Morse's Report_, p. 371.

The _Kutchins_ are a large nation, extending from the Mackenzie River westward along the Yukon Valley to near the mouth of the river, with the Eskimos on one side and the Koltshanes on the other. Buschmann, _Spuren der Aztek. Sprache_, p. 713, places them on the sixty-fifth parallel of latitude, and from 130° to 150° of longitude west from Greenwich. 'Das Volk wohnt am Flusse Yukon oder Kwichpak und über ihm; es dehnt sich nach Richardson's Karte auf dem 65ten Parallelkreise aus vom 130-150° W. L. v. Gr., und gehört daher zur Hälfte dem britischen und zur Hälfte dem russischen Nordamerika an.' They are located 'immediately to the northward of the Hare Indians on both banks of Mackenzie's River.' _Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii., p. 83. Gallatin, _Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact._, vol. ii., p. 83, places their northern boundary in latitude 67° 27´. To the west of the Mackenzie the Loucheux interpose between the Esquimaux 'and the Tinné, and spread westward until they come into the neighborhood of the coast tribes of Beering's Sea.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. i., p. 377. 'The Kutchin may be said to inhabit the territory extending from the Mackenzie, at the mouth of Peel's River, lat. 68°, long. 134°, to Norton's sound, living principally upon the banks of the Youcon and Porcupine Rivers, though several of the tribes are situated far inland, many days' journey from either river.' _Jones_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1866, p. 320. 'They commence somewhere about the 65th degree of north latitude, and stretch westward from the Mackenzie to Behring's straits.' 'They are divided into many petty tribes, each having its own chief, as the Tatlit-Kutchin (Peel River Indians), Ta-Kuth-Kutchin (Lapiene's House Indians), Kutch-a-Kutchin (Youcan Indians), Touchon-ta-Kutchin (Wooded-country Indians), and many others.' _Kirby_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1864, pp. 417, 418.

The Degothi-Kutchin, or Loucheux, Quarrellers, inhabit the west bank of the Mackenzie between the Hare Indians and Eskimos. The Loucheux are on the Mackenzie between the Arctic circle and the sea. _Simpson's Nar._, p. 103.

The Vanta-Kutchin occupy 'the banks of the Porcupine, and the country to the north of it.' 'Vanta-kutshi (people of the lakes), I only find that they belong to the Porcupine River.' _Latham's Nat. Races_, p. 294. They 'inhabit the territory north of the head-waters of the Porcupine, somewhat below Lapierre's House.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 430.

The Natche-Kutchin, or Gens de Large, dwell to the 'north of the Porcupine River.' 'These extend on the north bank to the mouth of the Porcupine.' _Dall's Alaska_, pp. 109, 430.

'Neyetse-Kutshi, (people of the open country), I only find that they belong to the Porcupine river.' _Latham's Nat. Races_, p. 294. Whymper's map calls them Rat Indians.

'The Na-tsik-Kut-chin inhabit the high ridge of land between the Yukon and the Arctic Sea.' _Hardisty_, in _Dall's Alaska_, p. 197.

The Kukuth-Kutchin 'occupy the country south of the head-waters of the Porcupine.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 430.

The Tutchone Kutchin, Gens de Foux, or crow people, dwell upon both sides of the Yukon about Fort Selkirk, above the Han Kutchin. _Id._, pp. 109, 429.

'Tathzey-Kutshi, or people of the ramparts, the Gens du Fou of the French Canadians, are spread from the upper parts of the Peel and Porcupine Rivers, within the British territory, to the river of the Mountain-men, in the Russian. The upper Yukon is therefore their occupancy. They fall into four bands: _a_, the Tratsè-kutshi, or people of the fork of the river; _b_, the Kutsha-kutshi; _c_, the Zèkà-thaka (Ziunka-kutshi), people on this side, (or middle people); and, _d_, the Tanna-kutshi, or people of the bluffs.' _Latham's Nat. Races_, p. 293.

The Han-Kutchin, An-Kutchin Gens de Bois, or wood people, inhabit the Yukon above Porcupine River. _Whymper's Alaska_, p. 254. They are found on the Yukon next below the Crows, and above Fort Yukon. _Dall's Alaska_, p. 109. 'Han-Kutchi residing at the sources of the Yukon.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. i., p. 396.

'The Artez-Kutshi, or the tough (hard) people. The sixty-second parallel cuts through their country; so that they lie between the head-waters of the Yukon and the Pacific.' _Latham's Nat. Races_, p. 293. See also _Richardson's Jour._, vol. i., p. 397.

