Chapter CIII: Section 2 (6)

"Earlier than 735 B. C., ... though we do not know the precise
era of its commencement, there existed one solitary Grecian
establishment in the Tyrrhenian Sea,--the Campanian Cumæ, near
Cape Misenum; which the more common opinion of chronologists
supposed to have been founded in 1050 B. U. and which has even
been carried back by some authors to 1139 B. C. ... We may at
least feel certain that it is the most ancient Grecian
establishment in any part of Italy. ... The Campanian
Cumæ--known almost entirely by this its Latin
designation--received its name and a portion of its
inhabitants from the Æolic Kymê in Asia Minor. ... Cumæ,
situated on the neck of the peninsula which terminates in Cape
Misenum, occupied a lofty and rocky hill overhanging the sea
and difficult of access on the land side. ... In the hollow
rock under the very walls of the town was situated the cavern
of the prophetic Sibyl,--a parallel and reproduction of the
Gergithian Sibyl, near Kymê in Æolis: in the immediate
neighborhood, too, stood the wild woods and dark lake of
Avernus, consecrated to the subterranean gods, and offering an
establishment of priests, with ceremonies evoking the dead,
for purposes of prophecy or for solving doubts and mysteries.
It was here that Grecian imagination localized the Cimmerians
and the fable of Odysseus; and the Cumæans derived gains from
the numerous visitors to this holy spot, perhaps hardly less
than those of the inhabitants of Krissa from the vicinity of
Delphi. Of the relations of these Cumæans with the Hellenic
world generally, we unfortunately know nothing; but they seem
to have been in intimate connection with Rome during the time
of the kings, and especially during that of the last king
Tarquin,--forming the intermediate link between the Greek and
Latin world, whereby the feelings of the Teukrians and
Gergitheans near the Æolic Kymê and the legendary stories of
Trojan as well as Grecian heroes,--Æneas and Odysseus--passed
into the antiquarian imagination of Rome and Latium. The
writers of the Augustan age knew Cumæ only in its decline, and
wondered at the vast extent of its ancient walls, yet
remaining in their time. But during the two centuries prior to
500 B. C. these walls inclosed a full and thriving population,
in the plenitude of prosperity."

_G. Grote, History of Greece, part 2, chapter 22._

See, also, SIBYLS

CUMANS, OR KOMANS, The.

See HUNGARY: A. D. 1114-1301.

CUMBERLAND GAP, The capture of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1863 (AUGUST-SEPTEMBER: TENNESSEE).

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CUMBRIA:
The British kingdom.

"The Britons of Cumbria occupy a tolerably large space on the
map, but a very small one in history;--their annals have
entirely perished;--and nothing authentic remains concerning
them, except a very few passages, wholly consisting of
incidental notices relating to their subjection and their
misfortunes. Romance would furnish much more; for it was in
Cumbria that Rhyderc, or Roderic the magnificent, is therein
represented to have reigned, and Merlin to have prophesied.
Arthur held his court in merry Carlisle; and Peredur, the
Prince of Sunshine, whose name we find amongst the princes of
Strathclyde, is one of the great heroes of the 'Mabinogion,'
or tales of youth, long preserved by tradition amongst the
Cymri. These fantastic personages, however, are of importance
in one point of view, because they show, what we might
otherwise forget--that from the Ribble in Lancashire, or
thereabouts, up to the Clyde, there existed a dense population
composed of Britons, who preserved their national language and
customs, agreeing in all respects with the Welsh of the
present day. So that even in the tenth century, the ancient
Britons still inhabited the greater part of the western coast
of the island, however much they had been compelled to yield
to the political supremacy of the Saxon invaders. The 'Regnum
Cumbrense' comprehended many districts, probably governed by
petty princes or Reguli, in subordination to a chief monarch
or Pendragon. Reged appears to have been somewhere in the
vicinity of Annandale. Strathclyde is of course the district
or vale of Clydesdale. In this district, or state, was
situated Alcluyd, or Dunbritton, now Dumbarton, where the
British kings usually resided; and the whole Cumbrian kingdom
was not infrequently called Strathclyde, from the ruling or
principal state; just as the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland is often designated in common language as
'England,' because England is the portion where the monarch
and legislature are found. Many dependencies of the Cumbrian
kingdom extended into modern Yorkshire, and Leeds was the
frontier town between the Britons and the Angles. ... The
kings of Cumbria became the vassals, or 'men,' of the
Anglo-Saxon kings. Eugenius had thus submitted to Athelstane.
Of the nature of the obligation I shall speak hereafter. The
Anglo-Saxon kings appear to have been anxious to extend and
confirm their supremacy; Edmund proceeded against Donald, or
Dumhnail, the Scottish King of Cumbria (A. D. 945), with the
most inveterate and implacable hostility. ... Edmund, having
thus obtained possession of Cumbria, granted the country to
Malcolm, King of the Scots, upon condition, as the chronicles
say, of being his co-operator, both by sea and by land. ...
From this period the right of the Scottish kings or princes to
the kingdom of Cumbria, as vassals of the English crown, seems
to have been fully admitted: and the rights of the Scottish
kings to the 'Earldom of Cumberland'--for such it was
afterwards termed--were founded upon Edmund's grant. The
Britons of Strathclyde, and Reged, and Cumbria, gradually
melted away into the surrounding population; and, losing their
language, ceased to be discernible as a separate race. Yet it
is most probable that this process was not wholly completed
until a comparatively recent period."

_F. Palgrave, History of the Anglo-Saxons,
chapter 11._

Cumbria and Cambria (Wales), the two states long maintained by
the Britons, against the Angles and Saxons, bore, in reality,
the same name, Cumbria being the more correct form of it. The
earliest development of the so-called Welsh poetry seems to
have been in Cumbria rather than in Wales. Taliesen and
Aneurin were Cumbrian bards, and Arthur, if any historical
personage stands behind his kingly shadow, was probably a
Cumbrian hero.

_J. Rhys, Celtic Britain._

ALSO IN:
_W. F. Skene, The Four Ancient Books of Wales._

See, also, KYMRY, ALCLYDE,
and SCOTLAND: 10TH-11TH CENTURIES.

CUNARD LINE, The founding of the.

See STEAM NAVIGATION: ON THE OCEAN.

CUNAXA, Battle of (B. C. 401).

See PERSIA: B. C. 401-400.

CUNEIFORM WRITING.

