Chapter II: Schizophyllae

Margin of gills split open.

=Trogia=. Gills resembling folds or wrinkles, edge grooved. (In the only European species the edge of gills not grooved.)

=Schizophyllum=. Margin of gills split, the split portions rolling outwards.

ABBREVIATIONS USED.

Cm. = centimetres; compr. = compressed; decur. = decurrent; depr. = depressed; exp. = expanded; g. = gills; hygr. = hygrophanous; infundib. = infundibuliform; mm. = millimetres; p. = pileus; s. = stem; sp. = spores; umb. = umbonate; umbil. = umbilicate.

The measurement given of the stem is that of its average length; that of the pileus, its average breadth when expanded. The measurement of the spores is given in micro-millimetres, usually indicated by the Greek letter mu.

AMANITA, Fries.

* _Margin of volva free, persistent._

+ _Pileus red or deep orange._

[=caesarea=, Scop. P. hemispherical then exp. orange or red, edge striate, flesh yellowish; g. yellow; s. stout, yellow, ring and volva lax; sp. 8-10 x 6. Edible.

++ _Pileus white, sometimes tinged yellow or green._

=virosa=, Fr. Entirely white. P. 8-11 cm. conical, then expanded; viscid when moist; g. free, crowded; s. 10-12 cm. slightly thinner upwards, squamulose, ring near apex, torn, volva large, lax; sp. subglobose, 8-10. Poisonous.

=phalloides=, Fr. P. 7-10 cm. viscid, obtuse, white, tinted yellow or greenish; g. free, white; s. 7-10 cm. white, tapering upwards, bulbous, ring large, volva large, margin irreg. free; sp. subglobose, 7-8. Poisonous.

=mappa=, Fr. Smell strong. P. 6-9 cm. convex then expanded, dry, white or yellowish, usually with patches of the volva; g. adnexed, white; s. 5-8 cm. white, bulbous, ring torn, volva without a large, free margin; sp. subglobose, 7-9. Poisonous.

Differs from _A. phalloides_ in shorter equal stem.

[=ovoidea=, Bull. White. P. silky, margin incurved, even; s. squamulose.

[=coccola=, Scop. White; margin of p. incurved, sulcate; s. villose; sp. 11-12 x 8.

[=lepiotoides=, Barla. At first entirely closed in brown volva. P. exp. edge striate, squamulose, whitish, cuticle broken into greyish tawny areolae or scales; g. broad, whitish, brownish when bruised; s. yellowish-white, squamulose, ring thin, fugacious.

+++ _Pileus yellow, sometimes tinged red._

[=junquillea=, Q. P. pale orange or lemon yellow, viscid, deeply striate; g. adnexed; s. and fugacious ring yellowish-white, base ovoid-bulbous, volva circumscissile.

[=vernalis=, Gillet. P. exp. pale dingy yellow with tinge of red, with scattered white scales; g. free, white, broadest in front; s. white, squamulose below the ring, base bulbous, volva ample margin free. In early spring.

[=lutea=, Otth. P. conical, exp. yellow or yellowish ochre, edge invol. slightly striate, disc papillose, viscid, usually with broad scattered scales; g. white, crowded; s. rather narrowed upwards, base bulbous, ring thin, white, volva membranous.

++++ _Pileus brownish or grey._

[=porphyria=, A. & S. P. brownish or with a violet tinge; g. adnexed; s. slender, ring distant brownish; sp. 8-10.

=recutita=, Fr. P. 6-9 cm. soon expanded, dry, glabrous, fragments of volva present as a rule, grey or brownish; g. forming lines down the stem; s. narrowed upwards, silky, white, ring distant, white, edge of volva not free; sp. ----.

Differs from _A. porphyria_ in ring not being tinged brown.

[=cinerea=, Bresad. Small. P. conico-campan. edge striate, livid-grey; g. free, crowded, white, edge fimbriate; s. equal, almost glabrous, partly hollow, colour of p., ring apical, persistent, white; volva free, sheathing, limb lobed, whitish; sp. 10-12 x 8.

** _Volva without a free loose margin, or almost obsolete._

+ _Pileus red, reddish-brown or dingy brown._

=muscaria=, Fr. P. 12-18 cm. soon plane, striate, viscid, scarlet or orange with white patches; gills forming lines down the stem, white; s. 10-14 cm. stout, white, ring lax, volva broken up into concentric ridges; sp. 8 x 5. Poisonous.

var. _regalis_, Fr. Large. P. liver-colour.

var. _formosa_, Pers. P. yellow or tawny orange, scales usually absent; s. elongated, yellowish.

var. _umbrina_, Viv. P. umber or livid, disc fuscous; s. hollow. A slender form.

=rubescens=, Fr. P. 8-12 cm. convex then expanded, dingy red-brown, sprinkled with small pale warts, flesh brownish when broken; g. whitish, forming lines down the stem; s. 7-10 cm. stout, narrowed upwards, squamulose, whitish, ring large, bulbous base concentrically grooved; sp. 8 x 6. Edible.

[=roseola=, Steinh. P. exp. rosy, with rosy mealy warts or naked, flesh rosy; g. crowded, adnexed, white; s. cylindrical, somewhat bulbous, with rufous squamules below ring, volva obsolete; sp. 8-9 x 5-6.