The Kutcha-Kutchins, or Kot-à-Kutchin, 'are found in the country near the junction of the Porcupine and the Yukon.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 431.

The Tenan-Kutchin, or Tananahs, Gens de Buttes, or people of the mountains, occupy an unexplored domain south-west of Fort Yukon. Their country is drained by the Tananah River. _Dall's Alaska_, p. 108. They are placed on Whymper's map about twenty miles south of the Yukon, in longitude 151° west from Greenwich. On Whymper's map are placed: the Birch Indians, or Gens de Bouleau on the south bank of the Yukon at its junction with Porcupine River; the Gens de Milieu, on the north bank of the Yukon, in longitude 150°; the Nuclukayettes on both banks in longitude 152°; and the Newicarguts, on the south bank between longitude 153° and 155°.

The _Kenais_ occupy the peninsula of Kenai and the surrounding country. _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 562. 'An den Ufern und den Umgebungen von Cook's Inlet und um die Seen Iliamna und Kisshick.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 103.

The Unakatana Yunakakhotanas, live 'on the Yukon between Koyukuk and Nuklukahyet.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 53.

'Junakachotana, ein Stamm, welcher auf dem Flusse Jun-a-ka wohnt.' _Sagoskin_, in _Denkschr. der russ. geo. Gesell._, p. 324. 'Die Junnakachotana, am Flusse Jukchana oder Junna (so wird der obere Lauf des Kwichpakh genannt) zwischen den Nebenflüssen Nulato und Junnaka, so wie am untern Laufe des letztgenannten Flusses.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 6.

'Die Junnachotana bewohnen den obern Lauf des Jukchana oder Junna von der Mündung des Junnaka.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 6.

'Die Jugelnuten haben ihre Ansiedelungen am Kwichpakh, am Tschageljuk und an der Mündung des Innoka. Die Inkalichljuaten, am obern Laufe des Innoka. Die Thljegonchotana am Flusse Thljegon, der nach der Vereinigung mit dem Tatschegno den Innoka bildet.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, pp. 6, 7. 'They extend virtually from the confluence of the Co-Yukuk River to Nuchukayette at the junction of the Tanana with the Yukon.' 'They also inhabit the banks of the Co-yukuk and other interior rivers.' _Whymper's Alaska_, p. 204.

The _Ingaliks_ inhabit the Yukon from Nulato south to below the Anvic River. See _Whymper's Map_. 'The tribe extends from the edge of the wooded district near the sea to and across the Yukon below Nulato, on the Yukon and its affluents to the head of the delta, and across the portage to the Kuskoquim River and its branches.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 28. 'Die Inkiliken, am untern Laufe des Junna südlich von Nulato.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 6. 'An dem ganzen Ittege wohnt der Stamm der Inkiliken, welcher zu dem Volk der Ttynai gehört.' _Sagoskin_, in _Denkschr. der russ. geo. Gesell._, p. 341. 'An den Flüssen Kwichpack, Kuskokwim und anderen ihnen zuströmenden Flüssen.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 120. 'The Ingaliks living on the north side of the Yukon between it and the Kaiyuh Mountains (known as Takaitsky to the Russians), bear the name of Kaiyuhkatana or "lowland people," and the other branches of Ingaliks have similar names, while preserving their general tribal name.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 53. On Whymper's map they are called T'kitskes and are situated east of the Yukon in latitude 64° north.

The _Koltschanes_ occupy the territory inland between the sources of the Kuskoquim and Copper Rivers. 'They extend as far inland as the watershed between the Copper-river and the Yukon.' _Latham's Nat. Races_, p. 292. 'Die Galzanen oder Koltschanen (d. h. Fremdlinge, in der Sprache der Athnaer) bewohnen das Innere des Landes zwischen den Quellflüssen des Kuskokwim bis zu den nördlichen Zuflüssen des Athna oder Kupferstromes.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 7. 'Diejenigen Stämme, welche die nördlichen und östlichen, dem Atna zuströmenden Flüsse und Flüsschen bewohnen, eben so die noch weiter, jenseits der Gebirge lebenden, werden von den Atnaern Koltschanen, d. h. Fremdlinge, genannt.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 101. 'North of the river Atna.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 96.

