Chapter XXXIX: Front Matter (39)

"About four miles to the south of Florence, on an eminence
overlooking the valley of the little river Greve, and the then
bridle-path leading towards Siena and Rome, there was a very
strong castle, called Monte Boni, Mons Boni, as it is styled
in sundry deeds of gift executed within its walls in the years
1041, 1085, and 1100, by which its lords made their peace with
the Church, in the usual way, by sharing with churchmen the
proceeds of a course of life such as needed a whitewashing
stroke of the Church's office. A strong castle on the road to
Rome, and just at a point where the path ascended a steep
hill, offered advantages and temptations not to be resisted;
and the lords of Monte Boni 'took toll' of passengers. But, as
Villani very naïvely says, 'the Florentines could not endure
that another should do what they abstained from doing.' So as
usual they sallied forth from their gates one fine morning,
attacked the strong fortress, and razed it to the ground. All
this was, as we have seen, an ordinary occurrence enough in
the history of young Florence. This was a way the burghers
had. They were clearing their land of these vestiges of
feudalism, much as an American settler clears his ground of
the stumps remaining from the primeval forest. But a special
interest will be admitted to belong to this instance of the
clearing process, when we discover who those noble old
freebooters of Monte Boni were. The lords of Monte Boni were
called, by an easy, but it might be fancied ironical,
derivation from the name of their castle 'Buoni del
Monte,'--the Good Men of the Mountain;--and by abbreviation,
Buondelmonte, a name which we shall hear more of anon in the
pages of this history. But when, after the destruction of
their fortress, these Good Men of the Mountain became
Florentine citizens, they increased and multiplied; and in the
next generation, dividing off into two branches, they assumed,
as was the frequent practice, two distinctive appellations; the
one branch remaining Buondelmonti, and the other calling
themselves Buonaparte. This latter branch shortly afterwards
again divided itself into two, of which one settled at San
Miniato al Tedesco, and became extinct there in the person of
an aged canon of the name within this century; while the other
first established itself at Sarzaua, a little town on the
coast about half-way between Florence and Genoa, and from
thence at a later period transplanted itself to Corsica; and
has since been heard of."

_T. A. Trollope, History of the Commonwealth of Florence,
volume 1, pages 50-51._

BONIFACE, ST.,
The Mission of.

See CHRISTIANITY: A. D. 496-800.

BONIFACE, COUNT, and the Vandals.

See VANDALS: A. D. 429-439.

BONIFACE III., Pope, A. D. 607, FEBRUARY TO NOVEMBER.
Boniface IV., Pope, A. D. 608-615.
Boniface V., Pope, A. D. 619-625.
Boniface VI., Pope, A. D. 896.
Boniface VII., Pope, A. D. 974, 984-985.
Boniface VIII., Pope, A. D. 1294-1303.
Boniface IX., Pope, A. D. 1389-1404.

BONN, Siege and Capture by Marlborough (1703).

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1702-1704.

BONNET ROUGE, The.

See LIBERTY CAP.

BONONIA IN GAUL.

See GESORIACUM.

BONONIA IN ITALY.

See BOLOGNA.

BOOK OF THE DEAD.

"A collection (ancient Egyptian) of prayers and exorcisms
composed at various periods for the benefit of the pilgrim
soul in his journey through Amenti (the Egyptian Hades); and
it was in order to provide him with a safe conduct through the
perils of that terrible valley that copies of this work, or
portions of it, were buried with the mummy in his tomb. Of the
many thousands of papyri which have been preserved to this
day, it is perhaps scarcely too much to say that one half, if
not two thirds, are copies more or less complete of the Book
of the Dead."

_A. B. Edwards, Academy, Sept. 10, 1887._

{297}

M. Naville published in 1887 a collation of the numerous
differing texts of the Book of the Dead, on the preparation of
which he had been engaged for ten years.

BOONE, Daniel, and the settlement of Kentucky.

See KENTUCKY: A. D. 1765-1778, and 1775-1784.

BOONVILLE, Battle of.

See MISSOURI: A. D. 1861 (FEBRUARY-JULY).

BOONSBORO, or South Mountain, Battle of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1862
(SEPTEMBER: MARYLAND).

BOOTH, John Wilkes.
Assassination of President Lincoln.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1865 (APRIL 14TH).

BOR-RUSSIA.

See PRUSSIA: THE ORIGINAL COUNTRY AND ITS NAME.

BORDARII.

See SLAVERY, MEDIÆVAL: ENGLAND; also MANORS.

BORDEAUX: Origin.

See BURDIGALA.

BORDEAUX: A. D. 732.
Stormed and sacked by the Moslems.

See MAHOMETAN CONQUEST: A. D. 715-732.

BORDEAUX: A. D. 1650.
Revolt of the Frondeurs.
Siege of the city.
Treaty of Peace.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1650-1651.

BORDEAUX: A. D. 1652-1653.
The last phase of the Fronde.
Rebellion of the Society of the Ormée.
Cromwell's help invoked.
Siege and submission of the city.