[=Eliae=, Q. P. reddish-lilac, margin sulcate; g. adnexed; s. white, striate, volva obsolete; sp. 11 long.

=magnifica=, Fr. P. 8-12 cm. soon almost plane, striate, reddish-brown or bay, with mealy patches, flesh reddish; g. slightly decurrent; s. 10-14 cm. bulbous, nearly equal, scaly and coloured like pileus up to the large ring; sp. 7-8 x 5.

Very close to _Armillaria_.

=megalodactyla=, Berk. Strong scented. P. 5-8 cm. soon expanded, subgibbous, reddish-grey; g. free, becoming tinged red; s. 8-12 cm. rather bulbous, fibrillose, white, ring large; sp. 5 x 3.

=aspera=, Fr. P. 6-8 cm. soon plane, dusky olive, livid, or brownish, with small, crowded, angular warts, flesh reddish under the cuticle; g. free; s. 5-8 cm. white, squamulose, bulb rugulose, ring entire; sp. 8 x 6.

var. _Francheti_, Boud. P. pale yellowish-green with golden warts; sp. 10 x 8.

=excelsa=, Fr. P. 9-12 cm. soon plane, viscid, brownish-grey, warts greyish, soon disappearing; g. free, white; s. 10-12 cm. squamose up to the imperfect ring, and base bulbous, no free edge to volva; sp. 8-9 x 5-6. Poisonous.

=pantherina=, Fr. P. 7-10 cm. soon plane, viscid, striate, yellow-brown, grey, or whitish, with flat mealy warts; g. free but close to stem, white; s. 10-14 cm. bulbous, whitish, silky, ring distant, extreme edge of volva free, sp. 8 x 5.

[=valida=, Fr. P. dark, with mucronate dark pointed warts; g. running down stem in lines.

=spissa=, Fr. P. 7-10 cm. soon plane, umber or grey with small grey warts, flesh persistently white; g. running in lines down stem, white; s. 6-8 cm. white, bulbous, slightly rooting, concentrically cracked or squamulose, ring large; sp. 9-10 x 6.

++ _Pileus clear yellow or orange._

=aureola=, Kalchb. P. 7-10 cm. soon plane, orange or golden, viscid, naked; g. free; s. 8-12 cm. slender, white, floccosely-squamulose, ring sup. volva marginate; sp. ----.

=citrina=, Gon. & Rab. P. convex, obtuse, 8-12 cm. bright yellow with white patches; g. white, broad, free; s. 10-12 cm. long, stout, white, volva imperfect, ring large; sp. globose, warted, 6-7.

[=amici=, Gill. P. conical, then obtusely umb., striate, slightly viscid, yellowish ochre, disc brownish and covered with large irreg. greyish persistent patches; g. free, ventricose, narrowed at both ends; s. hollow, bulbous, ring small inf., no free edge to volva.

+++ _Pileus whitish or greyish._

=nitida=, Fr. P. 8-10 cm. hemispherical, whitish, with thick, angular, brownish warts; g. free, crowded; s. 7-9 cm. conical, bulbous, squamulose, white, ring torn; sp. ----.

=solitaria=, Bull. 8-12 cm. soon plane, whitish or tinged rufous, warts angular, small, floccose, easily removed; g. white, broad, narrowed behind and adnexed; s. 7-10 cm. with imbricated scales below, ring torn, base swollen, rooting, volva marginate; sp. 7-12 x 5-6.

=echinocephala=, Vitt. White. P. convex then plane, shining, bristling with acute, deciduous pyramidal warts; g. adnexed; s. solid, scaly, base bulbous, rooting, ring distant; sp. 10 diam.

[=Persoonii=, Fr. P. greyish-white, margin even; g. free; s. solid, nearly equal, rooting.

[=arida=, Fr. P. soon plane, grey, margin sulcate; g. adnexed; s. subglabrous, ring distant, volva absent.

=strobiliformis=, Vitt. P. 10-20 cm. convex then expanded, white, grey, or dingy ochre, with large pyramidal, hard warts; g. free; s. floccosely scaly, bulbous, ring large, torn, volva forming concentric rings; sp. 13-14 x 8-9.

[=cariosa=, Fr. P. soft, even, umber or dark grey, with mealy patches; g. adnate; s. equal throughout; sp. 10 long.

AMANITOPSIS, Roze.

* _Pileus coloured._

=vaginata=, Bull. P. 6-10 cm. plane, margin striate, grey, yellow, brown, or white; g. pallid; s. 10-12 cm. narrowed upwards, minutely squamulose, volva large, margin free; sp. 10 x 7-8.

The grey form is edible, the brown form is unpalatable.

=strangulata=, Fr. P. 8-10 cm. soon plane, livid-bay or grey, with patches of the volva, margin striate; g. free, white; s. 10-14 cm. stout, thinner upwards, pale, volva breaking up and forming 2-4 ring-like ridges on the stem; sp. 9-15 x 7.

Perhaps a vigorous form of _A. vaginata_.

