Chapter XII: Front Matter (12)

"Save a slight inter-mixture of European settlers, the Eskimo
are the only inhabitants of the shores of Arctic America, and
of both sides of Davis Strait and Baffin Bay, including
Greenland, as well as a tract of about 400 miles on the
Behring Strait coast of Asia. Southward they extend as far as
about 50° North latitude on the eastern side, 60° on the
western side of America, and from 55° to 60° on the shores of
Hudson Bay. Only on the west the Eskimo near their frontier
are interrupted on two small spots of the coast by the Indians,
named Kennayans and Ugalenzes, who have there advanced to the
sea-shore for the sake of fishing. These coasts of Arctic
America, of course, also comprise all the surrounding islands.
Of these, the Aleutian Islands form an exceptional group; the
inhabitants of these on the one hand distinctly differing from
the coast people here mentioned, while on the other they show
a closer relationship to the Eskimo than any other nation. The
Aleutians, therefore, may be considered as only an abnormal
branch of the Eskimo nation. ... As regards their northern
limits, the Eskimo people, or at least remains of their
habitations, have been found nearly as far north as any Arctic
explorers have hitherto advanced: and very possibly bands of
them may live still farther to the north, as yet quite unknown
to us. ... On comparing the Eskimo with the neighbouring
nations, their physical complexion certainly seems to point at
an Asiatic origin; but, as far as we know, the latest
investigations have also shown a transitional link to exist
between the Eskimo and the other American nations, which would
sufficiently indicate the possibility of a common origin from
the same continent. As to their mode of life, the Eskimo
decidedly resemble their American neighbours. ... With regard
to their language, the Eskimo also appear akin to the American
nations in regard to its decidedly polysynthetic structure.
Here, however, on the other hand, we meet with some very
remarkable similarities between the Eskimo idiom and the
language of Siberia, belonging to the Altaic or Finnish group.
... According to the Sagas of the Icelanders, they were
already met with on the east coast of Greenland about the year
1000, and almost at the same time on the east coast of the
American continent. ... Between the years 1000 and 1300 they
do not seem to have occupied the land south of 65° North L. on
the west coast of Greenland, where the Scandinavian colonies
were then situated. But the colonists seem to have been aware
of their existence in higher latitudes, and to have lived in
fear of an attack by them, since, in the year 1266, an
expedition was sent out for the purpose of exploring the
abodes of the Skrælings, as they were called by the colonists.
... About the year 1450, the last accounts were received from
the colonies, and the way to Greenland was entirely forgotten
in the mother country. ... The features of the natives in the
Southern part of Greenland indicate a mixed descent from the
Scandinavians and Eskimo, the former, however, not having left
the slightest sign of any influence on the nationality or
culture of the present natives. In the year 1585, Greenland
was discovered anew by John Davis, and found inhabited
exclusively by Eskimo."

_H. Rink, Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo,
introduction and chapter 6._

_H. Rink, The Eskimo tribes._

"In 1869, I proposed for the Aleuts and people of Innuit stock
collectively the term Orarians, as indicative of their
coastwise distribution, and as supplying the need of a general
term to designate a very well-defined race. ...The Orarians
are divided into two well-marked groups, namely the Innuits,
comprising all the so-called Eskimo and Tuskis, and the
Aleuts."

_W. H. Dall, Tribes of the Extreme Northwest (Contributed
to North American Ethnology, volume 1), part 1._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Esselenian Family.

"The present family was included by Latham in the
heterogeneous group called by him Salinas. ... The term
Salinan [is now] restricted to the San Antonio and San Miguel
languages, leaving the present family ... [to be] called
Esselenian, from the name of the single tribe Esselen, of
which it is composed. ... The tribe or tribes composing this
family occupied a narrow strip of the California coast from
Monterey Bay south to the vicinity of the Santa Lucia
Mountain, a distance of about 50 miles."

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of
Ethnology, pages 75-76._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Etchemins.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Eurocs, or Yuroks.

See below: MODOCS, &c.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Five Nations.

See below: IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Flatheads (Salishan Family).

See Note, Appendix E.

"The name Flathead was commonly given to the Choctaws, though,
says Du Pratz, he saw no reason why they should be so
distinguished, when the practice of flattening the head was so
general. And in the enumeration just cited [Documentary Hist.
of New York, volume 1, page 24] the next paragraph. ... is: 'The
Flatheads, Cherakis, Chicachas, and Totiris are included under
the name of Flatheads by the Iroquois."

_M. F. Force, Some Early Notices of the Indians of Ohio,
page 32._

"The Salish ... are distinctively known as Flatheads, though
the custom of deforming the cranium is not confined to them."