The Nehannes occupy the territory midway between Mount St. Elias and the Mackenzie River, from Fort Selkirk and the Stakine River. 'According to Mr. Isbister, range the country between the Russian settlements on the Stikine River and the Rocky Mountains.' _Latham's Nat. Races_, p. 295. The Nohhannies live 'upon the upper branches of the Rivière aux Liards.' _Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii., p. 87. They 'inhabit the angle between that branch and the great bend of the trunk of the river, and are neighbours of the Beaver Indians.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 6. The region which includes the Lewis, or Tahco, and Pelly Rivers, with the valley of the Chilkaht River, is occupied by tribes known to the Hudson Bay voyageurs as Nehannees. Those on the Pelly and Macmillan rivers call themselves Affats-tena. Some of them near Liard's River call themselves Daho-tena or Acheto-tena, and others are called Sicannees by the voyageurs. Those near Francis Lake are known as Mauvais Monde, or Slavé Indians. About Fort Selkirk they have been called Gens des Foux.

The _Kenai_ proper, or Kenai-tena, or Thnaina, inhabit the peninsula of Kenai, the shores of Cook Inlet, and thence westerly across the Chigmit Mountains, nearly to the Kuskoquim River. They 'inhabit the country near Cook's Inlet, and both shores of the Inlet as far south as Chugachik Bay.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 430. 'Die eigentlichen Thnaina bewohnen die Halbinsel Kenai und ziehen sich von da westlich über das Tschigmit-Gebirge zum Mantaschtano oder Tchalchukh, einem südlichen Nebenflusse des Kuskokwim.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 7. 'Dieses--an den Ufern und den Umgebungen von Cook's Inlet und um die Seen Iliamna und Kisshick lebende Volk gehört zu dem selben Stamme wie die Galzanen oder Koltschanen, Atnaer, und Koloschen.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 103. 'Les _Kenayzi_ habitent la côte occidentale de l'entrée de Cook ou du golfe Kenayskaja.' _Humboldt_, _Pol._, tom. i., p. 348. 'The Indians of Cook's Inlet and adjacent waters are called "Kanisky." They are settled along the shore of the inlet and on the east shore of the peninsula.' 'East of Cook's Inlet, in Prince William's Sound, there are but few Indians, they are called "Nuchusk."' _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 575.

The _Atnas_ occupy the Atna or Copper River from near its mouth to near its source. 'At the mouth of the Copper River.' _Latham's Comp. Phil._, vol. viii., p. 392. 'Die Athnaer, am Athna oder Kupferflusse.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 7. 'On the upper part of the Atna or Copper River are a little-known tribe of the above name [viz., Ah-tena]. They have been called Atnaer and Kolshina by the Russians, and Yellow Knife or Nehaunee by the English.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 429. 'Diese kleine, jetzt ungefähr aus 60 Familien bestehende, Völkerschaft wohnt an den Ufern des Flusses Atna und nennt sich Atnaer.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 97.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Of late, custom gives to the main land of Russian America, the name _Alaska_; to the peninsula, _Aliaska_; and to a large island of the Aleutian Archipelago, _Unalashka_. The word of which the present name Alaska is a corruption, is first encountered in the narrative of Betsevin, who, in 1761, wintered on the peninsula, supposing it to be an island. The author of _Neue Nachrichten von denen neuentdekten Insuln_, writes, page 53, 'womit man nach der abgelegensten Insul _Aläksu_ oder _Alachschak_ über gieng.' Again, at page 57, in giving a description of the animals on the supposed island he calls it 'auf der Insul _Aläsku_.' 'This,' says Coxe, _Russian Discoveries_, p. 72, 'is probably the same island which is laid down in Krenitzin's chart under the name of _Alaxa_.' _Unalaschka_ is given by the author of _Neue Nachrichten_, p. 74, in his narrative of the voyage of Drusinin, who hunted on that island in 1763. At page 115 he again mentions the 'grosse Insul _Aläksu_.' On page 125, in Glottoff's log-book, 1764, is the entry: 'Den 28sten May der Wind Ostsüdost; man kam an die Insul _Alaska_ oder _Aläksu_.' Still following the author of _Neue Nachrichten_, we have on page 166, in an account of the voyages of Otseredin and Popoff, who hunted upon the Aleutian Islands in 1769, mention of a report by the natives 'that beyond Unimak is said to be a large land _Aläschka_, the extent of which the islanders do not know.' On Cook's Atlas, voyage 1778, the peninsula is called _Alaska_, and the island _Oonalaska_, La Pérouse, in his atlas, map No. 15, 1786, calls the peninsula _Alaska_, and the island _Ounalaska_. The Spaniards, in the _Atlas para el Viage de las goletas Sutil y Mexicana_, 1792, write _Alasca_ for the peninsula, and for the island _Unalaska_. Sauer, in his account of Billings' expedition, 1790, calls the main land _Alaska_, the peninsula _Alyaska_, and the island _Oonalashka_. Wrangell, in _Baer's Statistische und ethnographische Nachrichten_, p. 123, writes for the peninsula _Alaska_ and for the island _Unalaschka_. Holmberg, _Ethnographische Skizzen_, p. 78, calls the island _Unalaschka_ and the peninsula _Aljaska_. Dall, _Alaska_, p. 529, says that the peninsula or main land was called by the natives _Alayeksa_, and the island _Nagun-alayeksa_, 'or the land near Alayeksa.' Thus we have, from which to choose, the orthography of the earliest voyagers to this coast--Russian, English, French, Spanish, German, and American. The simple word _Alaksu_, after undergoing many contortions, some authors writing it differently on different pages of the same book, has at length become _Alaska_, as applied to the main land; _Aliaska_ for the peninsula, and _Unalashka_ as the name of the island. As these names are all corruptions from some one original word, whatever that may be, I see no reason for giving the error three different forms. I therefore write Alaska for the mainland and peninsula and Unalaska for the island.