[=urceolata=, Viv. P. thin, hemispher. then slightly depr. umb. viscid, mouse-colour, edge striate; g. adnate, shining white; s. white, even, naked, volva urceolate.

[=friabilis=, Karst. P. exp. thin, rather viscid, greyish, edge sulcate, with broad crowded warts or scales; g. free, white, edge darker, crenulate; s. conical, everywhere floccosely scaly, white or greyish; volva broken up into fragments; sp. glob. 11-12.

Differs from _A. vaginata_ in smaller size and imperfect volva.

[=praetoria=, Paul. P. thin, campan. then exp. naked, pectinately sulcate, maroon or brownish; g. annulato-adnexed; s. ventricose, volva large, lax.

=lenticularis=, Fr. P. 7-10 cm. globose, then convex, even, naked, reddish-tan; g. free, crowded, pallid; s. 10-14 cm. subbulbous, white, ring large; sp. ----.

[=Godeyi=, Gillet. P. pale honey-colour, naked, striate; g. free, crowded; s. cylind., volva large, torn; sp. 15-18 long.

[=scobinella=, Trog. P. exp. fuscescent, pellicle broken up into minute, deciduous, darker wart-like squamules, near margin even and silky; g. white; s. conical, base white-squamulose.

[=gemmata=, Paul. Exp. vermilion with angular warts; g. pure white; s. solid, bulbous, whitish, no distinct volva.

=adnata=, W. G. Sm. P. 6-8 cm. yellowish-buff with patches of the volva; g. adnate, crowded, white; s. 5-9 cm. fibrillose, buff, volva almost obsolete; sp. subglobose, 7-8.

[=insidiosa=, Letell. P. exp. even, glabrous, lurid, greenish-olive, &c.; g. free, white; s. solid, slightly thinner upwards, edge of volva free; sp. ----.

Differs from _A. baccata_ in even p. and free margin of volva. Fries suggests _A. phalloides_ without the ring.

[=Bresadolae=, Sacc. Volva subglobose, not sheathing, edge stellate, tinged brown; p. exp. glabrous, whitish, often with angular umber warts; g. almost free, whitish; s. cylindr. whitish; sp. subg. 5-7.

Superficially resembles _Volvaria parvula_.

** _Pileus white._

[=leiocephala=, D. C. Shining white. P. convex then plane, silky, edge even; g. free; s. solid, short, firm, volva very large, lax.

[=cygnea=, Schulz. White. P. soon plane; g. attenuato-adnexed; s. clothed with adnate patches above the ample sheathing volva.

[=hyperborea=, Karst. (= _Ag. gemmatus_ var. _lapponicus_ Karst.). Entirely white. P. thin, convex, exp. covered with angular warts, edge pectinato-sulcate; g. free, shining white; s. bulbous, attenuated upwards, ring absent; sp. glob. 10-14.

Perhaps a var. of _A. vaginatus_.

[=leccina=, Scop. P. exp. obtuse, naked, whitish or yellowish, edge even; g. adnate; s. equal, edge of ring reddish; sp. 10 x 6.

[=baccata=, Fr. P. white, covered with globose warts; g. free; s. equal, volva obtusely marginate; sp. 11 x 7.

[=Boudieri=, Barla. P. globose then exp. or depr., satiny, white, disc tinged, warted, edge even; g. broad, white then tinged yellow, subadnexed; s. long, subcylindrical, white and scurfy at apex, rest yellowish-white, bulb turbinate, volva obliterated, brownish, ring thin, caducous; sp. ellipsoid, elongated.

Differs from _A. baccata_ in longer sp.

LEPIOTA, Fr.

A. _Epidermis dry._

* _Ring free, distinct from the volva._

=procera=, Scop. P. soon expanded, umbonate, with brownish scales, 10-25 cm.; g. free, crowded; s. 12-20 cm., base thickened, brownish, transversely cracked, ring free; sp. 12-15 x 8-9. Edible.

=rachodes=, Vitt. P. 10-18 cm. soon expanded, not umbonate, with brown scales, flesh brownish when broken; gills free; s. white, not cracked, 12-15 cm., ring free; sp. 14 x 8. Edible.

Differs from _L. procera_ in the flesh turning brown when cut.

var. _puellaris_, Fr. Small, entirely white, stem flocculose.

[=Olivieri=, Barla. P. convex, then exp. or depr., whitish tinged fawn at disc, covered with fawn adpr. fibrillose scales; g. broad, free yellowish-white; s. whitish, base swollen, ring cottony, caducous; flesh white, brick-red then brownish when broken.

Allied to _L. rachodes_ with which it agrees in size.

=prominens=, Viv. P. 4-6 cm., umbo very strong, ochraceous, scaly; g. white; s. 9-15 cm. slender, base swollen, ring free; sp. 10 x 8.

=permixta=, Barla. P. convex, more or less umb. campan. then exp. silky, greyish fawn, centre darker, with adpr. brown scales and becoming deprived of cuticle at edge; g. pale wax or tinged red; s. cylindr. dingy white cracked into brown adpr. scales, base swollen, ring brownish; flesh reddish when broken.

Resembles _L. procera_ in size and marking of s.; _L. rachodes_ in flesh becoming red; and _L. excoriata_ in having border deprived of cuticle.

