Chapter I: II III IV (8)

White lead 20 parts Stone 9 parts Flint 9 parts Borax 4 parts Oxide of zinc 2 parts Feldspar 3 parts

These materials should be procured finely ground, and after being thoroughly mixed should be placed in a fire-clay crucible, and be fired for 5 or 6 hours, sharply, or until the material runs down into a liquid, then with a pair of iron tongs draw the crucible from the kiln and pour the liquid into a bucket of cold water, grind the flux to an extremely fine powder, and spread a coating upon the plate to be enameled, previously brushing a little gum thereon. The plate must then be fired until a sufficient heat is attained to run or fuse the powder.

«POTTERY BODIES AND GLAZES:»

«Ordinary.»—

I.—China clay 2 1/2 parts
Stone 1 1/2 parts
Bone 3 parts

II.—China clay 5 parts
Stone 2 1/2 parts
Bone 7 parts
Barytes 3 parts

III.—Chain clay 5 parts
Stone 3 parts
Flint 1/4 part
Barytes 8 parts

«Superior.»—

I.—China clay 35 parts
Cornwall stone 23 parts
Bone 40 parts
Flint 2 parts {168}

II.—China clay 35 parts
Cornwall stone 8 parts
Bone 50 parts
Flint 3 parts
Blue clay 4 parts

III.—China clay 8 parts
Cornwall stone 40 parts
Bone 29 parts
Flint 5 parts
Blue clay 18 parts

IV.—China clay 32 parts
Cornwall stone 23 parts
Bone 34 parts
Flint 6 parts
Blue clay 5 parts

V.—China clay 7 parts
Stone 40 parts
Bone 28 parts
Flint 5 parts
Blue clay 20 parts

«Finest China Bodies.»—

I.—China clay 20 parts
Bone 60 parts
Feldspar 20 parts

II.—China clay 30 parts
Bone 40 parts
Feldspar 30 parts

III.—China clay 25 parts
Stone 10 parts
Bone 45 parts
Feldspar 20 parts

IV.—China clay 30 parts
Stone 15 parts
Bone 35 parts
Feldspar 20 parts

«Earthenware Bodies.»—

I.—Ball clay 13 parts
China clay 9 1/2 parts
Flint 5 1/2 parts
Cornwall stone 4 parts

II.—Ball clay 12 1/2 parts
China clay 8 parts
Flint 5 1/2 parts
Cornwall stone 2 1/2 parts
One pint of cobalt stain to 1 ton of glaze.

III.—Ball clay 13 1/4 parts
China clay 11 parts
Flint 4 parts
Cornwall stone 5 parts
Feldspar 4 parts
Stain as required.

IV.—Ball clay 18 1/2 parts
China clay 13 1/2 parts
Flint 8 1/2 parts
Stone 4 parts
Blue stain, 2 pints to ton.

V.—Ball clay 15 parts
China clay 12 parts
Flint 6 parts
Stone 4 parts
Feldspar 4 parts
Blue stain, 2 pints to ton.

VI. (Parian).—
Stone 11 parts
Feldspar 10 parts
China clay 8 parts

«COLORED BODIES:»

«Ivory Body.»—

Ball clay 22 parts China 5 1/2 parts Flint 5 parts Stone 3 1/2 parts

«Dark Drab Body.»—

Cane marl 30 parts Ball clay 10 parts Cornwall stone 7 parts Feldspar 4 parts

«Black Body.»—

Ball clay 120 parts Ocher 120 parts Manganese 35 parts Cobalt carbonate 2 parts

Grind the three last mentioned ingredients first.

«Caledonia Body.»—

Yellow clay 32 parts China clay 10 parts Flint 4 parts

«Brown Body.»—

Red clay 50 parts Common clay 7 1/2 parts Manganese 1 part Flint 1 part

«Jasper Body.»—

Cawk clay 10 parts Blue clay 10 parts Bone 5 parts Flint 2 parts Cobalt 1/4 part

«Stone Body.»—

Stone 48 parts Blue clay 25 parts China clay 24 parts Cobalt 10 parts

«Egyptian Black.»—

Blue clay 235 parts Calcined ocher 225 parts Manganese 45 parts China clay 15 parts

«Ironstone Body.»—

Stone 200 parts Cornwall clay 150 parts {169} Blue clay 200 parts Flint 100 parts Calx 1 part

«Cream Body.»—

Blue clay 1 1/2 parts Brown clay 1 1/2 parts Black clay 1 part Cornish clay 1 part Common ball clay 1/4 part Buff color 1/4 part

«Light Drab.»—

Cane marl 30 parts Ball clay 24 parts Feldspar 7 parts

«Sage Body.»—

Cane marl 15 parts Ball clay 15 parts China clay 5 parts Stained with turquoise stain.