The characters employed for the written languages of ancient
Babylonia and Assyria, have been called cuneiform, from the
Latin cunens, a wedge, because the marks composing them are
wedge-shaped. All knowledge of those characters and of the
languages expressed in them had been lost for many centuries,
and its recent recovery is one of the most marvelous
achievements of our age. "Travellers had discovered
inscriptions engraved in cuneiform, or, as they were also
termed, arrow-headed characters, on the ruined monuments of
Persepolis and other ancient sites in Persia. Some of these
monuments were known to have been erected by the Achæmenian
princes--Darius, the son of Hystaspes, and his successors--and
it was therefore inferred that the inscriptions also had been
carved by order of the same kings. The inscriptions were in
three different systems of cuneiform writing; and since the
three kinds of inscription were always placed side by side, it
was evident that they represented different versions of the
same text. ... It was clear that the three versions of the
Achæmenian inscriptions were addressed to the three chief
populations of the Persian Empire, and that the one which
invariably came first was composed in ancient Persian, the
language of the sovereign himself. Now this Persian version
happened to offer the decipherer less difficulties than the
two others which accompanied it. The number of distinct
characters employed in writing it did not exceed forty, while
the words were divided from one another by a slanting wedge.
Some of the words contained so many characters that it was
plain that these latter must denote letters and not syllables,
and that consequently the Persian cuneiform system must have
consisted of an alphabet, and not of a syllabary. It was
further plain that the inscriptions had to be read from left
to right, since the ends of all the lines were exactly
underneath one another on the left side, whereas they
terminated irregularly on the right. ... The clue to the
decipherment of the inscriptions was first discovered by the
successful guess of a German scholar, Grotefend. Grotefend
noticed that the inscriptions generally began with three or
four words, one of which varied, while the others remained
unchanged. The variable word had three forms, though the same
form always appeared on the same monument. Grotefend,
therefore, conjectured that this word represented the name of
a king, the words which followed it being royal titles."
Working on this conjecture, he identified the three names with
Darius, Xerxes and Artaxerxes, and one of the supposed titles
with a Zend word for "king," which gave him a considerable
part of the cuneiform alphabet. He was followed in the work by
Burnouf, Lassen and Sir Henry Rawlinson, until, finally,
Assyrian inscriptions were read with "almost as much certainty
as a page of the Old Testament."

_A. H. Sayce, Fresh Light from the ancient monuments,
chapter 1._

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CUNIBERTUS, King of the Lombards, A. D. 691-700.

CUNIMARÉ, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
GUCK OR Coco GROUP.

CURDS, OR KURDS, The.

See CARDUCHI.

CURFEW-BELL, The.

"Except from its influence upon the imagination, it would be
hardly worth while to notice the legend of the curfew-bell, so
commonly supposed to have been imposed by William [the
Conqueror] upon the English, as a token of degradation and
slavery; but the 'squilla di lontano, che paja il giorno
pianger che si muore,' was a universal custom of police
throughout the whole of mediaeval Europe, not unconnected with
devotional feeling."

Sir F. Palgrave, History of Normandy and England,
volume 3, page 627.

"In the year [1061] after King Henry's death [Henry I. of
France], in a Synod held at Caen by the Duke's authority [Duke
William of Normandy, who became in 1066 the Conqueror, and
King of England], and attended by Bishops, Abbots, and Barons,
it was ordered that a bell should be rung every evening, at
hearing of which prayer should be offered, and all people
should get within their houses and shut their doors. This odd
mixture of piety and police seems to be the origin of the
famous and misrepresented Curfew. Whatever was its object, it
was at least not ordained as any special hardship on William's
English subjects."

_E. A. Freeman, History of the Norman Conquest
of England, chapter 12, section 3 (volume 3)._

CURIA, Ancient Roman.

See COMITIA-CURIATA.

CURIA, Municipal, of the later Roman empire.
Decuriones.

"It is only necessary in this work to describe the general
type of the municipal organization which existed in the
provinces of the Roman Empire after the time of Constantine.
... The proprietors of land in the Roman provinces generally
dwelt in towns and cities, as a protection against brigands
and man-stealers. Every town had an agricultural district
which formed its territory, and the landed proprietors
constituted the municipality. The whole local authority was
vested in an oligarchical senate called the Curia, consisting
probably of one hundred of the wealthiest landed proprietors
in the city or township. This body elected the municipal
authorities and officers, and filled up vacancies in its own
body. It was therefore independent of the proprietors from
among whom it was taken, and whose interests it ought to have
represented. The Curia--not the body of landed
proprietors--formed therefore the Roman municipality. The
Curia was used by the imperial government as an instrument of
fiscal extortion."

_G. Finlay, Greece under the Romans, chapter 2, section 1._

"When the progress of fiscal tyranny had almost sapped the
vigor of society, the decuriones [members of the municipal
curiæ, called, also, curiales] ... being held jointly
responsible for the taxation, became the veriest slaves of the
empire. Responsible jointly for the taxes, they were, by the
same token, responsible for their colleagues and their
successors; their estates were made the securities of the
imperial dues; and if any estate was abandoned by its
proprietor, they were compelled to occupy it and meet the
imposts exigible from it. Yet they could not relinquish their
offices; they could not leave the city except by stealth; they
could not enter the army, or the priesthood, or any office
which might relieve them from municipal functions. ... Even
the children of the Curial were adscribed to his functions,
and could engage in no course of life inconsistent with the
onerous and intolerable duty. In short, this dignity was so
much abhorred that the lowest plebeian shunned admission to
it, the members of it made themselves bondmen, married
slave-women, or joined the barbaric hordes in order to escape
it; and malefactors, Jews and heretics were sometimes
condemned to it, as an appropriate penalty for their
offenses."

_P. Godwin, History of France:
Ancient Gaul, book 2, chapter 8._

ALSO IN:
_T. Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, book 3, chapter 9._

_F. Guizot, History of Civilization, volume 2
(volume 1, France), lecture 2._

See, also ROME: A. D. 363-379.

CURIA, Papal.
College of Cardinals.
Consistory.

"The Court of Rome, commonly called the Roman Curia, consisted
of a number of dignified ecclesiastics who assisted the Pope
in the executive administration. The Pontiff's more intimate
advisers, or, as we should say, his privy council, were the
College of Cardinals [see PAPACY: A. D. 1059], consisting of a
certain number of cardinal bishops, cardinal priests, and
cardinal deacons. The cardinal deacons, at first seven and
afterwards fourteen in number, were originally ecclesiastics
appointed as overseers and guardians of the sick and poor in
the different districts of Rome. Equal to them in rank were
the fifty cardinal priests, as the chief priests of the
principal Roman churches were called; who, with the cardinal
deacons, formed, in very early times, the presbytery, or
senate of the Bishop of Rome. ... According to some
authorities, cardinal bishops were instituted in the 9th
century; according to others not till the 11th, when seven
bishops of the dioceses nearest to Rome--Ostia, Porto,
Velitrae, Tusculum, Præneste, Tibur, and the Sabines--were
adopted by the Pope partly as his assistants in the service of
the Lateran, and partly in the general administration of the
Church. In process of time, the appointment of such cardinal
bishops was extended not only to the rest of Italy but also to
foreign countries. Though the youngest of the cardinals in
point of time, cardinal bishops were the highest in rank, and
enjoyed the pre-eminence in the College. Their titles were
derived from their dioceses. ... But they were also called by
their own names. The number of the cardinals was indefinite
and varying. The Council of Basle endeavoured to restrict it
to 24. But this was not carried out, and Pope Sixtus V. at
length fixed the number at 70. The Council called the
Consistory, which advised with the Pope both in temporal and
ecclesiastical matters, was ordinarily private, and confined
to the cardinals alone; though on extraordinary occasions, and
for solemn purposes of state, as in the audiences of foreign
ambassadors, &c., other prelates, and even distinguished
laymen, might appear in it."

