Chapter C: APUS. Pileus sessile, resupinate

=spodoleucus=, B. & Br. P. 4-5 mm. shell-shaped, resupinate, sessile, grey, slightly pulverulent; gills few, white.

[=recubans=, Q. P. hemisph. sulcate, white; g. white; s. capillary, villose, brown.

LACTARIUS, Fr.

* _Milk yellow, acrid._

[=resimus=, Fr. P. fleshy, umbil. then infundib. even, glabrous, viscid, white or pallid, edge incurved and tomentose then spreading and naked; g. decur. white; s. stout, hollow, villose; milk soon sulphur colour; sp. 8-10 x 6-7.

=scrobiculatus=, Scop. P. 10-20 cm. yellowish, depr. zoneless, incurved margin fibrillose; g. decur. whitish; s. 4-8 cm. stout, yellow, pitted; milk soon sulphur yellow; sp. subgl. echin. 7-8. (10-12 x 8-9 Sacc.)

=chrysorrheus=, Fr. P. 4-6 cm. umbil. then infundib. pale yellowish flesh colour, zoned; g. yellowish; s. white, 3-4 cm.; milk white then golden yellow; sp. 6-7.

=intermedius=, Kromb. P. 10-14 cm. infundib. viscid, ochraceous, incurved margin tomentose at first; g. decur.; s. 3-5 cm. stout, yellowish, pitted; milk soon yellowish; sp. ----.

Differs from _L. scrobiculatus_ in infundibiliform pileus.

=theiogalus=, Bull. P. 3-6 cm. depr. viscid, tawny rufous; g. pale rufescent; s. 3-5 cm. colour of p.; milk white then sulphur yellow, becoming acrid; sp. 7-8.

Agrees with _L. chrysorrheus_ in yellow milk, but differs in tawny rufous stem.

** _Milk violet._

+ _Milk acrid._

=aspideus=, Fr. Dingy straw colour. P. 5-9 cm. zoneless, convex then depr. at first with white down; g. narrow, thickish; s. 5-7 cm. glabrous, dry; milk white soon becoming lilac; sp. echin. 8-10.

Differs from _L. uvidus_ in narrow gills.

=uvidus=, Fr. P. 3-7 cm. thin, depr. zoneless, dingy tan; g. broad, white; s. 5-8 cm. viscid, pallid; milk white soon lilac; sp. 9-10. (5-6 Sacc.)

[=flavidus=, Boud. P. exp. viscid pale primrose yellow; g. whitish; s. solid, white with yellow tinge; milk white then deep violet; sp. 6-7.

++ _Milk sweet._

[=violascens=, Fr. P. depr. glabrous, grey with darker zones; g. white; s. solid, greyish white; milk violet.

*** _Milk reddish, saffron, or brownish._

+ _Milk acrid._

=deliciosus=, Fr. P. 7-12 cm. convex, umbil. dusky orange, zoned; g. subdecurrent, orange; s. 3-6 cm. smooth; milk saffron red; sp. 9-10 x 7-8. Every part becoming red then greenish when bruised; sp. 7-10. Edible.

[=flammeolus=, Fr. P. subumb. not zoned, flame coloured; g. adnate, yellow; s. hollow, pale orange; milk reddish, slowly acrid.

Differs from _L. mitissimus_ in red milk.

=acris=, Fr. P. 6-7 cm. soon infundib. viscid, sooty grey; g. pale yellow; s. often excentric, pallid, narrowed below; milk white then reddish; sp. 8-9 x 6-8.

=fuliginosus=, Fr. P. 4-9 cm. soon depr. obtuse, even, at first with sooty-brown powder, then naked and greyish tan; g. adnate, white then tan; s. 6-8 cm. stuffed, naked, greyish tan; milk and flesh white then reddish-yellow; sp. 8-9.

Distinguished from allies by pileus not being velvety.

[=fuscus=, Roll. Caespitose, scented. P. exp. and slightly depr. round the umb. edge grooved, fibrillose or squamulose, sooty grey or dingy violet, often zoned; g. forked, pallid then ochre; s. firm ochre or tinged red, pruinose.