[2] The name is said, by Charlevoix 'to be derived from the language of the Abenaqui, a tribe of Algonquins in Canada, who border upon them and call them "Esquimantsic."' 'L'origine de leur nom n'est pas certain. Toutefois il y a bien de l'apparence qu'il vient du mot Abenaqui, _esquimantsic_ qui veut dire "mangeur de viande cruë."' See _Prichard's Physical History of Mankind_, vol. v., pp. 367, 373. 'French writers call them Eskimaux.' 'English authors, in adopting this term, have most generally written it "Esquimaux," but Dr. Latham, and other recent ethnologists, write it "Eskimos," after the Danish orthography.' _Richardson's Polar Regions_, p. 298. 'Probably of Canadian origin, and the word, which in French orthography is written Esquimaux, was probably originally _Ceux qui miaux_ (_miaulent_).' _Richardson's Journal_, vol. i., p. 340. 'Said to be a corruption of _Eskimantik_, _i. e._ raw-fish-eaters, a nickname given them by their former neighbors, the Mohicans.' _Seemann's Voyage of the Herald_, vol. ii., p. 49. Eskimo is derived from a word indicating sorcerer or Shamán. 'The northern Tinneh use the word _Uskeemi_.' _Dall's Alaska_, pp. 144, 531. 'Their own national designation is "Keralit."' _Morton's Crania Americana_, p. 52. They 'call themselves "Innuit," which signifies "man."' _Armstrong's Narrative_, p. 191.

[3] It is not without reluctance that I change a word from the commonly accepted orthography. Names of places, though originating in error, when once established, it is better to leave unchanged. Indian names, coming to us through Russian, German, French, or Spanish writers, should be presented in English by such letters as will best produce the original Indian pronunciation. European personal names, however, no matter how long, nor how commonly they may have been erroneously used, should be immediately corrected. Every man who can spell is supposed to be able to give the correct orthography of his own name, and his spelling should in every instance be followed, when it can be ascertained. Veit Bering, anglicè Vitus Behring, was of a Danish family, several members of which were well known in literature before his own time. In Danish writings, as well as among the biographies of Russian admirals, where may be found a fac-simile of his autograph, the name is spelled _Bering_. It is so given by Humboldt, and by the _Dictionnaire de la Conversation_. The author of the _Neue Nachrichten von denen neuentdekten Insuln_, one of the oldest printed works on Russian discoveries in America; as well as Müller, who was the companion of Bering for many years; and Buschmann,--all write _Bering_. Baer remarks: 'Ich schreibe ferner Bering, obgleich es jetzt fast allgemein geworden ist, Behring zu schreiben, und auch die Engländer und Franzosen sich der letztern Schreibart bequemt haben. Bering war ein Däne und seine Familie war lange vor ihm in der Literatur-Geschichte bekannt. Sie hat ihren Namen auf die von mir angenommene Weise drucken lassen. Derselben Schreibart bediente sich auch der Historiograph Müller, der längere Zeit unter seinen Befehlen gedient hatte, und Pallas.' _Statistische und ethnographische Nachrichten_, p. 328. There is no doubt that the famous navigator wrote his name _Bering_, and that the letter 'h' was subsequently inserted to give the Danish sound to the letter 'e.' To accomplish the same purpose, perhaps, Coxe, Langsdorff, Beechey, and others write _Beering_.

