Chapter XV: Front Matter (15)

"There was hardly a town in the [Roman] empire which had not
an amphitheatre large enough to contain vast multitudes of
spectators. The savage excitement of gladiatorial combats
seems to have been almost necessary to the Roman legionaries
in their short intervals of inaction, and was the first
recreation for which they provided in the places where they
were stationed. ... Gladiatorial combats were held from early
times in the Forum, and wild beasts hunted in the Circus; but
until Curio built his celebrated double theatre of wood, which
could be made into an amphitheatre by turning the two
semi-circular portions face to face, we have no record of any
special building in the peculiar form afterwards adopted. It
may have been, therefore, that Curio's mechanical contrivance
first suggested the elliptical shape. ... As specimens of
architecture, the amphitheatres are more remarkable for the
mechanical skill and admirable adaptation to their purpose
displayed in them, than for any beauty of shape or decoration.
The hugest of all, the Coliseum, was ill-proportioned and
unpleasing in its lines when entire."

_R. Burn, Rome and the Campagna, introduction._

AMPHORA.--MODIUS.

"The [Roman] unit of capacity was the Amphora or Quadrantal,
which contained a cubic foot ... equal to 5.687 imperial
gallons, or 5 gallons, 2 quarts, 1 pint, 2 gills, nearly. The
Amphora was the unit for both liquid and dry measures, but the
latter was generally referred to the Modius, which contained
one-third of an Amphora. ... The Culeus was equal to 20
Amphoræ."

_W. Ramsay, Manual of Roman Antiquity, chapter 13._

AMRITSAR.

See SIKHS.

AMSTERDAM:
The rise of the city.

"In 1205 a low and profitless marsh upon the coast of Holland,
not far from the confines of Utrecht, had been partially
drained by a dam raised upon the hitherto squandered stream of
the Amstel. Near this dam a few huts were tenanted by poor men
who earned a scanty livelihood by fishing in the Zuyder Sea;
but so uninviting seemed that barren and desolate spot, that a
century later Amstel-dam was still an obscure seafaring town,
or rather hamlet. Its subsequent progress was more rapid. The
spirit of the land was stirring within it, and every portion
of it thrilled with new energy and life. Some of the fugitive
artizans from Flanders saw in the thriving village safety and
peace, and added what wealth they had, and, what was better,
their manufacturing intelligence and skill, to the humble
hamlet's store. Amsteldam was early admitted to the fellowship
of the Hanse League; and, in 1342, having outgrown its primary
limits, required to be enlarged. For this an expensive
process, that of driving piles into the swampy plain, was
necessary; and to this circumstance, no doubt, it is owing
that the date of each successive enlargement has been so
accurately recorded."

_W. T. McCullagh, Industrial History of Three Nations,
volume 2, chapter 9._

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AMT.--AMTER.

See SCANDINAVIAN STATES (DENMARK-ICELAND): A. D. 1849-1874;
and SCANDINAVIAN STATES (NORWAY): A. D. 1814-1815.

AMURATH I., Turkish Sultan, A. D. 1359-1389.
Amurath II., A. D. 1421-1451.
Amurath III., A. D. 1574-1595.
Amurath IV., A. D. 1623-1640.

AMYCLÆ,
The Silence of.-

Amyclæ was the chief city of Laconia while that district of
Peloponnesus was occupied by the Achæans, before the Doric
invasion and before the rise of Sparta. It maintained its
independence against the Doric Spartans for a long period, but
succumbed at length under circumstances which gave rise to a
proverbial saying among the Greeks concerning "the silence of
Amyclæ." "The peace of Amyclæ, we are told, had been so often
disturbed by false alarms of the enemy's approach, that at
length a law was passed forbidding such reports, and the
silent city was taken by surprise."

_C. Thirlwall, History of Greece, chapter 7._

AMYTHAONIDÆ, The.

See ARGOS.--ARGOLIS.

AN, The City of.

See ON.

ANABAPTISTS OF MÜNSTER.