[=argematus=, Fr. White. P. thin, exp. glabrous, edge even; g. adnate, crowded; s. stuffed, short, glabrous; milk slowly acrid, white then rufescent.

++ _Milk mild._

=retisporus=, Mass. P. 5-8 cm. depr. smoky brown, velvety, radially rugulose, minutely velvety; g. deeply sinuate, pale ochre; s. 3-5 cm. glabrous, paler than p.; milk white then brown; sp. globose, 10-11, with a raised network.

Close to _L. ligniotus_, differing especially in the spores.

[=sangifluus=, Fr. P. depr. even, not zoned, blood-red; s. narrowed upwards, paler; g. thin, white; milk blood-red; sp. 10.

**** _Milk becoming grey._

=vietus=, Fr. P. 3-5 cm. subumb. then plane and umbil. flesh colour, pale and silky when dry; g. subdecurrent; 4-6 cm. soon hollow, livid; milk white then grey, becoming acrid; sp. 7-8.

[=musteus=, Fr. P. convex then depr. zoneless, very viscid when moist, gilvous then pallid; g. closely crowded, whitish; s. short, whitish; milk scanty, slightly acrid, whitish then grey, as is the flesh when cut; sp. 6-9.

***** _Milk becoming glaucous-green._

=glaucescens=, Crossl. P. 4-6 cm. whitish, depressed, flesh thick; g. adnate, narrow, pallid; s. 2.5-3 long by 1.25 thick, whitish; milk white then glaucous-green; sp. echinulate, 6-7.

****** _Milk persistently white._

+ _Milk mild._

# _Gills rufescent or yellowish._

=volemus=, Fr. P. 6-10 cm. rigid, depr. obtuse, dry, glabrous, golden tawny at length minutely broken up; g. decur. crowded, yellowish; s. 5-9 cm. solid, stout, coloured like p. pruinose; milk white; sp. 5-6. Edible.

=ichoratus=, Batsch. P. 6-10 cm. thin, depr. even, glabrous, wavy, tawny, zoned; g. adnate, white then ochre; s. 3-7 cm. glabrous, tawny; milk white; sp. 8-10 x 6-7.

Differs from _L. volemus_ in zoned p. and in being altogether more slender. _L. tithymalinus_ differs in acrid milk and pinkish gills.

=mitissimus=, Fr. P. 2.6 cm. depr. papillate, dry, even, zoneless, deep orange, shining; g. crowded, paler than p.; s. 3-6 cm. hollow, orange; milk white; sp. 6-8 x 5-6.

Differs from _L. subdulcis_ in bright orange, shining p., and copious milk.

=quietus=, Fr. Smell oily. P. 5-8 cm. depr. viscid at first, reddish cinnamon, pale and rather silky when dry; g. paler than p.; s. 5-8 cm. colour of p. glabrous; milk white; sp. 8-10 x 6-7.

=serifluus=, Fr. P. 2-5 cm. plane then depr. rather wavy, glabrous, not zoned, tawny brown, margin incurved; g. crowded, yellowish; s. 2-4 cm. slightly incurved, paler than p. solid; milk scanty, watery; sp. 7-8.

Differs from _L. subdulcis_ in solid stem.

=camphoratus=, Fr. Smell strong, pleasant. P. 3-5 cm. thin, depr. dry, glabrous, reddish-brown, slightly zoned, rather wavy; g. adnate, reddish-yellow; s. 2-3 cm. subundulate, colour of p.; milk white; sp. 8-9.

Smell strong and fragrant, especially when dry.

_L. cimicarius_ has a very strong smell when quite fresh, but none when dry.

=subumbonatus=, Lindgr. P. 2-3 cm. thin, depr. subumb. rugose, punctate, wavy, dusky cinnamon, flesh grey then yellowish; g. adnate, pinkish rufous; s. 2-3 cm. stuffed, rufescent; milk watery, whitish; sp. 5-6. (9, Sacc.)

Smell foetid when dry.

=tomentosus=, Otto. P. 5-7 cm. umb. then depr. or infundib. downy, dingy flesh colour or brownish; g. tinged reddish-yellow; s. 4-5 cm. soon hollow, pallid, naked, smooth; milk white; sp. 8-9.