[=molybdites=, Mey. P. globose then campan. broken into crustaceous scales up to middle; g. remote, white then tinged blue; s. hollow, blackish-brown, bulbous, ring equal.

An introduced species.

=excoriata=, Schaeff. P. globose then plane, 5-8 cm. bistre or whitish, silky or squamulose; g. free; s. cylindrical, white, 5-8 cm. hollow, ring free; sp. 14-15 x 8-9.

_L. naucina_ differs in the fragmentary ring.

[=carneifolia=, Gill. P. fleshy, exp. brown or purple brown, glabrous then minutely broken up into fascicles of fibrils; g. fleshy, crowded, distant from s.; s. white, fibrillose, thickened at base, ring large, soon free.

=densifolia=, Gill. P. obtuse, white, soon broken up into adpressed fibrillose scales; g. closely crowded, thin, white, broadest in front; s. white, shining, ring free.

=gracilenta=, Kromb. P. soon expanded, obtusely umbonate, 5-8 cm., brown patches on white ground; g. free, broad; s. thickened at base, 12-16 cm., white, ring floccose, disappearing; sp. 10-11 x 7.5.

Differs from _L. procera_ in smaller size and more especially in the fugacious ring. _L. prominens_ differs in very large umbo and permanent, free ring.

=mastoidea=, Fr. Entirely whitish. P. 3-5 cm. with small disappearing warts; g. free; s. narrow up from bulbous base, 5-8 cm., ring free; sp. 7-8 x 5.

The smallest species of the present section. Like _L. gracilenta_ in miniature.

** _Ring fixed, homogeneous with the universal veil clothing the
stem._

=Friesii=, Lasch. P. 8-12 cm. expanded, subumb. with adpressed, tomentose brown scales; g. free, crowded; s. 8-12 cm. subbulbous, scaly, brownish, ring pendulous; sp. 8-9 x 5.

=acutesquamosa=, Weinm. P. 9-12 cm. convex, obtuse, pale rusty with numerous small pointed warts; g. free, crowded; s. 8-10 cm. narrowed from swollen base, white with rusty scales below, ring large; sp. 7-8 x 4.

Differs from _L. Friesii_ in rigid deciduous warts, and broad gills very close to stem.

=Badhami=, Berk. P. 5-8 cm. expanded, obtuse, squamulose, dark brown, cracked into patches, flesh like that of stem saffron-red when broken; g. free; s. 6-8 cm. bulbous, whitish, ring rather loose; sp. 5 x 3.

=emplastra=, Cke. and Mass. P. 5-8 cm. convex, glabrous, dark brown, cracked and showing white ground; g. free; s. 7-9 cm. whitish, ring brown outside; sp. 18-20 x 10-12.

Differs from _L. Badhami_ in glabrous pileus and larger spores.

=meleagris=, Sow. P. 2-4 cm. soon plane, minute black scales on a pale ground, flesh becoming red; g. free; s. 3-6 cm., with blackish squamules, stuffed, ring obsolete; sp. 6-7 x 4.

=biornata=, B. and Br. P. 2-4 cm. convex, white tinged yellow, sprinkled with red scales; g. free; s. 6-9 cm. long, ventricose, white spotted red as is also the ring; sp. 8-9 x 6.

=hispida=, Lasch. P. 5-7 cm. soon expanded, umb. tawny-brown, tomentose then hispid; g. free, crowded; s. 5-7 cm. floccosely-scaly up to ring, tawny; sp. 6-7 x 4.

[=lignicola=, Karst. P. exp. whitish- or yellowish-rusty, with innate, erect, rusty concentric scales, edge fibrillose; g. crowded, free, edge crenulate; s. curved, rusty, squamulose up to obsolete ring; sp. 4-5 x 3-4.

Superficially resembles _Phol. squarrosa_.

[=helveola=, Bres. P. exp. umb. scaly, reddish-brown; g. free, ventricose, white; s. white then fawn, ring white. Poisonous.

[=Boudieri=, Bres. Subcaespitose. P. campan. exp. fawn, with minute darker scales; g. densely crowded, white, edge purple primrose; s. bulbillose, brownish and fibrillose up to ring; sp. 8-9 x 3.5.

[=ignicolor=, Bres. P. conico-campan. subexp. umb. squamulose or fibrillose then almost glabrous, dry, fiery tawny; g. yellowish, edge tawny; s. colour of p., base somewhat rooting with bright tawny fibrils; ring evanescent; sp. 8-10 x 4.5-5.

[=castanea=, Q. P. umb. squamulose, brown; s. and ring white with tawny flecks.

[=echinella=, Q. and Bern. Smell like radishes. P. camp. then convex and umb. bay, bristling with brown pyramidal hairs; g. free, pallid, tinged red; s. rosy, blackish scales below silky ring, pale above.

Much more slender than _L. hispida_.

[=Morieri=, Gill. P. exp. umb. white, shining, covered with reddish scales, umbo smooth, edge appendiculate; g. white, edge denticulate; s. fibrillose, white, shining, ring ample.

