Chapter XIII: Front Matter (13)

"The principal tribes occupying this region [of Northern
California from Rogue River on the north to the Eel River,
south] are the Klamaths, who live on the head waters of the
river and on the shores of the lake of that name; the Modocs,
on Lower Klamath Lake and along Lost River; the Shastas, to
the south-west of the Lakes; the Pitt River Indians; the
Euroes, on the Klamath River between Weitspek and the coast;
the Cahrocs, on the Klamath River from a short distance above
the junction of the Trinity to the Klamath Mountains; the
Hoopahs [or Hupas, a tribe of the Athapascan Family] in Hoopah
Valley on the Trinity near its junction with the Klamath;
numerous tribes on the coast from Eel River and Humboldt Bay
north, such as the Weeyots, Wallies, Tolewahs, etc., and the
Rogue River Indians, on and about the river of that name. The
Northern Californians are in every way superior to the central
and southern tribes."

_H. Bancroft, The Native Races of the Pacific States, volume
1, ch, 4._

"On the Klamath there live three distinct tribes, called the
Yú-rok, Ká-rok, and Mó-dok, which names are said to mean,
respectively, 'down the river,' 'up the river,' and 'head of
the river.' ... The Karok are probably the finest tribe in
California. ... Hoopa Valley, on the Lower Trinity, is the
home of [the Hú-pá]. Next after the Ká-rok they are the finest
race in all that region, and they even excel them in their
statecraft, and in the singular influence, or perhaps brute
force, which they exercise over the vicinal tribes. They are
the Romans of Northern California in their valor and their
wide-reaching dominions; they are the French in the extended
diffusion of their language." The Modoks, "on the whole ...
are rather a cloddish, indolent, ordinarily good-natured race,
but treacherous at bottom, sullen when angered, notorious for
keeping Punic faith. But their bravery nobody can impeach or
deny; their heroic and long defense of their stronghold
against the appliances of modern civilized warfare, including
that arm so awful to savages--the artillery--was almost the
only feature that lent respectability to their wretched
tragedy of the Lava Beds [1873]."

_S. Powers, Tribes of California (Contributions to N. A.
Ethnology, volume 3), chapter 1, 7, and 27._

"The home of the Klamath tribe of southwestern Oregon lies
upon the eastern slope of the southern extremity of the
Cascade Range, and very nearly coincides with what we may call
the head waters of the Klamath River, the main course of which
lies in Northern California. ... The main seat of the Modoc
people was the valley of Lost River, the shores of Tule and of
Little Klamath Lake. ... The two main bodies forming the Klamath
people are (1) the Klamath Lake Indians; (2) the Modoc
Indians. The Klamath Lake Indians number more than twice as
many as the Modoc Indians. They speak the northern dialect and
form the northern chieftaincy. ... The Klamath people possess
no historic traditions going further back in time than a
century, for the simple reason that there was a strict law
prohibiting the mention of the person or acts of a deceased
individual by using his name. ... Our present knowledge does
not allow us to connect the Klamath language genealogically
with any of the other languages compared, but ... it stands as
a linguistic family for itself."

_A. S. Gatschet, The Klamath Indians (Contributions to N.
A. Ethnology, volume 2, part 1)._

In Major Powell's linguistic classification, the Klamath and
Modoc dialects are embraced in a family called the Lutuamian
Family, derived from a Pit River word signifying "lake;" the
Yuroks in a family called the Weitspekan; and the Pit River
Indian dialects are provisionally set apart in a distinct
family named the Palaihnihan Family.

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of
Ethnology, pages 89 and 97._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Mohaves (Mojaves).

See above: APACHE GROUP.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Mohawks.

See above: IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Mohegans, or Mahicans.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY;
and below: STOCKBRIDGE INDIANS;
also, NEW ENGLAND: A. D. 1637.

Montagnais.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY;
and ATHAPASCAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Montauks.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Moquelumnan Family.

"Derivation: From the river and hill of the same name in
Calaveras County, California. ... It was not until 1856 that
the distinctness of the linguistic family was fully set forth
by Latham. Under the head of Moquelumne, this author gathers
several vocabularies representing different languages and
dialects of the same stock. These are the Talatui of Hale, the
Tuolumne from Schoolcraft, the Sonoma dialects as represented
by the Tshokoyem vocabulary, the Chocuyem and Youkiousme
paternosters, and the Olamentke of Kostromitonov in Bäer's
Beiträge. ... The Moquelumnan family occupies the territory
bounded on the north by the Cosumne River, on the south by the
Fresno River, on the east by the Sierra Nevada, and on the
west by the San Joaquin River, with the exception of a strip
on the east bank occupied by the Cholovone. A part of this
family occupies also a territory bounded on the south by San
Francisco Bay."

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of
Ethnology, pages 92-93._

{95}

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Moquis.

See below: PUEBLOS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Morona.

See above: ANDESIANS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Moxos, or Mojos.

See above: ANDESIANS;
also, BOLIVIA: ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Mundrucu.

See below: TUPI.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Munsees.

See above: DELAWARES, and ALGONQUIAN FAMILY;
also MANHATTAN ISLAND.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Mura.

See above: GUCK Ort Coco GROUP.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Muskhogean, or Maskoki Family.