"Münster is a town in Westphalia, the seat of a bishop, walled
round, with a noble cathedral and many churches; but there is
one peculiarity about Münster that distinguishes it from all
other old German towns; it has not one old church spire in it.
Once it had a great many. How comes it that it now has none?
In Münster lived a draper, Knipperdolling by name, who was
much excited over the doctrines of Luther, and he gathered
many people in his house, and spoke to them bitter words
against the Pope, the bishops, and the clergy. The bishop at
this time was Francis of Waldeck, a man much inclined himself
to Lutheranism; indeed, later, he proposed to suppress
Catholicism in the diocese, as he wanted to seize on it and
appropriate it as a possession to his family. Moreover, in
1544, he joined the Protestant princes in a league against the
Catholics; but he did not want things to move too fast, lest
he should not be able to secure the wealthy See as personal
property. Knipperdolling got a young priest, named Rottmann,
to preach in one of the churches against the errors of
Catholicism, and he was a man of such fiery eloquence that he
stirred up a mob which rushed through the town, wrecking the
churches. The mob became daily more daring and threatening.
They drove the priests out of the town, and some of the
wealthy citizens fled, not knowing what would follow. The
bishop would have yielded to all the religious innovations if
the rioters had not threatened his temporal position and
revenue. In 1532 the pastor, Rottmann, began to preach against
the baptism of infants. Luther wrote to him remonstrating, but
in vain. The bishop was not in the town; he was at Minden, of
which See he was bishop as well. Finding that the town was in
the hands of Knipperdolling and Rottmann, who were
confiscating the goods of the churches, and excluding those
who would not agree with their opinions, the bishop advanced
to the place at the head of some soldiers. Münster closed its
gates against him. Negotiations were entered into; the
Landgrave of Hesse was called in as pacificator, and articles
of agreement were drawn up and signed. Some of the churches
were given to the Lutherans, but the Cathedral was reserved
for the Catholics, and the Lutherans were forbidden to molest
the latter, and disturb their religious services. The news of
the conversion of the city of Münster to the gospel spread,
and strangers came to it from all parts. Among these was a
tailor of Leyden, called John Bockelson. Rottmann now threw up
his Lutheranism and proclaimed himself opposed to many of the
doctrines which Luther still retained. Amongst other things he
rejected was infant baptism. This created a split among the
reformed in Münster, and the disorders broke out afresh. The
mob now fell on the cathedral and drove the Catholics from it,
and would not permit them to worship in it. They also invaded
the Lutheran churches, and filled them with uproar. On the
evening of January 28, 1534, the Anabaptists stretched chains
across the streets, assembled in armed bands, closed the gates
and placed sentinels in all directions. When day dawned there
appeared suddenly two men dressed like Prophets, with long
ragged beards and flowing mantles, staff in hand, who paced
through the streets solemnly in the midst of the crowd, who
bowed before them and saluted them as Enoch and Elias. These
men were John Bockelson, the tailor, and one John Mattheson,
head of the Anabaptists of Holland. Knipperdolling at once
associated himself with them, and shortly the place was a
scene of the wildest ecstacies. Men and women ran about the
streets screaming and leaping, and crying out that they saw
visions of angels with swords drawn urging them on to the
extermination of Lutherans and Catholics alike. ... A great
number of citizens were driven out, on a bitter day, when the
land was covered with snow. Those who lagged were beaten;
those who were sick were carried to the market-place and
re-baptized by Rottmann. ... This was too much to be borne.
The bishop raised an army and marched against the city. Thus
began a siege which was to last sixteen months, during which a
multitude of untrained fanatics, commanded by a Dutch tailor,
held out against a numerous and well-armed force. Thenceforth
the city was ruled by divine revelations, or rather, by the
crazes of the diseased brains of the prophets. One day they
declared that all the officers and magistrates were to be
turned out of their offices, and men nominated by themselves
were to take their places; another day Mattheson said it was
revealed to him that every book in the town except the Bible
was to be destroyed; accordingly all the archives and
libraries were collected in the market-place and burnt. Then
it was revealed to him that all the spires were to be pulled
down; so the church towers were reduced to stumps, from which
the enemy could be watched and whence cannon could play on
them. One day he declared he had been ordered by Heaven to go
forth, with promise of victory, against the besiegers. He
dashed forth at the head of a large band, but was surrounded
and he and his band slain. The death of Mattheson struck
dismay into the hearts of the Anabaptists, but John Bockelson
took advantage of the moment to establish himself as head. He
declared that it was revealed to him that Mattheson had been
killed because he had disobeyed the heavenly command, which
was to go forth with few. Instead of that he had gone with many.
{112}
Bockelson said he had been ordered in vision to marry
Mattheson's widow and assume his place. It was further
revealed to him that Münster was to be the heavenly Zion, the
capital of the earth, and he was to be king over it. ... Then
he had another revelation that every man was to have as many
wives as he liked, and he gave himself sixteen wives. This was
too outrageous for some to endure, and a plot was formed
against him by a blacksmith and about 200 of the more
respectable citizens, but it was frustrated and led to the
seizure of the conspirators and the execution of a number of
them. ... At last, on midsummer eve, 1536, after a siege of
sixteen months, the city was taken. Several of the citizens,
unable longer to endure the tyranny, cruelty and abominations
committed by the king, helped the soldiers of the
prince-bishop to climb the walls, open the gates, and surprise
the city. A desperate hand-to-hand fight ensued; the streets
ran with blood. John Bockelson, instead of leading his people,
hid himself, but was caught. So was Knipperdolling. When the
place was in his hands the prince-bishop entered. John of
Leyden and Knipperdolling were cruelly tortured, their flesh
plucked off with red-hot pincers, and then a dagger was thrust
into their hearts. Finally, their bodies were hung in iron
cages to the tower of a church in Münster. Thus ended this
hideous drama, which produced an indescribable effect
throughout Germany. Münster, after this, in spite of the
desire of the prince-bishop to establish Lutheranism, reverted
to Catholicism, and remains Catholic to this day."

_S. Baring-Gould, The Story of Germany, chapter 36._

ALSO IN the same,
_Historic Oddities and Strange Events, 2d Series._

_L. von Ranke, History of the Reformation in Germany,
book 6, chapter 9 (volume 3)_.

_C. Beard, The Reformation (Hibbert Lectures., 1883),
lecture 6._

ANAHUAC.

"The word Anahuac signifies 'near the water.' It was,
probably, first applied to the country around the lakes in the
Mexican Valley, and gradually extended to the remoter regions
occupied by the Aztecs, and the other semi-civilized races.
Or, possibly, the name may have been intended, as Veytia
suggests (Historical Antiquities, lib. 1, cap. 1), to denote
the land between the waters of the Atlantic and Pacific."

_W. B. Prescott, Conquest of Mexico,
book 1, chapter 1, note 11._

See MEXICO: A. D. 1325-1502.

ANAKIM, The.

See HORITES, and AMORITES.

ANAKTORIUM.

See KORKYRA.

ANAPA: A. D. 1828.
Siege and Capture.
Cession to Russia.

See TURKS: A. D. 1826-1829.

ANARCHISTS.

"The anarchists are ... a small but determined band. ...
Although their programme may be found almost word for word in
Proudhon, they profess to follow more closely Bakounine, the
Russian nihilist, who separated himself from Marx and the
Internationals, and formed secret societies in Spain,
Switzerland, France, and elsewhere, and thus propagated
nihilistic views; for anarchy and nihilism are pretty much one
and the same thing when nihilism is understood in the older,
stricter sense, which does not include, as it does in a larger
and more modern sense, those who are simply political and
constitutional reformers. Like prince Krapotkine, Bakounine
came of an old and prominent Russian family; like him, he
revolted against the cruelties and injustices he saw about
him; like him, he despaired of peaceful reform, and concluded
that no great improvement could be expected until all our
present political, economic, and social institutions were so
thoroughly demolished that of the old structure not one stone
should be left on another. Out of the ruins a regenerated
world might arise. We must be purged as by fire. Like all
anarchists and true nihilists, he was a thorough pessimist, as
far as our present manner of life was concerned. Reaction
against conservatism carried him very far. He wished to
abolish private property, state, and inheritance. Equality is
to be carried so far that all must wear the same kind of
clothing, no difference being made even for sex. Religion is
an aberration of the brain, and should be abolished. Fire,
dynamite, and assassination are approved of by at least a
large number of the party. They are brave men, and fight for
their faith with the devotion of martyrs. Imprisonment and
death are counted but as rewards. ... Forty-seven anarchists
signed a declaration of principles, which was read by one of
their number at their trial at Lyons. ... 'We wish liberty
[they declared] and we believe its existence incompatible with
the existence of any power whatsoever, whatever its origin and
form--whether it be selected or imposed, monarchical or
republican--whether inspired by divine right or by popular
right, by anointment or universal suffrage. ... The best
governments are the worst. The substitution, in a word, in
human relations, of free contract perpetually revisable and
dissoluble, is our ideal.'"