«COLORED GLAZES FOR POTTERY:»

«Blue.»—

White glaze 100 parts Oxide of cobalt 3 parts Red lead 10 parts Flowing blue 3 parts Enamel blue 3 parts

Grind.

«Pink.»—

White glaze 100 parts Red lead 8 parts Marone pink U. G. 8 parts Enamel red 3 parts

Grind.

«Buff.»—

White glaze 100 parts Red lead 10 parts Buff color 8 parts

Grind.

«Ivory.»—

White glaze 100 parts Red lead 8 parts Enamel amber 8 parts Yellow underglaze 2 parts

Grind.

«Turquoise.»—

White glaze 100 parts Red lead 10 parts Carbonate of soda 5 parts Enamel blue 4 parts Malachite, 110 4 parts

Grind.

«Yellow.»—

I.—White glaze 100 parts
Red lead 10 parts
Oxide of uranium 8 parts

Grind.

II.—Dried flint 5 parts
Cornwall stone 15 parts
Litharge 50 parts
Yellow underglaze 4 parts

Grind.

«Green.»—

I.—Oxide of copper 8 parts
Flint of glass 3 parts
Flint 1 part
Red lead 6 parts

Grind, then take:

Of above 1 part White glaze 6 parts

Or stronger as required.

II.—Red lead 60 parts
Stone 24 parts
Flint 12 parts
Flint glass 12 parts
China clay 3 parts
Calcined oxide of copper 14 parts
Oxide of cobalt 1/4 part

Grind only.

«Green Glaze, Best.»—

III.—Stone 80 parts
Flint 8 parts
Soda crystals 4 parts
Borax 3 1/2 parts
Niter 2 parts
Whiting 2 parts
Oxide of cobalt 1/4 part

Glost fire, then take:

Above frit 60 parts Red lead 57 parts Calcined oxide of copper 5 1/4 parts

«Black.»—

Red lead 24 parts Raddle 4 parts Manganese 4 parts Flint 2 parts Oxide of cobalt 2 parts Carbonate of cobalt 2 parts

Glost fire.

«WHITE GLAZES:»

«China.»—Frit:

I.—Stone 6 parts
Niter 2 parts
Borax 12 parts
Flint 4 parts
Pearl ash 2 parts

To mill:

Frit 24 parts Stone 15 1/2 parts Flint 6 1/2 parts White lead 31 parts

{170}

II.—Frit:

Stone 24 parts Borax 53 parts Lynn sand 40 parts Feldspar 32 parts Paris white 16 parts

To mill:

Frit 90 parts Stone 30 parts White lead 90 parts Flint 4 parts Glass 2 parts

III.—Frit:

Stone 50 parts Borax 40 parts Flint 30 parts Flint glass 30 parts Pearl barytes 10 parts

To mill:

Frit 160 parts Red lead 30 parts Enamel blue 1/2 part Flint glass 2 parts

IV.—Frit:

Borax 100 parts China clay 55 parts Whiting 60 parts Feldspar 75 parts

To mill:

Frit 200 parts China clay 16 parts White clay 3 1/2 parts Stone 3 parts Flint 2 parts

V.—Frit:

Stone 40 parts Flint 25 parts Niter 10 parts Borax 20 parts White lead 10 parts Flint glass 40 parts

To mill:

Frit 145 parts Stone 56 parts Borax 16 parts Flint 15 parts Red lead 60 parts Flint glass 8 parts

«Earthenware.»—Frit:

I.—Flint 108 parts
China clay 45 parts
Paris white 60 parts
Borax 80 parts
Soda crystals 30 parts

To mill:

Frit 270 parts Flint 20 parts Paris white 15 parts Stone 80 parts White lead 65 parts

II.—Frit:

Flint 62 parts China clay 30 parts Paris white 38 parts Boracic acid 48 parts Soda crystals 26 parts

To mill:

Frit 230 parts Stone 160 parts Flint 60 parts Lead 120 parts

III.—Frit:

Stone 56 parts Paris white 55 parts Flint 60 parts China clay 20 parts Borax 120 parts Soda crystals 15 parts

To mill:

Frit 212 parts Stone 130 parts Flint 50 parts Lead 110 parts

Stain as required.