_T. H. Dyer, History of Modern Europe, volume 1, page 38._

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CURIA REGIS OF THE NORMAN KINGS.

"The Curia Regis [under the Norman Kings of England], the
supreme tribunal of judicature, of which the Exchequer was the
financial department or session, was ... the court of the king
sitting to administer justice with the advice of his
counsellors; those counsellors being, in the widest
acceptation, the whole body of tenants-in-chief, but in the
more limited usage, the great officers of the household and
specially appointed judges. The great gatherings of the
national council may be regarded as full sessions of the Curia
Regis, or the Curia Regis as a perpetual committee of the
national council."

_William Stubbs, Constitutional History of England,
chapter 11, section 127._

"Not long after the granting of Magna Charta, the Curia Regis
was permanently divided into three committees or courts, each
taking a certain portion of the business:
(1) Fiscal matters were confined to the Exchequer;
(2) civil disputes, where neither the king's interest nor any
matter savouring of a criminal nature were involved, were
decided in the Common Pleas; and
(3) the court of King's Bench retained all the remaining
business and soon acquired the exclusive denomination of the
ancient Curia Regis."

"But the same staff of judges was still retained for all three
courts, with the chief justiciar at their head. Towards the
end of Henry III.'s reign, the three courts received each a
distinct staff, and on the abolition by Edward I. of the
office of chief justiciar, the only remaining bond of union
being severed, they became completely separated. Some trace of
their ancient unity of organization always survived, however,
in the court of Exchequer Chamber; until at length after six
centuries of independent existence they were again united by
the Judicature Act, 1873. Together with the Court of Chancery
and the Probate, Divorce and Admiralty courts, they now form
divisions of a consolidated High Court of Justice, itself a
branch of the Supreme Court of Judicature."

_T. P. Taswell-Langmead,
English Constitutional History, page 154._

"The Aula Regia, or Curia Regis ... has been described in
various and at first sight contradictory terms. Thus it has
been called the highest Law Court, the Ministry of the King, a
Legislative Assembly, &c. The apparent inconsistency of these
descriptions vanishes on closer inspection, and throws great
light on mediæval history. For the Curia Regis possessed every
attribute which has been ascribed to it."

_A. V. Dicey, The Privy Council, part 1._

ALSO IN:
_R. Gneist, History of the English Constitution, chapter 19._

CURIALES.

See CURIA, MUNICIPAL.

CURIOSOLITÆ, The.

See VENETI OF WESTERN GAUL.

CURTIS, George W., and Civil-Service Reform.

See CIVIL SERVICE REFORM IN THE UNITED STATES.

CURULE ÆDILES.

See ROME: B. C. 494-492.

CURULE CHAIR.

In ancient Rome, "certain high offices of state conferred upon
the holder the right of using, upon public occasions, an ivory
chair of peculiar form. This chair was termed Sella Curulis.
... This was somewhat in the form of a modern camp-stool."

_W. Ramsay, Manual of Roman Antiquity, chapters 2 and 4._

CURZOLA, Battle of (1298).

See GENOA: A. D. 1261-1299.

CUSCO: The Capital of the Incas of Peru.

See PERU: A. D. 1533-154.8.

CUSH.--CUSHITES.

"Genesis, like the Hebrews of later date, includes under the
name of Cush the nations dwelling to the South, the Nubians,
Ethiopians and tribes of South Arabia."

_M. Duncker, History of Antiquity, book 2, chapter 1._

See, also, HAMITES, and ARABIA.

CUSHING, Lieutenant William B.
Destruction of the ram Albemarle.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D.1864 (OCTOBER: NORTH CAROLINA).

CUSTER'S LAST BATTLE.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1876.

CUSTOMS DUTIES.

See TARIFF.

CUSTOMS UNION, The German (Zollverein).

See TARIFF: A. D. 1833.

CUSTOZZA, Battles of (1848 and 1866).

See ITALY: A. D. 1848-1849; and 1862-1866.

CUTLER, Manasseh, and the Ordinance of 1787.

See NORTHWEST TERRITORY OF THE
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1787.

CUYRIRI, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
GUCK OR COCO GROUP.

CYCLADES, The.--SPORADES, The.

"Among the Ionic portion of Hellas are to be reckoned (besides
Athens) Eubœa, and the numerous group of islands included
between the southernmost Eubœan promontory, the eastern coast
of Peloponnesus, and the northwestern coast of Krête. Of these
islands some are to be considered as outlying prolongations,
in a southeasterly direction, of the mountain-system of
Attica; others of that of Eubœa; while a certain number of
them lie apart from either system, and seem referable to a
volcanic origin. To the first class belong Keôs, Kythnus,
Seriphus, Pholegandrus, Sikinus, Gyarus, Syra, Paros, and
Antiparos; to the second class Andros, Tênos, Mykonos, Dêlos,
Naxos, Amorgos; to the third class Kimôlus, Mêlos, Thêra.
These islands passed amongst the ancients by the general name
of the Cyclades and the Sporades; the former denomination
being commonly understood to comprise those which immediately
surrounded the sacred island of Dêlos,--the latter being given
to those which lay more scattered and apart. But the names are
not applied with uniformity or steadiness even in ancient
times: at present, the whole group are usually known by the
title of Cyclades."

_G. Grote, History of Greece, part 2, chapter 12._

CYDONIA, Battles and siege of (B. C. 71-68).

See CRETE: B. C. 68-66.

CYLON, Conspiracy of.

See ATHENS: B. C. 612-595.

CYMBELINE, Kingdom of.

See COLCHESTER, ORIGIN OF.

CYMRY, The.

See KYMRY, THE.

CYNOSARGES AT ATHENS, The.

See GYMNASIA, GREEK.

CYNOSCEPHALÆ, Battle of (B. C. 364).