[4] 'Die Kadjacker im Gegentheil nähern sich mehr den Amerikanischen Stämmen und gleichen in ihrem Aeussern gar nicht den Eskimos oder den Asiatischen Völkern, wahrscheinlich haben sie durch die Vermischung mit den Stämmen Amerika's ihre ursprüngliche Asiatische äussere Gestalt und Gesichtsbildung verloren und nur die Sprache beibehalten.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn. Nachr._, p. 124. 'Ils ressemblent beaucoup aux indigènes des îles Curiles, dépendantes du Japon.' _Laplace_, _Circumnavigation de l'Artémise_, vol. vi., p. 45.

[5] 'The tribes crowded together on the shores of Beering's Sea within a comparatively small extent of coast-line, exhibit a greater variety, both in personal appearance and dialect, than that which exists between the Western Eskimos and their distant countrymen in Labrador; and ethnologists have found some difficulty in classifying them properly.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. i., p. 363.

[6] For authorities, see TRIBAL BOUNDARIES, at the end of this chapter.

[7] _Collinson_, in _London Geographical Society Journal_, vol. xxv., p. 201.

[8] 'Im nordwestlichsten Theile von Amerika fand Franklin den Boden, Mitte August, schon in einer Tiefe von 16 Zoll gefroren. Richardson sah an einem östlicheren Punkte der Küste, in 71° 12´ Breite, die Eisschicht im Julius aufgethaut bis 3 Fuss unter der krautbedeckten Oberfläche.' _Humboldt_, _Kosmos_, tom. iv., p. 47.

[9] _Silliman's Journal_, vol. xvi., p. 130. _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 13. _Armstrong's Nar._, p. 289.

[10] 'Characteristic of the Arctic regions.' _Silliman's Jour._, vol. xvi., p. 143.

[11] At Kotzebue Sound, in July, Choris writes: 'Le sol était émaillé de fleurs de couleurs variées, dans tous les endroits où la neige venait de fondre.' _Voyage Pittoresque_, pt. ii., p. 8.

[12] 'In der Einöde der Inseln von Neu-Sibirien finden grosse Heerden von Rennthieren und zahllose Lemminge noch hinlängliche Nahrung.' _Humboldt_, _Kosmos_, vol. iv., p. 42.

[13] 'Thermometer rises as high as 61° Fahr. With a sun shining throughout the twenty-four hours the growth of plants is rapid in the extreme.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 15.

[14] 'During the period of incubation of the aquatic birds, every hole and projecting crag on the sides of this rock is occupied by them. Its shores resound with the chorus of thousands of the feathery tribe.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 349.

[15] 'Their complexion, if divested of its usual covering of dirt, can hardly be called dark.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 51. 'In comparison with other Americans, of a white complexion.' _McCulloh's Aboriginal History of America_, p. 20. 'White Complexion, not Copper coloured.' _Dobbs' Hudson's Bay_, p. 50. 'Almost as white as Europeans.' _Kalm's Travels_, vol. ii., p. 263. 'Not darker than that of a Portuguese.' _Lyon's Journal_, p. 224. 'Scarcely a shade darker than a deep brunette.' _Parry's 3rd Voyage_, p. 493. 'Their complexion is light.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 381. 'Eye-witnesses agree in their superior lightness of complexion over the Chinooks.' _Pickering's Races of Man_, _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 28. At Coppermine River they are 'of a dirty copper color; some of the women, however, are more fair and ruddy.' _Hearne's Travels_, p. 166. 'Considerably fairer than the Indian tribes.' _Simpson's Nar._, p. 110. At Cape Bathurst 'The complexion is swarthy, chiefly, I think, from exposure and the accumulation of dirt.' _Armstrong's Nar._, p. 192. 'Shew little of the copper-colour of the Red Indians.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 303. 'From exposure to weather they become dark after manhood.' _Richardson's Nar._, vol. i., p. 343.