"Among the various nationalities of the Gulf territories the
Maskoki family of tribes occupied a central and commanding
position. Not only the large extent of territory held by them,
but also their numbers, their prowess in war, and a certain
degree of mental culture and self-esteem made of the Maskoki
one of the most important groups in Indian history. From their
ethnologic condition of later times, we infer that these
tribes have extended for many centuries back in time from the
Atlantic to the Mississippi and beyond that river, and from
the Apalachian ridge to the Gulf of Mexico. With short
intermissions they kept up warfare with all the circumjacent
Indian communities, and also among each other. ... The
irresolute and egotistic policy of these tribes often caused
serious difficulties to the government of the English and
French colonies, and some of them constantly wavered in their
adhesion between the French and the English cause. The
American government overcame their opposition easily whenever
a conflict presented itself (the Seminole War forms an
exception), because, like all the Indians, they never knew how
to unite against a common foe. The two main branches of the
stock, the Creek and the Cha'hta [or Choctaw] Indians, were
constantly at war, and the remembrance of their deadly
conflicts has now passed to their descendants in the form of
folk lore. ... The only characteristic by which a subdivision
of the family can be attempted, is that of language. Following
their ancient topographic location from east to west, we
obtain the following synopsis: First branch, or Maskoki
proper: The Creek, Maskokálgi or Maskoki proper, settled on
Coosa, Tallapoosa, Upper and Middle Chatahuchi rivers. From
these branched off by segmentation the Creek portion of the
Seminoles, of the Yámassi and of the little Yamacraw
community. Second, or Apalachian branch: This southeastern
division, which may be called also 'a parte potiori' the
Hitchiti connection, anciently comprised the tribes on the
Lower Chatahuchi river, and, east from there, the extinct
Apalachi, the Mikasuki, and the Hitchiti portion of the
Seminoles, Yámassi and Yamacraws. Third, or Alibamu branch,
comprised the Alibamu villages on the river of that name; to
them belonged the Koassáti and Witumka on Coosa river, its
northern affluent. Fourth, Western or Cha'hta [Choctaw]
branch: From the main people, the Cha'hta, settled in the
middle portions of the State of Mississippi, the Chicasa,
Pascagoula, Biloxi, Huma, and other tribes once became
separated through segmentation. The strongest evidence for a
community of origin of the Maskoki tribes is furnished by the
fact that their dialects belong to one linguistic family. ...
Maskóki, Maskógi, isti Maskóki, designates a single person of
the Creek tribe, and forms, as a collective plural,
Maskokálgi, the Creek community, the Creek people, the Creek
Indians. English authors write this name Muscogee, Muskhogee,
and its plural Muscogulgee. The first syllable, as pronounced
by the Creek Indians, contains a clear short a. ... The accent
is usually laid on the middle syllable: Maskóki, Maskógi. None
of the tribes are able to explain the name from their own
language. ... Why did the English colonists call them Creek
Indians? Because, when the English traders entered the Maskoki
country from Charleston or Savannah, they had to cross a
number of streams or creeks, especially between the Chatahuchi
and Savannah rivers. Gallatin thought it probable that the
inhabitants of the country adjacent to Savannah river were
called Creeks from an early time. ... In the southern part of
the Cha'hta territory several tribes, represented to be of
Cha'hta lineage, appear as distinct from the main body, and
are always mentioned separately. The French colonists, in
whose annals they figure extensively, call them Mobilians,
Tohomes, Pascogoulas, Biloxis, Mougoulachas, Bayogoulas and
Humas (Oumas). They have all disappeared in our epoch, with
the exception of the Biloxi [Major Powell, in the Seventh
Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, places the Biloxi in
the Siouan Family], [See Note, Appendix E.] of whom scattered
remnants live in the forests of Louisiana, south of the Red
River."

_A. S. Gatschet, A Migration Legend of the Creek Indians,
volume 1, part 1._

"The Uchees and the Natches, who are both incorporated in the
[Muskhogee or Creek] confederacy, speak two distinct languages
altogether different from the Muskhogee. The Natches, a
residue of the well-known nation of that name, came from the
banks of the Mississippi, and joined the Creeks less than one
hundred years ago. The original seats of the Uchees were east
of the Coosa and probably of the Chatahoochee; and they
consider themselves as the most ancient inhabitants of the
country. They may have been the same nation which is called
Apalaches in the accounts of De Soto's expedition. ... The
four great Southern nations, according to the estimates of the
War Department ... consist now [1836] of 67,000 souls, viz.:
The Cherokees, 15,000; the Choctaws (18,500), the Chicasas
(5,500), 24,000; the Muskhogees, Seminoles, and Hitchittees,
26,000; the Uchees, Alibamons, Coosadas, and Natches, 2,000.
The territory west of the Mississippi, given or offered to
them by the United States in exchange for their lands east of
that river, contains 40,000,000 acres, exclusively of
what may be allotted to the Chicasas."

_A. Gallatin, Synopsis of the Indian Tribes (Archæologia
Americana, volume 2), section 3._

See below: SEMINOLES.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Musquito, or Mosquito Indians.

"That portion of Honduras known as the Musquito Coast derived
its name, not from the abundance of those troublesome insects,
but from a native tribe who at the discovery occupied the
shore near Blewfield Lagoon. They are an intelligent people,
short in stature, unusually dark in color, with finely cut
features, and small straight noses--not at all negroid,
except where there has been an admixture of blood. They number
about 6,000, many of whom have been partly civilized by the
efforts of missionaries, who have reduced the language to
writing and published in it a number of works. The Tunglas are
one of the sub-tribes of the Musquitos."

_D. G. Brinton, The American Race, page 162._

See, also, NICARAGUA: A. D., 1850.

{96}

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Nahuas.

See MEXICO, ANCIENT: THE MAYA AND NAHUA PEOPLES.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Nanticokes.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Napo.

See above: ANDESIANS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Narragansetts.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY;
also RHODE ISLAND: A. D. 1636;
and NEW ENGLAND: A. D. 1637; 1674-1675; 1675; and 1676-1678.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Natchesan Family.

When the French first entered the lower Mississippi valley,
they found the Natchez [Na'htchi] occupying a region of
country that now surrounds the city which bears their name.
"By the persevering curiosity of Gallatin, it is established
that the Natchez were distinguished from the tribes around
them less by their customs and the degree of their
civilization than by their language, which, as far as
comparisons have been instituted, has no etymological affinity
with any other whatever. Here again the imagination too
readily invents theories; and the tradition has been widely
received that the dominion of the Natchez once extended even
to the Wabash. History knows them only as a feeble and
inconsiderable nation, who in the 18th century attached
themselves to the confederacy of the Creeks."