The battle in which Pelopidas, the Theban patriot, friend and
colleague of Epaminondas, was slain. It was fought B. C. 364,
in Thessaly, near Pharsalus, on the heights called
Cynoscephalæ, or the Dog's Heads, and delivered the Thessalian
cities from the encroachments of the tyrant of Pheræ.

_C. Thirlwall, History of Greece, chapter 40._

CYNOSCEPHALÆ: (B. C. 197).

See GREECE: B. C. 214-146.

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CYNOSSEMA, Naval battle of.

Two successive naval battles fought, one in July and the
second in October, B. C. 411, between the Athenians and the
Peloponnesian allies, in the Hellespont, are jointly called
the Battle of Cynossema. The name was taken from the headland
called Cynossema, or the "Dog's Tomb," "ennobled by the legend
and the chapel of the Trojan queen Hecuba." The Athenians had
the advantage in both encounters, especially in the latter
one, when they were joined by Alcibiades, with reenforcements,
just in time to decide the doubtful fortunes of the day.

_E. Curtius, History of Greece, book 4, chapter 5._

ALSO IN:
_G. Grote, History of Greece, part 2, chapter 63._

See GREECE: B. C. 411-407.

CYNURIANS, The.

See KYNURIANS.

CYPRUS: Origin of the name.

"The Greek name of the island was derived from the abundance
in which it produced the beautiful plant ('Copher') which
furnishes the 'al-henna,' coveted throughout the East for the
yellow dye which it communicates to the nails. It was rich in
mines of copper, which has obtained for it the name by which
it is known in the modern languages of the West."

_J. Kenrick, Phœnicia, chapter 4._

CYPRUS: Early History.

"The first authentic record with regard to Cyprus is an
inscription on an Egyptian tombstone of the 17th century B.
C., from which it appears that the island was conquered by
Thothmes III. of Egypt, in whose reign the exodus of the
Children of Israel is supposed to have taken place. This was
no doubt anterior to the establishment of any Greek colonies,
and probably, also, before the Phœnicians had settled in the
island. ... As appears from various inscriptions and other
records, Cyprus became subject successively to Egypt, as just
mentioned, to Assyria, to Egypt again in 568 B. C., when it
was conquered by Amasis, and in 525 B. C. to Persia. Meanwhile
the power of the Greeks had been increasing. ... The
civilization of the West was about to assert itself at
Marathon and Salamis; and Cyprus, being midway between East
and West, could not fail to be involved in the coming
conflict. On the occasion of the Ionic revolt [see PERSIA: B.
C. 521-493] the Greek element in Cyprus showed its strength:
and in 502 B. C. the whole island, with the single exception
of the Phœnician town of Amathus, took part with the Ionians
in renouncing the authority of the Persian king." But in the
war which followed, the Persians, aided by the Phœnicians of
the mainland, reconquered Cyprus, and the Cyprian Greeks were
long disheartened. They recovered their courage, however,
about 410 B. C. when Evagoras, a Greek of the royal house of
Teucer, made himself master of Salamis, and finally
established a general sovereignty over the island--even
extending his power to the mainland and subjugating Tyre. "The
reign of Evagoras is perhaps the most brilliant period in the
history of Cyprus. Before his death, which took place in 374
B. C., he had raised the island from the position of a mere
dependency of one or other of the great Eastern monarchies,
had gained for it a place among the lending states of Greece,
and had solved the question as to which division of the
ancient world the Cyprian people should be assigned.
Consequently when, some forty years later, the power of Persia
was shattered by Alexander the Great at the battle of Issus,
the kings of the island hastened to offer him their submission
as the leader of the Greek race, and sent 120 ships to assist
him in the siege of Tyre." After Alexander's death, Cyprus was
disputed between Antigonus and Ptolemy.

See MACEDONIA: B. C. 310-301.

The king of Egypt secured the prize, and the island remained
under the Greek-Egyptian crown, until it passed, with the rest
of the heritage of the Ptolemys to the Romans. "When the
[Roman] empire was divided, on the death of Constantine the
Great, Cyprus, like Malta, passed into the hands of the
Byzantine Emperors. Like Malta, also, it was exposed to
frequent attacks from the Arabs; but, although they several
times occupied the island and once held it for no less than
160 years, they were always expelled again by the Byzantine
Emperors, and never established themselves there as firmly as
they did in Malta. The crusades first brought Cyprus into
contact with the western nations of modern Europe."

_C. P. Lucas, Historical Geography of British Colonies,
section 1, chapter 2._

ALSO IN:
_R. H. Lang, CYPRUS, chapter 1-8._

_F. Von Loher, CYPRUS, chapter 12 and 30._

_L. P. Di Cesnola, Cyprus; its ancient cities, &c._

CYPRUS: B. C. 58.
Annexed to the Roman Dominions.

"The annexation of Cyprus was decreed in 696 [B. C. 58] by the
people [of Rome], that is, by the leaders of the democracy,
the support given to piracy by the Cypriots being alleged as
the official reason why that course should now be adopted.
Marcus Cato, intrusted by his opponents with the execution of
this measure, came to the island without an army; but he had
no need of one. The king [a brother of the king of Egypt] took
poison; the inhabitants submitted without offering resistance
to their inevitable fate, and were placed under the governor
of Cilicia."

_T. Mommsen, History of Rome, book 5, chapter 4._

CYPRUS: A. D. 117.
Jewish insurrection.

"This rich and pleasant territory [the island of Cyprus] had
afforded a refuge to the Jews of the continent through three
generations of disturbance and alarm, and the Hebrew race was
now [A. D. 117] probably not inferior there in number to the
native Syrians or Greeks. On the first outburst of a Jewish
revolt [against the Roman domination, in the last year of the
reign of Trajan] the whole island fell into the hands of the
insurgents, and became an arsenal and rallying point for the
insurrection, which soon spread over Egypt, Cyrene and
Mesopotamia. The leader of the revolt in Cyprus bore the name
of Artemion, but we know no particulars of the war in this
quarter, except that 240,000 of the native population is said
to have fallen victims to the exterminating fury of the
insurgents. When the rebellion was at last extinguished in
blood, the Jews were forbidden thenceforth to set foot on the
island; and even if driven thither by stress of weather, the
penalty of death was mercilessly enforced. ... The Jewish
population of Cyrenaica outnumbered the natives. ... The
hostility of the Jews in these parts was less directed against
the central government and the Roman residents than the native
race. ... Of these 220,000 are said to have perished."

_C. Merivale, History of the Romans, chapter 65._

{645}

CYPRUS: A. D. 1191.
Conquest by Richard Cœur de Lion.
Founding of the Latin Kingdom.

During the civil strife and confusion of the last years of the
Comnenian dynasty of emperors at Constantinople, one of the
members of the family, Isaac Comnenos, secured the sovereignty
of Cyprus and assumed the title of emperor. With the alliance
of the king of Sicily, he defeated the Byzantine forces sent
against him, and was planted securely, to all appearance, on
his newly built throne at the time of the Third Crusade.
Circumstances at that time (A. D. 1191) gave him a fatal
opportunity to provoke the English crusaders. First, he seized
the property and imprisoned the crews of three English ships
that were wrecked on the Cyprian coast. Not satisfied with
that violence, he refused shelter from the storm to a vessel
which bore Berengaria of Navarre, the intended wife of King
Richard. "The king of England immediately sailed to Cyprus;
and when Isaac refused to deliver up the ship-wrecked
crusaders, and to restore their property, Richard landed his
army and commenced a series of operations, which ended in his
conquering the whole island, in which he abolished the
administrative institutions of the Eastern Empire, enslaving
the Greek race, introducing the feudal system, by which he
riveted the chains of a foreign domination, and then gave it
as a present to Guy of Lusignan, the titular king of
Jerusalem, who became the founder of a dynasty of Frank kings
in Cyprus."

_G. Finlay, History of the Byzantine and Greek Empires,
from 716 to 1453, book 3, chapter 3, section 1._

Before giving Cyprus to Guy of Lusignan, Richard had sold the
island to the Templars, and Guy had to pay the knights heavily
for the extinguishment of their rights. Richard, therefore,
was rather a negotiator than a giver in the transaction.

_William Stubbs, Seventeen Lectures on the Study of Mediæval and
Modern History, lecture 8._

CYPRUS: A. D. 1192-1489.
The kingdom under the house of Lusignan.

"The house of Lusignan maintained itself in Cyprus for nearly
three centuries, during which, although fallen somewhat from
the blessedness which had been broken up by Isaac Comnenus,
the island seems to have retained so much fertility and
prosperity as to make its later history very dark by contrast.
... Guy, we are told, received Cyprus for life only, and did
homage for the island to Richard. As he already bore the title
of king, the question whether he should hold Cyprus as a
kingdom does not seem to have arisen. ... On his death, in
April, 1194, Richard putting in no claim for the reversion,
his brother, Amalric of Lusignan, constable of Palestine,
entered on the possession as his heir. ... Amalric succeeded
to the crown of Jerusalem; the crown of Jerusalem, which,
after the year 1269, became permanently united with that of
Cyprus, was an independent crown, and the king of Jerusalem an
anointed king: the union of the crowns therefore seems to have
precluded any question as to the tenure by which the kingdom
of Cyprus should be held. ... The homage then due to Richard,
or to the crown of England, ceased at the death of Guy."

_William Stubbs, Seventeen Lectures on the Study of
Mediæval and Modern History, lecture 8._

See, also, JERUSALEM: A. D. 1291.

CYPRUS: A. D. 1291-1310.
The Knights Hospitallers of St. John.

See HOSPITALLERS OF ST. JOHN: A. D. 1118-1310.

CYPRUS: A. D. 1489-1570.
A Venetian dependency.

The last reigning king of Cyprus was James II., a bastard
brother of Queen Charlotte, whom he drove from the Cypriot
throne in 1464. This king married a Venetian lady, Caterina
Cornaro, in 1471 and was declared to be "the son-in·law of the
Republic." The unscrupulous republic is said to have poisoned
its son·in-law in order to secure the succession. He died in
1473, and a son, born after his death, lived but two years.
Cyprus was then ruled by the Venetians for fifteen years in
the name of Caterina, who finally renounced her rights wholly
in favor of the republic. After 1489, until its conquest by
the Turks, Cyprus was a Venetian dependency, in form as well
as in fact, but tributary to the Sultan of Egypt.

_William Stubbs, Seventeen Lectures on the Study of
Mediæval and Modern History, lecture 8._

CYPRUS: A. D. 1570-1571.
Conquest by the Turks.

See TURKS: A. D. 1566-1571.

CYPRUS: A. D. 1821.
Turkish massacre of Christians.

See GREECE: A. D. 1821-1829.

CYPRUS: A. D. 1878.
Control surrendered by Turkey to England.

See TURKS: A. D. 1878, THE TREATIES OF
SAN STEFANO AND BERLIN.

----------CYPRUS: End----------

CYREANS, The.

See PERSIA: B. C. 401-400.

CYRENAICA.--CYRENE.--KYRENE.

A city, growing into a kingdom, which was founded at an early
day by the Greeks, on that projecting part of the coast of
Libya, or northern Africa, which lies opposite to Greece. The
first settlers were said to have been from the little island
of Thera, whose people were bold and enterprising. The site
they chose "was of an unusual nature, especially for
islanders, and lay several miles away from the sea, the shores
of which were devoid of natural bays for anchorage. But, with
this exception, every advantage was at hand: instead of the
narrow stony soil of their native land, they found the most
fertile corn-fields, a broad table-land with a healthy
atmosphere and watered by fresh springs; a well-wooded
coast-land, unusually well adapted for all the natural
products which the Hellenes deemed essential; while in the
background spread mysteriously the desert, a world passing the
comprehension of the Hellenes, out of which the Libyan tribes
came to the shore with horses and camels, with black slaves,
with apes, parrots and other wonderful animals, with dates and
rare fruits. ... An abundant spring of water above the shore
was the natural point at which the brown men of the deserts
and the mariners assembled. Here regular meetings became
customary. The bazaar became a permanent market, and the
market a city which arose on a grand scale, broad and lofty,
on two rocky heights, which jut out towards the sea from the
plateau of the desert. This city was called Cyrene. ... Large
numbers of population immigrated from Crete, the islands and
Peloponnesus. A large amount of new land was parcelled out,
the Libyans were driven back, the landing-place became the
port of Apollonia, and the territory occupied by the city
itself was largely extended. Cyrene became, like Massalia, the
starting point of a group of settlements, the centre of a
small Greece: Barca and Hesperides [afterwards called
Berenice] were her daughters. Gradually a nation grew up,
which extended itself and its agriculture, and contrived to
cover a large division of African land with Hellenic culture.
This was the new era which commenced for Cyrene with the reign
of the third king, the Battus who, on account of the
marvellously rapid rise of his kingdom, was celebrated as 'the
fortunate' in all Hellas. The Battiadæ [the family or dynasty
of Battus] were soon regarded as a great power."