[16] 'Both sexes are well proportioned, stout, muscular, and active.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 50. 'A stout, well-looking people.' _Simpson's Nar._, pp. 110, 114. 'Below the mean of the Caucasian race.' _Dr. Hayes_, in _Historic. Magazine_, vol. i., p. 6. 'They are thick set, have a decided tendency to obesity, and are seldom more than five feet in height.' _Figuier's Human Race_, p. 211. At Kotzebue Sound, 'tallest man was five feet nine inches; tallest woman, five feet four inches.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 360. 'Average height was five feet four and a half inches.' At the mouth of the Mackenzie they are of 'middle stature, strong and muscular.' _Armstrong's Nar._, pp. 149, 192. 'Low, broad-set, not well made, nor strong.' _Hearne's Trav._, p. 166. 'The men were in general stout.' _Franklin's Nar._, vol. i., p. 29. 'Of a middle size, robust make, and healthy appearance.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., p. 209. 'Men vary in height from about five feet to five feet ten inches.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 304. 'Women were generally short.' 'Their figure inclines to squat.' _Hooper's Tuski_, p. 224.

[17] 'Tous les individus qui appartiennent à la famille des Eskimaux, se distinguent par la petitesse de leurs pieds et de leurs mains, et la grosseur énorme de leurs têtes.' _De Pauw_, _Recherches Phil._, tom. i., p. 262. 'The hands and feet are delicately small and well formed.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 304. 'Small and beautifully made.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 50. At Point Barrow, 'their hands, notwithstanding the great amount of manual labour to which they are subject, were beautifully small and well-formed, a description equally applicable to their feet.' _Armstrong's Nar._, p. 101.

[18] 'The head is of good size, rather flat superiorly, but very fully developed posteriorly, evidencing a preponderance of the animal passions; the forehead was, for the most part, low and receding; in a few it was somewhat vertical, but narrow.' _Armstrong's Nar._, p. 193. Their cranial characteristics 'are the strongly developed coronary ridge, the obliquity of the zygoma, and its greater capacity compared with the Indian cranium. The former is essentially pyramidal, while the latter more nearly approaches a cubic shape.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 376. 'Greatest breadth of the face is just below the eyes, the forehead tapers upwards, ending narrowly, but not acutely, and in like manner the chin is a blunt cone.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 302. Dr Gall, whose observations on the same skulls presented him for phrenological observation are published by M. Louis Choris, thus comments upon the head of a female Eskimo from Kotzebue Sound: 'L'organe de l'instinct de la propagation se trouve extrêmement développé pour une tête de femme.' He finds the musical and intellectual organs poorly developed; while vanity and love of children are well displayed. 'En général,' sagely concluded the doctor, 'cette tête femme présentait une organization aussi heureuse que celle de la plupart des femmes d'Europe.' _Voy. Pitt._, pt. ii., p. 16.

[19] 'Large fat round faces, high cheek bones, small hazel eyes, eyebrows slanting like the Chinese, and wide mouths.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 345. 'Broad, flat faces, high cheekbones.' _Dr Hayes_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. i., p. 6. Their 'teeth are regular, but, from the nature of their food, and from their practice of preparing hides by chewing, are worn down almost to the gums at an early age.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 51. At Hudson Strait, broad, flat, pleasing face; small and generally sore eyes; given to bleeding at the nose. _Franklin's Nar._, vol. i., p. 29. 'Small eyes and very high cheek bones.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., p. 209. 'La face platte, la bouche ronde, le nez petit sans être écrasé, le blanc de l'oeil jaunâtre, l'iris noir et peu brillant.' _De Pauw_, _Recherches Phil._, tom. i., p. 262. They have 'small, wild-looking eyes, large and very foul teeth, the hair generally black, but sometimes fair, and always in extreme disorder.' _Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 467. 'As contrasted with the other native American races, their eyes are remarkable, being narrow and more or less oblique.' _Richardson's Nar._, vol. i., p. 343. Expression of face intelligent and good-natured. Both sexes have mostly round, flat faces, with Mongolian cast. _Hooper's Tuski_, p. 223.

[20] 'Allowed to hang down in a club to the shoulder.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 305. Hair cut 'close round the crown of the head, and thereby, leaving a bushy ring round the lower part of it.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 345. 'Their hair is straight, black, and coarse.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 51. A fierce expression characterized them on the Mackenzie River, which 'was increased by the long disheveled hair flowing about their shoulders.' _Armstrong's Nar._, p. 149. At Kotzebue Sound 'their hair was done up in large plaits on each side of the head.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 360. At Camden Bay, lofty top-knots; at Point Barrow, none. At Coppermine River the hair is worn short, unshaven on the crown, and bound with strips of deer-skin. _Simpson's Nar._, pp. 121, 157. Some of the men have bare crowns, but the majority wear the hair flowing naturally. The women cut the hair short in front, level with the eyebrows. At Humphrey Point it is twisted with some false hair into two immense bows on the back of the head. _Hooper's Tuski_, p. 225. 'Their hair hangs down long, but is cut quite short on the crown of the head.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., p. 210. Hair cut like 'that of a Capuchin friar.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 51.