_G. Bancroft, History of the United States
(Author's last revision), volume 2, page 97._

"Chateaubriand, in his charming romances, and some of the
early French writers, who often drew upon their fancy for
their facts, have thrown an interest around the Natchez, as a
semi-civilized and noble race, that has passed into history.
We find no traces of civilization in their architecture, or in
their social life and customs. Their religion was brutal and
bloody, indicating an Aztec origin. They were perfidious and
cruel, and if they were at all superior to the neighboring
tribes it was probably due to the district they occupied--the
most beautiful, healthy and productive in the valley of the
Mississippi--and the influence of its attractions in
substituting permanent for temporary occupation. The residence
of the grand chief was merely a spacious cabin, of one
apartment, with a mat of basket work for his bed and a log for
his pillow. ... Their government was an absolute despotism.
The supreme chief was master of their labor, their property,
and their lives. ... The Natchez consisted exclusively of two
classes--the Blood Royal and its connexions, and the common
people, the Mich-i-mioki-quipe, or Stinkards. The two classes
understood each other, but spoke a different dialect. Their
customs of war, their treatment of prisoners, their ceremonies
of marriage, their feasts and fasts, their sorceries and
witchcraft, differed very little from other savages. Father
Charlevoix, who visited Natchez in 1721, saw no evidences of
civilization. Their villages consisted of a few cabins, or
rather ovens, without windows and roofed with matting. The
house of the Sun was larger, plastered with mud, and a narrow
bench for a seat and bed. No other furniture in the mansion of
this grand dignitary, who has been described by imaginative
writers as the peer of Montezuma!"

_J. F. H. Claiborne, Mississippi, volume 1, chapter 4._

In 1729, the Natchez, maddened by insolent oppressions,
planned and executed a general massacre of the French within
their territory. As a consequence, the tribe was virtually
exterminated within the following two years.

_C. Gayarre, Louisiana, its Colonial History and Romance,
2d series, lecture 3 and 5._

"The Na'htchi, according to Gallatin, a residue of the
well-known nation of that name, came from the banks of the
Mississippi, and joined the Creek less than one hundred years
ago. The seashore from Mobile to the Mississippi was then
inhabited by several small tribes, of which the Na'htchi was
the principal. Before 1730 the tribe lived in the vicinity of
Natchez, Miss., along St. Catherine Creek. After their
dispersion by the French in 1730 most of the remainder joined
the Chicasa and afterwards the Upper Creek. They are now in
Creek and Cherokee Nations, Indian Territory. The linguistic
relations of the language spoken by the Taensa tribe have long
been in doubt, and it is possible they will ever remain so."

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of
Ethnology, page 96._

See LOUISIANA: A. D. 1719-1750.
See, also, above: MUSKHOGEAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Natchitoches;

See Note, Appendix E.
See TEXAS: THE ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Nausets.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Navajos.

See above: ATHAPASCAN FAMILY, and APACHE GROUP.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Neutral Nation.

See above: HURONS, &c.;
and IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY: THEIR CONQUESTS, &c.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Nez Percés, or Sahaptins.

"The Sahaptins or Nez Percés [the Shahaptian Family in Major
Powell's classification], with their affiliated tribes,
occupied the middle and upper valley of the Columbia and its
affluents, and also the passes of the mountains. They were in
contiguity with the Shoshones and the Algonkin Blackfeet, thus
holding an important position, intermediate between the eastern
and the Pacific tribes. Having the commercial instinct of the
latter, they made good use of it."

_D. G. Brinton, The American Race, page 107._

ALSO IN
_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report of the
Bureau of Ethnology, page 106._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Niniquiquilas.

See below: PAMPAS TRIBES.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Nipmucs, or Nipnets.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY;
also, NEW ENGLAND: A. D. 1674-1675; 1675; and 1676-1678
(KING PHILIP'S WAR).

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Nootkas.

See below: WAKASHAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Nottoways.

See above: IROQUOIS TRIBES OF THE SOUTH.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Nyantics.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Ogalalas.

See below: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Ojibwas, or Chippewas.

"The Ojibways, with their kindred, the Pottawattamies, and
their friends the Ottawas,--the latter of whom were fugitives
from the eastward, whence they had fled from the wrath of the
Iroquois,--were banded into a sort of confederacy. They were
closely allied in blood, language, manners and character. The
Ojibways, by far the most numerous of the three, occupied the
basin of Lake Superior, and extensive adjacent regions. In
their boundaries, the career of Iroquois conquest found at
length a check. The fugitive Wyandots sought refuge in the
Ojibway hunting grounds; and tradition relates that, at the
outlet of Lake Superior, an Iroquois war-party once
encountered a disastrous repulse. In their mode of life, they
were far more rude than the Iroquois, or even the southern
Algonquin tribes."

_F. Parkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac, chapter 1._

{97}

"The name of the tribe appears to be recent. It is not met
with in the older writers. The French, who were the earliest
to meet them, in their tribal seat at the falls or Sault de
Ste Marie, named them Saulteur, from this circumstance.
M'Kenzie uses the term 'Jibway,' as the equivalent of this
term, in his voyages. They are referred to, with little
difference in the orthography, in General Washington's report,
in 1754, of his trip to Le Bœuf, on Lake Erie; but are first
recognized, among our treaty-tribes, in the general treaty of
Greenville, of 1794, in which, with the Ottawas they ceded the
island of Michilimackinac, and certain dependencies, conceded
by them at former periods to the French. ... The Chippewas are
conceded, by writers on American philology ... to speak one of
the purest forms of the Algonquin."

_H. R. Schoolcraft, Information respecting the History,
Condition and Prospects of the Indian Tribes, part 5, p.
142._

ALSO IN
_G. Copway, The Ojibway Nation._
_J. G. Kohl, Kitchi-gami_.

See, also, PONTIAC'S WAR:
and above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Omahas.

See below: SIOUAN FAMILY, and PAWNEE (CADDOAN) FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Oneidas.

See above: IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY.

Onondagas.

See above: IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Orejones.

See below: PAMPAS TRIBES.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Osages.

See below: SIOUAN FAMILY,
and PAWNEE (CADDOAN) FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Otoes, or Ottoes.