_D. G. Brinton, The American Race, page 107._

"In ... early times the hunters and trappers could not
discover why the Blackfeet and Flatheads [of Montana] received
their respective designations, for the feet of the former are
no more inclined to sable than any other part of the body,
while the heads of the latter possess their fair proportion of
rotundity. Indeed it is only below the falls and rapids that
real Flatheads appear, and at the mouth of the Columbia that
they flourish most supernaturally. The tribes who practice the
custom of flattening the head, and who lived at the mouth of
the Columbia, differed little from each other in laws, manners
or customs, and were composed of the Cathlamahs, Killmucks,
Clatsops, Chinooks and Chilts. The abominable custom of
flattening their heads prevails among them all."

_P. Ronan, Historical Sketch of the Flathead Indian
Nation, page 17._

In Major Powell's linguistic classification, the "Salishan
Family" (Flathead) is given a distinct place.

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of
Ethnology, page 102._

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AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Fox Indians.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY,
and below, SACS, &c.

For an account of the massacre of Fox Indians at Detroit in
1712,

See CANADA (NEW FRANCE): A. D. 1711-1713.

For an account of the Black Hawk War,

See Illinois: A. D. 1832.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Fuegians.

See below: PATAGONIANS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Gausarapos or Guuchies.

See below: PAMPAS TRIBES.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Ges Tribes.

See below: TUPI.--GUARANI.--TUPUYAS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Gros Ventres (Minnetaree; Hidatsa).

See Note, Appendix E.
See below: HIDATSA;
also, above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Guaicarus.

See below: PAMPAS TRIBES.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Guajira.

See above: COAJIRO.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Guanas.

See below: PAMPAS TRIBES.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Guarani.

See below: TUPI.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Guayanas.

See below: PAMPAS TRIBES.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Guck or Coco Group.

An extensive linguistic group of tribes in Brazil, on and
north of the Amazon, extending as far as the Orinoco, has been
called the Guck, or Coco group. "There is no common name for
the group, that here used meaning a father's brother, a very
important personage in these tribes. The Guck group embraces a
large number of tribes. ... We need enumerate but few. The
Cuyriri or Kiriri (also known as Sabaja, Pimenteiras, etc.),
number about 3,000. Some of them are half civilized, some are
wild, and, without restraint, wander about, especially in the
mountains in the Province of Pernambuco. The Araicu live on
the lower Amazon and the Tocantins. Next come the Manaos, who
have a prospect of maintaining themselves longer than most
tribes. With them is connected the legend of the golden lord
who washed the gold dust from his limbs in a lake [see EL
DORADO]. ... The Uirina, Baré, and Cariay live on the Rio
Negro, the Cunimaré on the Jurua, the Maranha on the Jutay.
Whether the Chamicoco on the right bank of the Paraguay,
belong to the Guck is uncertain. Among the tribes which,
though very much mixed, are still to be enumerated with the
Guck, are the Tecuna and the Passé. In language the Tecunas
show many similarities to the Ges; they live on the western
borders of Brazil, and extend in Equador to the Pastaça. Among
them occur peculiar masques which strongly recall those found
on the northwest coast of North America. ... In the same
district belong the Uaupe, who are noticeable from the fact
that they live in barracks, indeed the only tribe in South
America in which this custom appears. The communistic houses
of the Uaupe are called 'malloca;' they are buildings of about
120 feet long, 75 feet wide, and 30 high, in which live a band
of about 100 persons in 12 families, each of the latter,
however, in its own room. ... Finally, complex tribes of the
most different nationality are comprehended under names which
indicate only a common way of life, but are also incorrectly
used as ethnographic names. These are Caripuna, Mura, and
Miranha, all of whom live in the neighborhood of the Madeira
River. Of the Caripuna or Jaûn-Avô (both terms signify
'watermen'), who are mixed with Quichua blood, it is related
that they not only ate human flesh, but even cured it for
preservation. ... Formerly the Mura ... were greatly feared;
this once powerful and populous tribe, however, was almost
entirely destroyed at the end of the last century by the
Mundruco; the remnant is scattered. ... The Mura are the
gypsies among the Indians on the Amazon; and by all the other
tribes they are regarded with a certain degree of contempt as
pariahs. ... Much to be feared, even among the Indians, are
also the Miranha (i. e., rovers, vagabonds), a still populous
tribe on the right bank of the Japura, who seem to know
nothing but war, robbery, murder, and man-hunting."

_The Standard Natural History
(J. S. Kingsley, ed.), volume 6, pages 245-248._

ALSO IN _F. Keller, The Amazon and Madeira Rivers,
chapter 2 and 6._

_H. W. Bates, A Naturalist on the River Amazons,
chapter 7-13._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Guuchies.

See below: PAMPAS TRIBES.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Hackinsacks.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Haidas.

See below: SKITTAGETAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Hidatsa, or Minnetaree, or Grosventres

See Note, Appendix E.