=clypeolaria=, Bull. 5-8 cm. campan., at first incrusted, umb. tawny, remainder with brownish scales; g. free; s. 6-8 cm., fibrillosely squamulose up to ring, striate above; sp. 6 x 4.

Differs from _L. hispida_ in pileus not being tomentose, and paler colour. From _L. cristata_ by squamulose stem.

[=brunneoincarnata=, Chod. and Mart. P. subglobose then campan.-conic and umb. with scattered rufescent scales; g. free, white; s. fistulose, equal, colour of p.

[=Forquignoni=, Q. P. white, silky, umbo olive; g. becoming rosy; s. white.

=felina=, Pers. P. 2-3 cm. camp. expanded, umbo black, rest with concentric black scales on a white ground; g. free; s. 3-5 cm., white, sometimes with black specks; sp. 10 x 5.

=metulaespora=, B. and Br. P. 2-3 cm. campan. then expanded, margin coarsely striate, whitish-yellow with pale squamules; g. almost free; s. 4-6 cm., pale lemon yellow inside and out; sp. fusiform, 15-16 x 6.

=cristata=, A. and S. P. 2-4 cm. soon expanded, reddish-brown cuticle at first continuous, then broken up into concentric scales on a whitish ground; g. free; s. 4-6 cm., whitish, fibrillose; sp. 7 x 4.

Differs from _L. clypeolaria_ in stem not being squamulose.

[=lilacea=, Bres. P. convex-campan. exp. depr. sometimes umb. purple-lilac then pale and broken up into fuscous squamules; g. free, white; s. fibrillosely scurfy, then almost glabrous, whitish then pinkish lilac, ring inf. persistent blackish violet underneath; sp. 4-5 x 2-2.5.

Differs from _Lepiota cristata_ in absence of smell, a feature which also separates it from _L. Bucknallii_.

=nigro-marginata=, Mass. P. 3-5 cm. soon expanded, buff with small, brown, concentric scales; g. narrow, pallid; s. 5-6 cm. slender, smooth, buff, peronate up to distant ring; sp. 6-7 x 4.

[=Magnusiana=, P. Henn. P. cylindrico-campan. then exp. papillately scaly, white, centre yellowish with age, edge striate; g. free, crowded, lanceolate, white then reddish; s. equal, white then reddish, ring membranaceo-flocculose; sp. 7-11 x 6-8.

=erminea=, Fr. White. P. 4-7 cm., camp. then expanded, even, glabrous, then silky towards margin; g. free; s. 5-7 cm. fibrillose; sp. 11-12 x 4-5.

=micropholis=, B. and Br. P. 1-1.5 cm., soon plane, white with minute radiating blackish squamules; g. free; s. 2-2.5 cm., white, ring spreading; sp. 5 x 3.

=citriophylla=, B. and Br. P. 1.5-2 cm. expanded, umb. lemon yellow with rufous squamules; g. free, lemon yellow; s. 2-4 cm. squamulose, yellow; sp. 7-8 x 4.

Differs from _L. amianthina_ by free gills and white flesh; and from _L. metulaespora_ in squamulose stem.

=atro-crocea=, W. G. Sm. P. 2.3 cm. soon plane, margin often lobed, deep orange, covered with purple-brown fibrils; g. slightly attached, tinged yellow; s. 2-3 cm. orange; sp. ----.

*** _Ring superior, fixed, subpersistent; universal veil adnate to
the pileus._

=Vittadinii=, Fr. P. 6-10 cm. expanded, obtuse, whitish, densely covered with small erect warts; g. free, with a greenish tinge; s. 5-8 cm. with concentric scales up to large ring, whitish or scales tipped red; sp. ----.

Differs from _L. nympharum_ in solid stem and superior ring.

[=strobiliformis=, Gill. P. convex, edge irreg. covered with strong brown, angular and pyramidal warts; g. closely crowded, narrow; s. cylindrical, stout, whitish, ring membranous.

[=furnacea=, Let. P. white with a black cortex splitting radially; s. white with concentric black scales.

=nympharum=, Kalchb. P. 6-9 cm. soon expanded, umb. often tinged brown, rest white with overlapping scales; g. free; s. white, hollow, glabrous; sp. globose.

[=colubrina=, Kromb. P. convex, obtuse, tinged fuscous, covered with tomentose imbricated scales; g. white; s. solid, very long, ring distant.

=holosericea=, Fr. Very soft. P. 6-9 cm. soon plane, obtuse, floccose, whitish or tinge of tan; g. free; s. 5-9 cm. bulbous, whitish, silky, ring large; sp. 7-8 x 5.

=naucina=, Fr. White. P. 5-10 cm. globose then plane, subumb. glabrous then breaking up into granules; g. free; s. 4-5 cm. tapering to thickened base, fibrillose, ring sup. thin, disappearing; sp. subg. 6-7.

Differs from _L. excoriatia_ in the ephemeral ring.

=leucothites=, Vitt. P. 5-10 cm. subumbonate, white, disc tinged brown, silky then squamulose; g. white then pink; s. 7-12 cm. white, smooth, bulbous, ring large, persistent; sp. hyaline, 9 x 7.

[=rorulenta=, Paniz. Tufted. P. whitish, campan. umb. sulcate, softly granulato-squamulose; g. closely crowded, tinged rosy; s. slender, elongated, base thickened.