_H. T. Ely, French and German Socialism in Modern Times,
chapter 8._

"In anarchism we have the extreme antithesis of socialism and
communism. The socialist desires so to extend the sphere of
the state that it shall embrace all the more important
concerns of life. The communist, at least of the older school,
would make the sway of authority and the routine which follows
therefrom universal. The anarchist, on the other hand, would
banish all forms of authority and have only a system of the
most perfect liberty. The anarchist is an extreme
individualist. ... Anarchism, as a social theory, was first
elaborately formulated by Proudhon. In the first part of his
work, 'What is Property?' he briefly stated the doctrine and
gave it the name 'anarchy,' absence of a master or sovereign.
... About 12 years before Proudhon published his views, Josiah
Warren reached similar conclusions in America."

_H. L. Osgood, Scientific Anarchism
(Political Science Quarterly, March, 1889), pages 1-2._

See, also, NIHILISM.

ANARCHISTS, The Chicago.

See Chicago: A. D. 1886-1887.

ANASTASIUS I., Roman Emperor (Eastern.) A. D. 491-518.

ANASTASIUS II., A. D. 713-716.

ANASTASIUS III., Pope, A. D. 911-913

ANASTASIUS IV., Pope., A. D. 1153-1154.

ANATOLIA.

See ASIA MINOR.

ANCALITES, The.

A tribe of ancient Britons whose home was near the Thames.

ANCASTER, Origin of.

See CAUSENNÆ.

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ANCHORITES.--HERMITS.

"The fertile and peaceable lowlands of England ... offered few
spots sufficiently wild and lonely for the habitation of a
hermit; those, therefore, who wished to retire from the world
into a more strict and solitary life than that which the
monastery afforded were in the habit of immuring themselves,
as anchorites, or in old English 'Ankers,' in little cells of
stone, built usually against the wall of a church. There is
nothing new under the sun; and similar anchorites might have
been seen in Egypt, 500 years before the time of St. Antony,
immured in cells in the temples of Isis or Serapis. It is only
recently that antiquaries have discovered how common this
practice was in England, and how frequently the traces of
these cells are to be found about our parish churches."

_C. Kingsley, The Hermits, page 329._

The term anchorites is applied, generally, to all religious
ascetics who lived in solitary cells.

_J. Bingham, Antiquity of the Christian Church,
book 7, chapter 1, section 4._

"The essential difference between an anker or anchorite and a
hermit appears to have been that, whereas the former passed
his whole life shut up in a cell, the latter, although leading
indeed a solitary life, wandered about at liberty."

_R. R. Sharpe, Introduction to "Calendar of Wills in the
Court of Husting, London," volume 2, page xxi._

ANCIENT REGIME.

The political and social system in France that was destroyed
by the Revolution of 1789 is commonly referred to as the
"ancien régime." Some writers translate this in the literal
English form--"the ancient regime;" others render it more
appropriately, perhaps, the "old regime." Its special
application is to the state of things described under FRANCE:
A. D. 1789.

ANCIENTS, The Council of the.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1795(JUNE-SEPTEMBER).

ANCRUM, Battle of.

A success obtained by the Scots over an English force making
an incursion into the border districts of their country A. D.
1544.

_J. H. Burton, History of Scotland, chapter 35 (volume 3)._

ANDALUSIA:
The name.

"The Vandals, ... though they passed altogether out of Spain,
have left their name to this day in its southern part, under
the form of Andalusia, a name which, under the Saracen
conquerors, spread itself over the whole peninsula."

_E. A. Freeman, Historical Geography of Europe,
chapter 4, section 3._

See, also: VANDALS: A. D. 428.

Roughly speaking, Andalusia represents the country known to
the ancients, first, as Tartessus, and, later, as Turdetania.

ANDAMAN ISLANDERS, The.

See INDIA: THE ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS.

ANDASTÉS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: SUSQUEHANNAS.

ANDECAVI.
The ancient name of the city of Angers, France, and of the
tribe which occupied that region.

See VENETI OF WESTERN GAUL.

ANDERIDA.--ANDERIDA SYLVA.--ANDREDSWALD.

A great forest which anciently stretched across Surrey, Sussex
and into Kent (southeastern England) was called Anderida Sylva
by the Romans and Andredswald by the Saxons. It coincided
nearly with the tract of country called in modern times the
Weald of Kent, to which it gave its name of the Wald or Weald.
On the southern coast-border of the Anderida Sylva the Romans
established the important fortress and port of Anderida, which
has been identified with modern Pevensey. Here the
Romano-Britons made an obstinate stand against the Saxons, in
the fifth century, and Anderida was only taken by Ælle after a
long siege. In the words of the Chronicle, the Saxons "slew
all that were therein, nor was there henceforth one Briton
left."

_J. R. Green, The Making of England, chapter 1._

ALSO IN
_T. Wright, Celt, Roman, and Saxon, chapter 5._

ANDERSON, Major Robert.
Defense of Fort Sumter.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1860 (DECEMBER); 1861
(MARCH-APRIL).

ANDERSONVILLE PRISON--PENS.

See PRISONS AND PRISON-PENS, CONFEDERATE.

ANDES, OR ANDI, OR ANDECAVI, The.

See VENETI of WESTERN GAUL.

ANDESIANS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES; ANDESIANS.

ANDRE, Major John, The Capture and execution of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1780 (AUGUST-SEPTEMBER).

ANDREW I., King of Hungary, A. D. 1046-1060. ANDREW II., King of Hungary, A. D. 1204-1235. ANDREW III., King of Hungary, A. D. 1290-1301.

ANDRONICUS I., Emperor in the East (Byzantine or Greek), A. D. 1183-1185.

Andronicus II. (Palæologus), Greek Emperor of Constantinople, A. D. 1282-1328.

Andronicus III. (Palæologus), A. D. 1328-1341.

ANDROS, Governor, New England and New York under.

See
NEW ENGLAND: A. D. 1686;
MASSACHUSETTS: A. D. 1671-1686;
and 1686-1689;
NEW YORK: A. D. 1688;
and CONNECTICUT: A. D. 1685-1687.

ANDROS, Battle of (B. C. 407).

See GREECE: B. C. 411-407.

ANGELIQUE, La Mère.

See PORT ROYAL AND THE JANSENISTS: A. D. 1602-1660.

ANGERS, Origin of.

See VENETI OF WESTERN GAUL.

ANGEVIN KINGS AND ANGEVIN EMPIRE.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1154-1189.

ANGHIARI, Battle of (1425).

See ITALY: A. D. 1412-1447.

ANGLES AND JUTES, The.