See below: SIOUAN FAMILY,
and PAWNEE (CADDOAN) FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Otomis.

"According to Aztec tradition, the Otomis were the earliest
owners of the soil of Central Mexico. Their language was at
the conquest one of the most widely distributed of any in this
portion of the continent. Its central regions were the States
of Queretaro and Guanajuato. ... The Otomis are below the
average stature, of dark color, the skull markedly
dolichocephalic, the nose short and flattened, the eyes
slightly oblique."

_D. G. Brinton, The American Race, page 135._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Ottawas.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY, and OJIBWAS.
See, also, PONTIAC'S WAR.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES
Pacaguara.

See above: ANDESIANS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Pacamora.

See above: ANDESIANS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Pamlicoes.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Pampas Tribes.

"The chief tribe of the Pampas Indians was entitled Querandis
by the Spaniards, although they called themselves Pehuelches
[or Puelts--that is, the Eastern]. Various segments of these,
under different names, occupied the immense tract of ground,
between the river Parana and the republic of Chili. The
Querandis ... were the great opponents to settlement of the
Spaniards in Buenos Ayres. ... The Ancas or Aracaunos Indians
[see CHILE] resided on the west of the Pampas near Chili, and
from time to time assisted the Querandis in transporting
stolen cattle across the Cordilleras. The southern part of the
Pampas was occupied by the Balchitas, Uhilches, Telmelches,
and others, all of whom were branches of the original Quelches
horde. The Guarani Indians were the most famous of the South
American races. ... Of the Guayanas horde there were several
tribes--independent of each other, and speaking different
idioms, although having the same title of race. Their
territory extended from the river Guarai, one of the affluents
into the Uruguay, for many leagues northwards, and stretched
over to the Parana opposite the city of Corpus Christi. They
were some of the most vigorous opponents of the Spanish
invaders. ... The Nalicurgas Indians, who lived up to near 21°
South latitude were reputed to dwell in caves, to be very limited in
number, and to go entirely naked. The Gausarapos, or Guuchies
dwelt in the marshy districts near where the river Gausarapo,
or Guuchie, has its source. This stream enters from the east
into the Paraguay at 19° 16' 30" South latitude. ... The Cuatos lived
inside of a lake to the west of the river Paraguay, and
constituted a very small tribe. ... The Orejones dwelt on the
eastern brows of the mountains of Santa Lucia or San
Fernando--close to the western side of Paraguay river. ...
Another tribe, the Niniquiquilas, had likewise the names of
Potreros, Simanos, Barcenos, and Lathanos. They occupied a forest
which began at about 19° South latitude, some leagues backward
from the river Paraguay, and separated the Gran Chaco from the
province of Los Chiquitos in Peru. ... The Guanas Indians were
divided into eight separate segments, for each of which there
was a particular and different name. They lived between 20°
and 22° of South latitude in the Gran Chaco to the west of Paraguay,
and they were not known to the Spaniards till the latter
crossed the last-named river in 1673. ... The Albaias and
Payaguas Indians ... in former times, were the chief tribes of
the Paraguay territory. ... The Albaias were styled Machicuis
and Enimgas by other authors. At the time of the Spaniards'
arrival here, the Albaias occupied the Gran Chaco side of the
river Paraguay from 20° to 22° South latitude. Here they entered into
a treaty offensive and defensive with the Payaguas. ... The
joined forces of Albaias and Payaguas had managed to extend
their territory in 1673 down to 24° 7' South on the eastern side
of Paraguay river. ... The Albaias were a very tall and
muscular race of people. ... The Payagua Indians, before and
up to, as well as after, the period of the conquest, were
sailors, and domineered over the river Paraguay. ... The
Guaicarus lived on the Chaco side of Paraguay river and
subsisted entirely by hunting. From the barbarous custom which
their women had of inducing abortion to avoid the pain or
trouble of child-bearing, they became exterminated soon after
the conquest. ... The Tobas, who have also the titles of
Natecœt and Yncanabaite, were among the best fighters of the
Indians. They occupy the Gran Chaco, chiefly on the banks of
the river Vermejo, and between that and the Pilcomayo. Of
these there are some remains in the present day. ... The
Mocovis are likewise still to be found in the Chaco. ... The
Abipones, who were also styled Ecusgina and Quiabanabaite,
lived in the Chaco, so low down as 28° South. This was the
tribe with whom the Jesuits incorporated, when they erected
the city of San Geronimo, in the Gran Chaco, and nearly
opposite Goya, in 1748."

_T. J. Hutchinson, The Parana, chapter 6-7._

{98}

"The Abipones inhabit [in the 18th century] the province
Chaco, the centre of all Paraguay; they have no
fixed abodes, nor any boundaries, except what fear of their
neighbours has established. They roam extensively in every
direction, whenever the opportunity of attacking their
enemies, or the necessity of avoiding them renders a journey
advisable. The northern shore of the Rio Grande or Bermejo,
which the Indians call Iñatè, was their native land in the
last century [the 17th]. Thence they removed, to avoid the war
carried on against Chaco by the Spaniards ... and, migrating
towards the south, took possession of a valley formerly held
by the Calchaquis. ... From what region their ancestors came
there is no room for conjecture."

_M. Dobrizhoffer, Account of the Abipones, volume 2, chapter 1._

"The Abipones are in general above the middle stature, and of
a robust constitution. In summer they go quite naked; but in
winter cover themselves with skins. ... They paint themselves
all over with different colours."

_Father Charlevoix, History of Paraguay,
book 7 (volume 1)._

ALSO IN
_The Standard Natural History (J. S. Kingsley, editor),
volume 6, pages 256-262._

See, also, below: TUPI.--GUARANI.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Pampticokes.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Pano.

See above: ANDESIANS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Papagos.

See below: PIMAN FAMILY, and PUEBLOS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Parawianas.

See above: CARIBS AND THEIR KINDRED.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Pascogoulas.

See above: MUSKHOGEAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Passé.

See above: GUCK OR COCO GROUP.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Patagonians and Fuegians.