=cepaestipes=, Sow. Yellow. P. 2-5 cm. expanded, umb., scaly, margin plicate; g. free; s. swollen below, 7-12 cm. floccose; sp. 7-8 x 4.

There is a white form.

[=medioflava=, Boud. P. exp. striate, snow-white, very minutely silky tomentose, centre depr. but the prominent umbo yellowish; g. free, white; s. fistulose, white, minutely scurfy above median reflexed ring, thickened base often yellowish; sp. 5-6 x 3.

=licmophora=, B. and Br. Pale yellow. P. 2-3 cm. glabrous, coarsely grooved; g. free; s. 3-5 cm. thicker below, smooth; sp. 9-10 x 5.

Differs from _L. cepaestipes_ in glabrous pileus.

[=Brebissoni=, Godey. P. exp. subumb. very thin, striate to middle, brownish, paler towards edge, with brown scales at centre and paler ones at margin; g. distant, edge toothed; s. swollen below, silvery white, pruinose above the ring.

Resembles some sp. of _Coprinus_ in transparency and fragility.

[=Schulzeri=, Kalchbr. White. P. convex then exp. umb. even, glabrous; g. free, remote, narrowed behind; s. hollow, narrowed from a subbulbous base, naked, ring median, small.

[=straminella=, Bagl. Entirely straw-colour. P. obtuse, sulcate, with glutinous mealy flecks; g. attached to ring behind, s. floccose, bulbous.

**** _Pileus granular or warted. Universal veil of pileus and stem
at first continuous, on rupturing forming an inferior ring._

=cinnabarina=, A. and S. P. 4-7 cm. obtuse, more or less gibbous, scurfy, persistently brick-red; g. free; s. 3-5 cm. with red scales up to imperfect ring; sp. 6-7 x 5.

var. _Terreyi_, B. and Br. P. subglobose, bright tawny red, rough with warts.

Differs from _L. granulosa_ by larger size and persistently red pileus.

=carcharias=, Pers. Smell strong. P. 2-4 cm. soon plane, subumb. pale flesh colour or yellowish-pink, granular; g. adnexed, white; s. 3-4 cm. granular and coloured like pileus up to ring; sp. ----.

var. _Terrei_, B. and Br. P. orange-red, convex; s. nearly equal; g. broad, ventricose.

[=tuberculata=, Brig. P. globoso-exp. cuticle thick, breaking into tubercles, pale tan; g. white; s. subbulbous, fibrillose.

[=venusta=, Bagl. P. convex, edge very thin, crenulate, sulcate, cuticle tawny cracking in the centre; g. adnexed by a tooth; s. solid, thickened upwards, peronate half way up.

[=Pauletii=, Fr. P. exp. bristling with spines, brownish; g. crowded; s. short, white.

=granulosa=, Batsch. P. 2-3 cm. expanded, obtusely umb. scurfy or granular, rusty or brownish-orange, pale and hoary when dry; s. 3-5 cm. floccosely scaly and coloured like pileus up to ring; sp. ----.

Pileus often wrinkled, sometimes pale.

var. _rufescens_, B. and Br. Entirely white, becoming rufous when dry.

_L. amianthina_ differs in adnate gills and yellow flesh of stem. Differs from _L. carcharia_ in absence of unpleasant smell.

=amianthina=, Scop. P. 2-2.5 cm. soon plane and subumb. granular, ochraceous, flesh yellow; g. adnate, yellowish; s. 3-5 cm. squamulose up to ring, flesh yellow; sp. ----.

var. _Broadwoodiae_, B. and Br. P. yellow; g. white.

=polysticta=, Berk. P. 2-3 cm. soon expanded, reddish or yellow-brown broken up into minute scales; g. free, yellowish; s. 2-4 cm. scaly and coloured like pileus up to ring; sp. ----.

***** _Cuticle of pileus dry, entire, not granular nor scaly;
small, slender._

=parvannulata=, Lasch. P. 1-1.5 cm. expanded, subumb. silky, white or tinged yellow; g. free, crowded; s. 3-5 cm. white, fibrillose up to distant small spreading ring; sp. 4 x 2.5.

_L. erminea_ differs in superior, torn ring, glabrous pileus, and radishy smell.

=sistrata=, Fr. P. 2-4 cm. expanded, whitish, disc often tinged yellow or reddish, pruinose with glistening particles; g. nearly free, crowded; s. 3-5 cm. white, silky, ring fibrillose; sp. ----.

_L. seminuda_ differs in mealy stem, and _L. mesomorpha_ in glabrous pileus and stem, and entire ring.

=seminuda=, Lasch. P. 2-3 cm. expanded, umbonate, whitish or tinged fleshcolour, mealy then naked; g. reaching the stem; s. 3-4 cm. whitish, mealy, ring small, superior; sp. 5 x 3.

_L. sistrata_ differs in fibrillose stem and pileus covered with glistening particles.

=Bucknallii=, B. and Br. P. 1-2 cm. convex, white with violet powder; g. reaching stem; s. 3-5 cm. white with violet powder; sp. 7 x 3.