The mention of the Angles by Tacitus is in the following,
passage: "Next [to the Langobardi] come the Reudigni, the
Aviones, the Anglii, the Varini, the Eudoses, the Suardones,
and Nuithones, who are fenced in by rivers or forests. None of
these tribes have any noteworthy feature, except their common
worship of Ertha, or mother-Earth, and their belief that she
interposes in human affairs, and visits the nations in her
car. In an island of the ocean there is a sacred grove, and
within it a consecrated chariot, covered over with a garment.
Only one priest is permitted to touch it. He can perceive the
presence of the goddess in this sacred recess, and walks by
her side with the utmost reverence as she is drawn along by
heifers. It is a season of rejoicing, and festivity reigns
wherever she deigns to go and be received. They do not go to
battle or wear arms; every weapon is under lock; peace and
quiet are welcomed only at these times, till the goddess,
weary of human intercourse, is at length restored by the same
priest to her temple. Afterwards the car, the vestments, and,
if you like to believe it, the divinity herself, are purified
in a secret lake. Slaves perform the rite, who are instantly
swallowed up by its waters. Hence arises a mysterious terror
and a pious ignorance concerning the nature of that which is
seen only by men doomed to die.
{114}
This branch indeed of the Suevi stretches into the
remoter regions of Germany."

_Tacitus, Germany; translated by Church and Brodribb,
chapter 40._

"In close neighbourhood with the Saxons in the middle of the
fourth century were the Angli, a tribe whose origin is more
uncertain and the application of whose name is still more a
matter of question. If the name belongs, in the pages of the
several geographers, to the same nation, it was situated in
the time of Tacitus east of the Elbe; in the time of Ptolemy
it was found on the middle Elbe, between the Thuringians to
the south and the Varini to the north; and at a later period
it was forced, perhaps by the growth of the Thuringian power,
into the neck of the Cimbric peninsula. It may, however, be
reasonably doubted whether this hypothesis is sound, and it is
by no means clear whether, if it be so, the Angli were not
connected more closely with the Thuringians than with the
Saxons. To the north of the Angli, after they had reached
their Schleswig home, were the Jutes, of whose early history
we know nothing, except their claims to be regarded as kinsmen
of the Goths and the close similarity between their
descendants and the neighbour Frisians."

_William Stubbs, Constitutional History of England,
volume 1, chapter 3._

"Important as are the Angles, it is not too much to say that
they are only known through their relations to us of England,
their descendants; indeed, without this paramount fact, they
would be liable to be confused with the Frisians, with the Old
Saxons, and with even Slavonians. This is chiefly because
there is no satisfactory trace or fragment of the Angles of
Germany within Germany; whilst the notices of the other
writers of antiquity tell us as little as the one we find in
Tacitus. And this notice is not only brief but complicated.
... I still think that the Angli of Tacitus were--1: The
Angles of England; 2: Occupants of the northern parts of
Hanover; 3: At least in the time of Tacitus; 4: And that to
the exclusion of any territory in Holstein, which was Frisian
to the west, and Slavonic to the east. Still the question is
one of great magnitude and numerous complications."

_R. G. Latham, The Germany of Tacitus; Epilegomena, section
49._

ALSO IN _J. M. Lappenberg, History of England under the
Anglo-Saxon Kings, volume 1, pages 89-95._

See, also, AVIONES, and SAXONS.

The conquests and settlements of the Jutes and the Angles in
Britain are described under ENGLAND: A. D. 449-473. and
547-633.

ANGLESEA, Ancient.

See MONA, MONAPIA, and NORMANS: 8TH-9TH CENTURIES.

ANGLO-SAXON.

A term which may be considered as a compound of Angle and
Saxon, the names of the two principal Teutonic tribes which
took possession of Britain and formed the English nation by
their ultimate union. As thus regarded and used to designate
the race, the language and the institutions which resulted
from that union, it is only objectionable, perhaps, as being
superfluous, because English is the accepted name of the
people of England and all pertaining to them. But the term
Anglo-Saxon has also been more particularly employed to
designate the Early English people and their language, before
the Norman Conquest, as though they were Anglo-Saxon at that
period and became English afterwards. Modern historians are
protesting strongly against this use of the term. Mr. Freeman
_(Norman Conquest, volume 1, note A)_, says: "The name by
which our forefathers really knew themselves and by which they
were known to other nations was English and no other. 'Angli,'
'Engle,' 'Angel-cyn,' 'Englisc,' are the true names by which
the Teutons of Britain knew themselves and their language. ...
As a chronological term, Anglo-Saxon is equally objectionable
with Saxon. The 'Anglo-Saxon period,' as far as there ever was
one, is going on still. I speak therefore of our forefathers,
not as 'Saxons,' or even as 'Anglo-Saxons,' but as they spoke
of themselves, as Englishmen--'Angli,' 'Engle,'-'Angel-cyn.'"

See, also, SAXONS, and ANGLES AND JUTES.

ANGLON, Battle of.

Fought in Armenia. A. D. 543, between the Romans and the
Persians, with disaster to the former.

_G. Rawlinson, Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy,
chapter 20._

ANGORA, Battle of (1402).

See TIMOUR
also, TURKS: A. D. 1389-1403.

ANGOSTURA, OR BUENA VISTA, Battle of.

See MEXICO: A. D. 1846-1847.

ANGRIVARII, The.

The Angrivarii were one of the tribes of ancient Germany. Their
settlements "were to the west of the Weser (Visurgis) in the
neighbourhood of Minden and Herford, and thus coincide to some
extent with Westphalia. Their territory was the scene of
Varus' defeat. It has been thought that the name of this tribe
is preserved in that of the town Engern."

_A. J. Church and W. J. Brodribb, Tacitus's Germany,
notes._

See, also, BRUCTERI.

ANI.
Storming of the Turks (1064).

See TURKS: A. D. 1063-1073.

ANILLEROS, The.

See SPAIN: A. D. 1814-1827.

ANJOU:
Creation of the County.
Origin of the Plantagenets.