[21] Crantz says the Greenlanders root it out. 'The old men had a few gray hairs on their chins, but the young ones, though grown up, were beardless.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 332. 'The possession of a beard is very rare, but a slight moustache is not infrequent.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 51. 'As the men grow old, they have more hair on the face than Red Indians.' _Richardson's Nar._, vol. i., p. 343. 'Generally an absence of beard and whiskers.' _Armstrong's Nar._, p. 193. 'Beard is universally wanting.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., p. 252. 'The young men have little beard, but some of the old ones have a tolerable shew of long gray hairs on the upper lip and chin.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 303. 'All have beards.' _Bell's Geography_, vol. v., p. 294. Kirby affirms that in Alaska 'many of them have a profusion of whiskers and beard.' _Smithsonian Report_, 1864, p. 416.

[22] 'The lip is perforated for the labret as the boy approaches manhood, and is considered an important era in his life.' _Armstrong's Nar._, p. 194. 'Some wore but one, others one on each side of the mouth.' _Hooper's Tuski_, p. 224. 'Lip ornaments, with the males, appear to correspond with the tattooing of the chins of the females.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 384.

[23] 'The women tattoo their faces in blue lines produced by making stitches with a fine needle and thread, smeared with lampblack.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 305. Between Kotzebue Sound and Icy Cape, 'all the women were tattooed upon the chin with three small lines.' They blacken 'the edges of the eyelids with plumbago, rubbed up with a little saliva upon a piece of slate.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 360. At Point Barrow, the women have on the chin 'a vertical line about half an inch broad in the centre, extending from the lip, with a parallel but narrower one on either side of it, a little apart. Some had two vertical lines protruding from either angle of the mouth; which is a mark of their high position in the tribe.' _Armstrong's Nar._, pp. 101, 149. On Bering Isle, men as well as women tattoo. 'Plusieurs hommes avaient le visage tatoué.' _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, pt. ii., p. 5.

[24] 'Give a particularly disgusting look when the bones are taken out, as the saliva continually runs over the chin.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., p. 227. At Camden, labrets were made of large blue beads, glued to pieces of ivory. None worn at Coppermine River. _Simpson's Nar._, pp. 119, 347. 'Many of them also transfix the septum of the nose with a dentalium shell or ivory needle.' _Richardson's Nar._, vol. i., p. 355.

[25] 'These natives almost universally use a very unpleasant liquid for cleansing purposes. They tan and soften the seal-skin used for boot-soles with it.' _Whymper's Alaska_, p. 161. 'Females occasionally wash their hair and faces with their own urine, the odour of which is agreeable to both sexes, and they are well accustomed to it, as this liquor is kept in tubs in the porches of their huts for use in dressing the deer and seal skins.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 304. 'Show much skill in the preparation of whale, seal, and deer-skins.' _Richardson's Nar._, vol. i., p. 357. They have a great antipathy to water. 'Occasionally they wash their bodies with a certain animal fluid, but even this process is seldom gone through.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 62.

[26] 'During the summer, when on whaling or sealing excursions, a coat of the gut of the whale, and boots of seal or walrus hide, are used as water-proof coverings.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 53. At Point Barrow they wear 'Kamleikas or water-proof shirts, made of the entrails of seals.' _Simpson's Nar._, p. 156. Women wear close-fitting breeches of seal-skin. _Hooper's Tuski_, p. 224. 'They are on the whole as good as the best oil-skins in England.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 340.

[27] The dress of the two sexes is much alike, the outer shirt or jacket having a pointed skirt before and behind, those of the female being merely a little longer. 'Pretty much the same for both sexes.' _Figuier's Human Race_, p. 214.

[28] 'They have besides this a jacket made of eider drakes' skins sewed together, which, put on underneath their other dress, is a tolerable protection against a distant arrow, and is worn in times of hostility.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 340. Messrs Dease and Simpson found those of Point Barrow 'well clothed in seal and reindeer skins.' _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. viii., p. 221. 'The finest dresses are made of the skins of unborn deer.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 306. 'The half-developed skin of a fawn that has never lived, obtained by driving the doe till her offspring is prematurely born.' _Whymper's Alaska_, p. 160. Eskimo women pay much regard to their toilet. _Richardson's Nar._, vol. i., p. 355.

[29] Their dress consists of two suits. _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 52. 'Reindeer skin--the fur next the body.' _Armstrong's Nar._, p. 149. 'Two women, dressed like men, looked frightfully with their tattooed faces.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., p. 191. Seal-skin jackets, bear-skin trowsers, and white-fox skin caps, is the male costume at Hudson Strait. The female dress is the same, with the addition of a hood for carrying children. _Franklin's Nar._, vol. i., p. 29. At Camden Bay, reindeer-skin jackets and water-proof boots. _Simpson's Nar._, p. 119. At Coppermine River, 'women's boots which are not stiffened out with whalebone, and the tails of their jackets are not over one foot long.' _Hearne's Travels_, p. 166. Deer-skin, hair outside, ornamented with white fur. _Kirby_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1864, p. 416. The indoor dress of the eastern Eskimo is of reindeer-skin, with the fur inside. 'When they go out, another entire suit with the fur outside is put over all, and a pair of watertight sealskin moccasins, with similar mittens for their hands.' _Silliman's Journal_, vol. xvi., p. 146. The frock at Coppermine River has a tail something like a dress-coat. _Simpson's Nar._, p. 350.

[30] 'Some of them are even half-naked, as a summer heat, even of 10° is insupportable to them.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., p. 205.

[31] 'Down to the frozen subsoil.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 310. 'Some are wholly above ground, others have their roof scarcely raised above it.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 301.

[32] 'Formed of stakes placed upright in the ground about six feet high, either circular or oval in form, from which others inclined so as to form a sloping roof.' _Armstrong's Nar._, p. 149. 'Half underground, with the entrance more or less so.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 13. 'They are more than half underground,' and are 'about twenty feet square and eight feet deep.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 57.

[33] 'The whole building is covered with earth to the thickness of a foot or more, and in a few years it becomes overgrown with grass, looking from a short distance like a small tumulus.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 310.

[34] A smaller drift-wood house is sometimes built with a side-door. 'Light and air are admitted by a low door at one end.' _Richardson's Nar._, vol. i., p. 245.

[35] 'The fire in the centre is never lit merely for the sake of warmth, as the lamps are sufficient for that purpose.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 58. 'They have no fire-places; but a stone placed in the centre serves for a support to the lamp, by which the little cooking that is required is performed.' _Richardson's Nar._, vol. i., p. 348.

[36] 'On trouva plusieurs huttes construites en bois, moitié dans la terre, moitié en dehors.' _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, pt. ii., p. 6. At Beaufort Bay are wooden huts. _Simpson's Nar._, p. 177. At Toker Point, 'built of drift-wood and sods of turf or mud.' _Hooper's Tuski_, p. 343. At Cape Krusenstern the houses 'appeared like little round hills, with fences of whale-bone.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., p. 237. 'They construct yourts or winter residences upon those parts of the shore which are adapted to their convenience, such as the mouths of rivers, the entrances of inlets, or jutting points of land, but always upon low ground.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 300.

[37] 'I was surprised at the vast quantity of driftwood accumulated on its shore, several acres being thickly covered with it, and many pieces at least sixty feet in length.' _Armstrong's Nar._, p. 104.

[38] 'Eastern Esquimaux never seem to think of fire as a means of imparting warmth.' _Simpson's Nar._, p. 346.

[39] Their houses are 'moveable tents, constructed of poles and skins.' _Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 469. 'Neither wind nor watertight.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 361. At Cape Smythe, Hooper saw seven Eskimo tents of seal skin. _Tuski_, p. 216. 'We entered a small tent of morse-skins, made in the form of a canoe.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., p. 226. At Coppermine River their tents in summer are of deer-skin with the hair on, and circular. _Hearne's Travels_, p. 167. At St Lawrence Island, Kotzebue saw no settled dwellings, 'only several small tents built of the ribs of whales, and covered with the skin of the morse.' _Voyage_, vol. i., pp. 190-191.

[40] 'In parallelograms, and so adjusted as to form a rotunda, with an arched roof.' _Silliman's Jour._, vol. xvi., p. 146. _Parry's Voy._, vol. v., p. 200. _Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii., p. 44.

[41] 'These houses are durable, the wind has little effect on them, and they resist the thaw until the sun acquires very considerable power.' _Richardson's Nar._, vol. i., p. 350.