"The peace of Bordeaux in October, 1650. had left the city
tranquil, but not intimidated, and its citizens were neither
attached to the government nor afraid of it. ... There, as at
Paris, a violent element obtained control, ready for
disturbance, and not alarmed by the possibility of radical
changes in the government. ... During the popular emotion
against Épernon, meetings, mostly of the lower classes, had
been held under some great elms near the city, and from this
circumstance a party had taken the name of the Ormée. It now
assumed a more definite form, and began to protest against the
slackness of the officers and magistrates, who it was charged,
were ready to abandon the popular cause. The Parliament was
itself divided into two factions," known as the Little Fronde
and the Great Fronde--the latter of which was devoted to the
Prince of Condé. "The Ormée was a society composed originally
of a small number of active and violent men, and in its
organization not wholly unlike the society of the Jacobins.
... Troubles increased between this society and the
parliament, and on June 3d [1652] it held a meeting attended
by 3,000 armed men, and decided on the exile of fourteen of
the judges who were regarded as traitors to the cause. ... The
offending judges were obliged to leave the city, but in a few
days the Parliament again obtained control, and the exiles
were recalled and received with great solemnity. But the Ormée
was not thus to be overcome. On June 25th these contests
resulted in a battle in the streets, in which the society had
the advantage. Many of the judges abandoned the conflict and
left the city. The Ormée established itself at the Hotel de
Ville, and succeeded in controlling for the most part the
affairs of the city. ... Condé decided that he would recognize
the Ormée as a political organization, and strengthen it by
his approval. ... The restoration of the King's authority at
Paris [see FRANCE: A. D. 1651-1653] strengthened the party at
Bordeaux that desired peace, and increased the violence of the
party that was opposed to it. Plots were laid for the
overthrow of the local authorities, but they were wholly
unsuccessful. ... The desire of the people, the nobility, and
the clergy was for peace. Only by speedy aid from Spain could
the city be kept in hostility to its King and in allegiance to
Condé. Spain was asked to send assistance and prevent this
important loss, but the Spanish delayed any vigorous action,
partly from remissness and partly from lack of troops and
money. The most of the province of Guienne was gradually lost
to the insurgents. ... Condé seems to have left Guienne to
itself. ... In this condition, the people of Bordeaux turned
to Cromwell as the only person who had the power to help them.
... The envoys were received by Cromwell, but he took no steps
to send aid to Bordeaux. Hopes were held out which encouraged
the city and alarmed the French minister, but no ships were
sent." Meantime, the King's forces in Guienne advanced with
steady success, and early in the summer of 1653 they began the
siege of the city. The peace party within, thus encouraged,
soon overthrew the Ormée, and arranged terms for the
submission of the town. "The government proceeded at once to
erect the castles of Trompette and Ho, and they were made
powerful enough to check any future turbulence."

_J. B. Perkins, France under Mazarin, chapter 15 (volume 2)._

BORDEAUX: A. D. 1791.
The Girondists in the National Legislative Assembly.

See France: A. D. 1791 (OCTOBER).

BORDEAUX: A. D. 1793.
Revolt against the Revolutionary Government of Paris.
Fearful vengeance of the Terrorists.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1793 (JUNE); (JULY-DECEMBER); AND
1793-1794 (OCTOBER-APRIL).

BORDEAUX: A. D. 1814.
Occupied by the English.

See SPAIN: A. D. 1812-1814.

----------BORDEAUX: End----------

BORDER-RUFFIANS.

See KANSAS: A. D. 1854-1859.

BORGHETTO, Battle of.

See FRANCE: A.D. 1796 (APRIL-OCTOBER).

BORGIAS, The.

See PAPACY: A. D. 1471-1513.

BORIS, Czar of Russia. A. D. 1598-1605.

BORLA, The.

See PERU: A.D. 1533-1548.

BORNHOVED, Battle of (1227).

See SCANDINAVIAN STATES: A. D. 1018-1397.

BORNY, OR COLOMBEY-NOUILLY, Battle of.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1870 (JULY-AUGUST).

BORODINO, OR THE MOSKOWA, Battle of.

See RUSSIA: A. D. 1812 (JUNE-SEPTEMBER).

BOROUGH.--CITY.--TOWN.--VILLE.

"The burh of the Anglo-Saxon period was simply a more strictly
organized form of the township. It was probably in a more
defensible position; had a ditch and mound instead of the
quickset hedge or 'tun' from which the township took its name;
and as the 'tun' originally was the fenced homestead of the
cultivator, the burh was the fortified house and court-yard of
the mighty man--the king, the magistrate, or the noble."

_William Stubbs, Constitutional History of England,
chapter 5._

{298}

"I must freely confess that I do not know what difference,
except a difference in rank, there is in England between a
city and a borough. ... A city does not seem to have any
rights or powers as a city which are not equally shared by
every other corporate town. The only corporate towns which
have any special powers above others are those which are
counties of themselves; and all cities are not counties of
themselves, while some towns which are not cities are. The
city in England is not so easily defined as the city in the
United States. There, every corporate town is a city. This
makes a great many cities, and it leads to an use of the word
city in common talk which seems a little strange in British
ears. In England, even in speaking of a real city, the word
city is seldom used, except in language a little formal or
rhetorical; in America it is used whenever a city is
mentioned. But the American rule has the advantage of being
perfectly clear and avoiding all doubt. And it agrees very
well with the origin of the word: a corporate town is a
'civitas,' a commonwealth; any lesser collection of men hardly
is a commonwealth, or is such only in a much less perfect
degree. This brings us to the historical use of the word. It
is clear at starting that the word is not English. It has no
Old-English equivalent; burh, burgh, borough, in its various
spellings and various shades of meaning, is our native word
for urbes of every kind from Rome downward. It is curious that
this word should in ordinary speech have been so largely
displaced by the vaguer word tun, town, which means an
enclosure of any kind, and in some English dialects is still
applied to a single house and its surroundings. ... In common
talk we use the word borough hardly oftener than the word
city; when the word is used, it has commonly some direct
reference to the parliamentary or municipal characters of the
town. Many people, I suspect, would define a borough as a town
which sends members to Parliament, and such a definition,
though still not accurate, has, by late changes, been brought
nearer to accuracy than it used to be. City and borough, then,
are both rather formal words; town is the word which comes
most naturally to the lips when there is no special reason for
using one of the others. Of the two formal words, borough is
English; city is Latin; it comes to us from Gaul and Italy by
some road or other. It is in Domesday that we find, by no
means its first use in England, but its first clearly formal
use, the first use of it to distinguish a certain class of
towns, to mark those towns which are 'civitates' as well as
burgi from those which are burgi only. Now in Gaul the
'civitas' in formal Roman language was the tribe and its
territory, the whole land of the Arverni, Parisii, or any
other tribe. In a secondary sense it meant the head town of
the tribe. ... When Christianity was established, the
'civitas' in the wider sense marked the extent of the bishop's
diocese; the 'civitas' in the narrower sense became the
immediate seat of his bishopstool. Thus we cannot say that in
Gaul a town became a city because it was a bishop's see; but
we may say that a certain class of towns became bishops' sees
because they were already cities. But in modern French use no
distinction is made between these ancient capitals which
became bishoprics and other towns of less temporal and
spiritual honour. The seat of the bishopric, the head of the
ancient province, the head of the modern department, the
smaller town which has never risen to any of those dignities,
are all alike ville. Lyons, Rheims, Paris, are in no way
distinguished from meaner places. The word cité is common
enough, but it has a purely local meaning. It often
distinguishes the old part of a town, the ancient 'civitas,'
from later additions. In Italy on the other hand, città is
both the familiar and the formal name for towns great and
small. It is used just like ville in French."