"The Patagonians call themselves Chonek or Tzoueca, or Inaken
(men, people), and by their Pampean neighbors are referred to
as Tehuel-Che, southerners. They do not, however, belong to
the Aucanian stock, nor do they resemble the Pampeans
physically. They are celebrated for their stature, many of
them reaching from six to six feet four inches in height, and
built in proportion. In color they are a reddish brown, and
have aquiline noses and good foreheads. They care little for a
sedentary life, and roam the coast as far north as the Rio Negro.
... On the inhospitable shores of Tierra del Fuego there dwell
three nations of diverse stock, but on about the same plane of
culture. One of these is the Yahgans, or Yapoos, on the Beagle
Canal; the second is the Onas or Aonik, to the north and east
of these; and the third the Aliculufs, to the north and west.
... The opinion has been advanced by Dr. Deniker of Paris,
that the Fuegians represent the oldest type or variety of the
American race. He believes that at one time this type occupied
the whole of South America south of the Amazon, and that the
Tapuyas of Brazil and the Fuegians are its surviving members.
This interesting theory demands still further evidence before
it can be accepted."

_D. G. Brinton, The American Race, pages 327-332._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Pawnee Family (named "Caddoan" by Major Powell).

"The Pawnee Family, though some of its branches have long been
known, is perhaps in history and language one of the least
understood of the important tribes of the West. In both
respects it seems to constitute a distinct group. During
recent years its extreme northern and southern branches have
evinced a tendency to blend with surrounding stocks; but the
central branch, constituting the Pawnee proper, maintains
still in its advanced decadence a bold line of demarcation
between itself and all adjacent tribes. The members of the
family are: The Pawnees, the Arikaras, the Caddos, the Huecos
or Wacos, the Keechies, the Tawaconies, and the Pawnee Picts
or Wichitas. The last five may be designated as the Southern
or Red River branches. At the date of the Louisiana purchase
the Caddos were living about 40 miles northwest of where
Shreveport now stands. Five years earlier their residence was
upon Clear Lake, in what is now Caddo Parish. This spot they
claimed was the place of their nativity, and their residence
from time immemorial. ... They have a tradition that they are
the parent stock, from which all the southern branches have
sprung, and to some extent this claim has been recognized. ...
The five [southern] bands are now all gathered upon a reserve
secured for them in the Indian Territory by the Government.
... In many respects, their method of building lodges, their
equestrianism, and certain social and tribal usages, they
quite closely resemble the Pawnees. Their connection, however,
with the Pawnee family, not till recently if ever mentioned,
is mainly a matter of vague conjecture. ... The name Pawnee is
most probably derived from 'párĭk-ĭ,' a horn; and seems to
have been once used by the Pawnees themselves to designate
their peculiar scalp-lock. From the fact that this was the
most noticeable feature in their costume, the name came
naturally to be the denominative term of the tribe. The word
in this use once probably embraced the Wichitas (i. e., Pawnee
Picts) and the Arikaras. ... The true Pawnee territory till as
late as 1833 may be described as extending from the Niobrara
south to the Arkansas. They frequently hunted considerably
beyond the Arkansas; tradition says as far as the Canadian.
... On the east they claimed to the Missouri, though in
eastern Nebraska, by a sort of tacit permit, the Otoes,
Poncas, and Omahas along that stream occupied lands extending
as far west as the Elkhorn. In Kansas, also, east of the Big
Blue, they had ceased to exercise any direct control, as
several remnants of tribes, the Wyandots, Delawares,
Kickapoos, and Iowas, had been settled there and were living
under the guardianship of the United States. ... On the west
their grounds were marked by no natural boundary, but may
perhaps be described by a line drawn from the mouth of Snake
River on the Niobrara southwest to the North Platte, thence
south to the Arkansas. ... It is not to be supposed, however,
that they held altogether undisturbed possession of this
territory. On the north they were incessantly harassed by
various bands of the Dakotas, while upon the south the Osages,
Comanches, Cheyennes, Arapahoes and Kiowas (the last three
originally northern tribes) were equally relentless in their
hostility. ... In 1833 the Pawnees surrendered to the United
States their claim upon all the above described territory
lying south of the Platte. In 1858 all their remaining
territory was ceded, except a reserve 30 miles long and 15
wide upon the Loup Fork of the Platte, its eastern limit
beginning at Beaver Creek. In 1874 they sold this tract and
removed to a reserve secured for them by the Government in the
Indian Territory, between the Arkansas and Cimarron at their
junction."

_J. B. Dunbar, The Pawnee Indians (Magazine of American
History, April, 1880, v.4)._

ALSO IN
_G. B. Grinnell, Pawnee Hero Stories._
_D. G. Brinton, The American Race, pages 95-97._
_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of
Ethnology, page 59._

See, also, above: ADAIS and BLACKFEET.

{99}

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Payaguas.

See above: PAMPAS TRIBES.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Pehuelches, or Puelts.

See above: PAMPAS TRIBES.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Penacooks, or Pawtucket Indians.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Peorias.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Pequots.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY;
and below: SHAWANESE;
also, NEW ENGLAND: A. D. 1637.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Piankishaws.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY, and SACS, &c.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Piegans.

See above: BLACKFEET.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Piman Family.

"Only a small portion of the territory occupied by this family
is included within the United States, the greater portion
being in Mexico, where it extends to the Gulf of California.
The family is represented in the United States by three
tribes, Pima alta, Sobaipuri, and Papago. The former have
lived for at least two centuries with the Maricopa on the Gila
River about 160 miles from the mouth. The Sobaipuri occupied
the Santa Cruz and San Pedro Rivers, tributaries of the Gila,
but are no longer known. The Papago territory is much more
extensive and extends to the south across the border."

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of
Ethnology, pages 98-99._

See below: PUEBLOS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Pimenteiras.

See above: GUCK OR COCO GROUP.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Piru.

See above: ANDESIANS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Pit River Indians.

See above: MODOCS (KLAMATHS), &c.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Piutes.