"It was the policy of this unfairly depreciated sovereign
[Charles the Bald, grandson of Charlemagne, who received in
the dismemberment of the Carlovingian Empire the Neustrian
part, out of which was developed the modern kingdom of France,
and who reigned from 840 to 877], to recruit the failing ranks
of the false and degenerate Frankish aristocracy, by calling
up to his peerage the wise, the able, the honest and the bold
of ignoble birth. ... He sought to surround himself with new
men, the men without ancestry; and the earliest historian of
the House of Anjou both describes this system and affords the
most splendid example of the theory adopted by the king.
Pre-eminent amongst these parvenus was Torquatus or Tortulfus,
an Armorican peasant, a very rustic, a backwoodsman, who lived
by hunting and such like occupations, almost in solitude,
cultivating his 'quillets,' his 'cueillettes,' of land, and
driving his own oxen, harnessed to his plough. Torquatus
entered or was invited into the service of Charles-le-Chauve,
and rose high in his sovereign's confidence: a prudent, a
bold, and a good man. Charles appointed him Forester of the
forest called 'the Blackbird's Nest,' the 'nid du merle,' a
pleasant name, not the less pleasant for its familiarity. This
happened during the conflicts with the Northmen. Torquatus
served Charles strenuously in the wars, and obtained great
authority. Tertullus, son of Torquatus, inherited his father's
energies, quick and acute, patient of fatigue, ambitious and
aspiring; he became the liegeman of Charles; and his marriage
with Petronilla the King's cousin, Count Hugh the Abbot's
daughter, introduced him into the very circle of the royal
family. Chateau Landon and other benefices in the Gastinois
were acquired by him, possibly as the lady's dowry. Seneschal
also was Tertullus of the same ample Gastinois territory.
Ingelger, son of Tertullus and Petronilla, appears as the
first hereditary Count of Anjou Outre-Maine,--Marquis, Consul
or Count of Anjou,--for all these titles are assigned to him.
Yet the ploughman Torquatus must be reckoned as the primary
Plantagenet: the rustic Torquatus founded that brilliant
family."

_Sir F. Palgrave, History of Normandy and England, book 1,
chapter 3._

ALSO IN
_K. Norgate, England under the Angevin Kings,
volume 1, chapter 2._

{115}

ANJOU: A. D. 987-1129.
The greatest of the old Counts.

"Fulc Nerra, Fulc the Black [A. D. 987-1040] is the greatest
of the Angevins, the first in whom we can trace that marked
type of character which their house was to preserve with a
fatal constancy through two hundred years. He was without
natural affection. In his youth he burned a wife at the stake,
and legend told how he led her to her doom decked out in his
gayest attire. In his old age he waged his bitterest war
against his son, and exacted from him when vanquished a
humiliation which men reserved for the deadliest of their
foes. 'You are conquered, you are conquered!' shouted the old
man in fierce exultation, as Geoffry, bridled and saddled like
a beast of burden, crawled for pardon to his father's feet.
... But neither the wrath of Heaven nor the curses of men
broke with a single mishap the fifty years of his success. At
his accession Anjou was the least important of the greater
provinces of France. At his death it stood, if not in extent,
at least in real power, first among them all. ... His
overthrow of Brittany on the field of Conquereux was followed
by the gradual absorption of Southern Touraine. ... His great
victory at Pontlevoi crushed the rival house of Blois; the
seizure of Saumur completed his conquests in the South, while
Northern Touraine was won bit by bit till only Tours resisted
the Angevin. The treacherous seizure of its Count, Herbert
Wake-dog, left Maine at his mercy ere the old man bequeathed
his unfinished work to his son. As a warrior, Geoffry Martel
was hardly inferior to his father. A decisive overthrow
wrested Tours from the Count of Blois; a second left Poitou at
his mercy; and the seizure of Le Mans brought him to the
Norman border. Here ... his advance was checked by the genius
of William the Conqueror, and with his death the greatness of
Anjou seemed for the time to have come to an end. Stripped of
Maine by the Normans, and weakened by internal dissensions,
the weak and profligate administration of Fulc Rechin left
Anjou powerless against its rivals along the Seine. It woke to
fresh energy with the accession of his son, Fulc of Jerusalem.
... Fulc was the one enemy whom Henry the First really feared.
It was to disarm his restless hostility that the King yielded
to his son, Geoffry the Handsome, the hand of his daughter
Matilda."

_J. R. Green, A Short History of the English People, chapter
2, section 7._

ALSO IN
_K. Norgate, England under the Angevin Kings, volume 1, chapter
2-4._

ANJOU: A. D. 1154.
The Counts become Kings of England.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1154-1189.

ANJOU: A. D. 1204.
Wrested from the English King John.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1180-1224.

ANJOU: A. D. 1206-1442.
English attempts to recover the county.
The Third and Fourth Houses of Anjou.
Creation of the Dukedom.

King John, of England, did not voluntarily submit to the
sentence of the peers of France which pronounced his
forfeiture of the fiefs of Anjou and Maine, "since he invaded
and had possession of Angers again in 1206, when, Goth-like,
he demolished its ancient walls. He lost it in the following
year, and ... made no further attempt upon it until 1213. In
that year, having collected a powerful army, he landed at
Rochelle, and actually occupied Angers, without striking a
blow. But ... the year 1214 beheld him once more in retreat
from Anjou, never to reappear there, since he died on the 19th
of October, 1216. In the person of King John ended what is
called the 'Second House of Anjou.' In 1204, after the
confiscations of John's French possessions, Philip Augustus
established hereditary seneschals in that part of France, the
first of whom was the tutor of the unfortunate Young Arthur
[of Brittany], named William des Roches, who was in fact Count
in all except the name, over Anjou, Maine, and Tourraine,
owing allegiance only to the crown of France. The Seneschal,
William des Roches, died in 1222. His son-in-law, Amaury de
Craon, succeeded him," but was soon afterwards taken prisoner
during a war in Brittany and incarcerated. Henry III. of
England still claimed the title of Count of Anjou, and in 1230
he "disembarked a considerable army at St. Malo, in the view
of re-conquering Anjou, and the other forfeited possessions of
his crown. Louis IX., then only fifteen years old ... advanced
to the attack of the allies; but in the following year a peace
was concluded, the province of Guienne having been ceded to
the English crown. In 1241, Louis gave the counties of Poitou
and Auvergne to his brother Alphonso; and, in the year 1246,
he invested his brother Charles, Count of Provence, with the
counties of Anjou and Maine, thereby annulling the rank and
title of Seneschal, and instituting the Third House of Anjou.
Charles I., the founder of the proud fortunes of this Third
House, was ambitious in character, and events long favoured
his ambition. Count of Provence, through the inheritance of
his consort, had not long been invested with Anjou and Maine,
ere he was invited to the conquest of Sicily [see ITALY
(SOUTHERN): A. D. 1250-1268]." The Third House of Anjou ended
in the person of John, who became King of France in 1350. In
1356 he invested his son Louis with Anjou and Maine, and in
1360 the latter was created the first Duke of Anjou. The
Fourth House of Anjou, which began with this first Duke, came
to an end two generations later with René, or Regnier,--the
"good King René" of history and story, whose kingdom was for
the most part a name, and who is best known to English
readers, perhaps, as the father of Margaret of Anjou, the
stout-hearted queen of Henry VI. On the death of his father,
Louis, the second duke, René became by his father's will Count
of Guise, his elder brother, Louis, inheriting the dukedom. In
1434 the brother died without issue and René succeeded him in
Anjou, Maine and Provence. He had already become Duke of Bar,
as the adopted heir of his great-uncle, the cardinal-duke, and
Duke of Lorraine (1430), by designation of the late Duke,
whose daughter he had married. In 1435 he received from Queen
Joanna of Naples the doubtful legacy of that distracted
kingdom, which she had previously bequeathed first, to
Alphonso of Aragon, and afterwards-revoking that testament--to
René's brother, Louis of Anjou. King René enjoyed the title
during his life-time, and the actual kingdom for a brief
period; but in 1442 he was expelled from Naples by his
competitor Alphonso (see ITALY: A. D. 1412-1447).