_E. Curtius, History of Greece, book 2, chapter 3._

{646}

Cyrenaica became subject to Egypt under the Ptolemys, and was
then usually called Pentapolis, from the five cities of
Cyrene, Apollonia, Arsinoë (formerly Teuchira), Berenice
(formerly Hesperis, or Hesperides) and Ptolemais (the port of
Barca). Later it became a province of the Roman Empire, and
finally, passing under Mahometan rule, sank to its present
state, as a district, called Barca, of the kingdom of
Tripoli.--Cyrene was especially famous for the production of a
plant called silphium--supposed to be assafœtida--on which
the ancients seem to have set an extraordinary value. This was
one of the principal sources of the wealth of Cyrene.--

_E. H. Bunbury, History of Ancient Geography,
chapter 8, section 1, and chapter 12, section 2._

CYRENAICA: B. C. 525.
Tributary to Persia.

See EGYPT: B. C. 525-332.

CYRENAICA: B. C. 322.
Absorbed in the Kingdom of Egypt by Ptolemy Lagus.

See EGYPT: B. C. 323-30.

CYRENAICA: B. C. 97.
Transferred to the Romans by will.

"In the middle of this reign [of Ptolemy, called Lathyrus,
king of Egypt] died Ptolemy Apion, king of Cyrene. He was the
half-brother of Lathyrus and Alexander, and having been made
king of Cyrene by his father Euergetes II., he had there
reigned quietly for twenty years. Being between Egypt and
Carthage, then called the Roman province of Africa, and having
no army which he could lead against the Roman legions, he had
placed himself under the guardianship of Rome; he had bought a
truce during his lifetime, by making the Roman people his
heirs in his will, so that on his death they were to have his
kingdom. Cyrene had been part of Egypt for above two hundred
years, and was usually governed by a younger son or brother of
the king. But on the death of Ptolemy Apion, the Roman senate,
who had latterly been grasping at everything within their
reach, claimed his kingdom as their inheritance, and in the
flattering language of their decree by which the country was
enslaved, they declared Cyrene free."

_S. Sharpe, History of Egypt, chapter 11._

CYRENAICA: A. D. 117.
Jewish insurrection.

See CYPRUS: A. D. 117.

CYRENAICA: A. D. 616.
Destroyed by Chosroes.

See EGYPT: A. D. 616-628.

CYRENAICA: 7th Century.
Mahometan conquest.

See MAHOMETAN CONQUEST: A. D. 647-709.

----------CYRENAICA: End----------

CYRUS, The empire of.

See PERSIA: B. C. 549-521.

CYRUS THE YOUNGER,
The expedition of.

See PERSIA: B. C. 401-400.

CYZICUS: B. C. 411-410, Battles at.

See GREECE: B. C. 411-407.

CYZICUS: B. C. 74.
Siege by Mithridates.

Cyzicus, which had then become one of the largest and
wealthiest cities of Asia Minor, was besieged for an entire
year (B. C. 74-73) by Mithridates in the Third Mithridatic
war. The Roman Consul Lucullus came to the relief of the city
and succeeded in gaining a position which blockaded the
besiegers and cut off their supplies. In the end, Mithridates
retreated with a small remnant only, of his great armament,
and never recovered from the disaster.

_G. Long, Decline of the Roman Republic, volume 3, chapter 1._

CYZICUS: A. D. 267.
Capture by the Goths.

See GOTHS: A. D. 258-267.

----------CYZICUS: End----------

CZAR, OR TZAR.

See RUSSIA: A. D. 1547.

CZARTORISKYS, The, and the fall of Poland.

See POLAND: A. D. 1763-1773.

CZASLAU, OR CHOTUSITZ, Battle of (A. D. 1742).

See AUSTRIA: A. D. 1742 (JANUARY-MAY).

CZEKHS, The.

See BOHEMIA: ITS PEOPLE.

----------CZEKHS, End----------

D.

DACHTELFIELD, The.

See SAXONS: A. D. 772-804.

DACIA, The Dacians.

Ancient Dacia embraced the district north of the Danube
between the Theiss and the Dneister. "The Dacians [at the time
of Augustus, in the last half century B. C.] occupied the
whole of what now forms the southern part of Hungary, the
Banat and Transylvania. ... The more prominent part which they
henceforth assumed in Roman history was probably owing
principally to the immediate proximity in which they now found
themselves to the Roman frontier. The question of the relation
in which the Dacians stood to the Getæ, whom we find in
possession of these same countries at an earlier period, was
one on which there existed considerable difference of opinion
among ancient writers: but the prevailing conclusion was that
they were only different names applied to the same people.
Even Strabo, who describes them as distinct, though cognate
tribes, states that they spoke the same language. According to
his distinction the Getæ occupied the more easterly regions,
adjoining the Euxine, and the Dacians the western, bordering
on the Germans."

_E. H. Bunbury, History of Ancient Geography,
chapter 20, section 1._

DACIA: A. D. 102-106.
Trajan's conquest.

At the beginning of the second century, when Trajan conquered
the Dacians and added their country to the Roman Empire, "they
may be considered as occupying the broad block of land bounded
by the Theiss, the Carpathians, the lower Danube or Ister, and
the Pruth." In his first campaign, A. D. 102, Trajan
penetrated the country to the heart of modern Transylvania,
and forced the Dacians to give him battle at a place called
Tapæ, the site of which is not known. He routed them with much
slaughter, as they had been routed at the same place, Tapæ,
sixteen years before, in one of the ineffectual campaigns
directed by Domitian. They submitted, and Trajan established
strong Roman posts in the country; but he had scarcely reached
Rome and celebrated his triumph there, before the Dacians were
again in arms. In the spring of the year 104, Trajan repaired
to the lower Danube in person, once more, and entered the
Dacian country with an overwhelming force. This time the
subjugation was complete, and the Romans established their
occupation of the country by the founding of colonies and the
building of roads.
{647}
Dacia was now made a Roman province, and "the language of the
Empire became, and to this day substantially remains, the
national tongue of the inhabitants. ... Of the Dacian
province, the last acquired and the first to be surrendered of
the Roman possessions, if we except some transient
occupations, soon to be commemorated, in the East, not many
traces now exist; but even these may suffice to mark the
moulding power of Roman civilization. ... The accents of the
Roman tongue still echo in the valleys of Hungary and
Wallachia; the descendants of the Dacians at the present day
repudiate the appellation of Wallachs, or strangers, and still
claim the name of Romúni."

_C. Merivale, History of the Romans, chapter 63._

DACIA: A. D. 270.
Given up to the Goths.

See GOTHS: A. D. 268-270.

DACIA: 4th Century.
Conquest by the Huns.

See GOTHS (VISIGOTHS): A. D. 376,
and HUNS: A. D. 433-453.

DACIA: 6th Century.
Occupied by the Avars.

See AVARS.

DACIA: Modern history.

See BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES.

----------DACIA: End----------

DACOITS.