See below: SHOSHONEAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Pokanokets, or Wampanoags.

See above:
ALGONQUIAN FAMILY;
also, NEW ENGLAND: A. D. 1674-1675; 1675; 1676-1678 (KING
PHILIP'S WAR).

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Ponkas, or Puncas.

See below: SIOUAN FAMILY;
and above: PAWNEE (CADDOAN) FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Popolocas.

See above: CHONTALS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Pottawatomies.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY, OJIBWAS, and SACS, &c.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Powhatan Confederacy.

"At the time of the first settlement by the Europeans, it has
been estimated that there were not more than 20,000 Indians
within the limits of the State of Virginia. Within a circuit
of 60 miles from Jamestown, Captain Smith says there were
about 5,000 souls, and of these scarce 1,500 were warriors.
The whole territory between the mountains and the sea was
occupied by more than 40 tribes, 30 of whom were united in a
confederacy under Powhatan, whose dominions, hereditary and
acquired by conquest, comprised the whole country between the
rivers James and Potomac, and extended into the interior as
far as the falls of the principal rivers. Campbell, in his
History of Virginia, states the number of Powhatan's subjects
to have been 8,000. Powhatan was a remarkable man; a sort of
savage Napoleon, who, by the force of his character and the
superiority of his talents, had raised himself from the rank
of a petty chieftain to something of imperial dignity and
power. He had two places of abode, one called Powhatan, where
Richmond now stands, and the other at Werowocomoco, on the
north side of York River, within the present county of
Gloucester. ... Besides the large confederacy of which
Powhatan was the chief, there were two others, with which that
was often at war. One of these, called the Mannahoacs,
consisted of eight tribes, and occupied the country between
the Rappahannoc and York rivers; the other, consisting of five
tribes, was called the Monacans, and was settled between York and
James rivers above the Falls. There were also, in addition to
these, many scattering and independent tribes."

_G. S. Hillard, Life of Captain John Smith
(Library of Am. Biog.), chapter 4._

"The English invested savage life with all the
dignity of European courts. Powhatan was styled 'King,' or
'Emperor,' his principal warriors were lords of the kingdom,
his wives were queens, his daughter was a 'princess,' and his
cabins were his various seats of residence. ... In his younger
days Powhatan had been a great warrior. Hereditarily, he was
the chief or werowance of eight tribes; through conquest his
dominions had been extended. ... The name of his nation and
the Indian appellation of the James River was Powhatan. He
himself possessed several names."

_E. Eggleston and L. E. Seelye, Pocahontas, chapter 3._

ALSO IN
_Captain John Smith, Description of Virginia, and General
Historie of Virginia. (Arber's reprint of Works, pages 65 and
360)_.

See, also, above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Puans.

See below: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Pueblos.

"The non-nomadic semi-civilized town and agricultural peoples
of New Mexico and Arizona ... I call the Pueblos, or
Townspeople, from pueblo, town, population, people, a name
given by the Spaniards to such inhabitants of this region as
were found, when first discovered, permanently located in
comparatively well-built towns. Strictly speaking, the term
Pueblos applies only to the villagers settled along the banks
of the Rio Grande del Norte and its tributaries between
latitudes 34° 45' and 36° 30', and although the name is
employed as a general appellation for this division, it will
be used, for the most part, only in its narrower and popular
sense. In this division, besides the before mentioned Pueblos
proper, are embraced the Moquis, or villagers of eastern
Arizona, and the non-nomadic agricultural nations of the lower
Gila river,--the Pimas, Maricopas, Papagos, and cognate
tribes. The country of the Townspeople, if we may credit
Lieutenant Simpson, is one of 'almost universal barrenness,'
yet interspersed with fertile spots; that of the agricultural
nations, though dry, is more generally productive. The fame of
this so-called civilization reached Mexico at an early day ...
in exaggerated rumors of great cities to the north, which
prompted the expeditions of Marco de Niza in 1539, of Coronado
in 1540, and of Espejo in 1586 [1583]. These adventurers
visited the north in quest of the fabulous kingdoms of
Quivira, Tontonteac, Marata and others, in which great riches
were said to exist. The name of Quivira was afterwards applied
by them to one or more of the pueblo cities. The name Cibola,
from 'Cibolo,' Mexican bull, 'bos bison,' or wild ox of New
Mexico, where the Spaniards first encountered buffalo, was
given to seven of the towns which were afterwards known as the
Seven Cities of Cibola. But most of the villages known at the
present day were mentioned in the reports of the early
expeditions by their present names.
{100}
... The towns of the Pueblos are essentially unique, and are
the dominant feature of these aboriginals. Some of them are
situated in valleys, others on mesas; sometimes they are
planted on elevations almost inaccessible, reached only by
artificial grades, or by steps cut in the solid rock. Some of
the towns are of an elliptical shape, while others are square,
a town being frequently but a block of buildings. Thus a
Pueblo consists of one or more squares, each enclosed by three
or four buildings of from 300 to 400 feet in length, and about
150 feet in width at the base, and from two to seven stories
of from eight to nine feet each in height. ... The stories are
built in a series of gradations or retreating surfaces,
decreasing in size as they rise, thus forming a succession of
terraces. In some of the towns these terraces are on both
sides of the building; in others they face only towards the
outside; while again in others they are on the inside. These
terraces are about six feet wide, and extend around the three
or four sides of the square, forming a walk for the occupants
of the story resting upon it, and a roof for the story
beneath; so with the stories above. As there is no inner
communication with one another, the only means of mounting to
them is by ladders which stand at convenient distances along
the several rows of terraces, and they may be drawn up at
pleasure, thus cutting off all unwelcome intrusion. The
outside walls of one or more of the lower stories are entirely
solid, having no openings of any kind, with the exception of,
in some towns, a few loopholes. ... To enter the rooms on the
ground floor from the outside, one must mount the ladder to
the first balcony or terrace, then descend through a trap door
in the floor by another ladder on the inside. ... The several
stories of these huge structures are divided into
multitudinous compartments of greater or less size, which are
apportioned to the several families of the tribe."

_H. H. Bancroft, Native Races of the Pacific States,
volume 1, chapter 5._

"There can be no doubt that Cibola is to be looked for in New
Mexico. ... We cannot ... refuse to adopt the views of General
Simpson and of Mr. W. W. H. Davis, and to look at the pueblo
of Zuni as occupying, if not the actual site, at least one of
the sites within the tribal area of the Seven Cities of
Cibola. Nor can we refuse to identify Tusayan with the Moqui
district, and Acuco with Acoma."

_A. F. Bandelier, Historical Introduction to Studies
among the Sedentary Indians of N. Mexico (Papers of the
Archœology Institute of America: American Series,
volume 1)._

ALSO IN
_J. H. Simpson, The March of Coronado._

_L. H. Morgan, Houses and House-life of the Am.
Aborigines (Contributions to N. Am. Ethnology, volume 4),
chapter 6._

_F. H. Cushing, My Adventures in Zuñi
(Century, volume 3-4)_.

_F. H. Cushing, Fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of
Ethnology (1882-83), pages 473-480._

_F. W. Blackmar, Spanish Institutions of the Southwest,
chapter 10._

See, also, AMERICA, PREHISTORIC,
and above: PIMAN FAMILY and KERESAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Pujunan Family.

"The following tribes were placed in this group by Latham:
Pujuni, Secumne, Tsamak of Hale, and the Cushna of
Schoolcraft. The name adopted for the family is the name of a
tribe given by Hale. This was one of the two races into which,
upon the information of Captain Sutter as derived by Mr. Dana,
all the Sacramento tribes were believed to be divided. 'These
races resembled one another in every respect but language.'
... The tribes of this family have been carefully studied by
Powers, to whom we are indebted for most all we know of their
distribution. They occupied the eastern bank of the Sacramento
in California, beginning some 80 or 100 miles from its mouth,
and extended northward to within a short distance of Pit
River."

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of
Ethnology, pages 99-100._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Puncas, or Ponkas.

See below: SIOUAN FAMILY:
and above: PAWNEE (CADDOAN) FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Purumancians.

See CHILE: A. D. 1450-1724.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Quapaws.

See below: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Quelches.

See above: PAMPAS TRIBES.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Querandis, or Pehuelches, or Puelts.

See above: PAMPAS TRIBES.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Quiches.--Cakchiquels.

"Of the ancient races of America, those which approached the
nearest to a civilized condition spoke related dialects of a
tongue, which from its principal members has been called the
Maya Quiche linguistic stock. Even to-day, it is estimated
that half a million persons use these dialects. They are
scattered over Yucatan, Guatemala, and the adjacent territory,
and one branch formerly occupied the hot lowlands on the Gulf
of Mexico, north of Vera Cruz. The so-called 'metropolitan'
dialects are those spoken relatively near the city of
Guatemala, and include the Cakchiquel, the Quiche, the
Pokonchi and the Tzutuhill. They are quite closely allied, and
are mutually intelligible, resembling each other about as much
as did in ancient Greece the Attic, Ionic and Doric dialects.
... The civilization of these people was such that they used
various mnemonic signs, approaching our alphabet, to record
and recall their mythology and history. Fragments, more or
less complete, of these traditions have been preserved. The
most notable of them is the national legend of the Quiches of
Guatemala, the so-called Popol Vuh. It was written at an
unknown date in the Quiche dialect, by a native who was
familiar with the ancient records."

_D. G. Brinton, Essays of an Americanist, page 104._

ALSO IN,
_D. G. Brinton, Annals of the Cakchiquels._

_H. H. Bancroft, Native Races of the Pacific States,
chapter 11._

See, also, above: MAYAS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Quichuas.

See PERU.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Quijo.

See above: ANDESIANS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Quoratean Family.

"The tribes occupy both banks of the lower Klamath from a
range of hills a little above Happy Camp to the junction of
the Trinity, and the Salmon River from its mouth to its
sources. On the north, Quoratean tribes extended to the
Athapascan territory near the Oregon line."

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of
Ethnology, page 101._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Rapid Indians.

A name applied by various writers to the Arapahoes, and other
tribes.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Raritans.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Remo.

See above: ANDESIANS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Rogue River Indians.

See above: MODOCS, ETC.

See Note, Appendix E.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Rucanas.

See PERU.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Sabaja.

See above: GUCK OR COCO GROUP.

{101}

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Sacs (Sauks), Foxes, etc.

"The Sauks or Saukies (White Clay), and Foxes or Outagamies,
so called by the Europeans and Algonkins, but whose true name
is Musquakkiuk (Red Clay), are in fact but one nation. The
French missionaries on coming first in contact with them, in
the year 1665, at once found that they spoke the same
language, and that it differed from the Algonkin, though
belonging to the same stock; and also that this language was
common to the Kickapoos, and to those Indians they called
Maskontens. This last nation, if it ever had an existence as a
distinct tribe, has entirely disappeared. But we are informed
by Charlevoix, and Mr. Schoolcraft corroborates the fact, that
the word 'Mascontenck' means a country without woods, a
prairie. The name Mascontens was therefore used to designate
'prairie Indians.' And it appears that they consisted
principally of Sauks and Kickapoos, with an occasional mixture
of Potowotamies and Miamis, who probably came there to hunt
the Buffalo. The country assigned to those Mascontens lay
south of the Fox River of Lake Michigan and west of Illinois
River. ... When first discovered, the Sauks and Foxes had
their seats toward the southern extremity of Green Bay, on Fox
River, and generally farther east than the country which they
lately occupied. ... By the treaty of 1804, the Sauks and
Foxes ceded to the United States all their lands east of ...
the Mississippi. ... The Kickapoos by various treaties, 1809
to 1819, have also ceded all their lands to the United States.
They claimed all the country between the Illinois River and
the Wabash, north of the parallel of latitude passing by the
mouth of the Illinois and south of the Kankakee River. ... The
territory claimed by the Miamis and Piankishaws may be
generally stated as having been bounded eastwardly by the
Maumee River of Lake Erie, and to have included all the
country drained by the Wabash. The Piankishaws occupied the
country bordering on the Ohio."