_M. A. Hookham, Life and Times of Margaret of Anjou,
introduction and chapter 1-2._

----------ANJOU: End----------

{116}

ANJOU, The English House of.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1155-1189.

ANJOU, The Neapolitan House of: A. D. 1266.
Conquest of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

See ITALY: A. D. 1250-1268.

ANJOU: A. D. 1282.
Loss of Sicily.
Retention of Naples.

See ITALY: A. D. 1282-1300.

ANJOU: A. D. 1310-1382.
Possession of the Hungarian throne.

See HUNGARY: A. D. 1301-1442.

ANJOU: A. D. 1370-1384.
Acquisition and loss of the crown of Poland.

See POLAND: A. D. 1333-1572.

ANJOU: A. D. 1381-1384.
Claims of Louis of Anjou.
His expedition to Italy and his death.

See ITALY: A. D. 1343-1389.

ANJOU: A. D. 1386-1399.-
Renewed contest for Naples.
Defeat of Louis II. by Ladislas.

See ITALY: A. D. 1386-1414.

ANJOU: A. D. 1423-1442.
Renewed contest for the crown of Naples.
Defeat by Alfonso of Aragon and Sicily.

See ITALY: A. D. 1412-1447.

----------ANJOU, The Neapolitan House of: End----------

ANKENDORFF, Battle of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1807 (FEBRUARY-JUNE).

ANKERS.

See ANCHORITES.

ANNA, Czarina of Russia, A. D. 1730-1740.

ANNALES MAXIMI, The.

See FASTI.

ANNAM: A. D. 1882-1885.
War with France.
French protectorate accepted.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1875-1889.

ANNAPOLIS ROYAL, NOVA SCOTIA:
Change of name from Port Royal (1710).

See NEW ENGLAND: A. D. 1702-1710.

ANNATES, OR FIRST-FRUITS.

"A practice had existed for some hundreds of years, in all the
churches of Europe, that bishops and archbishops, on
presentation to their sees, should transmit to the pope, on
receiving their bulls of investment, one year's income from
their new preferments. It was called the payment of Annates,
or first-fruits, and had originated in the time of the
crusades, as a means of providing a fund for the holy wars.
Once established it had settled into custom, and was one of
the chief resources of the papal revenue."

_J. A. Froude, History of England, chapter 4._

"The claim [by the pope] to the first-fruits of bishoprics and
other promotions was apparently first made in England by
Alexander IV. in 1256, for five years; it was renewed by
Clement V. in 1306, to last for two years; and it was in a
measure successful. By John XXII. it was claimed throughout
Christendom for three years, and met with universal
resistance. ... Stoutly contested as it was in the Council of
Constance, and frequently made the subject of debate in
parliament and council the demand must have been regularly
complied with."

_William Stubbs, Constitutional History of England,
chapter 19, section 718._

See, also, QUEEN ANNE'S BOUNTY.

ANNE, Queen of England, A. D. 1702-1714.

ANNE OF AUSTRIA, Queen-regent of France.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1642-1643, to 1651-1653.

ANNE BOLEYN, Marriage, trial and execution of.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1527-1534, and 1536-1543.

ANSAR, The.

See MAHOMETAN CONQUEST: A. D. 609-632.

ANSIBARII, The.

See FRANKS: ORIGIN, &c.

ANSPACH, Creation of the Margravate.

See GERMANY: 13TH CENTURY.

Separation from the Electorate of Brandenburg.

See BRANDENBUHG: A. D. 1417-1640.

ANTALCIDAS, Peace of (B. C. 387).

See GREECE: B. C. 399-387.

ANTES, The.

See SLAVONIC PEOPLES.

ANTESIGNANI, The.

"In each cohort [of the Roman legion, in Cæsar's time] a
certain number of the best men, probably about one-fourth of
the whole detachment, was assigned as a guard to the standard,
from whence they derived their name of Antesignani."

_C. Menvale, History of the Romans, chapter 15._

ANTHEMIUS, Roman Emperor:(Western), A. D. 467-472.

ANTHESTERIA, The.

See DIONYSIA AT ATHENS.

ANTI-CORN-LAW LEAGUE.

See TARIFF LEGISLATION (ENGLAND): A. D. 1836-1839, and
1845-1846.

ANTI-FEDERALISTS.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1789-1792.

ANTI-MASONIC PARTY, American.

See NEW YORK: A. D. 1826-1832.

ANTI-MASONIC PARTY, Mexican.

See MEXICO: A. D. 1822-1828.

ANTI-RENTERS.--ANTI-RENT WAR.

See LIVINGSTON MANOR.

ANTI-SLAVERY MOVEMENTS.

See SLAVERY, NEGRO.

ANTIETAM, OR SHARPSBURG, Battle of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1862
(SEPTEMBER: MARYLAND).

ANTIGONEA.

See MANTINEA: B. C. 222.

ANTIGONID KINGS, The.

See GREECE: B. C. 307-197.

ANTIGONUS, and the wars of the Diadochi.

See MACEDONIA: B. C. 323-316; 315-310; 310-301.

ANTIGONUS GONATUS, The wars of.

See MACEDONIA: B. C. 277-244.

ANTILLES.--ANTILIA.

"Familiar as is the name of the Antilles, few are aware of the
antiquity of the word; while its precise significance sets
etymology at defiance. Common consent identified the Antilia
of legend with the Isle of the Seven Cities. In the year 734,
says the story, the Arabs having conquered most of the Spanish
peninsula, a number of Christian emigrants, under the
direction of seven holy bishops, among them the archbishop of
Oporto, sailed westward with all that they had, and reached an
island where they founded seven towns. Arab geographers speak
of an Atlantic island called in Arabic El-tennyn, or Al-tin
(Isle of Serpents), a name which may possibly have become by
corruption Antilia. ... The seven bishops were believed in the
16th century to be still represented by their successors, and
to preside over a numerous and wealthy people. Most
geographers of the 15th century believed in the existence of
Antilia. It was represented as lying west of the Azores. ...
As soon as it became known in Europe that Columbus had
discovered a large island, Española was at once identified
with Antilia, ... and the name ... has ever since been applied
generally to the West Indian islands."