IV.—Frit:

Stone 100 parts Flint 44 parts Paris white 46 parts Borax 70 parts Niter 10 parts

To mill:

Frit 200 parts Stone 60 parts Lead 80 parts

«Pearl White Glaze.»—Frit:

Flint 50 parts Stone 100 parts Paris white 20 parts Borax 60 parts Soda crystals 20 parts

To mill:

Frit 178 pounds Lead 55 pounds Stain 3 ounces

«Opaque Glaze.»—Frit:

Borax 74 parts Stone 94 parts Flint 30 parts China clay 22 parts Pearl ash 5 1/2 parts

To mill:

Frit 175 parts Lead 46 parts {171} Flint 10 parts Oxide of tin 12 parts Flint glass 12 parts

«Glaze for Granite.»—Frit:

I.—Stone 100 parts
Flint 80 parts
China clay 30 parts
Paris white 30 parts
Feldspar 40 parts
Soda crystals 40 parts
Borax 80 parts

To mill:

Frit 360 parts Flint 50 parts Stone 50 parts Lead 80 parts

II.—Frit:

Borax 100 parts Stone 50 parts Flint 50 parts Paris white 40 parts China clay 20 parts

To mill:

Frit 210 parts Stone 104 parts Flint 64 parts Lead 95 parts

«Raw Glazes.»—White:

I.—White lead 160 parts
Borax 32 parts
Stone 48 parts
Flint 52 parts

Stain with blue and grind.

II.—White lead 80 parts
Litharge 60 parts
Boracic acid 40 parts
Stone 45 parts
Flint 50 parts

Treat as foregoing.

III.—White lead 100 parts
Borax 4 parts
Flint 11 parts
Cornwall stone 50 parts

IV.—Red lead 80 parts
Litharge 60 parts
Tincal 40 parts
Stone 40 parts
Flint 52 parts

«ROCKINGHAM GLAZES.»

I.—Litharge 50 parts
Stone 7 1/2 parts
Red marl 3 parts
Oxide of manganese 5 parts
Red oxide of iron 1 part

II.—White lead 30 parts
Stone 3 parts
Flint 9 parts
Red marl 3 parts
Manganese 5 parts

III.—Red lead 20 parts
Stone 3 parts
Flint 2 parts
China clay 2 parts
Manganese 3 parts
Red oxide of iron 1 part

«Stoneware Bodies.»—

Ball clay 14 parts China clay 10 parts Stone 8 parts

Ball clay 8 parts China clay 5 parts Flint 3 parts Stone 4 parts

Ball clay 14 parts China clay 11 parts Flint 4 parts Stone 5 parts Feldspar 4 parts

Cane marl 16 parts China clay 10 parts Stone 9 parts Flint 5 parts

«Glazes.»—Hard glaze:

Stone 10 parts Flint 5 parts Whiting 1 1/2 parts Red lead 10 parts

Hard glaze:

Feldspar 25 parts Flint 5 parts Red lead 15 parts Plaster 1 part

Softer:

White lead 13 parts Flint glass 10 parts Feldspar 18 parts Stone 3 parts Whiting 1 1/2 parts

Best:

Feldspar 20 parts Flint glass 14 parts White lead 14 parts Stone 3 parts Oxide of zinc 3 parts Whiting 1 1/2 parts Plaster 1 part

«Rockingham Bodies.»—

Ball clay 20 parts China clay 13 parts Flint 7 parts Stone 1 part

Cane marl 22 parts China clay 15 parts Flint 8 parts Feldspar 1 part {172}

«Glazes.»—

I.—Red lead 60 parts
Stone 8 parts
Red clay 3 parts
Best manganese 5 parts

II.—White lead 60 parts
Feldspar 6 parts
Flint 16 parts
Red clay 6 parts
Manganese 12 parts

III.—Red lead 100 parts
Stone 15 parts
Flint 10 parts
China clay 10 parts
Manganese 40 parts
Crocus martis 2 parts

IV.—Litharge 100 parts
Feldspar 14 parts
China clay 20 parts
Manganese 40 parts
Oxide of iron 2 parts

«Jet.»—Procure some first-class red marl, add water, and, by passing through a fine lawn, make it into a slip, and dip the ware therein.

When fired use the following:

Glaze.—

Stone 60 parts Flint 30 parts Paris white 7 1/2 parts Red lead 140 parts

One part mazarine blue stain to 10 parts glaze.

Mazarine Blue Stain.—

Oxide of cobalt 10 parts Paris white 9 parts Sulphate barytes 1 part

Calcine.