Smell strong, like gas-tar.

=ianthina=, Cke. P. 2 cm. expanded, umb. whitish, disc violet, fibrillose; g. free; s. 2-3 cm. wavy, white, ring distant, disappearing; sp. ----.

=mesomorpha=, Bull. P. about 1.5 cm. expanded, subumb. pale brown or yellowish, even, glabrous; g. free; s. 3-4 cm. pale, glabrous, ring superior; sp. ----.

[=denudata=, Rab. P. campan.-exp. pale sulphur, very thin, floccosely scurfy then naked; g. ventricose; s. subequal, with a minute very fugacious ring.

[=serena=, Fr. White. P. campan. glabrous; s. slender, subbulbous, ring thin, deciduous.

=martialis=, Cke. and Mass. P. 2-3. cm. soon plane, deep rose; g. free; s. 3-4 cm. pink up to broad ring; sp. 8 x 4.

B. _Cuticle of pileus viscid, not broken up._

[=demisannulata=, Secr. P. thin, umb. even; g. free, crowded, white; s. nearly equal, with black fibrils, ring pendulous.

=medullata=, Fr. White. P. 3-5 cm. soon expanded, glabrous, viscid, veil in fragments at margin; g. free; s. 5-8 cm. dry, obsoletely squamulose below, ring torn; sp. ----.

Differs from _L. illinita_ in dry stem.

=glioderma=, Fr. P. 2.5-5 cm. campan. then convex, even, viscid reddish-bay; g. free; s. 5-8 cm. dry, whitish, densely squamulose up to torn ring; sp. ----.

=delicata=, Fr. P. 2-3 cm. convex then plane, even, viscid, granular, rufescent or yellowish; g. free; s. 2-3 cm.; s. dry, whitish floccosely squamulose up to ring; sp. ----.

Differs from _L. glioderma_ in p. not being campanulate, and stem floccose, not squamose.

=illinita=, Fr. P. 4-7 cm. white or tinged tan, subumb. glabrous, viscid; g. free; s. 5-7 cm. white, glutinous, ring obsolete; sp. ----.

Distinct from all species by glutinous stem.

[=pingua=, Fr. P. white or greyish, viscid, as is also the ring; s. short, dry.

[=inoculata=, Fr. P. exp. obtuse, honey colour, even, viscid; g. crowded, broad; s. abruptly vaginate by the veil.

=Georginae=, W. G. Sm. White. P. 1.5-2.5 cm. mealy, viscid, changing to crimson when touched, as do also the gills and stem.

[HIATULA, Fr.

[=Wynniae=, B. and Br. P. 2-3 cm. membranaceous, splitting along back of gills, pale; g. rather distant, white; st. 2-3 cm. hollow.

Introduced from Queensland. Phosphorescent.

ARMILLARIA, Fr.

* _Gills sinuate, adnexed._

=bulbigera=, A. and S. P. 7-10 cm. brownish, dry, fibrillose near margin; g. emarginate; s. marginately bulbous, pale, ring soon disappearing; sp. 7-10 x 5.

[=phoenicea=, Weinm. P. exp. glabrous, viscid, red; g. free, shining white; s. bulbous, with red fibrils, ring fugacious.

=focalis=, Fr. P. 7-12 cm. reddish-tawny, silky, obtuse; g. almost free; s. 7-9 cm. equal, fibrillose, ring median; sp. ----.

var. _goliath_, Fr. Larger than type, s. rooting, ring almost obsolete.

=robusta=, A. and S. P. 6-8 cm. dry, rufous-bay, flesh thick; g. nearly free; s. 3-5 cm. stout, base narrowed, brownish floccose up to ring, white above; sp. ----.

Differs from _A. aurantia_ in deeply emarginate, broad, whitish gills.

[=squamea=, Barla. Smell like cucumber. P. convex then exp. reddish cinnamon, covered with brown-red scales; edge incurved; g. broad, subdecur. whitish tinged red; s. subventricose with a long tapering base, reddish-brown and scaly up to torn ring, white above; flesh-white, saffron when broken.

Allied to _Armill. robusta_ but larger.

[=Caussetta=, Barla. Smell like cucumber. P. exp. depr. dry, silky, squamulose at centre, rather viscid when moist, brick-red, edge incurved then spreading; g. broad, pale or tinged red; s. stout, narrowed at base, fibrillose and reddish up to ring, white above; flesh white, reddish when broken.

[=caligata=, Viv. Smell strong. P. exp. tawny, spotted with adpressed silky scales; g. emarginate; s. solid, with brownish concentric scales below the membranous persistent ring.

[=megalopoda=, Bres. Smell strong. P. convex, exp. or depr. even, glabrous, rather viscid, chestnut; g. crowded, whitish then straw-colour; s. brownish-squamulose up to median ring, white above; sp. glob. 5-6.

[=luteovirens=, A. and S. All except white squamulose stem straw-colour; p. torn into squamules, greenish when mature; ring imperfect.

=aurantia=, Schaeff. P. 5-8 cm. rusty orange; g. adnexed; s. 6-8 cm. stout, orange and concentrically squamose up to ring, white above; sp. ----.