_E. A. Freeman, City and Borough Macmillan's Mag.,
May, 1889._

BOROUGH-ENGLISH.

See FEUDAL TENURES.

BOROUGHBRIDGE, Battle of.

Fought March 16, 1322, in the civil war which arose in England
during the reign of Edward II. on account of the King's
favorites, the Déspensers. Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, the
leader of opposition, was defeated, captured, summarily tried
and beheaded.

BOROUGHS, Rotten and Pocket.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1830, and 1830-1832.

BORROMEAN, OR GOLDEN LEAGUE, The.

See SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1579-1630.

BORYSTHENES, The.

The name which the Greeks gave anciently to the river now
known as the Dnieper. It also became the name of a town near
the mouth of the river, which was originally called Olbia,--a
very early trading settlement of the Milesians.

BOSCOBEL, The Royal Oak of.

See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1651.

BOSNIA.

See BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES.

BOSPHORUS, OR BOSPORUS, The.

The word means literally an 'ox-ford,' and the Greeks derived
it as a name from the legend of Io, who, driven by a gad-fly,
swam across the straits from Europe into Asia. They gave the
name particularly to that channel, on which Constantinople
lies, but applied it also to other similar straits, such as
the Cimmerian Bosporus, opening the Sea of Azov.

BOSPHORUS:
The city and kingdom.

"Respecting Bosporus, or Pantikapæum (for both names denote
the same city, though the former name often comprehends the
whole annexed dominion) founded by Milesian settlers on the
European side of the Kimmerian Bosporus (near Kertsch) we
first hear, about the period when Xerxes was repulsed from
Greece (480-479 B. C.) It was the centre of a dominion
including Phanagoria, Kepi, Hermonassa, and other Greek cities
on the Asiatic side of the strait; and it is said to have been
governed by what seems to have been an oligarchy--called the
Archæanaktidæ--for forty-two years (480--438 B. C.) After them
we have a series of princes standing out individually by name,
and succeeding each other in the same family, [438-284 B. C.].
... During the reigns of these princes, a connexion of some
intimacy subsisted between Athens and Bosporus; a connexion
not political, since the Bosporanic princes had little
interest in the contentions about Hellenic hegemony--but of
private intercourse, commercial exchange and reciprocal good
offices. The eastern corner of the Tauric Chersonesus, between
Pantikapæum and Theodosia, was well suited for the production
of corn; while plenty of fish, as well as salt, was to be had
in or near the Palus Mæotis. Corn, salted fish and meat, hides
and barbaric slaves in considerable numbers, were in demand
among all Greeks round the Ægean, and not least at Athens,
where Scythian slaves were numerous; while oil and wine, and
other products of more southern regions, were acceptable in
Bosporus and the other Pontic ports.
{299}
This important traffic seems to have been mainly carried on in
ships and by capital belonging to Athens and other Ægean
maritime towns, and must have been greatly under the
protection and regulation of the Athenians, so long as their
maritime empire subsisted. Enterprising citizens of Athens
went to Bosporus (as to Thrace and the Thracian Chersonesus),
to push their fortunes. ... We have no means of following [the
fortunes of the Bosporanic princes] in detail; but we know
that, about a century B. C., the then reigning prince,
Parisades IV. found himself so pressed and squeezed by the
Scythians, that he was forced (like Olbia and the Pentapolis)
to forego his independence, and to call in, as auxiliary or
master, the formidable Mithridates Eupator of Pontus; from
whom a new dynasty of Bosporanic kings began--subject,
however, after no long interval, to the dominion and
interference of Rome."

_G. Grote, History of Greece, part 2, chapter 98._

ALSO IN:
_T. Mommsen, History of Rome, book 8, chapter 7._

See MITHRIDATIC WARS, and ROME: B. C. 47-46.

Acquisition by the Goths.

See GOTHS, ACQUISITION OF BOSPHORUS.

BOSPHORUS: A. D. 565-574.
Capture by the Turks.

"During the reign of Justin [A. D. 565-574] the city of
Bosporus, in Tauris, had been captured by the Turks, who then
occupied a considerable portion of the Tauric Chersonesus. The
city of Cherson alone continued to maintain its independence
in the northern regions of the Black Sea."

_G. Finlay, Greece under the Romans, chapter 4, section 8._

See TURKS: SIXTH CENTURY.

----------BOSPHORUS: End----------

BOSSISM.

The "Spoils System" in American politics [see SPOILS SYSTEM]
developed enormously the influence and power of certain
leaders and managers of party organizations, in the great
cities and some of the states, who acquired the names of
"Bosses," while the system of politics which they represented
was called "Bossism." The notorious William H. Tweed, of the
New York "Tammany Ring" [see NEW YORK: A. D. 1863-1871] seems
to have been the first of the species to be dubbed "Boss
Tweed" by his "heelers," or followers, and the title passed
from him to others of like kind.

BOSTON: A. D. 1628-1630.
The first white inhabitant.
The founding and naming of the city.

See MASSACHUSETTS: A. D. 1622-1628, and 1630.

BOSTON: A. D. 1631-1651.
The Puritan Theocracy.
Troubles with Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson and the
Presbyterians.

See MASSACHUSETTS: A. D. 1631-1636, to 1646-1651.

BOSTON: A. D. 1656-1661.
The persecution of Quakers.

See MASSACHUSETTS: A. D. 1656-1661.

BOSTON: A. D. 1657-1669.
The Halfway Covenant and the founding of the Old South Church.

"In Massachusetts after 1650 the opinion rapidly gained ground
that all baptised persons of upright and decorous lives ought
to be considered, for practical purposes, as members of the
church, and therefore entitled to the exercise of political
rights, even though unqualified for participation in the
Lord's Supper. This theory of church membership, based on what
was at that time stigmatized as the Halfway Covenant, aroused
intense opposition. It was the great question of the day. In
1657 a council was held in Boston, which approved the
principle of the Halfway Covenant; and as this decision was
far from satisfying the churches, a synod of all the clergymen
in Massachusetts was held five years later, to reconsider the
great question. The decision of the synod substantially
confirmed the decision of the council, but there were some
dissenting voices. Foremost among the dissenters, who wished
to retain the old theocratic regime in all its strictness, was
Charles Chauncey, the president of Harvard College, and
Increase Mather agreed with him at the time, though he
afterward saw reason to change his opinion and published two
tracts in favour of the Halfway Covenant. Most bitter of all
toward the new theory of church-membership was, naturally
enough, Mr. Davenport of New Haven. This burning question was
the source of angry contentions in the First Church of Boston.
Its teacher, the learned and melancholy Norton, died in 1663,
and four years later the aged pastor, John Wilson, followed
him. In choosing a successor to Wilson the church decided to
declare itself in opposition to the liberal decision of the
synod, and in token thereof invited Davenport to come from New
Haven to take charge of it. Davenport, who was then seventy
years old, was disgusted at the recent annexation of his
colony to Connecticut. He accepted the invitation and came to
Boston, against the wishes of nearly half of the Boston
congregation, who did not like the illiberal principle which
he represented. In little more than a year his ministry at
Boston was ended by death; but the opposition to his call had
already proceeded so far that a secession from the old church
had become inevitable. In 1669 the advocates of the Halfway
Covenant organized themselves into a new society under the
title of the 'Third Church in Boston.' A wooden meeting-house
was built on a lot which had once belonged to the late
governor Winthrop, in what was then the south part of the
town, so that the society and its meeting-house became known
as the South Church; and after a new church founded in Summer
Street in 1717 took the name of the New South, the church of
1669 came to be further distinguished as the Old South. As
this church represented a liberal idea which was growing in
favour with the people, it soon became the most flourishing
church in America. After sixty years its numbers had increased
so that the old meeting-house could not contain them; and in
1729 the famous building which still stands was erected on the
same spot,--a building with a grander history than any other
on the American continent, unless it be that other plain brick
building in Philadelphia where the Declaration of Independence
was adopted and the Federal Constitution framed."

_J. Fiske, The Beginnings of New England, chapter 6._

ALSO IN:
_H. M. Dexter, The Congregationalism of the last 300
years, lecture 9._

_B. B. Wisner, History of the Old South Church, sermon 1._

_W. Emerson, Historical Sketch of the First Church in
Boston, section 4-7._

BOSTON: A. D. 1674-1678.
King Philip's War.

See NEW ENGLAND: A. D. 1674-1675; 1675; 1676-1678.

BOSTON: A. D. 1689.
The rising for William and Mary and the downfall of Andros.

See MASSACHUSETTS: A. D. 1686-1689.

{300}

BOSTON: A. D. 1697.
Threatened attack by the French.

See CANADA (NEW FRANCE): A. D. 1692-1697.

BOSTON: A. D. 1704.
The first newspaper.

See PRINTING, &c.: A. D. 1704-1729.

BOSTON: A. D. 1740-1742.
The origin of Faneuil Hall.

See FANEUIL HALL.

BOSTON: A. D. 1761.
The question of the Writs of assistance and James Otis's
speech.

See MASSACHUSETTS: A. D. 176l.

BOSTON: A. D. 1764-1767.
Patriotic self-denials.
Non-importation agreements.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1764-1767.

BOSTON: A. D. 1765-1767.
The doings under the Liberty Tree.

See LIBERTY TREE.

BOSTON: A. D. 1768.
The seizure of the sloop "Liberty."
Riotous patriotism.

"For some years these officers [of the customs] had been
resisted in making seizures of uncustomed goods, which were
frequently rescued from their possession by interested
parties, and the determination of the commissioners of customs
to break up this practice frequently led to collisions; but no
flagrant outbreak occurred until the seizure of John Hancock's
sloop 'Liberty' (June 10, 1768), laden with a cargo of Madeira
wine. The officer in charge, refusing a bribe, was forcibly
locked up in the cabin, the greater part of the cargo was
removed, and the remainder entered at the custom-house as the
whole cargo. This led to seizure of the vessel, said to have
been the first made by the commissioners, and for security she
was placed under the guns of the 'Romney,' a man-of-war in the
harbor. For this the revenue officers were roughly handled by
the mob. Their boat was burned, their houses threatened, and
they, with their alarmed families, took refuge on board the
'Romney,' and finally in the Castle. These proceedings
undoubtedly led to the sending additional military forces to
Boston in September. The General Court was in session at the
time, but no effectual proceedings were taken against the
rioters. Public sympathy was with them in their purposes if
not in their measures."

_M. Chamberlain, The Revolution Impending (Narrative and
Critical History of America, volume 6, chapter 1)._

BOSTON: A. D. 1768.
The quartering of British troops.

"Before news had reached England of the late riot in Boston,
two regiments from Halifax had been ordered thither. When news
of that riot arrived, two additional regiments were ordered
from Ireland. The arrival of an officer, sent by Gage from New
York, to provide quarters for these troops, occasioned a town
meeting in Boston, by which the governor was requested to
summon a new General Court, which he peremptorily refused to
do. The meeting then recommended a convention of delegates
from all the towns in the province to assemble at Boston in
ten days; 'in consequence of prevailing apprehensions of a war
with France'--such was the pretence--they advised all persons
not already provided with fire-arms to procure them at once;
they also appointed a day of fasting and prayer, to be
observed by all the Congregational societies. Delegates from
more than a hundred towns met accordingly at the day appointed
[Sept. 22], chose Cushing, speaker of the late House, as their
chairman, and petitioned Bernard to summon a General Court.
The governor not only refused to receive their petition, but
denounced the meeting as treasonable. In view of this charge,
the proceedings were exceedingly cautious and moderate. All
pretensions to political authority were expressly disclaimed.
In the course of a four days' session a petition to the King
was agreed to, and a letter to the agent, De Berdt, of which
the chief burden was to defend the province against the charge
of a rebellious spirit. Such was the first of those popular
conventions, destined within a few years to assume the whole
political authority of the colonies. The day after the
adjournment the troops from Halifax arrived. There was room in
the barracks at the castle, but Gage, alarmed at the accounts
from Massachusetts, had sent orders from New York to have the
two regiments quartered in the town. The council were called
upon to find quarters, but, by the very terms of the
Quartering Act, as they alleged, till the barracks were full
there was no necessity to provide quarters elsewhere. Bernard
insisted that the barracks had been reserved for the two
regiments expected from Ireland, and must, therefore, be
considered as already full. The council replied, that, even
allowing that to be the case, by the terms of the act, the
provision of quarters belonged not to them, but to the local
magistrates. There was a large building in Boston belonging to
the province, known as the 'Manufactory House,' and occupied
by a number of poor families. Bernard pressed the council to
advise that this building be cleared and prepared for the
reception of the troops; but they utterly refused. The
governor then undertook to do it on his own authority. The
troops had already landed, under cover of the ships of war, to
the number of a thousand men. Some of them appeared to demand
an entrance into the Manufactory House; but the tenants were
encouraged to keep possession; nor did the governor venture to
use force. One of the regiments encamped on the common; for a
part of the other regiment, which had no tents, the temporary
use of Faneuil Hall was reluctantly yielded; to the rest of
it, the Town House, used also as a State House, all except the
council chamber, was thrown open by the governor's order. It
was Sunday. The Town House was directly opposite the
meeting-house of the First Church. Cannon were planted in
front of it; sentinels were stationed in the streets; the
inhabitants were challenged as they passed. The devout were
greatly aggravated and annoyed by the beating of drums and the
marching of the troops. Presently Gage came to Boston to urge
the provision of quarters. The council directed his attention
to the terms of the act, and referred him to the selectmen. As
the act spoke only of justices of the peace, the selectmen
declined to take any steps in the matter. Bernard then
constituted what he called a Board of Justices, and required
them to find quarters; but they did not choose to exercise a
doubtful and unpopular authority. Gage was finally obliged to
quarter the troops in houses which he hired for the purpose,
and to procure out of his own military chest the firing,
bedding, and other articles mentioned in the Quartering Act,
the council having declined to order any expenditure for those
purposes, on the ground that the appropriation of money
belonged exclusively to the General Court."

_R. Hildreth, History of the U. S., chapter 29 (volume 2)._

ALSO IN:
_R. Frothingham, Life and Times of Joseph Warren, chapter 6._

_T. Hutchinson, History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay,
1749-1774, pages 202-217._

{301}

BOSTON: A. D. 1769.
The patriots threatened and Virginia speaking out.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1769.

BOSTON: A. D. 1770.
Soldiers and citizens in collision.
The "Massacre."
Removal of the troops.

"As the spring of the year 1770 appeared, the 14th and 29th
regiments had been in Boston about seventeen months. The 14th
was in barracks near the Brattle Street Church; the 29th was
quartered just south of King Street; about midway between
them, in King Street, and close at hand to the town-house, was
the main guard, whose nearness to the public buildings had
been a subject of great annoyance to the people. ... One is
forced to admit ... that a good degree of discipline was
maintained; no blood had as yet been shed by the soldiers,
although provocations were constant, the rude element in the
town growing gradually more aggressive as the soldiers were
never allowed to use their arms. Insults and blows with fists
were frequently taken and given, and cudgels also came into
fashion in the brawls. Whatever awe the regiments had inspired
at their first coming had long worn off. In particular the
workmen of the rope-walks and ship-yards allowed their tongues
the largest license and were foremost in the encounters. About
the 1st of March fights of unusual bitterness had occurred
near Grey's rope-walk, not far from the quarters of the 29th,
between the hands of the rope-walk and soldiers of that
regiment, which had a particularly bad reputation. The
soldiers had got the worst of it, and were much irritated.
Threats of revenge had been made, which had called out
arrogant replies, and signs abounded that serious trouble was
not far off. From an early hour on the evening of the 5th of
March the symptoms were very ominous. ... At length an
altercation began in King Street between a company of lawless
boys and a few older brawlers on the one side, and the
sentinel, who paced his beat before the custom-house, on the
other. ... The soldier retreated up the steps of the
custom-house and called out for help. A file of soldiers was
at once despatched from the main guard, across the street, by
Captain Preston, officer of the guard, who himself soon
followed to the scene of trouble. A coating of ice covered the
ground, upon which shortly before had fallen a light snow. A
young moon was shining; the whole transaction, therefore, was
plainly visible. The soldiers, with the sentinel, nine in
number, drew up in line before the people, who greatly
outnumbered them. The pieces were loaded and held ready, but
the mob, believing that the troops would not use their arms
except upon requisition of a civil magistrate, shouted coarse
insults, pressed upon the very muzzles of the pieces, struck
them with sticks, and assaulted the soldiers with balls of
ice. In the tumult precisely what was said and done cannot be
known. Many affidavits were taken in the investigation that
followed, and, as always at such times, the testimony was most
contradictory. Henry Knox, afterwards the artillery general,
at this time a bookseller, was on the spot and used his
influence with Preston to prevent a command to fire. Preston
declared that he never gave the command. The air, however, was
full of shouts, daring the soldiers to fire, some of which may
have been easily understood as commands, and at last the
discharge came. If it had failed to come, indeed, the
forbearance would have been quite miraculous. Three were
killed outright, and eight were wounded, only one of whom,
Crispus Attucks, a tall mulatto who faced the soldiers,
leaning on a stick of cordwood, had really taken any part in
the disturbance. The rest were bystanders or were hurrying
into the street, not knowing the cause of the tumult. ... A
wild confusion ... took possession of the town. The
alarm-bells rang frantically; on the other hand the drums of
the regiments thundered to arms. ... What averted a fearful
battle in the streets was the excellent conduct of
Hutchinson"--the lieutenant-governor, who made his way
promptly to the scene, caused the troops to be sent back to
their barracks, ordered the arrest of Captain Preston and the
nine soldiers who had done the firing, and began an
investigation of the affair the same night. The next day a
great town meeting was held, and, as crowds from the
surrounding towns pressed in, it was adjourned from Faneuil
Hall to the Old South Church, and overflowed in the
neighboring streets. A formal demand for the removal of the
troops was sent to the governor and council by a committee
which had Samuel Adams at its head. Governor Hutchinson
disclaimed authority over the troops; but their commanding
officer, Colonel Dalrymple, proposed to compromise by sending
away the 29th regiment and retaining the 14th. As the
committee returned to the meeting with this proposal, through
the crowd, Adams dropped right and left the words, "Both
regiments or none."--"Both regiments or none." So he put into
the mouths of the people their reply, which they shouted as
with one voice when the report of the committee was made to
them. There was a determination in the cry which overcame even
the obstinacy of Governor Hutchinson, and the departure of
both regiments was ordered that same day. "In England the
affair was regarded as a 'successful bully' of the whole power
of the government by the little town, and when Lord North
received details of these events he always referred to the
14th and 29th as the 'Sam Adams regiments.'"

_J. K. Hosmer, Samuel Adams, chapter 11._

ALSO IN:
_R. Frothingham, Life and Times of Joseph Warren, chapter
6._

_R. Frothingham, The Sam Adams Regiments (Atlantic
Monthly, volume 9, 10, and 12; 1862-63)._

_J. Q. Adams, Life of John Adams, chapter 3 (volume l)._

_T. Hutchinson, History of the Province of Mass. Bay,
1749-1774, pages 270-280._

_H. Niles, Principles and Acts of the Revolution
(Centennial edition), pages 15-79._

_F. Kedder, History of the Boston Massacre._

BOSTON: A. D. 1770.
The fair trial of the soldiers.

"The episode [of the affray of March 5th] had ... a sequel
which is extremely creditable to the American people. It was
determined to try the soldiers for their lives, and public
feeling ran so fiercely against them that it seemed as if
their fate was sealed. The trial, however, was delayed for
seven months, till the excitement had in some degree subsided.
Captain Preston very judiciously appealed to John Adams, who
was rapidly rising to the first place both among the lawyers
and the popular patriots of Boston, to undertake his defence.
Adams knew well how much he was risking by espousing so
unpopular a cause, but he knew also his professional duty,
and, though violently opposed to the British government, he
was an eminently honest, brave, and humane man.
{302}
In conjunction with Josiah Quincy, a young lawyer who was also
of the patriotic party, he undertook the invidious task, and he
discharged it with consummate ability. ... There was abundant
evidence that the soldiers had endured gross provocation and
some violence. If the trial had been the prosecution of a
smuggler or a seditious writer, the jury would probably have
decided against evidence, but they had no disposition to shed
innocent blood. Judges, counsel, and jurymen acted bravely and
honourably. All the soldiers were acquitted, except two, who
were found guilty of manslaughter, and who escaped with very
slight punishment. It is very remarkable that after Adams had
accepted the task of defending the incriminated soldiers, he
was elected by the people of Boston as their representative in
the Assembly, and the public opinion of the province appears
to have fully acquiesced in the verdict. In truth, although no
people have indulged more largely than the Americans in
violent, reckless, and unscrupulous language, no people have
at every period of their history been more signally free from
the thirst for blood, which in moments of great political
excitement has been often shown both in England and France."

_W. E. H. Lecky, History of England in the 18th Century,
chapter 12 (volume 3)._

ALSO IN:
_J. Adams, Autobiography (Works, volume 2, page 230)._

_Lord Mahon (Earl Stanhope), History of England,
1713-1783, volume 5, page 269._

BOSTON: A. D 1773.
The Tea Party.

"News reached Boston in the spring of this year [1773] that
the East India Company, which was embarrassed by the
accumulation of tea in England, owing to the refusal of the
Americans to buy it, had induced parliament to permit its
exportation to America without the payment of the usual duty
[See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1772-1773]. This was
intended to bribe the colonists to buy; for there had been a
duty both in England and in America. That in England was six
pence a pound, that in America three pence. Ships were laden
and sent to Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston,
and they were now expected to arrive in a short time. ... On
the 28th of November, 1773, which was Sunday, the first
tea-ship (the 'Dartmouth ') entered the harbor [of Boston].
The following morning the citizens were informed by placard
that the 'worst of plagues, the detested tea,' had actually
arrived, and that a meeting was to be held at nine in the
morning, at Faneuil Hall, for the purpose of making 'a united
and successful resistance to this last, worst, and most
destructive measure of administration.' The Cradle of Liberty
was not large enough to contain the crowd that was called
together, Adams rose and made a stirring motion expressing
determination that the tea should not be landed, and it was
unanimously agreed to. The meeting then adjourned to the Old
South meeting-house, where the motion was repeated, and again
adopted without an opposing voice. The owner of the ship
protested in vain that the proceedings were illegal; a watch
of twenty-five persons was set, to see that the intentions of
the citizens were not evaded, and the meeting adjourned to the
following morning. The throng at that time was as great as
usual, and while the deliberations were going on, a message
was received from the governor, through the sheriff, ordering
them to cease their proceedings. It was voted not to follow
the advice, and the sheriff was hissed and obliged to retreat
discomfited. It was formally resolved that any person
importing tea from England should be deemed an enemy to his
country, and it was declared that at the risk of their lives
and properties the landing of the tea should be prevented, and
its return effected. It was necessary that some positive
action should be taken in regard to the tea within twenty days
from its arrival, or the collector of customs would confiscate
ships and cargoes. ... The twenty days would expire on the
16th of December. On the fourteenth a crowded meeting was held
at the Old South, and the importer was enjoined to apply for a
clearance to allow his vessel to return with its cargo. He
applied, but the collector refused to give an answer until the
following day. The meeting therefore adjourned to the 16th,
the last day before confiscation would be legal, and before
the tea would be placed under protection of the ships of war
in the harbor. There was another early morning meeting, and
7,000 people thronged about the meeting-house, all filled with
a sense of the fact that something notable was to occur. The
importer appeared and reported that the collector refused a
clearance. He was then directed to ask the governor for a pass
to enable him to sail by the Castle. Hutchinson had retreated
to his mansion at Milton, and it would take some time to make
the demand. The importer started out in the cold of a New
England winter, apologized to his Excellency for his visit,
but assured him that it was involuntary. He received a reply
that no pass could be given him. ... It was six o'clock before
the importer returned, and a few candles were brought in to
relieve the fast-increasing darkness. He reported the
governor's reply, and Samuel Adams rose and exclaimed: 'This
meeting can do nothing more to save the country!' In an
instant there was a shout on the porch; there was a war-whoop
in response, and forty or fifty of the men disguised as
Indians rushed out of the doors, down Milk Street towards
Griffin's (afterwards Liverpool) Wharf, where the vessels lay.
The meeting was declared dissolved, and the throng followed
their leaders, forming a determined guard about the wharf. The
'Mohawks' entered the vessel; there was tugging at the ropes;
there was breaking of light boxes; there was pouring of
precious tea into the waters of the harbor. For two or three
hours the work went on, and three hundred and forty-two chests
were emptied. Then, under the light of the moon, the Indians
marched to the sound of fife and drum to their homes, and the
vast throng melted away, until not a man remained to tell of
the deed. The committee of correspondence held a meeting next
day, and Samuel Adams and four others were appointed to
prepare an account of the affair to be posted to other places.
Paul Revere, who is said to have been one of the 'Mohawks,'
was sent express to Philadelphia with the news, which was
received at that place on the 26th. It was announced by
ringing of bells, and there was every sign of joy. ... The
continent was universally stirred at last."

_A. Gilman, The Story of Boston, chapter 23._

ALSO IN:
_E. G. Porter, The Beginning of the Revolution (Memorial
History of Boston, volume 3, chapter 1)._

_B. J. Lossing, Field Book of the Revolution, volume 1, chapter
21._

_T. Hutchinson, History of the Province of_

303

Mass. Bay, 1749-1774, pages 429-440.

_Same, Diary and Letters, page 138._

_G. Bancroft, History of the U. S. (Author's last
revision), volume 3, chapter 34._

_J. Kimball, The 100th Anniversary of the Destruction of
Tea (Essex Inst. Hist. Coll., volume 12, number 3)._

BOSTON: A. D. 1774.
The Port Bill and the Massachusetts Act.
Commerce interdicted.
Town Meetings forbidden.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1774 (MARCH-APRIL).

BOSTON: A. D. 1774.
The enforcement of the Port Bill and its effects.
Military occupation of the city by General Gage.

"The execution of this measure [the Port Bill] devolved on
Thomas Gage, who arrived at Boston May 13, 1774, as Captain
General and Governor of Massachusetts. He was not a stranger
in the colonies. He had exhibited gallantry in Braddock's
defeat. ... He had married in one of the most respectable
families in New York, and had partaken of the hospitalities of
the people of Boston. His manners were pleasing. Hence he
entered upon his public duties with a large measure of
popularity. But he took a narrow view of men and things about
him. ... General Gage, on the 17th of May, landed at the Long
Wharf and was received with much parade. ... On the first day
of June the act went into effect. It met with no opposition
from the people, and hence, there was no difficulty in
carrying it into rigorous execution. 'I hear from many,' the
governor writes, 'that the act has staggered the most
presumptuous; the violent party men seem to break, and people
to fall off from them.' Hence he looked for submission; but
Boston asked assistance from other colonies, and the General
Court requested him to appoint a day of fasting and prayer.
The loyalists felt uneasy at the absence of the army. ...
Hence a respectable force was soon concentrated in Boston. On
the 4th of June, the 4th or king's own regiment, and on the
15th the 43d regiment, landed at the Long Wharf and encamped
on the common." The 5th and 38th regiments arrived on the 4th
and 5th of July; the 59th regiment was landed at Salem August
6, and additional troops were ordered from New York, the
Jerseys and Quebec. "The Boston Port Bill went into operation
amid the tolling of bells, fasting and prayer. ... It bore
severely upon two towns, Boston and Charlestown, which had
been long connected by a common patriotism. Their laborers
were thrown out of employment, their poor were deprived of
bread, and gloom pervaded their streets. But they were cheered
and sustained by the large contributions sent from every
quarter for their relief, and by the noble words that
accompanied them. ... The excitement of the public mind was
intense; and the months of June, July, and August, were
characterized by varied political activity. Multitudes signed
a solemn league and covenant against the use of British goods.
The breach between the whigs and loyalists daily became wider.
Patriotic donations from every colony were on their way to the
suffering towns. Supplies for the British troops were refused.
... It was while the public mind was in this state of
excitement that other acts arrived which General Gage was
instructed to carry into effect." These were the acts which
virtually annulled the Massachusetts charter, which forbade
town meetings, and which provided for the sending of accused
persons to England or to other colonies for trial. "Should
Massachusetts submit to the new acts? Would the other colonies
see, without increased alarm, the humiliation of
Massachusetts? This was the turning-point of the Revolution.
It did not find the patriots unprepared. They had an
organization beyond the reach alike of proclamations from the
governors, or of circulars from the ministry. This was the
Committees of Correspondence, chosen in most of the towns in
legal town-meetings, or by the various colonial assemblies,
and extending throughout the colonies. ... The crisis called
for all the wisdom of these committees. A remarkable circular
from Boston addressed to the towns (July, 1774), dwelt upon the
duty of opposing the new laws; the towns, in their answers,
were bold, spirited, and firm and echoed the necessity of
resistance. Nor was this all. The people promptly thwarted the
first attempts to exercise authority under them. Such
councillors as accepted their appointments were compelled to
resign, or, to avoid compulsion, retired into Boston." General
Gage now began (in September) movements to secure the cannon
and powder in the neighborhood. Some 250 barrels of powder
belonging to the province were stealthily removed by his
orders from a magazine at Charlestown and two field-pieces
were carried away from Cambridge. "The report of this affair,
spreading rapidly, excited great indignation. The people
collected in large numbers, and many were in favor of
attempting to recapture the powder and cannon. Influential
patriots, however, succeeded in turning their attention in
another direction. ... Meantime the fact of the removal of the
powder became magnified into a report that the British had
cannonaded Boston, when the bells rang, beacon-fires blazed on
the hills, the neighbor colonies were alarmed, and the roads
were filled with armed men hastening to the point of supposed
danger. These demonstrations opened the eyes of the governor
to the extent of the popular movement. ... General Gage saw no
hope of procuring obedience but by the power of arms; and the
patriot party saw no safety in anything short of military
preparation. Resistance to the acts continued to be manifested
in every form. On the 9th of September the memorable Suffolk
resolves [drawn by Joseph Warren] were adopted [by a
convention of Suffolk county, which embraced Boston] ... and
these were succeeded by others in other counties equally bold
and spirited. These resolves were approved by the Continental
Congress, then in session. Everywhere the people either
compelled the unconstitutional officers to resign, or opposed
every attempt to exercise authority, whether by the governor
or constable. They also made every effort to transport
ammunition and stores to places of security. Cannon and
muskets were carried secretly out of Boston. The guns were
taken from an old battery at Charlestown, where the navy yard
is, ... silently, at night. ... General Gage immediately began
to fortify Boston Neck. This added intensity to the
excitement. The inhabitants became alarmed at so ominous a
movement; and, on the 5th of September, the selectmen waited
on the general, represented the public feeling, and requested
him to explain his object. The governor stated in reply that
his object was to protect his majesty's troops and his
majesty's subjects; and that he had no intention to stop up
the avenue, or to obstruct the free passage over it, or to do
anything hostile against the inhabitants. He went on with the
works and soon mounted on them two twenty-four pounders and
eight nine pounders."

_R. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, chapter 1._

ALSO IN:
_R. Frothingham, Life and Times of Joseph Warren, chapter 11,
and appendix 1 (giving text of the Suffolk Resolves)._

_W. V. Wells, Life of Samuel Adams, volume 2, pages 164-232._

_W. Tudor, Life of James Otis, chapter 27-29._

{304}

BOSTON: A. D. 1775.
The beginning of war.
Lexington.
Concord.
The British troops beleaguered in the city.
Battle of Bunker Hill.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1775.

BOSTON: A. D. 1775-1776.
The siege directed by Washington.
Evacuation of the city by the British.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1775-1776.

----------BOSTON: End----------

BOSWORTH, Battle of (A. D. 1485).

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1483-1485.

BOTANY BAY.

See AUSTRALIA: A. D, 1601-1800.

BOTHWELL BRIDGE, Battle of.

See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1679 (JUNE).

BOTOCUDOS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: TUPI.

BOUCHAIN, Marlborough's capture of (1711).

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1710-1712.

BOUIDES, The.

See MAHOMETAN CONQUEST AND EMPIRE: A. D. 815-945;

Also, TURKS (THE SELJUKS): A. D. 1004-1063;

Also, SAMANIDES.

BOULANGER, General, The intrigues of.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1875-1889.

BOULE, The.
The Council of Chiefs in Homeric Greece.

_G. Grote, History of Greece, chapter 20._

See, also, AREOPAGUS.

BOULOGNE: Origin.

See GESORIACUM.

BOULOGNE: A. D. 1801.
Bonaparte's preparations for the invasion of England.
Nelson's attack.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1801-1802.

BOULON, Battle of.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1793 (JULY-DECEMBER).

BOUQUET'S EXPEDITION.

See PONTIAC'S WAR.

BOURBON, The Constable:
His treason and his attack on Rome.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1520-1523, 1523-1525, 1525-1526;

And ITALY: A. D. 1523-1527, 1527.

BOURBON:
Origin of the name.

See BOIANS;
also ROME: B. C. 390-347.

BOURBON, The House of:
Its origin.