Another Process Body.—

Ball clay 16 parts China clay 12 parts Flint clay 9 parts Stone clay 6 parts Black stain 7 parts

Glaze.—

Litharge 70 parts Paris white 3 parts Flint 12 parts Stone 30 parts Black stain 20 parts

Black Stain.—

Chromate of iron 12 parts Oxide of nickel 2 parts Oxide of tin 2 parts Carbonate of cobalt 5 parts Oxide of manganese 2 parts

Calcine and grind.

Blue Stains.—

I.—Oxide of cobalt 2 1/2 parts
Oxide of zinc 7 1/2 parts
Stone 7 1/2 parts

Fire this very hard.

II.—Zinc 6 pounds
Flint 4 pounds
China clay 4 pounds
Oxide of cobalt 5 ounces

Hard fire.

III.—Whiting 3 3/4 parts
Flint 3 3/4 parts
Oxide of cobalt 2 1/2 parts

Glost fire.

Turquoise Stain.—

Prepared cobalt 1 1/2 parts Oxide of zinc 6 parts China clay 6 parts Carbonate of soda. 1 part

Hard fire.

«MATERIALS:»

«Tin Ash.»—

Old lead 4 parts Grain tin 2 parts

Melt in an iron ladle, and pour out in water, then spread on a dish, and calcine in glost oven with plenty of air.

«Oxide of Tin.»—

Granulated tin 5 pounds Niter 1/2 pound

Put on saucers and fire in glost oven.

«Oxide of Chrome» is made by mixing powdered bichromate of potash with sulphur as follows:

Potash 6 parts Flowers of sulphur 1 part

Put in saggar, inside kiln, so that fumes are carried away, and place 4 or 5 pieces of red-hot iron on the top so as to ignite it. Leave about 12 hours, then pound very fine, and put in saggar again. Calcine in hard place of biscuit oven. Wash this until the water is quite clear, and dry for use.

«Production of Luster Colors on Porcelain and Glazed Pottery.»—The luster colors are readily decomposed by acids and atmospheric influences, because they do not contain, in consequence of the low baking temperature, enough silicic acid to form resistive compounds. In order to attain this, G. Alefeld has patented a process according to which such compounds are added to the luster preparations as leave behind after the burning an acid which transforms the luster preparation into more resisting {173} compounds. In this connection the admixture of such bodies has been found advantageous, as they form phosphides with the metallic oxides of the lusters after the burning. These phosphides are especially fitted for the production of saturated resisting compounds, not only on account of their insolubility in water, but also on account of their colorings. Similarly titanic, molybdic, tungstic, and vanadic compounds may be produced. The metallic phosphates produced by the burning give a luster coating which, as regards gloss, is not inferior to the non-saturated metallic oxides, while it materially excels them in power of resistance. Since the lusters to be applied are used dissolved in essential oils, it is necessary to make the admixture of phosphoric substance also in a form soluble in essential oils. For the production of this admixture the respective chlorides, preeminently phosphoric chloride, are suitable. They are mixed with oil of lavender in the ratio of 1 to 5, and the resulting reaction product is added to the commercial metallic oxide luster, singly or in conjunction with precious metal preparations (glossy gold, silver, platinum, etc.) in the approximate proportion of 5 to 1. Then proceed as usual. Instead of the chlorides, nitrates and acetates, as well as any readily destructible organic compounds, may also be employed, which are entered into fusing rosin or rosinous liquids.

«Metallic Luster on Pottery.»—According to a process patented in Germany, a mixture is prepared from various natural or artificial varieties of ocher, to which 25–50 per cent of finely powdered more or less metalliferous or sulphurous coal is added. The mass treated in this manner is brought together in saggars with finely divided organic substances, such as sawdust, shavings, wood-wool, cut straw, etc., and subjected to feeble red heat. After the heating the material is taken out. The glazings now exhibit that thin but stable metallic color which is governed by the substances used. Besides coal, salts and oxides of silver, cobalt, cadmium, chrome iron, nickel, manganese, copper, or zinc may be employed. The color-giving layer is removed by washing or brushing, while the desired color is burned in and remains. In this manner handsome shades can be produced.

«Metallic Glazes on Enamels.»—The formulas used by the Arabs and their Italian successors are partly disclosed in manuscripts in the British and South Kensington Museums; two are given below:

Arab Italian Copper sulphide 26.87 24.74 Silver sulphide 1.15 1.03 Mercury sulphide — 24.74 Red ocher 71.98 49.49

These were ground with vinegar and applied with the brush to the already baked enamel. A great variety of iridescent and metallic tones can be obtained by one or the other, or a mixture of the following formulas: