Chapter XLII: Front Matter (42)

For seventeen years after the recall of Suetonius Paulinus (A.
D. 61) there was a suspension of Roman conquest in Britain.
The military power in the island suffered great
demoralization, resulting naturally from the chaos of affairs
at Rome, between Nero and Vespasian. These conditions ceased
soon after the accession of the Flavian Emperor, and he, who
had attained first in Britain the footing from which he
climbed to the throne, interested himself in the spreading of
his sovereignty over the whole of the British island. C. Julius
Agricola was the soldier and statesman--a great man in each
character--whom he selected for the work. Agricola was made
prefect or Governor of Britain, A. D. 78. "Even in his first
summer, when he had been but a few months in the island, and
when none even of his own officers expected active service,
Agricola led his forces into the country of the Ordovices, in
whose mountain passes the war of independence still lingered,
drove the Britains across the Menai Straits and pursued them
into Anglesey, as Suetonius had done before him, by boldly
crossing the boiling current in the face of the enemy. Another
summer saw him advance northward into the territory of the
Brigantes, and complete the organization of the district,
lately reduced, between the Humber and Tyne. Struck perhaps
with the natural defences of the line from the Tyne to the
Solway, where the island seems to have broken, as it were, in
the middle and soldered unevenly together, he drew a chain of
forts from sea to sea. ... In the third year of his command,
Agricola pushed forward along the eastern coast, and, making
good with roads and fortresses every inch of his progress,
reached, as I imagine, the Firth of Forth. ... Here he
repeated the operations of the preceding winter, planting his
camps and stations from hill to hill, and securing a new belt
of territory, ninety miles across, for Roman occupation." The
next two years were spent in strengthening his position and
organizing his conquest. In A. D. 83 and 84 he advanced beyond
the Forth, in two campaigns of hard fighting, the latter of
which was made memorable by the famous battle of the
Grampians, or Graupius, fought with the Caledonian hero
Galgacus. At the close of this campaign he sent his fleet
northward to explore the unknown coast and to awe the remoter
tribes, and it is claimed that the vessels of Agricola
circumnavigated the island of Britain, for the first time, and
saw the Orkneys and Shetlands. The further plans of the
successful prefect were interrupted by his sudden recall.
Vespasian, first, then Titus, had died while he pursued his
victorious course in Caledonia, and the mean Domitian was
envious and afraid of his renown.

_C. Merivale, History of the Romans, chapter 61._

ALSO IN:
_Tacitus, Agricola._

_T. Mommsen, History of Rome, book 8, chapter 5._

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BRITAIN: 2d-3d Centuries.
Introduction of Christianity.

See Christianity: A. D. 100-312.

BRITAIN: A. D. 208-211.
Campaigns of Severus.

A fresh inroad of the wild Caledonians of the north upon Roman
Britain, in the year 208, caused the Emperor Severus to visit
the distant island in person, with his two worthless sons,
Caracalla and Geta. He desired, it is said, to remove those
troublesome youths from Rome and to subject them to the
wholesome discipline of military life. The only result, so far
as they were concerned, was to give Caracalla opportunities
for exciting mutiny among the troops and for making several
attempts against his father's life. But Severus persisted in
his residence in Britain during more than two years, and till
his death, which occurred at Eboracum (York) on the 4th of
February, A. D. 211. During that time he prosecuted the war
against the Caledonians with great vigor, penetrating to the
northern extremity of the island, and losing, it is said;
above 50,000 men, more by the hardships of the climate and the
march than by the attacks of the skulking enemy. The
Caledonians made a pretence of submission, at last, but were
soon in arms again. Severus was then preparing to pursue them
to extermination, when he died.

_E. Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, chapter 6.
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25717_

ALSO IN: T. Mommsen, History of Rome, book 8, chapter 5.

BRITAIN: A. D. 288-297.
Rebellion of Carausius.

"During the reign of Gallienus [A. D. 260-268] ... the pirate
fleets of the Franks infested the British seas, and it became
needful to have a fleet to protect the coast. The command of
this fleet had been conferred on Carausius, a Menapian by
birth; but he was suspected of conniving at piracy, in order
that he might enrich himself by becoming a sharer in their
booty, when they returned laden with plunder. To save himself,
therefore, from punishment, he usurped the imperial power, A.
D. 288, and reigned over Britain for seven years. A vast
number of his coins struck in Britain have been preserved, so
many that the history of Carausius has been written from his
medals. He was slain at length by his minister Allectus, who
usurped his power. The Franks [as allies of Allectus] had
well-nigh established their power over the south portion of
Britain when it was broken by Constantius, the father of
Constantine the Great, who defeated Allectus in a decisive
battle, in which that usurper was slain. ... Allectus held the
government of Britain for three years. Many of his coins are
found."

_H. M. Scarth, Roman Britain, chapter 10._

ALSO IN: _T. Wright, Celt, Roman and Saxon, chapter 4._

BRITAIN: A. D. 323-337.
Constantine's Organization.

Under the scheme of government designed by Diocletian and
amended by Constantine, "Britain formed part of a vast
pro-consulate, extending from Mount Atlas to the Caledonian
deserts, and was governed by the Gallic prefect, through a
'vicar' or deputy at York. The island was divided into five
new provinces. ... Britain was under the orders of the Count
of Britain, assisted by the subordinate officers. The Duke of
Britain commanded in the north. The Count of the Saxon Shore,
governed the 'Maritime Tract' and provided for the defence of
the southeastern coast. The Saxon Shore on the coast of
Britain must not be mistaken for the Saxon Shore on the
opposite coast of France, the headquarters of which were the
harbour of Boulogne. The names of the several provinces into
which Britain was divided are given in the 'Notitia,' viz:--

1. Britannia Prima, which included all the south and west of
England, from the estuary of the Thames to that of the Severn.

2. Britannia Secunda, which included the Principality of
Wales, bounded by the Severn on the east and the Irish Channel
on the west.

3. Flavia Cæsariensis,--all the middle portion of Britain,
from the Thames to the Humber and the· estuary of the Dee.

4. Maxima Cæsariensis,--the Brigantian territory, lying
between the estuaries of the Humber and Dee, and the Barrier
of the Lower Isthmus.

5. Valentia,--the most northern portion, lying between the
barrier of Hadrian and that of Antoninus."

_H. M. Scarth. Roman Britain, chapter 10._

Britain: A. D. 367-370.
Deliverance By Theodosius.

The distracted condition of affairs in the Roman Empire that
soon followed the death of Constantine, which was relieved by
Julian for a brief term, and which became worse at his death,
proved especially ruinous to Roman Britain. The savage tribes
of Caledonia--the Picts, now beginning to be associated with
the Scots from Ireland--became bolder from year to year in
their incursions, until they marched across the whole extent
of Britain. "Their path was marked by cruelties so atrocious,
that it was believed at the time and recorded by St. Jerome
that they lived on human flesh. London, even, was threatened
by them, and the whole island, which, like all the other
provinces of the Empire, had lost every spark of military
virtue, was incapable of opposing any resistance to them.
Theodosius, a Spanish officer, and father of the great man of
the same name who was afterwards associated in the Empire, was
charged by Valentinian with the defence of Britain. He forced
the Scots to fall back (A. D. 367-370), but without having
been able to bring them to an engagement."

_J. C. L. de Sismondi, Fall of the Roman Empire, chapter 5._

"The splendour of the cities and the security of the
fortifications were diligently restored by the paternal care
of Theodosius, who with a strong hand confined the trembling
Caledonians to the northern angle of the island, and
perpetuated, by the name and settlement of the new province of
Valentia, the glories of the reign of Valentinian."

_E. Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, chapter 25.
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25717_

BRITAIN: A. D. 383-388.
Revolt of Maximus.

In 383, four years after Theodosius the Great had been
associated in the Roman sovereignty by the young Emperor
Gratian, and placed on the throne of the East, the generous
Gratian lost his own throne, and his life, through a revolt
that was organized in Britain. "One Maximus, a Spaniard by
birth, occupying a high official position in that province,
forced on step by step into insurrection, by a soldiery and a
people of whom he appears to have been the idol, raised the
standard of revolt in the island, and passed over into Gaul,
attended by a large multitude,--130,000 men and 70,000 women,
says Zosimus, the Byzantine historian. This colony, settling
in the Armorican peninsula, gave it the name of Brittany,
which it has since retained. The rebel forces were soon
victorious over the two Emperors who had agreed to share the
Roman throne [Gratian and his boy-brother Valentinian who
divided the sovereignty of the West between them, while
Theodosius ruled the East]. Gratian they slew at Lyons;
Valentinian they speedily expelled from Italy. ... Theodosius
adopted the cause of his brother Emperor" and overthrew
Maximus (see ROME: A. D. 379-395).

_J. G. Sheppard, Fall of Rome, lecture 5._

ALSO IN:
_E. Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, chapter 27.
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25717_

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BRITAIN: A. D. 407.
The Usurpation Of Constantine.

"The Roman soldiers in Britain, seeing that the Empire was
falling to pieces under the feeble sway of Honorius, and
fearing lest they, too, should soon he ousted from their
dominion in the island (part of which was already known as the
Saxon Shore) clothed three usurpers successively with the
imperial purple [A. D. 407], falling, as far as social
position was concerned, lower and lower in their choice each
time. The last and least ephemeral of these rulers was a
private soldier named Constantine, and chosen for no other
reason but his name, which was accounted lucky, as having been
already borne by a general who had been carried by a British
army to supreme dominion."

_T. Hodgkin, Italy and Her Invaders, book 1, chapter 5._

The usurper Constantine soon led his legions across the
channel into Gaul, then ravaged by the Vandals, Sueves, Alans
and Burgundians who passed the Rhine in 406. He was welcomed
with joy by the unhappy people who found themselves abandoned
to the barbarians. Some successes which the new Constantine
had, in prudent encounters with detached parties of the German
invaders, were greatly magnified, and gave prestige to his
cause. He was still more successful, for a time, in buying the
precarious friendship of some tribes of the enemy, and made,
on the whole, a considerable show of dominion in Gaul during
two or three years. The seat of his government was established
at Arles, to which city the offices and court of the Roman
Prefect of Gaul had retreated from Trèves in 402. With the
help of a considerable army of barbarian auxiliaries (a
curious mixture of Scots, Moors and Marcomanni) he extended
his sovereignty over Spain. He even extorted from the
pusillanimous court at Ravenna a recognition of his usurped
royalty, and promised assistance to Honorius against the
Goths. But the tide of fortune presently turned. The
lieutenant of Constantine in Spain, Count Gerontius, became
for some reason disaffected and crowned a new usurper, named
Maximus. In support of the latter he attacked Constantine and
shut him up in Arles. At the same time, the Emperor Honorius,
at Ravenna, having made peace with the Goths, sent his general
Constantius against the Gallo-British usurper. Constantius,
approaching Arles, found it already besieged by Gerontius. The
latter was abandoned by his troops, and fled, to be slain soon
afterwards. Arles capitulated to the representative of the
great name which Honorius still bore, as titular Imperator of
Rome. Constantine was sent to Ravenna, and put to death on the
way (A. D. 411).

_E. Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, chapter 31.
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25717_

ALSO IN:
_P. Godwin, History of France: Ancient Gaul,
book 3, chapter 10._

BRITAIN: A. D. 410.
Abandoned By The Romans.

"Up to the moment ... when the Imperial troops quitted
Britain, we see them able easily to repel the attacks of its
barbarous assailants. When a renewal of their inroads left
Britain weak and exhausted at the accession of the Emperor
Honorius, the Roman general Stilicho renewed the triumphs
which Theodosius had won. The Pict was driven back afresh, the
Saxon boats chased by his galleys as far as the Orkneys, and
the Saxon Shore probably strengthened with fresh fortresses.
But the campaign of Stilicho was the last triumph of the
Empire in its western waters. The struggle Rome had waged so
long drew in fact to its end; at the opening of the fifth
century her resistance suddenly broke down; and the savage
mass of barbarism with which she had battled broke in upon the
Empire. ... The strength of the Empire, broken everywhere by
military revolts, was nowhere more broken than in Britain,
where the two legions which remained quartered at Richborough
and York set up more than once their chiefs as Emperors and
followed them across the channel in a march upon Rome. The
last of these pretenders, Constantine, crossed over to Gaul in
407 with the bulk of the soldiers quartered in Britain, and
the province seems to have been left to its own defence; for
it was no longer the legionaries, but 'the people of Britain'
who, 'taking up arms,' repulsed a new onset of the barbarians.
... They appealed to Honorius to accept their obedience, and
replace the troops. But the legions of the Empire were needed
to guard Rome itself: and in 410 a letter of the Emperor bade
Britain provide for its own government and its own defence.
Few statements are more false than those which picture the
British provincials as cowards, or their struggle against the
barbarian as a weak and unworthy one. Nowhere, in fact,
through the whole circuit of the Roman world, was so long and
so desperate a resistance offered to the assailants of the
Empire. ... For some thirty years after the withdrawal of the
legions the free province maintained an equal struggle against
her foes. Of these she probably counted the Saxons as still
the least formidable. .... It was with this view that Britain
turned to what seemed the weakest of her assailants, and
strove to find ... troops whom she could use as mercenaries
against the Pict."

_J. R. Green, The Making of England, introduction._

ALSO IN:
_J. M. Lappenberg, History of England under the
Anglo-Saxon Kings, volume 1, pages 57-66._

BRITAIN: A. D. 446.
The Last Appeal To Rome.

"Yet once again a supplicating embassy was sent to the Roman
general Ætius, during his third consulship, in the year 446.
... Ætius was unable to help them."

_J. M. Lappenberg, History of England under the
Anglo-Saxon Kings, page 63._

"The date of the letters of appeal is fixed by the form of
their address: 'The groans of the Britons to Ætius for the
third time Consul. The savages drive us to the sea and the sea
casts us back upon the savages: so arise two kinds of
death, and we are either drowned or slaughtered.' The third
Consulate of Aetius fell in A. D. 446, a year memorable in the
West as the beginning of a profound calm which preceded the
onslaught of Attila. The complaint of Britain has left no
trace in the poems which celebrated the year of repose; and
our Chronicles are at any rate wrong when they attribute its
rejection to the stress of a war with the Huns. It is
possible, indeed, that the appeal was never made, and that the
whole story represents nothing but a rumour current in the
days of Gildas among the British exiles in Armorica."

_C. Elton, Origins of English History, chapter 12._

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BRITAIN: A. D. 449-633.
The Anglo-Saxon Conquest.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 449-473, to 547-633.

BRITAIN: 6th CENTURY.
The Unsubdued Britons.

"The Britons were soon restricted to the western parts of the
island, where they maintained themselves in several small
states, of which those lying to the east yielded more and more
to Germanic influence; the others protected by their
mountains, preserved for a considerable time a gradually
decreasing independence. ... In the south-west we meet with
the powerful territory of Damnonia, the kingdom of Arthur,
which bore also the name of West Wales. Damnonia, at a later
period, was limited to Dyvnaint, or Devonshire, by the
separation of Cernau, or Cornwall. The districts called by the
Saxons those of the Sumorsætas, of the Thornsætas
(Dorsetshire). and the Wiltsætas were lost to the kings of
Dyvnaint at an early period; though for centuries afterwards a
large British population maintained itself in those parts
among the Saxon settlers, as well as among the Defnsætas, long
after the Saxon conquest of Dyvnaint, who for a considerable
time preserved to the natives of that shire the appellation of
the 'Welsh kind.' Cambria (Cymru), the country which at the
present day we call Wales, was divided into several states."
The chief of these early states was Venedotia (Gwynedd), the
king of which was supreme over the other states. Among these
latter were Dimetia (Dyved), or West Wales; Powys, which was
east of Gwynedd and Snowdon mountain; Gwent (Monmouthshire) or
South-east Wales, the country of the Silures. "The usages and
laws of the Cambrians were in all these states essentially the
same. An invaluable and venerable monument of them, although
of an age in which the Welsh had long been subject to the
Anglo-Saxons, and had adopted many of their institutions and
customs, are the laws of the king Howel Dda, who reigned in
the early part of the 10th century. ... The partition of
Cambria into several small states is not, as has often been
supposed, the consequence of a division made by king Rodri
Mawr, or Roderic the Great, among his sons. ... Of Dyfed,
during the first centuries after the coming of the Saxons, we
know very little; but with regard to Gwynedd, which was in
constant warfare with Northumbria and Mercia, our information
is less scanty: of Gwent, also, as the bulwark of Dimetia,
frequent mention occurs. On the whole we are less in want of a
mass of information respecting the Welsh, than of accuracy and
precision in that which we possess. ... An obscurity still
more dense than that over Wales involves the district lying to
the north of that country, comprised under the name of Cumbria."

_J. M. Lappenberg, History of England under the
Anglo-Saxon Kings, volume 1, page 119-122._

See CUMBRIA AND STRATH-CLYDE.

BRITAIN: A. D. 635.
Defeat Of The Welsh By The English Of Bernicia.

See HEVENFIELD, BATTLE OF THE.

----------BRITAIN: End----------

BRITAIN, GREAT:
ADOPTION Of The Name For The United Kingdoms Of England And
Scotland.

See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1707.

BRITAIN, Roman Walls In.

See ROMAN WALLS IN BRITAIN.

BRITANNIA,
The Origin Of The Name.

"Many are the speculations which have been started as to the
etymology of the word Britannia, and among the later ones have
been some of the most extraordinary. Yet surely it is not one
of those philological difficulties which we need despair of
solving. Few persons will question that the name Britannia is
connected with the name Britanni, in the same way as Germania,
Gallia, Graecia, &c., with Germani, Galli, Graeci, &c., and it
is not unreasonable to assume that Britanni was originally
nothing more than the Latinized form of the Welsh word
Brython, a name which we find given in the Triads to one of
the three tribes who first colonized Britain. ... From the
Welsh 'brith' and Irish 'brit,' parti-coloured, may have come
Brython, which on this hypothesis would signify the painted
men. ... As far then as philology is concerned, there seems to
be no objection to our assuming Brython, and therefore also
Britanni, to signify the painted men. How this Celtic name
first came to denote the inhabitants of these islands is a
question, the proper answer to which lies deeper than is
generally supposed. ... The 'Britannic Isles' is the oldest
name we find given to these islands in the classical writers.
Under this title Polybius (3. 57) refers to them in connection
with the tin-trade, and the well-known work on the Kosmos (c.
3) mentions 'The Britannic Isles, Albion and Ierne.' ... But
in truth neither the authorship nor the age of this last-named
work has been satisfactorily settled, and therefore we cannot
assert that the phrase 'The Britannic Isles' came into use
before the second century B. C. The name Britannia first
occurs in the works of Cæsar and was not improbably invented
by him."

_E. Guest, Origines Celticæ, volume 2, chapter 1._

The etymology contended for by Dr. Guest is scouted by Mr.
Rhys, on principles of Celtic phonology. He, on the contrary,
traces relations between the name Brython and "the Welsh
vocables 'bethyn,' cloth, and its congeners," and concludes
that it signified "a clothed or cloth-clad people."

_J. Rhys, Celtic Britain, chapter 6._

BRITANNIA PRIMA AND SECUNDA.

See BRITAIN: A. D. 323-337.

BRITISH COLUMBIA: Aboriginal inhabitants.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ATHAPASCAN FAMILY.

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BRITISH COLUMBIA: A. D. 1858-1871.
Establishment of provincial government.
Union with the Dominion of Canada.

"British Columbia, the largest of the Canadian provinces,
cannot be said to have had any existence as a colony until
1858. Previous to that year provision had been made by a
series of Acts for extending the Civil and Criminal Laws of
the Courts of Lower and Upper Canada over territories not
within any province, but otherwise the territory was used as a
hunting ground of the Hudson's Bay Company. The disputes and
difficulties that arose from the influx of miners owing to the
gold discoveries in 1856, resulted in the revocation of the
licence of the Hudson's Bay Company, and the passing of the
Imperial Act 21 & 22 Vic., c. 99, to provide for the
government of British Columbia. ... Sir James Douglas was
appointed Governor and by his commission he was authorised to
make laws, institutions and ordinances for the peace, order
and good government of British Columbia, by proclamation
issued under the public seal of the colony. ... The Governor
continued to legislate by proclamation until 1864, when his
proclamations gave way to Ordinances passed by the Governor
with the advice and consent of the Legislative Council. ... Up
to this time the Governor of British Columbia was also
Governor of the neighbouring island of Vancouver. Vancouver's
Island is historically an older colony than British Columbia.
Though discovered in 1592 it remained practically unknown to
Europeans for two centuries, and it was not until 1849, when
the island was granted to the Hudson's Bay Company, that a
Governor was appointed. ... In 1865 the legislature of the
island adopted a series of resolutions in favour of union with
British Columbia, and by the Imperial Act 29 & 30 Vic. (i),
c. 67, the two colonies were united. ... By an Order in Council
dated the 16th day of May, 1871, British Columbia was declared
to be a province of the Dominion [see CANADA: A. D. 1867, and
1869-1873] from the 20th of July, 1871."

_J. E. C. Munro, The Constitution of Canada, chapter 2._

ALSO IN: _H. H. Bancroft, History of the Pacific States,
volume 27: British Columbia._

BRITISH COLUMBIA: A. D. 1872.
Settlement Of The San Juan Water Boundary Dispute.

See SAN JUAN OR NORTHWESTERN WATER BOUNDARY QUESTION.

----------BRITISH COLUMBIA: End----------

BRITISH EAST AFRICA AND SOUTH AFRICA COMPANIES.

See AFRICA: A. D. 1884-1889.

BRITISH HONDURAS.

See CENTRAL AMERICA: A. D. 1821-1871.

BRITONS, OR BRITHONS.

See CELTS; ALSO, BRITANNIA;
and BRITAIN: 6TH CENTURY.

BRITONS OF CUMBRIA AND STRATHCLYDE.

See CUMBRIA.

BRITTANY, OR BRITANNY:
In The Roman Period.

See ARMORICA;
also, VENETI OF WESTERN GAUL.

BRITTANY: A. D. 383.
Alleged Origin Of The British Settlement And Name.

See BRITAIN: A. D. 383-388.

BRITTANY: A. D. 409.
Independence Asserted.

At the time that the British island practically severed its
connection with the expiring Roman Empire (about 409) the
Britons of the continent,--of the Armorican province, or
modern Brittany,--followed the example. "They expelled the
Roman magistrates, who acted under the authority of the
usurper Constantine; and a free government was established
among a people who had so long been subject to the arbitrary
will of a master."

_E. Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, chapter 31.
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25717_

"From this time, perhaps, we ought to date that isolation of
Brittany from the politics of the rest of France which has not
entirely disappeared even at the present day."

_T. Hodgkin, Italy and Her Invaders, book 2, chapter 3._

The Armoricans, however, were found fighting by the side of
the Romans and the Goths, against the Huns, on the great day
at Chalons.

See HUNS: A. D. 451.

BRITTANY: A. D. 818-912.
The Breyzad Kingdom.
Subjection To The Norman Dukes.

"Charlemagne's supremacy over the Armoricans may be compared
to the dominion exercised by Imperial Russia amongst the
Caucasian tribes--periods during which the vassals dare not
claim the rights of independence, intercalated amongst the
converse periods when the Emperor cannot assert the rights of
authority; yet the Frank would not abandon the prerogative of
the Cæsars, whilst the mutual antipathy between the races
inflamed the desire of dominion on the one part, and the
determination of resistance on the other. Britanny is divided
into Bretagne Bretonnante and Bretagne Gallicante, according
to the predominance of the Breyzad and the Romane languages
respectively. The latter constituted the march-lands, and here
the Counts-marchers were placed by Charlemagne and his
successors, Franks mostly by lineage; yet one Breyzad,
Nominoë, was trusted by Louis-le-débonnaire [A. D. 818] with a
delegated authority. Nominoë deserved his power; he was one of
the new men of the era, literally taken from the plough. ...
The dissensions among the Franks enabled Nominoë to increase
his authority. Could there be any adversary of the Empire so
stupid as not to profit by the battle of Fontenay. ... Nominoë
assumed the royal title, vindicated the independence of his
ancient people, and enabled them, in the time of Rollo, to
assert with incorrect grandiloquence, pardonable in political
argument, that the Frank had never reigned within the proper
Armorican boundaries." Nominoë transmitted his crown to his
son Herispoë; but the latter reigned briefly, succumbing to a
conspiracy which raised his nephew, Solomon, to the throne.
Solomon was a vigorous warrior, sometimes fighting the Franks,
and sometimes struggling with the Normans, who pressed hard
upon his small kingdom. He extended his dominions
considerably, in Maine, Anjou, and the future Normandy, and
his royal title was sanctioned by Charles the Bald. But he,
too, was conspired against, blinded and dethroned, dying in
prison; and, about 912, the second duke of Normandy
established his lordship over the distracted country.
"Historical Britanny settled into four great counties, which
also absorbed the Carlovingian march-lands, Rennes, Nantes,
Vannes and Cornouailles, rivalling and jealousing, snarling
and warring against each other for the royal or ducal dignity,
until the supremacy was permanently established in Alan
Fergant's line, the ally, the opponent, the son-in-law of
William the Bastard. But the suzerainty or superiority of all
Britanny was vested in the Conqueror's and the Plantagenet's
lineage, till the forfeiture incurred by King John--an unjust
exercise of justice."

_Sir F. Palgrave, History of Normandy and England,
book 1, chapter 3._

BRITTANY: A. D. 992-1237.
The First Dukes.

"After the death of Solomon ... all these districts or
territories merged in the three dominations of Nantes, Rennes,
and Cornouaille. Amongst the Celts concord was impossible. In
early times Nomenoe, the Ruler of Cornouaille, had assumed, by
Papal authority, the royal style, but the Counts of Rennes
acquired the pre-eminence over the other chieftains. Regality
vanished. Geoffrey, son of Conan [A. D. 992-1008] ... must be
distinguished as the first Duke of Brittany. He constituted
himself Duke simply by taking the title. This assumption may
possibly have been sanctioned by the successor of Saint Peter;
and, by degrees, his rank in the civil hierarchy became
ultimately recognized. ... The Counts of Brittany, and the
Dukes in like manner, in later times, rendered homage 'en
parage' to Normandy in the first instance, and that same
homage was afterwards demanded by the crown of France. But the
Capetian monarchs refused to acknowledge the 'Duke,' until the
time of Peter Mauclerc, son of Robert, Count of Dreux, Earl of
Richmond [A. D. 1213-1237]."

_Sir F. Palgrave, History of Normandy and England.,
volume 3, page 165._

{325}

BRITTANY: A. D. 1341-1365.
The Long Civil War.
Montfort Against Blois.

Almost simultaneously with the beginning of the Hundred Years
War of the English kings in France, there broke out a
malignant and destructive civil war in Brittany, which French
and English took part in, on the opposing sides. "John III.
duke of that province, had died without issue, and two rivals
disputed his inheritance. The one was Charles de Blois,
husband of one of his nieces and nephew of the King of France;
the other, Montfort, ... younger brother of the last duke and
... disinherited by him. The Court of Peers, devoted to the
king, adjudged the duchy to Charles de Blois, his nephew.
Montfort immediately made himself master of the strongest
places, and rendered homage for Brittany to king Edward [III.
of England], whose assistance he implored. This war, in which
Charles de Blois was supported by France and Montfort by
England, lasted twenty-four years without interruption, and
presented, in the midst of heroic actions, a long course of
treacheries and atrocious robberies." The war was ended in
1365 by the battle of Auray, in which Charles de Blois was
slain, and Bertrand Du Guesclin, the famous Breton warrior,
was taken prisoner. This was soon followed by the treaty of
Guérande, which established Montfort in the duchy.

_E. De Bonnechose, History of France,
volume 1, book 2, chapter 2 and 4._

ALSO IN:
_Froissart (Johnes), Chronicles, book 1, chapter 64-227._

BRITTANY: A. D. 1491.
Joined By Marriage To The French Crown.

The family of Montfort, having been established in the duchy
of Brittany by the arms of the English, were naturally
inclined to English connections; "but the Bretons would seldom
permit them to be effectual. Two cardinal feelings guided the
conduct of this brave and faithful people; the one an
attachment to the French nation and monarchy in opposition to
foreign enemies; the other, a zeal for their own privileges,
and the family of Montfort, in opposition to the encroachments
of the crown. In Francis II., the present duke [at the time of
the accession of Charles VIII. of France, A. D. 1483], the
male line of that family was about to be extinguished. His
daughter Anne was naturally the object of many suitors, among
whom were particularly distinguished the duke of Orleans, who
seems to have been preferred by herself; the lord of Albret, a
member of the Gascon family of Foix, favoured by the Breton
nobility, as most likely to preserve the peace and liberties
of their country, but whose age rendered him not very
acceptable to a youthful princess; and Maximilian, king of the
Romans [whose first wife, Mary of Burgundy, died in 1482].
Britany was rent by factions and overrun by the armies of the
regent of France, who did not lose this opportunity of
interfering with its domestic troubles, and of persecuting her
private enemy, the duke of Orleans. Anne of Britany, upon her
father's death, finding no other means of escaping the
addresses of Albret, was married by proxy to Maximilian. This,
however, aggravated the evils of the country, since France was
resolved at all events to break off so dangerous a connexion.
And as Maximilian himself was unable, or took not sufficient
pains to relieve his betrothed wife from her embarrassments,
she was ultimately compelled to accept the hand of Charles
VIII. He had long been engaged by the treaty of Arras to marry
the daughter of Maximilian, and that princess was educated at
the French court. But this engagement had not prevented
several years of hostilities, and continual intrigues with the
towns of Flanders against Maximilian. The double injury which
the latter sustained in the marriage of Charles with the
heiress of Britany seemed likely to excite a protracted
contest; but the king of France, who had other objects in
view, and perhaps was conscious that he had not acted a fair
part, soon came to an accommodation, by which he restored
Artois and Franche-comté. ... France was now consolidated into
a great kingdom: the feudal system was at an end."

_H. Hallam, The Middle Ages, chapter 1, part 2._

In the contract of marriage between Charles VIII. and Anne of
Brittany, "each party surrendered all separate pretensions
upon the Duchy, and one stipulation alone was considered
requisite to secure the perpetual union of Bretany with
France, namely, that in case the queen should survive her
consort, she should not remarry unless either with the future
king, or, if that were not possible, with the presumptive heir
of the crown."

_E. Smedley, History of France, part 1, chapter 18._

ALSO IN:
_F. P. Guizot, Popular History of France, chapter 26._

BRITTANY: A. D. 1532.
Final Reunion With The Crown Of France.

"Duprat [chancellor of Francis I. of France], whose
administration was ... shameful, promoted one measure of high
utility. Francis I. until then had governed Brittany only in
the quality of duke of that province; Duprat counselled him to
unite this duchy in an indissoluble manner with the crown, and
he prevailed upon the States of Brittany themselves to request
this reunion, which alone was capable of preventing the
breaking out of civil wars at the death of the king. It was
irrevocably voted by the States assembled at Vannes in 1532.
The king swore to respect the rights of Brittany, and not to
raise any subsidy therein without the consent of the States
Provincial."

_E. de Bonnechose, History of France, book 1, chapter 2._

BRITTANY: A. D. 1793.
Resistance To The French Revolution.
The Vendean War.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1793 (MARCH-APRIL); (JUNE);
(JULY-DECEMBER).

BRITTANY: A. D. 1794-1796.
The Chouans.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1794-1796.

----------BRITTANY: End----------

BRIXHAM CAVE.

A cavern near Brixham, Devonshire, England, in which noted
evidences of a very early race of men, contemporaneous with
certain extinct animals, have been found.

_J. Geikie, Prehistoric Europe._

ALSO IN: _W. B. Dawkins, Cave Hunting._

{326}

BROAD-BOTTOMED ADMINISTRATION, The.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1742-1745.

BROAD CHURCH, The.

See OXFORD OR TRACTARIAN MOVEMENT.

BROCK, General Isaac, and the War of 1812.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1812
(JUNE-OCTOBER), (SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER).

BROMSEBRO, PEACE OF (1645).

See GERMANY: A. D. 1640-1645.

BRONKHORST SPRUIT, Battle of (1880).

See SOUTH AFRICA: A. D. 1806-1880.

BRONZE AGE.

See STONE AGE.

BROOKLYN, New York: A. D. 1624.
The First Settlers.

"A few families of Walloons, in 1624, built their cottages on
Long Island, and began the cultivation of the lands they had
secured, the women working in the fields, while the men were
engaged in the service of the company [the Dutch West India
Company, controlling the colony of New Netherland]. These were
the first settlers of Brooklyn. They were joined in time by a
few others, until there were enough to be incorporated as a
village. The numbers were not large, for Brooklyn, nearly
forty years afterward, contained only 31 households and 134
souls."

_G. V. Schuyler, Colonial New York, York, v 1, page 27._

BROOKLYN: A. D. 1646.
The Town Named And Organized.

"The occupation of land within the limits of the present city
of Brooklyn ... had steadily progressed, until now (1646)
nearly the whole water-front, from Newtown Creek to the
southerly side of Gowanus Bay, was in the possession of
individuals who were engaged in its actual cultivation. ...
The village ... which was located on the present Fulton
Avenue, in the vicinity of the junction of Hoyt and Smith
streets with said avenue, and southeast of the present City
Hall, was called Breuckelen, after the ancient village of the
same name in Holland, some 18 miles from Amsterdam." The town
of Breuckelen was organized under a commission from the
Colonial Council in 1646, and two schepens appointed. The
following winter Jan Teunissen was commissioned as schout.

_H. R. Stiles, History of Brooklyn, chapter 1._

BROOKLYN: A. D. 1776.
The Battle Of Long Island And Defeat Of The Americans.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1776 (AUGUST).

----------BROOKLYN: End----------

BROTHERS.--BROTHERHOODS.

See BRETHREN.

BROTHERS' CLUB, The.

See CLUBS.

BROWN, GEORGE, AND THE CANADIAN "CLEAR GRITS."

See CANADA: A. D. 1840-1867.

BROWN, GENERAL JACOB, AND THE WAR OF 1812.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1812
(SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER); 1813 (OCTOBER-NOVEMBER);
1814 (JULY-SEPTEMBER).

BROWN, John.
Attack On Harper's Ferry.
Trial And Execution.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1859.

BROWNISTS.

See INDEPENDENTS.

BROWNLOW, PARSON, AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF TENNESSEE.

See TENNESSEE: A. D. 1865-1866.

BRUCE, Robert, King of Scotland, A. D. 1305-1329.

BRUCHIUM, The.

See ALEXANDRIA: B. C. 282-246, and A. D. 273.

BRUCTERI, The.

"After the Tencteri [on the Rhine] came, in former days, the
Bructeri; but the general account now is, that the Chamavi and
Angrivarii entered their settlements, drove them out and
utterly exterminated them with the common help of the
neighbouring tribes, either from hatred of their tyranny, or
from the attractions of plunder, or from heaven's favourable
regard for us. It did not even grudge us the spectacle of the
conflict. More than 60,000 fell, not beneath the Roman arms
and weapons, but, grander far, before our delighted eyes."

"The original settlements of the Bructeri, from which they
were driven by the Chamavi and Angrivarii, seem to have been
between the Rhine and the Ems, on either side of the Lippe.
Their destruction could hardly have been so complete as
Tacitus represents, as they are subsequently mentioned by
Claudian."

_Tacitus, Minor works, translated by Church and Brodribb:
The Germany, with geographical notes._

See, also, FRANKS.

BRUGES: 13th CENTURY.
The Great Fair.

See FLANDERS: 13th CENTURY.

BRUGES: A. D. 13th-15th CENTURIES.
Commercial Importance In The Hanseatic League.

See HANSA TOWNS.

BRUGES: A. D. 1302.
Massacre Of The French.
"The Bruges Matins."

See FLANDERS: A. D. 1299-1304.

BRUGES: A. D. 1341.
Made the Staple for English trade.

See STAPLE.

BRUGES: A. D. 1379-1381.
Hostilities With Ghent.

See FLANDERS: A. D. 1379-1381.

BRUGES: A. D. 1382.
Taken And Plundered By The People Of Ghent.

See FLANDERS: A. D. 1382.

BRUGES: A. D. 1482-1488.
At War With Maximilian.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1482-1493.

BRUGES: A. D. 1584.
Submission to Philip of Spain.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1584-1585.

BRUGES: A. D. 1745-1748.
Taken By The French, And Restored.

See NETHERLANDS (AUSTRIAN PROVINCES): A. D. 1745;
and AIX-LA-CHAPELLE: THE CONGRESS, &c.

----------BRUGES: End----------

BRULÉ, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: SIOUAN FAMILY.

BRUMAIRE, THE MONTH.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1793 (OCTOBER).

BRUMAIRE, THE EIGHTEENTH OF.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1799 (NOVEMBER).

BRUNDISIUM:
Origin.

See ROME: B. C. 282-275.

BRUNDISIUM: B. C.49.
Flight of Pompeius before Cæsar.

See ROME: B. C. 50-49.

BRUNDISIUM: B. C. 40.
The Peace Of Antony And Octavius.

The peace which Antony and Octavius were forced by their own
soldiers to make at Brundisium, B. C. 40, postponed for ten
years the final struggle between the two chief Triumvirs. For
a much longer time it "did at least secure the repose of
Italy. For a period of three hundred and fifty years, except
one day's fighting in the streets of Rome, from Rhegium to the
Rubicon no swords were again crossed in war."

_C. Merivale, History of the Romans, chapter 27._

See also, ROME: B. C. 31.

----------BRUNDISIUM: End----------

BRUNKEBURG, Battle of the (1471).

See SCANDINAVIAN STATES: A. D. 1397-1527.

BRUNNABURGH, OR BRUNANBURH, BATTLE OF.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 938.

BRUNSWICK, THE CITY OF.
Origin And Name.

In the tenth century, a prince named Bruno, younger son of the
reigning duke of Bavaria, and grandson of the Emperor Henry
the Fowler, received as his patrimony the country about the
Ocker. "Having fixed his residence at a village established by
Charlemagne on the banks of that river, it became known as the
'Vicus Brunonis,' and, when enlarged and formed into a city,
afterwards gave its name to the principality of which it
formed the capital."

_Sir A. Halliday, Annals of the House of Hanover,
volume 1, book 4._

{327}

BRUNSWICK: IN THE HANSEATIC LEAGUE.

See HANSA TOWNS.

BRUNSWICK-LÜNEBURG, OR HANOVER.

See HANOVER.

BRUNSWICK-WOLFENBÜTTEL, OR BRUNSWICK:
Origin Of The House And Dukedom.

See SAXONY: THE OLD DUCHY,
and A. D. 1178-1183.

BRUNSWICK: THE GUELF CONNECTION.

See GUELF AND GHIBELLINE, AND ESTE, HOUSE OF.

BRUNSWICK: A. D. 1543.
Expulsion Of Duke Henry By
The League Of Smalcald.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1533-1546.

BRUNSWICK: A. D. 1546.
Final Separation From The Lüneburg Or Hanoverian Branch Of The
House.

See HANOVER: A. D. 1546.

BRUNSWICK: A. D. 1806.
The Duke's Dominions Confiscated By Napoleon.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1806 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER).

BRUNSWICK: A. D. 1807.
Absorbed In The Kingdom Of Westphalia.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1807 (JUNE-JULY).

BRUNSWICK: A. D. 1830.
Deposition of the Duke.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1819-1847.

----------BRUNSWICK: End----------

BRUSSELS: A. D. 1577.
The Union Of The Patriots.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1575-1577.

BRUSSELS: A. D. 1585.
Surrender to the Spaniards.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1584-1585.

BRUSSELS: A. D. 1695.
BOMBARDMENT BY THE FRENCH.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1695-1696.

BRUSSELS: A. D. 1706.
Taken By Marlborough And The Allies.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1706-1707.

BRUSSELS: A. D. 1746-1748.
Taken By The French And Restored To Austria.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1746-1747,
and AIX-LA-CHAPELLE: THE CONGRESS, &c.

BRUSSELS: A. D. 1815.
The Battle Of Waterloo.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1815 (JUNE).

BRUSSELS: A. D. 1830.
Riot And Revolution.
Dutch Attack On The City Repelled.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1830-1832.

----------BRUSSELS: End----------

BRUTTII, The.

See SAMNITES.

BRUTUM FULMEN.

A phrase, signifying a blind thrust, or a stupid and
ineffectual blow, which was specially applied in a
contemporary pamphlet by Francis Hotman to the Bull of
excommunication issued by Pope Sixtus V. against Henry of
Navarre, in 1585.

_H. M. Baird, The Huguenots and Henry of Navarre,
volume 1, page 369._

See FRANCE: A. D. 1584-1589.

BRUTUS, LUCIUS JUNIUS, AND THE EXPULSION OF THE TARQUINS.

See ROME: B. C. 510.

BRUTUS, MARCUS JUNIUS, AND THE ASSASSINATION OF CAESAR.

See ROME: B. C. 44 to 44-42.

BRYTHONS, The.

See CELTS, THE.

BUBASTIS.

"On the eastern side of the Delta [of the Nile], more than
half-way from Memphis to Zoan, lay the great city of
Pi-beseth, or Bubastis. Vast mounds now mark the site and
preserve the name; deep in their midst lie the shattered
fragments of the beautiful temple which Herodotus saw, and to
which in his days the Egyptians came annually in vast numbers
to keep the greatest festival of the year, the Assembly of
Bast, the goddess of the place. Here, after the Empire had
fallen, Shishak [Sheshonk] set up his throne, and for a short
space revived the imperial magnificence of Thebes."

_R. S. Poole, Cities of Egypt, chapter 10._

BUCCANEERS, The.

See AMERICA: A. D. 1639-1700.

BUCENTAUR, The.

See VENICE: 14TH CENTURY.

BUCHANAN, JAMES.
Presidential Election And Administration.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1856 to 1861.

BUCHAREST, TREATY OF (1812).

See TURKS: A. D. 1789-1812;
also BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES: 14TH-19TH CENTURIES
(SERVIA).

BUCKINGHAM, ASSASSINATION OF.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1628.

BUCKINGHAM PALACE.

See ST. JAMES, THE PALACE AND COURT OF.

BUCKTAILS.

See NEW YORK: A. D. 1817-1819.

BUDA: A. D. 1526.
Taken And Plundered By The Turks.

See HUNGARY: A. D. 1487-1526.

BUDA: A. D. 1529-1567.
Taken by the Turks.
Besieged by the Austrians.
Occupied by the Sultan.
Becomes the seat of a Pasha.

See HUNGARY: A. D. 1526-1567.

BUDA: A. D. 1686.
Recovery from the Turks.

See HUNGARY: A. D. 1683-1687.

BUDA: A. D. 1849.
Siege And Capture By The Hungarians.

See AUSTRIA: A. D. 1848-1849.

----------BUDA: End----------

BUDA-PESTH: A. D. 1872.
Union Of The Cities.

Buda, on the right bank of the Danube, and Pesth, on the left,
were incorporated in 1872 into one city--Buda-Pesth.

BUDDHISM.

See INDIA: B. C. 312;
also LAMAS.--LAMAISM;
and CHINA: THE RELIGIONS.

BUDGET, The.

"The annual financial statement which the Chancellor of the
Exchequer makes in the House of Commons in a Committee of ways
and means. In making this statement the minister gives a view
of the general financial policy of the government, and at the
same time presents an estimate of the probable income and
expenditure for the following twelve months, and a statement
of what taxes it is intended to reduce or abolish, or what new
ones it may be necessary to impose.--To open the budget, to
lay before the legislative body the financial estimates and
plans of the executive government."

_Imp. Dict._

Mr. Dowell in his _History of Taxation (volume 1, chapter 5)_
states that the phrase 'opening the Budget' came into use in
England during the reign of George III., and that it bore a
reference to the bougette, or little bag, in which the
chancellor of the exchequer kept his papers. The French, he
adds, adopted the term in the present century, about 1814. The
following, however, is in disagreement with Mr. Dowell's
explanation: "In the reign of George II. the word was used
with conscious allusion to the celebrated pamphlet which
ridiculed Sir R. Walpole as a conjuror opening his budget or
'bag of tricks.' Afterwards, it must, for a time, have been
current as slang; but, as it supplied a want, it was soon
taken up into the ordinary vocabulary."

_Athenæum, February 14, 1891, page 213._

{328}

BUDINI, The.

A nomadic tribe which Herodotus describes as anciently
inhabiting a region between the Ural Mountains and the Caspian
Sea.

_G. Grote, History of Greece, part 2, chapter 17._

BUELL, GENERAL DON CARLOS, CAMPAIGNS OF.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1861 (JULY-NOVEMBER);
A. D. 1862 (JANUARY-FEBRUARY: KENTUCKY-TENNESSEE);
A. D. 1862 (FEBRUARY-APRIL: TENNESSEE);
A. D. 1862 (JUNE-OCTOBER: TENNESSEE-KENTUCKY).

BUENA VISTA, BATTLE OF.

See MEXICO: A. D. 1846-1847.

BUENOS AYRES, VICEROYALTY AND REPUBLIC OF.

See ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.

BUENOS AYRES, The City of: A. D. 1534.
First and unsuccessful founding of the city.

See PARAGUAY: A. D. 1515-1557.

BUFFALO, New York:
The Aboriginal Occupants Of The Site.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: HURONS, &c.

BUFFALO, New York: A. D. 1764.
Cession Of The Four Mile Strip By The Senecas.

See PONTIAC'S WAR.

BUFFALO, New York: A. D. 1779.
The Site Occupied By The Senecas After Sullivan's Expedition.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1779 (AUGUST-SEPTEMBER).

BUFFALO, New York: A. D. 1799.
The founding and naming of the city.

See NEW YORK A. D. 1786-1799.

BUFFALO, New York: A. D. 1812.
At The Opening Of The War.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1812
(SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER).

BUFFALO, New York: A. D. 1813.
Destruction by British and Indians.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1813 (DECEMBER).

BUFFALO, New York: A. D. 1825.
Opening of the Erie Canal.

See NEW YORK: A. D. 1817-1825.