_E. J. Payne, History of the New World called America, volume
1, page 98._

See, also, WEST INDIES.

{117}

ANTINOMIAN CONTROVERSY IN PURITAN MASSACHUSETTS.

See MASSACHUSETTS: A. D. 1636-1638.

ANTIOCH:
Founding of the City.

See SELEUCIDÆ; and MACEDONIA, &c.: B. C. 310-301.

ANTIOCH: A. D. 36-400.
The Christian Church.

See CHRISTIANITY, EARLY.

ANTIOCH: A. D. 115.
Great Earthquake.

"Early in the year 115, according to the most exact
chronology, ... the splendid capital of Syria was visited by
an earthquake, one of the most disastrous apparently of all
the similar inflictions from which that luckless city has
periodically suffered. ... The calamity was enhanced by the
presence of unusual crowds from all the cities of the east,
assembled to pay homage to the Emperor [Trajan], or to take
part in his expedition [of conquest in the east]. Among the
victims were many Romans of distinction. ... Trajan, himself,
only escaped by creeping through a window."

_C. Merivale, History of the Romans, chapter 65._

ANTIOCH: A. D. 260.
Surprise, massacre and pillage by Sapor, King of Persia.

See PERSIA: A. D. 226-627.

ANTIOCH: A. D. 526.
Destruction by Earthquake.

During the reign of Justinian (A. D. 518-565) the cities of
the Roman Empire "were overwhelmed by earthquakes more
frequent than at any other period of history. Antioch, the
metropolis of Asia, was entirely destroyed, on the 20th of
May, 526, at the very time when the inhabitants of the
adjacent country were assembled to celebrate the festival of
the Ascension; and it is affirmed that 250,000 persons were
crushed by the fall of its sumptuous edifices."

_J. C. L. de Sismondi, Fall of the Roman Empire, chapter
10._

ALSO IN:
_E. Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, chapter 43.
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25717_

ANTIOCH: A. D. 540.
Stormed, pillaged and burned by Chosroes, the Persian King.

See PERSIA: A. D. 226-627.

ANTIOCH: A. D. 638.
Surrender to the Arabs.

See MAHOMETAN CONQUEST: A. D. 632-639.

ANTIOCH: A. D. 969.
Recapture by the Byzantines.

After having remained 328 years in the possession of the
Saracens, Antioch was retaken in the winter of A. D. 969 by
the Byzantine Emperor, Nicephorus Phokas, and became again a
Christian city. Three years later the Moslems made a great
effort to recover the city, but were defeated. The Byzantine
arms were at this time highly successful in the never ending
Saracen war, and John Zimiskes, successor of Nicephorus
Phokas, marched triumphantly to the Tigris and threatened even
Bagdad. But most of the conquests thus made in Syria and
Mesopotamia were not lasting.

_G. Finlay, History of the Byzantine Empire, A. D.
716-1007, book 2, chapter 2._

See BYZANTINE EMPIRE, A. D. 963-1025.

ANTIOCH: A. D. 1097-1098.
Siege and capture by the Crusaders.

See CRUSADES: A. D. 1096-1099.

ANTIOCH: A. D. 1099-1144.
Principality.

See JERUSALEM: A. D. 1099-1144.

ANTIOCH: A. D. 1268.
Extinction of the Latin Principality.
Total destruction of the city.

Antioch fell, before the arms of Bibars, the Sultan of Egypt
and Syria, and the Latin principality was bloodily
extinguished, in 1268. "The first seat of the Christian name
was dispeopled by the slaughter of seventeen, and the
captivity of one hundred, thousand of her inhabitants." This
fate befell Antioch only twenty-three years before the last
vestige of the conquests of the crusaders was obliterated at
Acre.

_E. Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, chapter 59.
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25717_

"The sultan halted for several weeks in the plain, and
permitted his soldiers to hold a large market, or fair, for
the sale of their booty. This market was attended by Jews and
pedlars from all parts of the East. ... 'It was,' says the
Cadi Mohieddin, 'a fearful and heart-rending sight. Even the
hard stones were softened with grief.' He tells us that the
captives were so numerous that a fine hearty boy might be
purchased for twelve pieces of silver, and a little girl for
five. When the work of pillage had been completed, when all
the ornaments and decorations had been carried away from the
churches, and the lead torn from the roofs, Antioch was fired
in different places, amid the loud thrilling shouts of 'Allah
Acbar,' 'God is Victorious.' The great churches of St. Paul
and St. Peter burnt with terrific fury for many days, and the
vast and venerable city was left without a habitation and
without an inhabitant."

_C. G. Addison, The Knights Templars, chapter 6._

----------ANTIOCH: End----------

ANTIOCHUS SOTER, AND ANTIOCHUS THE GREAT.

See SELEUCIDÆ, THE: B. C. 281-224, and 224-187.

ANTIPATER, and the wars of the Diadochi.

See MACEDONIA: B. C. 323-316.

ANTIUM.

"Antium, once a flourishing city of the Volsci, and afterwards
of the Romans, their conquerors, is at present reduced to a
small number of inhabitants. Originally it was without a port;
the harbour of the Antiates having been the neighbouring
indentation in the coast of Ceno, now Nettuno, distant more
than a mile to the eastward. ... The piracies of the ancient
Antiates all proceeded from Ceno, or Cerio, where they had 22
long ships. These Numicius took; ... some were taken to Rome
and their rostra suspended in triumph in the Forum. ... It
[Antium] was reckoned 260 stadia, or about 32 miles, from
Ostia."

_Sir W. Gell, Topography of Rome, volume 1._

ANTIUM, Naval Battle of (1378).

See VENICE: A. D. 1378-1379.

ANTIVESTÆUM.

See BRITAIN, TRIBES OF CELTIC.

ANTOINE DE BOURBON, King of Navarre, A. D. 1555-1557.

ANTONINES, The.

See ROME: A. D. 138-180.

ANTONINUS, Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor, A. D. 161-180.

ANTONINUS PIUS, Roman Emperor, A. D. 138-161.

ANTONY, Mark, and the Second Triumvirate.

See ROME: B. C. 44 to 31.

ANTRUSTIONES.