See DAKOITS.

DACOTAS.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: SIOUAN FAMILY,
and PAWNEE (CADDOAN) FAMILY.

DÆGSASTAN, Battle of.

Fought, A. D. 603, between the Northumbrians and the Scots of
Dalriada, the army of the latter being almost wholly
destroyed.

DAGOBERT I.,
King of the Franks
(Neustria), A.. D. 628-638;
(Austrasia), 622--633:
(Burgundy), 628-638.

Dagobert II., King of the Franks
(Austrasia), A.. D. 673-678.

Dagobert III., King of the Franks
(Neustria and Burgundy), A. D. 711-715.

DAHIS, The.

See BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES,
14TH-19TH CENTURIES (SERVIA).

DAHLGREN, Admiral John A.
Siege of Charleston.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1863 (JULY, and AUGUST-DECEMBER: S. CAROLINA).

DAHLGREN, Ulric.
Raid to Richmond.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1864 (FEBRUARY-MARCH: VIRGINIA).

DAKOITS.--DAKOITEE.

The Dakoits of India, who were suppressed soon after the
Thugs, were "robbers by profession, and even by birth."
Dakoitee "was established upon a broad basis of hereditary
caste, and was for the most part an organic state of society.
'I have always followed the trade of my ancestors, Dakoitee.'
said Lukha, a noted Dakoit, who subsequently became approver.
'My ancestors held this profession before me,' said another,
'and we train boys in the same manner. In my caste if there
were any honest persons, i. e., not robbers, they would be
turned out.'" The hunting down of the Dakoits was begun in
1838, under the direction of Colonel Sleeman, who had already
hunted down the Thugs.

_J. W. Kaye, The Administration of the East India Co.,
part 3, chapter 3._

DAKOTA, North and South: A. D. 1803.-
Embraced in the Louisiana Purchase.

See LOUISIANA: A. D. 1798-1803.

DAKOTA: A. D. 1834-1838.
Partly joined, in succession, to Michigan, Wisconsin,
and Iowa Territories.

See WISCONSIN: A. D. 1805-1848.

DAKOTA: A. D. 1889.
Admission to the Union.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1889-1890.

DAKOTAS.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
SIOUAN FAMILY and PAWNEE (CADDOAN) FAMILY.

DALAI LAMA.

See LAMAS.

DALCASSIANS.

The people of North Munster figure prominently under that name
in early Irish history.

_T. Moore, History of Ireland, volume 2._

DALHOUSIE, Lord, The India administration of.

See INDIA: A. D. 1845-1849; 1848-1856; and 1852.

DALMATIA.

"The narrow strip of land on the eastern side of the Hadriatic
on which the name of Dalmatia has settled down has a history
which is strikingly analogous to its scenery. ... As the
cultivation and civilization of the land lies in patches, as
harbours and cities alternate with barren hills, so Dalmatia
has played a part in history only by fits and starts. This
fitful kind of history goes on from the days of Greek colonies
and Illyrian piracy to the last war between Italy and Austria.
But of continuous history, steadily influencing the course of
the world's progress, Dalmatia has none to show."

_E. A. Freeman, Subject and Neighbour Lands of Venice,
pages 85-87._

ALSO IN:
_T. G. Jackson, Dalmatia, the Quarnero and Istria,
chapter 1-2._

See, also, ILLYRICUM OF THE ROMANS; SALONA;
and BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES.

DALMATIA: 6th-7th Centuries:
Slavonic occupation.

See SLAVONIC PEOPLES: 6TH AND 7TH CENTURIES;
also, BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES: 7TH CENTURY.

DALMATIA: A. D. 944.
Beginning of Venetian Conquest.

See VENICE: A. D. 810-961.

DALMATIA: A. D. 1102.
Conquest by the king of Hungary.

See HUNGARY: A. D. 972--1114.

DALMATIA: 14th Century.
Conquest from the Venetians by Louis the Great of Hungary.

See HUNGARY: A. D. 1301-1442.

DALMATIA: 16th Century.
The Uscocks.

See USCOCKS.

DALMATIA: A. D. 1694-1696.
Conquests by the Venetians.

See TURKS: A. D. 1684-1696.

DALMATIA: A. D. 1699.
Cession in great part to Venice by the Turks.

See HUNGARY: 1683-1699.

DALMATIA: A. D. 1797.
Acquisition by Austria.

See, FRANCE: A. D. 1797 (MAY-OCTOBER).

DALMATIA: A. D. 1805.
Ceded by Austria to the kingdom of Italy.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1805-1806.

DALMATIA: A. D. 1809.
Incorporated in the Illyrian Provinces of Napoleon.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1809 (JULY-SEPTEMBER).

DALMATIA: A. D. 1814.
Restored to Austria.

Austria recovered possession of Dalmatia under the
arrangements of the Congress of Vienna.

----------DALMATIA: End----------

DALRIADA.

"A district forming the northeast corner of Ireland and
comprising the north half of the county of Antrim, was called
Dalriada. It appears to have been one of the earliest
settlements of the Scots among the Picts of Ulster and to have
derived its name from its supposed founder Cairbre, surnamed
Righfhada or Riada. It lay exactly opposite the peninsula of
Kintyre [Scotland] from whence it was separated by a part of
the Irish channel of no greater breadth than about fourteen
miles; and from this Irish district the colony of Scots, which
was already Christian [fifth century] passed over and settled
in Kintyre and in the island of Isla"--establishing a Scotch
Dalriada.

_W. F. Skene, Celtic Scotland, book 1, chapter 3._

For some account of the Scotch Dalriada,

See SCOTLAND: 7TH CENTURY.

{648}

DAMASCUS, Kingdom of.

The kingdom of Damascus, or "Aram of Damascus" as it was
entitled, was formed soon after that Syrian region threw off
the yoke of dependence which David and Solomon had imposed
upon it. "Rezon, the outlaw, was its founder. Hader, or Hadad,
and Rimmon, were the chief divinities of the race, and from
them the line of its kings derived their names,--Hadad,
Ben-hadad, Hadad-ezer, Tabrimmon."

_Dean Stanley, Lectures on the History of
the Jewish Church, lecture. 33._

"Though frequently captured and plundered in succeeding
centuries by Egypt and Assyria, neither of those nations was
able to hold it long in subjection because of the other. It
was probably a temporary repulse of the Assyrians, under
Shalmaneser II., by the Damascene general Naaman to which
reference is made in 2 Kings volume 1: 'by him the Lord had given
deliverance unto Syria.' ... After the great conquerors of
Egypt and Asia, each in his day, had captured and plundered
Damascus, it was taken without resistance by Parmenio for
Alexander the Great [B. C. 333]. In it Pompey spent the
proudest year of his life, 64 B. C., distributing at his
pleasure the thrones of the East to the vassals of Rome.
Cleopatra had received the city as a love-gift from Mark
Antony, and Tiberius had bestowed it upon Herod the Great,
before Aretas of Petra, the father of the princess whom Herod
Antipas divorced for Herodias' sake, and the ruler whose
officers watched the city to prevent the escape of Paul, made
it, we know not how, a part of his dominions."