_A. Gallatin, Synopsis of the Indian Tribes (Archæologia
Americana, volume 2), introduction, section 2._

The Mascontens, or Mascoutins, "seldom appear alone, but
almost always in connection with their kindred, the Ottagamies
or Foxes and the Kickapoos, and like them bear a character for
treachery and deceit. The three tribes may have in earlier
days formed the Fire-Nation [of the early French writers],
but, as Gallatin observes in the Archæologia Americana, it is
very doubtful whether the Mascoutins were ever a distinct
tribe. If this be so, and there is no reason to reject it, the
disappearance of the name will not be strange."

_J. G. Shea, Brief Researches Respecting the Mascoutins
(Schoolcraft's Information Respecting Indian Tribes,
part 4, page 245)_.

See above, ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

For an account of the Black Hawk War

See Illinois, A. D. 1832.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Sahaptins.

See above: NEZ PERCÉS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Salinan Family.

This name is given by Major Powell to the San Antonio and San
Miguel dialects spoken by two tribes on the Salinas River,
Monterey County, California.

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of
Ethnology, page 101._

See ESSELENIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Salishan Family.

See above: FLATHEADS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Sanhikans, or Mincees.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Sans Arcs.

See below: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES
Santees.

See below: SIOUAN FAMILY.

See Note. Appendix E.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Sarcee (Tinneh).

See above: BLACKFEET.

See Note. Appendix E.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Sastean Family.

"The single tribe upon the language of which Hale based his
name was located by him to the southwest of the Lutuami or
Klamath tribes. ... The former territory of the Sastean family
is the region drained by the Klamath River and its tributaries
from the western base of the Cascade range to the point where
the Klamath flows through the ridge of hills east of Happy
Camp, which forms the boundary between the Sastean and the
Quoratean families. In addition to this region of the Klamath,
the Shasta extended over the Siskiyou range northward as far as
Ashland, Oregon:"

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of
Ethnology, page 106._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Savannahs.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Seminoles.

"The term 'semanóle,' or 'isti Simanóle,' signifies
'separatish' or 'runaway,' and as a tribal name points to the
Indians who left the Creek, especially the Lower Creek
settlements, for Florida, to live, hunt, and fish there in
independence. The term does not mean 'wild,' 'savage,' as
frequently stated; if applied now in this sense to animals, it
is because of its original meaning, 'what has become a
runaway.' ... The Seminoles of modern times are a people
compounded of the following elements: separatists from the
Lower Creek and Hitchiti towns; remnants of tribes partly
civilized by the Spaniards; Yamassi Indians, and some negroes.
... The Seminoles were always regarded as a sort of outcasts
by the Creek tribes from which they had seceded, and no doubt
there were reasons for this. ... These Indians showed, like
the Creeks, hostile intentions towards the thirteen states
during and after the Revolution, and conjointly with the Upper
Creeks on Tallapoosa river concluded a treaty of friendship
with the Spaniards at Pensacola in May, 1784. Although under
Spanish control, the Seminoles entered into hostilities with
the Americans in 1793 and 1812. In the latter year Payne míko
['King Payne'] was killed in a battle at Alachua, and his
brother, the influential Bowlegs, died soon after. These
unruly tribes surprised and massacred American settlers on the
Satilla river, Georgia, in 1817, and another conflict began,
which terminated in the destruction of the Mikasuki and
Suwanee river towns of the Seminoles by General Jackson, in
April, 1818. [See FLORIDA: A. D. 1816-1818.] After the cession
of Florida, and its incorporation into the American Union
(1819), the Seminoles gave up all their territory by the
treaty of Fort Moultrie, Sept. 18th, 1823, receiving in
exchange goods and annuities. When the government concluded to
move these Indians west of the Mississippi river, a treaty of
a conditional character was concluded with them at Payne's
landing, in 1832. The larger portion were removed, but the
more stubborn part dissented, and thus gave origin to one of
the gravest conflicts which ever occurred between Indians and
whites. The Seminole war began with the massacre of Major
Dade's command near Wahoo swamp, December 28th, 1835, and
continued with unabated fury for five years, entailing an
immense expenditure of money and lives. [See FLORIDA: A. D.
1835-1843.] A number of Creek warriors joined the hostile
Seminoles in 1836. A census of the Seminoles taken in 1822
gave a population of 3,899, with 800 negroes belonging to
them. The population of the Seminoles in the Indian Territory
amounted to 2,667 in 1881. ... There are some Seminoles now in
Mexico, who went there with their negro slaves."

_A. S. Gatschet, A Migration Legend of the Creek Indians,
volume 1, part 1, section 2._

{102}

"Ever since the first settlement of these Indians in Florida
they have been engaged in a strife with the whites. ... In the
unanimous judgment of unprejudiced writers, the whites have
ever been in the wrong."

_D. G. Brinton, Notes on the Floridian Peninsula,
page 148._

"There were in Florida, October 1, 1880, of the Indians
commonly known as Seminole, 208. They constituted 37 families,
living in 22 camps, which were gathered into five widely
separated groups or settlements. ... This people our
Government has never been able to conciliate or to conquer.
... The Seminole have always lived within our borders as
aliens. It is only of late years, and through natural
necessities, that any friendly intercourse of white man and
Indian has been secured. ... The Indians have appropriated for
their service some of the products of European civilization,
such as weapons, implements, domestic utensils, fabrics for
clothing, &c. Mentally, excepting a few religious ideas which
they received long ago from the teaching of Spanish
missionaries, and, in the southern settlements, excepting some
few Spanish words, the Seminole have accepted and appropriated
practically nothing from the white man."

_C. MacCauley, The Seminole Indians of Florida (Fifth
Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1883-84),
introduction and chapter 4._

ALSO IN
_J. T. Sprague, The Florida War_.

_S. G. Drake, The Aboriginal Races of North America.
book 4, chapter 6-21._

See, also, above: MUSKHOGEAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Senecas; their name.