=helvus=, Fr. P. 5-9 cm. fragile, plane, subumb. pale brick red, broken up into floccose squamules; g. decurrent, soon ochraceous; s. 5-8 cm. brick red, pruinosely pubescent; milk scanty, white, rather sweet; sp. 8-9.

_L. tomentosus_ differs in the naked stem.

=squalidus=, Kromb. P. 2-5 cm. umbil. pale greyish olive or lurid; g. narrow, yellowish; s. 4-5 cm. solid, equal, glabrous, pale brown; milk whitish; sp. 6-10.

About size of _L. pyrogalus_, but gills narrow and milk mild.

=ligniotus=, Fr. P. 4-7 cm. exp. umb. plicato-rugulose, pruinosely velvety, sooty umber; g. adnate, snow-white then tinged ochre; s. 6-12 cm. colour of p., apex constricted and plicate; milk white; sp. echinulate, 9-10.

Known by rugulose pileus and mild milk.

## _Gills pallid._

=pallidus=, Fr. P. 6-10 cm. umbil. viscid, pale ochraceous tan, zoneless; g. crowded, pallid, pruinose; s. 3-5 cm. pallid tan, soon hollow; milk white; sp. 9-10 x 7-8.

=cremor=, Fr. P. 3-5 cm. soon plane, minutely punctate, tawny, margin striate; g. adnate, pallid; s. 3-4 cm. hollow, coloured like p.; milk whitish, watery; sp. 9-10.

var. _pauper_, Karst. P. 7 cm. margin sulcate; milk none; sp. 10.

[=rubrocinctus=, Fr. P. plane, tawny then paler; g. adnate, pallid; s. pallid with a pale red zone at the apex; milk scanty, white.

++ _Milk acrid._

# _Gills whitish or pallid._

=vellereus=, Fr. White. P. 9-18 cm. umbil. tomentose, zoneless; g. decurrent, distant; s. solid, pubescent, 5-8 cm.; milk scanty, white; sp. 8 x 6.

=piperatus=, Fr. White. P. 7-18 cm. thick, firm, umbil. then infundib. edge erect, glabrous, even; g. decur. crowded, narrow, forked; s. 3-4 cm. stout, smooth, solid; milk copious, white, acrid; sp. 8-9.

=pergamenus=, Fr. White. P. 5-8 cm. plane then depr. wavy, rugulose; g. adnate, very narrow, horizontal, tinged straw colour; s. glabrous, discoloured, 7-10 cm.; milk white; sp. 8 x 6.

Differs from _L. piperatus_ in crowded narrow gills, longer stem, and thinner pileus.

=Scoticus=, B. and Br. Pallid white, smell pungent. P. 2.4 cm. soon plane, tomentose then smooth except incurved margin; g. thin, rather broad; s. 2-3 cm. solid, tinged pink; milk white; sp. 7-8.

=involutus=, Soppitt. White. P. 2-4 cm. plane or depr. incurved edge silky; g. subdecurrent, very narrow, densely crowded; s. 2-2.5 cm. glabrous, solid; milk white; sp. elliptical, 5 x 3.

Differs from _L. scoticus_ and all known species in the smooth, elliptical spores.

=torminosus=, Schaeff. P. 6-9 cm. obt. depr. slightly zoned, margin strongly involute and shaggy, tinged flesh colour or ochre; g. subdecur. pale; s. 5-8 cm. paler than p.; milk white; sp. echin. 9-10 x 7-8.

Differs from _L. cilicioides_ in zoned pileus and white milk.

=cilicioides=, Fr. P. 5-9 cm. soft, not zoned, exp. and depr. margin fibrillose, pale flesh colour with rufous tinge; g. decur. somewhat branched; s. 5-8 cm. stuffed, even, silky, not spotted, pallid; milk white or faintly tinged yellow; sp. 8 x 6-7, echinulate.

=pubescens=, Fr. P. 5-8 cm. thin, exp. umbil. zoneless, whitish, margin pubescent; g. crowded, tinged pink; s. 2-4 cm. pinkish then pale, narrowed downwards; milk white; sp. echin. 7-8.

Differs from _L. torminosus_ and _L. cilicioides_ in the margin being only downy.

=insulsus=, Fr. P. 6-9 cm. soon infundib. viscid, slightly zoned, yellowish or reddish, margin naked; g. forked, pallid; s. 3-4 cm. stuffed then hollow, pallid; milk white; sp. echin. 10 x 8.

_L. zonarius_ differs in the solid stem.

=hysginus=, Fr. P. 6-10 cm. rigid, umbil. viscid, thin margin incurved, reddish flesh colour; g. crowded; s. 5-9 cm. stuffed then hollow; milk white; sp. 10 x 7-8.

[=luridus=, Fr. P. fleshy, almost plane, even, viscid, slightly zoned, rufous-grey, edge bent down; g. decur. whitish; milk white, acrid; s. hollow, pallid; sp. 8 x 6.

=zonarius=, Fr. P. 5-9 cm. compact, viscid, pale orange or yellowish, zoned; g. whitish; s. 5-8 cm. solid, yellowish; milk white; sp. 9-10 x 8.

=circellatus=, Fr. P. 5-9 cm. soon plane, wavy, viscid, brownish, zones and umbilicate disc darker; g. crowded, whitish; s. solid, narrowed below, pallid; milk white; sp. 7-8.

_L. flexuosus_ differs in yellow gills.

=trivialis=, Fr. 9-18 cm. depr. viscid, zoneless, pale yellowish or pinky tan, margin incurved; g. crowded, white; s. 3-8 cm. paler than p., hollow; milk white; sp. 9-10.

=turpis=, Fr. P. 6-14 cm. rigid, depr. zoneless, viscid, olive-umber, margin at first with yellow down; g. thin, pallid; s. 3-6 cm. viscid, olive, narrowed at base; milk white; sp. echin. 6-8.

Differs from _L. blennius_ in absence of circles of spots on pileus.

=umbrinus=, Pers. P. 5-8 cm. plane, umbil. wavy, dry, floccose, umber, not zoned; g. crowded, pallid; s. solid, very short, 2 cm. greyish white; milk white, forming grey spots; sp. 8-9.

=blennius=, Fr. P. 7-12 cm. depr. glutinous, dingy olive grey, often concentrically spotted, margin at first incurved; g. crowded; s. 3-5 cm. viscid, coloured like pileus; milk white; sp. 7-8 x 6.

[=lividus=, Lamb. P. convex then plane or depr. not distinctly zoned, pale livid, centre fuscescent, viscid (?); g. subdecur. pale livid, crowded; s. livid, solid, curved; milk white, acrid.

[=impolitus=, Fr. P. convex then depr. subumb. dry, silky, not zoned, becoming pale; g. adnate, crowded, pallid; s. glabrous but not polished, reddish white; milk white, acrid.

## _Gills rufescent or yellowish._

=rufus=, Scop. P. 6-9 cm. umb. depr. flocculose then glabrous, zoneless, rufous bay, shining; g. yellowish rufous; s. 5-8 cm. rufescent; milk white; sp. 7-9.

[=decipiens=, Q. P. moist then puberulent, reddish flesh-colour; g. narrow, tinged flesh-colour; s. slender, paler than p., milk very acrid; sp. 8-9.

[=maliodorus=, Boud. Smell unpleasant. P. infundib. dry, rather viscid when moist, tawny ochre or tawny brick-red, zones formed of darker spots, edge glabrous; g. subdecur. pallid then like p.; s. short, rugose; flesh tawny, milk white, acrid.

Differs from _L. quietus_ in brighter colour and acrid milk.

=capsicum=, Schulz. P. 3-6 cm. obtuse, deep chestnut colour, margin strongly incurved; g. tawny; s. white with tawny fibrils; milk white; sp. 6-7.

[=tithymalinus=, Fr. P. umb. then convex, depr. dry, even, glabrous, not zoned, yellow, disc rufescent; g. adnate, crowded, yellowish then flesh-colour; s. glabrous, colour of p.; milk white, acrid.

=subdulcis=, Fr. P. 3-6 cm. thin, at length depr. papillate, even, glabrous, zoneless, bay or rufous cinnamon, not turning pale; g. adnate, paler than p.; s. 3-5 cm. soon hollow, equal, rufescent, slightly pruinose; milk white, sweet at first then very slightly acrid; sp. 9-10.

var. _concavus_, Fr. P. rufous bay; g. reddish, pruinose; mild.

var. _sphagneti_, Fr. P. shining, margin crenate; s. hollow, glabrous.

=Terrei=, B. and Br. Caespitose. P. 1-2 cm. wrinkled, depr. bay; g. decur. pallid; s. thickened at base, hollow, with orange down; smell sweet.

[=rubescens=, Bres. P. convexo-plane then depr. rarely subumb. polished, dry, edge at first incurved and white-pruinose, pinkish brick-red then paler; g. crowded, pallid then pinkish-rufescent, subdecur.; s. colour of p.; milk white, sparingly acrid; sp. 7-8.

=cimicarius=, Batsch. Smell unpleasant, oily. P. 2-4 cm. depr. or infund. wavy, dark bay brown; g. reddish ochre, subdecur.; s. 2-3 cm. paler than p.; milk white; sp. 7-8.

Smell strong, said to resemble bugs.

=obnubilus=, Lasch. P. 2-3 cm. thin, convex, umbil. sooty brown, slightly striate; g. rather crowded, yellowish; s. 3-4 cm. stuffed, slender, paler than p.; milk white; sp. 8-9.

var. _crenatus_, Mass. P. 3-5 cm. sooty brown, coarsely sulcate, margin crenate.

=flexuosus=, Fr. P. 7-12 cm. dry, depr. wavy, lead colour or with lilac tinge, becoming squamulose; g. thick, distant, yellow; s. 5-8 cm. stout, solid, greyish; milk white; sp. 6-8.

var. _roseozonatus_, Fr. P. rose colour, zones darker.

Differs from _L. blennius_ in yellow gills.

=plumbeus=, Fr. P. 8-14 cm. convex then infundib. dry, dull, sooty then blackish brown; g. crowded, tinged yellow; s. solid, equal, stout; milk white, acrid; sp. 6-8 x 4-6.

[=capsicoides=, Fr. P. compact, convex-incurved, wavy, dry, glabrous, not zoned, flesh-colour; g. broad, crowded, whitish; s. solid, short, thick.

Differs from _L. flexuosus_ in broad, crowded, white g.

[=jecorinus=, Fr. P. convex then plano-depr. rugulose with elevated ridges, zoneless, viscid, reddish liver-colour; g. distant, yellow; s. hollow, pallid; milk white, acrid; sp. 10.

[=crampylus=, Fr. P. convex, umbil. everywhere rugulosely tomentose, zoneless, sooty red, edge downy; g. yellow; s. greyish; milk white, acrid.

=pannucius=, Fr. P. plano-discoid, zoneless, glabrous, brick-red, edge white-tomentose at first; g. yellow; s. elongated; milk white, acrid.

[=fluens=, Boud. P. convex, viscid, blackish olive, centre scarcely zoned, edge pale; g. adnate, ochre with grey tinge later; s. solid, rather viscid greyish ochre, brown when bruised like gills; milk acrid, white then brownish.

Differs from _L. blennius_ in larger size, tufted habit, convex p. and darker colour.

=fascinans=, Fr. P. convex then depr. viscid, brownish brick-red, zoneless, edge downy white at first; g. thickish, yellowish; s. hollow, pallid; milk white.

=cyathicula=, Fr. P. 3-5 cm. plane, umb. brick-red then pale, broken up, opaque; g. decurrent, crowded, yellowish; s. 4-5 cm. pallid; milk white; sp. 6-8.

=glyciosmus=, Fr. Strong scented. P. 3-7 cm. soon exp. umb. squamulose, greyish or brownish, opaque; g. soon pale ochre; s. 2-3 cm. pubescent, pallid; milk white; sp. 6-10.

var. _flexuosus_, Fr. P. wavy, somewhat zoned.

=pyrogalus=, Bull. P. 5-8 cm. exp. depr. livid grey; g. thin, ochraceous; s. 3-4 cm. hollow, pallid; milk white; sp. 7-10.

_L. flexuosus_ differs in larger size, thick gills, and squamulose dark pileus.

=utilis=, Weinm. P. 10-20 cm. exp. then infund. glabrous, tan; g. adnate; s. 5-8 cm. hollow, even, coloured like p.; milk white; sp. 7-9 x 5-6.

=mammosus=, Fr. P. 4-6 cm. acutely umb. then depr. zoneless, dry, greyish brown or lurid, covered with grey down; g. adnate, pale rusty; s. 5-7 cm. stuffed then hollow, pallid, downy; milk white, slowly acrid; sp. 8-9.

=aurantiacus=, Fr. P. 3-5 cm. depr. even, zoneless, slightly viscid dull orange; g. decurrent, ochre; s. 6-7 cm. coloured like p.; milk white, becoming acrid; sp. 9-10.

_L. volemus_ differs in pruinose stem, and _L. mitissimus_ in mild milk.

[=Porinae=, Roll. P. very firm, rugose, glabrous, viscid, orange yellow, generally with red zones, convex then plane, at length infundib. irreg. subumb. edge even incurved; g. yellow then ochre, crowded; s. ochre, rooting; milk white, scanty, rather acrid; sp. 7.5.

=picinus=, Fr. P. 5-7 cm. convex then plane, umb. brownish umber, at first villosely velvety then disc almost glabrous; g. adnate, much crowded, ochre; s. 4-7 cm. even, glabrous, paler; milk white; sp. 9-10. (5-6 Sacc.)

Velvety p. and acrid milk mark this species.

=spinulosus=, Q. P. 2-3 cm. depr. umbo acute, flesh colour or rosy, with minute erect spines towards margin; g. decur. flesh colour with yellow tinge; s. 2-3 cm. flexuous, rugulose, paler than p.; milk white; sp. 8.

var. _violaceus_, Cke. P. rosy violet; s. almost smooth.

=lilacinus=, Lasch. P. 2-5 cm. depr. papillate, rosy-lilac, floccose when dry; g. adnate, tinged pink; s. 2-3 cm. pallid with a white bloom; milk white; sp. 7-10.

=lateritioroseus=, Karst. P. plano-depr. often subinfundib. and irreg. granulose or squamulose especially near the edge, zoneless or nearly so, pale brick-red with rosy tinge; g. decur. pinkish; s. solid, colour of p., apex with white meal; milk scanty, white, acrid; sp. 9-10 x 8-9.

Differs from _Lact. lilacinus_ in decur. g. and pileus not floccose.

=controversus=, Pers. P. 7-12 cm. umbil. then infundib. whitish with red spots or zones; g. closely crowded, soon with flesh-coloured tint; s. 3-5 cm. white; milk white; sp. echin. 6-8.

[=viridis=, Fr. P. depr. wavy, dry, green; g. white tinged rufous; s. hollow, stout, base narrowed; milk white; sp. 8.5 x 6.

[=tabidus=, Fr. P. submembranaceous, acutely umb., reddish then pale, edge striate when moist; s. subfistulose, pallid; g. flaccid, pallid; milk; sp. 8 x 4-5.

Recognised by very thin, acutely umbonate p.; owing to absence of description of milk, position uncertain.

[=rutaceus=, Lasch. P. subdepr. almost glabrous, opaque, reddish-fawn; g. subdecur. crowded, narrow, yellowish clay-colour.

Smell like _Ruta graveolens_, taste bitter and of camphor.

_Stem excentric or lateral; growing on wood._

[=lateripes=, Fr. P. white tinged rosy, subdimidiate; g. crowded, pallid; s. lateral; milk white, rather acrid.

[=hometi=, Gill. P. lateral, fleshy, convex, pale yellowish ochre, edge irreg. flesh white then violet; g. slightly decur. narrowed at both ends, pallid, spotted violet; s. lateral, stout, colour of p.

=minimus=, W. G. Sm. P. 1 cm. convex, subumb. excentric, pallid tan; g. subdecur. pallid; s. 1 cm. solid, coloured like p.; milk abundant, white; sp. 3-4.

=obliquus=, Fr. Smell strong. P. 3-4 cm. thin, depr. oblique, lobed, zoned greyish, silky; g. crowded; s. subexcentric, curved; milk white; sp. 5-6.

HYGROPHORUS, Fr.