BUFFALO, New York: A. D. 1848.
The National Free-soil Convention.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1848.

BUFFALO, New York: A. D. 1866.
The Fenian Invasion Of Canada.

See CANADA: A. D. 1866-1871.

----------BUFFALO, New York: End----------

BUFFALO HILL, Battles of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1861
(AUGUST-DECEMBER: WEST VIRGINIA).

BUFFINGTON FORD, BATTLE OF.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1863 (JULY: KENTUCKY).

BUGIA, CONQUEST BY THE SPANIARDS (1510).

See BARBARY STATES: A. D. 1505-1510.

BULGARIA.

See BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES.

BULGARIANS, THE RELIGIOUS SECTARIES SO CALLED.

See PAULICIANS.

BULL "APOSTOLICUM," The.

See JESUITS: A. D. 1761-1769.

BULL "AUSCULTA FILI," The.

See PAPACY: A. D. 1294-1348.

BULL "CLERICIS LAICOS."

Published by Pope Boniface VIII. February 24, 1296, forbidding
"the clergy to pay and the secular powers to exact, under
penalty of excommunication, contributions or taxes, tenths,
twentieths, hundredths, or the like, from the revenues or the
goods of the churches or their ministers."

_William Stubbs, Constitutional History of England,
chapter 14._

ALSO IN: _E. F. Henderson, Select Historical
Documents of the Middle Ages, book 4, number 6._

See, also, PAPACY: A. D. 1294-1348.

BULL "DOMINUS REDEMPTOR NOSTER."

See JESUITS: A. D. 1769-1871.

BULL "EXURGE DOMINE."

See PAPACY: A. D. 1517-1521.

BULL, Golden.

See GOLDEN BULL, BYZANTINE;
also GERMANY: A. D. 1347-1493.
and HUNGARY: A. D. 1114-1301.

BULL, "LAUDABILITER," The.

A papal bull promulgated in 1155 by Pope Adrian IV. (the one
Englishman who ever attained to St. Peter's seat) assuming to
bestow the kingdom of Ireland on the English King Henry II.

See IRELAND: A. D. 1169-1175.

BULL, "SALVATOR MUNDI," THE.

See PAPACY: A. D. 1294-1348.

BULL "UNIGENITUS," THE.

See PORT ROYAL AND THE JANSENISTS: A. D. 1702-1715.

BULL RUN, OR MANASSAS, FIRST BATTLE OF.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D.
1861 (JULY: VIRGINIA).

BULL RUN, SECOND BATTLE OF.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1862
(AUGUST-SEPTEMBER: VIRGINIA).

BULLA, THE.

See TOGA.

BUMMERS, SHERMAN'S.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1864
(NOVEMBER-DECEMBER: GEORGIA).

BUND, BUNDESRATH, BUNDESPRESIDENT, BUNDESGERICHT, THE SWISS.

See SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1848-1890.

BUNDES-STAAT.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1814-1820.

BUNDSCHUH INSURRECTIONS.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1492-1514.

BUNKER HILL, BATTLE OF.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1775 (JUNE).

BURDIGALA.

The original name of the modern city of Bordeaux, which was a
town of the Gallic tribe called the Bituriges-Vivisci.

_T. Mommsen, History of Rome, book 5, chapter 7._

BURGAGE TENURE.

See FEUDAL TENURES.

BURGESS.

See BOURGEOIS.

BURGH, OR BURGI, OR BURH.

See BOROUGH.

BURGOS, BATTLE OF.

See SPAIN: A. D. 1808 (SEPTEMBER-DECEMBER).

BURGOYNE, GENERAL JOHN, AND THE WAR OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1775 (APRIL-MAY);
A. D. 1777 (JULY-OCTOBER).

BURGRAVES.

See PALATINE, COUNTS.

BURGUNDIANS:
Origin And Early History.

"About the middle of the fourth century, the countries,
perhaps of Lusace and Thuringia, on either side of the Elbe,
were occupied by the vague dominion of the Burgundians--a
warlike and numerous people of the Vandal race, whose obscure
name insensibly swelled into a powerful kingdom, and has
finally settled on a flourishing province. . . . The disputed
possession of some salt-pits engaged the Alemanni and the
Burgundians in frequent contests. The latter were easily
tempted by the secret solicitations and liberal offers of the
emperor [Valentinian, A. D. 371]; and their fabulous descent
from the Roman soldiers who had formerly been left to garrison
the fortresses of Drusus was admitted with mutual credulity,
as it was conducive to mutual interest. An army of fourscore
thousand Burgundians soon appeared on the banks of the Rhine,
and impatiently required the support and subsidies which
Valentinian had promised; but they were amused with excuses
and delays, till at length, after a fruitless expectation,
they were compelled to retire. The arms and fortifications of
the Gallic frontier checked the fury of their just
resentment."

_E. Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, chapter 25.
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25717_

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"We first hear of them [the Burgundians] as a tribe of
Teutonic stock, located between the Oder and the Vistula, on
either bank of the river Warta. When the Gepidæ descended
southward with the Goths, the Burgundians were compelled to
recoil before the advance of the former tribe: one portion of
them took refuge in Bornholm, an island of the Baltic; the
remainder turned westward, and made an attempt to enter Gaul.
They were repulsed by Probus, but permitted to settle near the
sources of the Main. Jovian showed them favour, and gave them
lands in the Germania Secunda. This was in the latter part of
the fourth century. Just at its close, they adopted
Christianity, but under an Arian form. Ammianus tells us that
they were a most warlike race."

_J. G. Sheppard, The Fall of Rome, lecture 8._

"The other Teutonic people had very little regard for the
Burgundians; they accused them of having degenerated from the
valor of their ancestors, by taking in petty towns
(bourgades), whence their name Burgundii sprang; and they
looked upon them as being more suitable for the professions of
mechanics, smiths, and carpenters, than for a military life."

_J. C. L. de Sismondi, The French under the
Merovingians, chapter 3._

"A document of A. D. 786, in noticing the high tract of lands
between Ellwangen and Anspach, has the following
expression,--'in Waldo, qui vocatur Virgunnia.' Grimm looks
for the derivation of this word in the Mœso-Gothic word
'fairguni,' Old High 'German 'fergunnd'=woody hill-range. ...
I have little doubt but that this is the name of the tract of
land from which the name Burgundi arose; and that it is the
one which fixes their locality. If so, between the Burgundian
and Suevic Germans, the difference, such as it was, was
probably, almost wholly political."

_R. G. Latham, The Germania of Tacitus; Epilegomena,
section 12._

BURGUNDIANS: A. D. 406-409.
Invasion Of Gaul.

See GAUL: A. D. 406-409.

BURGUNDIANS: A. D. 443-451.
Their Savoyan Kingdom.