[=dehiscens=, Viv. P. hemispher. then depr. yellowish ochre; g. adnexo-decur., broad; s. cylindric, scaly, viscid, ring very narrow, persistent.

=ramentacea=, Bull. P. 5-8 cm., obtuse, whitish or yellowish with darker squamules; g. adnexed becoming free; s. 3-5 cm. with brown squamules up to the oblique fugitive ring; sp. ----.

[=Ambrosii=, Bres. P. convex, exp. dry, soft, floccosely-downy, snow-white, edge append.; g. white; s. even above ring, floccose below, white; ring inferior, torn, deciduous, sp. 4-5 x 2.5.

[=cingulata=, Fr. P. thin umb. greyish brown, squamosely fibrillose; g. greyish white; s. even, ring median.

[=scruposa=, Paulet. P. exp. glabrous, rough with contorted ridges, subfuscous; g. sinuato-adnate; s. solid, equal, rooting, ring firm, narrow.

[=albosericea=, Brig. White. P. exp. broadly umb., even; g. crowded; s. silky, base tuberous, ring remote, fugacious.

=constricta=, Fr. All white. P. 3-5 cm. obtuse, dry, glabrous, silky; g. emarginate, adnexed, or almost free; s. 3-6 cm. solid, fibrillose or squamulose, ring apical, narrow; sp.

Much stouter than _A. subcava_.

[=verrucipes=, Fr. Pure white. P. glabrous; s. with brown warts up to annular zone, ring absent; g. sinuato-adnate.

** _Gills narrowed behind, more or less decurrent, with no sinus._

[=imperialis=, Fr. P. brown with darker scales; g. deeply decurrent; ring double, sp. 12-14 x 5.

[=Laschii=, Fr. P. fawn colour, even, glabrous, thin ring erect; g. crowded, white.

[=tumescens=, Viv. P. exp. even, glabrous, whitish; g. adnate, pale ochre, then tinged red; s. solid, stout, narrowed from the base, whitish, ring fugacious.

[=rhadigosa=, Fr. P. depr. moist, whitish with brownish adpressed scales at disc; g. decur., broad, white; s. short, equal, ring reflexed.

=mellea=, Vahl. P. 5-12 cm. soon expanded, yellowish-brown, squamulose, margin striate; g. slightly decurrent; s. 8-12 cm. floccose up to spreading ring, base honey-colour; sp. 9 x 5-6.

Mycelium forming long black strands. A destructive parasite.

=denigrata=, Fr. P. 3-5 cm. obtuse, dark brown, rather viscid, spotted with droplike depressions, and with elevated warts, margin even; g. rather decurrent; s. 4-5 cm. solid tinged brown, ring disappearing; sp. ----.

[=morio=, Fr. P. campan.-exp. irreg. cracked, viscid, greyish brown then rufescent; g. adnate; s. solid, fibrous, ring narrow.

[=Viviani=, Fr. P. convex, glabrous, dark bay then whitish; g. adnate, pale fawn; s. elongated, white, ring narrow.

[=griseofusca=, D. C. P. convex, even, glabrous, brownish grey, discoid; g. decur.; s. equal, glabrous, ring persistent.

[=pleurotoides=, Fr. P. subexcentric, ring toothed; s. whitish with a flesh-coloured tint.

=citri=, Inz. P. 2-3 cm. soon plane, subumb., even, yellow; g. adnate; s. 5-7 cm., slender, ring spreading; sp. subgl. 5 x 4.

=subcava=, Schum. P. 3-4 cm. white, umbo brownish, striate to middle; g. decurrent; s. equal, hollow upwards, 4-5 cm., even up to torn ring, punctate above, white; sp. ----.

Differs from _A. constricta_ by longer thinner stem, and striate pileus.

=haematites=, B. and Br. P. 2-3 cm. obtuse, liver-coloured; g. adnato-decurrent; s. 3-5 cm. coloured like pileus up to ring, whitish above; sp. 8 x 5.

*** _Gills adnate without a sinus._

[=laqueata=, Fr. White. P. 3-4 cm. hemispherical, obtuse, viscid when moist, smooth; g. adnate; s. 5-7 cm. solid, squamulose or fibrillose below the ring, base tinged brown; sp. ----.

=mucida=, Schrad. P. 4-8 cm. soon expanded, white or grey, rugulose, glutinous; g. striately decurrent; s. 5-12 cm. base thickened, ring apical, striate, tumid; sp. 15-16 x 8-9.

=Jasonis=, Cke. and Mass. P. 3-5 cm., camp. then expanded, umb., yellow, disc tawny, papillate; g. adnate; s. 5-7 cm. coloured like pileus, squamulose up to torn ring; sp. 8 x 5.

[=fracida=, Fr. Smell rancid. P. convex, obtuse, even, spotted, brownish-olive; g. becoming free, white; s. base narrowed, squamulose, smooth above the spreading torn ring.

[=pinetorum=, Gill. P. exp. umb. granular, pale or yellowish white, covered with reddish squamules; g. sinuato-decur., pallid; s. colour of p., squamulose up to spreading ring which is also squamulose outside.

TRICHOLOMA, Fr.

A. _Pileus viscid, scaly, or villose._