_W. B. Wright, Ancient Cities, chapter 7._

DAMASCUS: A. D. 634.
Conquest by the Arabs.

See MAHOMETAN CONQUEST: A. D. 632-639.

DAMASCUS: A. D. 661.
Becomes the seat of the Caliphate.

See MAHOMETAN CONQUEST: A. D. 661.

DAMASCUS: A. D. 763.
The Caliphate transferred to Bagdad.

See MAHOMETAN CONQUEST: A. D. 763.

DAMASCUS: A. D. 1148-1217.
Capital of the Atabeg and the Ayoubite sultans.

See SALADIN, THE EMPIRE OF.

DAMASCUS: A. D. 1401.
Sack and massacre by Timour.

See Timour.

DAMASCUS: A. D. 1832.
Capture by Mehemed Ali.

See TURKS: A. D. 1831-1840.

----------DAMASCUS: End----------

DAMASUS II., Pope, A. D. 1048, July to August.

DAMIETTA: A. D. 1219-1220.
Siege, capture and surrender by the Crusaders.

See CRUSADES: A. D. 1216-1229.

DAMIETTA: A. D. 1249-1250.
Capture and loss by Saint Louis.

See CRUSADES: A. D. 1248-1254.

DAMIETTA: A. D. 1252.
Destruction by the Mamelukes.

"Two years after the deliverance of the king [Saint Louis],
and whilst he was still in Palestine, the Mamelukes, fearing a
fresh invasion of the Franks, in order to prevent their
enemies from taking Damietta and fortifying themselves in that
city, entirely destroyed it. Some years after, as their fears
were not yet removed, and the second crusade of Louis IX.
spread fresh alarms throughout the East, the Egyptians caused
immense heaps of stone to be cast into the mouth of the Nile,
in order that the Christian fleets might not be able to sail
up the river. Since that period a new Damietta has been built
at a small distance from the site of the former city."

_J. F. Michaud, History of the Crusades, book 14._

DAMNONIA.

See BRITAIN: 6TH CENTURY.

DAMNONII, OR DAMNII, The.

See DUMNONII.

DAMOISEL.--DAMOISELLE.--DONZELLO.

"In mediæval Latin 'domicella' is used for the unmarried
daughter of a prince or noble, and 'domicellus,' contracted
from 'domnicellus,' the diminutive of 'dominus,' for the son.
These words are the forerunners of the old French 'dâmoisel'
in the masculine, and 'damoiselle' in the feminine gender.
Froissart calls Richard, prince of Wales, son of Edward: 'le
jeune damoisil Richart.' In Romance the word is indifferently
'damoisel' and' 'danzel,' in Italian 'donzello.' All of these
are evidently titles under the same notion as that of child
and 'enfant,' of which the idea belongs to the knights of an
earlier period."

_R. T. Hampson, Origines Patriciæ, page 328._

DANAIDÆ, The.

See ARGOS.--ARGOLIS.

DANCING PLAGUE.

See PLAGUE, A. D. 1374.

DANDRIDGE, Engagement at.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1863-1864 (DECEMBER-APRIL:
TENNESSEE--MISSISSIPPI).

DANEGELD, The.

"A tax of two shillings on the hide of land, originally levied
as tribute to the Danes under Ethelred, but continued [even
under the Plantagenets], like the income tax, as a convenient
ordinary resource."

_William Stubbs, The Early Plantagenets, page 53._

See ENGLAND: A. D. 979-1016.

DANELAGH, OR DANELAGA, OR DANELAU.

The district in England held by the Danes after their treaty
with Alfred the Great, extending south to the Thames, the Lea
and the Ouse; north to the Tyne; west of the mountain district
of Yorkshire, Westmoreland and Cumberland. "Over all this
region the traces of their colonization abound in the villages
whose names end in by, the Scandinavian equivalent of the English
tun or ham."

_William Stubbs, Constitutional History of England,
chapter 7, section 77._

See, also, ENGLAND: A. D. 855-880.

DANES AS VIKINGS.

See, also, NORMANS.--NORTHMEN.

DANES: In England.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 855-880, 979-1016,
and 1016-1042;
also NORMANS: A. D. 787-880.

DANES: In Ireland.

See IRELAND: 9TH-10TH CENTURIES.

----------DANES: End----------

DANITES, The.

See MORMONISM: A. D. 1830-1846.

DANTE AND THE FACTIONS OF FLORENCE.

See FLORENCE: A. D. 1295-1300; and 1301-1313.

DANTON AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1791 (OCTOBER),
to 1793-1794 (NOVEMBER-JUNE).

DANTZIC:
In the Hanseatic League.

See HANSA TOWNS.

DANTZIC: A. D. 1577.
Submission to the king of Poland.

See POLAND: A. D. 1574-1590.

DANTZIC: A. D. 1793.
Acquisition by Prussia.

See POLAND: A. D. 1793-1796.

DANTZIC: A. D. 1806-1807.
Siege and capture by the French.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1807 (FEBRUARY-JUNE).

DANTZIC: A. D. 1807.
Declared a Free state.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1807 (JUNE-JULY).

DANTZIC: A. D. 1813.
Siege and capture by the Allies.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1813 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER).

{649}

DARA.

One of the capitals of the Parthian kings, the site of which
has not been identified.

DARA, Battle of (A. D. 529).

See PERSIA: A.. D. 226-627.

DARDANIANS OF THE TROAD.

See TROJA;
and ASIA MINOR: THE GREEK COLONIES;
also, AMORITES.

DARIEN, The Isthmus of.

See PANAMA.

DARIEN: The Scottish colony.

See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1695-1699.

DARINI, The.

See IRELAND, TRIBES OF EARLY CELTIC
INHABITANTS.

DARIUS,
King of Persia, B. C. 521-486.
Darius II., B. C. 425-405.
Darius III. (Codomannus), B. C. 336-331.

DARK AGES, The.

The historical period, so-called, is nearly identical with
that more commonly named the Middle Ages; but its duration may
be properly considered as less by a century or two. From the
5th to the 13th century is a definition of the period which
most historians would probably accept.

See MIDDLE AGES.

DARORIGUM.
Modern Vannes.

See VENETI OF WESTERN GAUL.

DAR-UL-ISLAM AND DAR-UL-HARB.