In the Salic law, of the Franks, there is no trace of any
recognized order of nobility. "We meet, however, with
{118}
several titles denoting temporary rank, derived from offices
political and judicial, or from a position about the person of
the king. Among these the Antrustiones, who were in constant
attendance upon the king, played a conspicuous part. ...
Antrustiones and Convivæ Regis [Romans who held the same
position] are the predecessors of the Vassi Dominici of later
times, and like these were bound to the king by an especial
oath of personal and perpetual service. They formed part, as
it were, of the king's family, and were expected to reside in
the palace, where they superintended the various departments
of the royal household."

_W. C. Perry, The Franks, chapter 10._

ANTWERP:
The name of the City.

Its commercial greatness in the 16th century.--"The city was
so ancient that its genealogists, with ridiculous gravity,
ascended to a period two centuries before the Trojan war, and
discovered a giant, rejoicing in the classic name of
Antigonus, established on the Scheld. This patriarch exacted
one half the merchandise of all navigators who passed his
castle, and was accustomed to amputate and cast into the river
the right hands of those who infringed this simple tariff.
Thus 'Hand-werpen,' hand-throwing, became Antwerp, and hence,
two hands, in the escutcheon of the city, were ever held 'up
in heraldic attestation of the truth. The giant was, in his
turn, thrown into the Scheld by a hero, named Brabo, from
whose exploits Brabant derived its name. ... But for these
antiquarian researches, a simpler derivation of the name would
seem 'an t' werf,' 'on the wharf.' It had now [in the first
half of the 16th century] become the principal entrepôt and
exchange of Europe. ... the commercial capital of the world.
... Venice, Nuremburg, Augsburg, Bruges, were sinking, but
Antwerp, with its deep and convenient river, stretched its arm
to the ocean and caught the golden prize, as it fell from its
sister cities' grasp. ... No city, except Paris, surpassed it
in population, none approached it in commercial splendor."

_J. L. Motley, The Rise of the Dutch Republic, Hist.
Introduction, section 13._

ANTWERP: A. D. 1313.
Made the Staple for English trade.

See STAPLE.

ANTWERP: A. D. 1566.
Riot of the Image-breakers in the Churches.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1566-1568.

ANTWERP: A. D. 1576.--The Spanish Fury.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1575-1577.

ANTWERP: A. D. 1577.
Deliverance of the city from its Spanish garrison.
Demolition of the Citadel.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1577-1581.

ANTWERP: A. D. 1583.
Treacherous attempt of the Duke of Anjou.
The French Fury.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1581-1584.

ANTWERP: A. D. 1584-1585.
Siege and reduction by Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma.
The downfall of prosperity.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1584-1585.

ANTWERP: A. D. 1648.
Sacrificed to Amsterdam in the Treaty of Münster.
Closing of the Scheldt.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1646-1648.

ANTWERP: A. D. 1706.
Surrendered to Marlborough and the Allies.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1706-1707.

ANTWERP: A. D. 1746-1748.
Taken by the French and restored to Austria.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1746-1747;
and AIX-LA-CHAPELLE: THE CONGRESS.

ANTWERP: A. D. 1832.
Siege of the Citadel by the French.
Expulsion of the Dutch garrison.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1830-1832.

----------ANTWERP: End----------

APACHES, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: APACHE GROUP, and ATHAPASCAN FAMILY.

APALACHES, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: APALACHES.

APAMEA.

Apamea, a city founded by Seleucus Nicator on the Euphrates,
the site of which is occupied by the modern town of Bir, had
become, in Strabo's time (near the beginning of the Christian
Era) one of the principal centers of Asiatic trade, second
only to Ephesus. Thapsacus, the former customary
crossing-place of the Euphrates, had ceased to be so, and the
passage was made at Apamea. A place on the opposite bank of
the river was called Zeugma, or "the bridge." Bir "is still
the usual place at which travellers proceeding from Antioch or
Aleppo towards Bagdad cross the Euphrates."

_E. H. Bunbury, History of Ancient Geography,
chapter 22, section 1 (volume 2, pages 298 and 317)_.

APANAGE.

See APPANAGE.

APATURIA, The.

An annual family festival of the Athenians, celebrated for
three days in the early part of the month of October
(Pyanepsion). "This was the characteristic festival of the
Ionic race; handed down from a period anterior to the
constitution of Kleisthenes, and to the ten new tribes each
containing so many demes, and bringing together the citizens
in their primitive unions of family, gens, phratry, etc., the
aggregate of which had originally constituted the four Ionic
tribes, now superannuated. At the Apaturia, the family
ceremonies were gone through; marriages were enrolled, acts of
adoption were promulgated and certified, the names of youthful
citizens first entered on the gentile and phratric roll;
sacrifices were jointly celebrated by these family assemblages
to Zeus Phratrius, Athênê, and other deities, accompanied
with much festivity and enjoyment."

_G. Grote, History of Greece, part 2, chapter 64 (volume 7)._

APELLA, The.

See SPARTA: THE CONSTITUTION. &c.

APELOUSAS, The.

See TEXAS: THE ABORIGINAL, INHABITANTS.

APHEK, Battle of.

A great victory won by Ahab, king of Israel over Benhadad,
king of Damascus.

_H. Ewald, History of Israel, book 4, section 1._

APODECTÆ, The.

"When Aristotle speaks of the officers of government to whom
the public revenues were delivered, who kept them and
distributed them to the several administrative departments,
these are called, he adds, apodectæ and treasurers. In Athens
the apodectæ were ten in number, in accordance with the number
of the tribes. They were appointed by lot. ... They had in
their possession the lists of the debtors of the state,
received the money which was paid in, registered an account of
it and noted the amount in arrear, and in the council house in
the presence of the council, erased the names of the debtors
who had paid the demands against them from the list, and
deposited this again in the archives. Finally, they, together
with the council, apportioned the sums received."

_A. Boeckh, Public Economy of Athens (translated by Lamb),
book 2, chapter 4._

APOLLONIA IN ILLYRIA, The Founding of.

See KORKYRA.

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APOSTASION.

See POLETÆ.

APOSTOLIC MAJESTY: Origin of the Title.

See HUNGARY: A. D. 972-1114.

APPANAGE.

"The term appanage denotes the provision made for the younger
children of a king of France. This always consisted of lands
and feudal superiorities held of the crown by the tenure of
peerage. It is evident that this usage, as it produced a new
class of powerful feudataries, was hostile to the interests
and policy of the sovereign, and retarded the subjugation of
the ancient aristocracy. But an usage coeval with the monarchy
was not to be abrogated, and the scarcity of money rendered it
impossible to provide for the younger branches of the royal
family by any other means. It was restrained however as far as
circumstances would permit."

_H. Hallam, The Middle Ages, chapter 1, part 2._