"The Hidatsa, Minnetaree, or Grosventre Indians, are one of
the three tribes which at present inhabit the permanent
village at Fort Berthold, Dakota Territory, and hunt on the
waters of the Upper Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers, in
Northwestern Dakota and Eastern Montana. The history of this
tribe is ... intimately connected with that of the politically
allied tribes of the Aricarees and Mandans." The name,
Grosventres, was given to the people of this tribe "by the
early French and Canadian adventurers. The same name was
applied also to a tribe, totally distinct from these in
language and origin, which lives some hundreds of miles west
of Fort Berthold; and the two nations are now distinguished
from one another as Grosventres of the Missouri and
Grosventres of the Prairie. ... Edward Umfreville, who traded
on the Saskatchewan River from 1784 to 1787, ... remarks: ...
'They [the Canadian French] call them Grosventres, or
Big-Bellies; and without any reason, as they are as comely and
as well made as any tribe whatever.' ... In the works of many
travellers they are called Minnetarees, a name which is
spelled in various ways. ... This, although a Hidatsa word, is
the name applied to them, not by themselves, but by the
Mandans; it signifies 'to cross the water,' or 'they crossed
the water.' ... Hidatsa was the name of the village on Knife
River farthest from the Missouri, the village of those whom
Lewis and Clarke considered the Minnetarees proper." It is the
name "now generally used by this people to designate
themselves."

_W. Matthews, Ethnography and Philology of the Hidatsa
Indians, parts 1-2 (United States Geological and
Geographical Survey. F. V. Hayden, Mis. Pub., No. 7)_.

See also, below: SIOUAN FAMILY.

{88}

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Hitchitis.

See below: MUSKHOGEAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Horikans.

North of the Mohegans, who occupied the east bank of the
Hudson River opposite Albany, and covering the present
counties of Columbia and Rensselaer, dwelt the Algonkin tribe
of Horikans, "whose hunting grounds appear to have extended
from the waters of the Connecticut, across the Green
Mountains, to the borders of that beautiful lake [named Lake
George by the too loyal Sir William Johnson] which might now
well bear their sonorous name."

_J. R. Brodhead, History of the State of New York,
page 77._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Huamaboya.

See above: ANDESIANS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Huancas.

See PERU.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Huastecs.

See below: MAYAS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Huecos, or Wacos.

See below: PAWNEE (CADDOAN) FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Humas, or Oumas.

See below: MUSKHOGEAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Hupas.

See Note, Appendix E.
See below: MODOCS, &c.

Hurons, or Wyandots.
Neutral Nation.
Eries.

"The peninsula between the Lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario was
occupied by two distinct peoples, speaking dialects of the
Iroquois tongue. The Hurons or Wyandots, including the tribe
called by the French the Dionondadies, or Tobacco Nation,
dwelt among the forests which bordered the eastern shores of
the fresh water sea to which they have left their name; while
the Neutral Nation, so called from their neutrality in the war
between the Hurons and the Five Nations, inhabited the
northern shores of Lake Erie, and even extended their eastern
flank across the strait of Niagara. The population of the
Hurons has been variously stated at from 10,000 to 30,000
souls, but probably did not exceed the former estimate. The
Franciscans and the Jesuits were early among them, and from
their descriptions it is apparent that, in legends, and
superstitions, manners and habits, religious observances and
social customs, they were closely assimilated to their
brethren of the Five Nations. ... Like the Five Nations, the
Wyandots were in some measure an agricultural people; they
bartered the surplus products of their maize fields to
surrounding tribes, usually receiving fish in exchange; and
this traffic was so considerable that the Jesuits styled their
country the Granary of the Algonquins. Their prosperity was
rudely broken by the hostilities of the Five Nations; for
though the conflicting parties were not ill matched in point
of numbers, yet the united counsels and ferocious energies of
the confederacy swept all before them. In the year 1649, in
the depth of winter, their warriors invaded the country of the
Wyandots, stormed their largest villages, and involved all
within in indiscriminate slaughter. The survivors fled in
panic terror, and the whole nation was broken and dispersed.
Some found refuge among the French of Canada, where, at the
village of Lorette, near Quebec, their descendants still
remain; others were incorporated with their conquerors, while
others again fled northward, beyond Lake Superior, and sought
an asylum among the wastes which bordered on the north-eastern
lands of the Dahcotah. Driven back by those fierce bison-hunters,
they next established themselves about the outlet of Lake
Superior, and the shores and islands in the northern parts of
Lake Huron. Thence, about the year 1680, they descended to
Detroit, where they formed a permanent settlement, and where,
by their superior valor, capacity and address, they soon
acquired an ascendancy over the surrounding Algonquins. The
ruin of the Neutral Nation followed close on that of the
Wyandots, to whom, according to Jesuit authority, they bore an
exact resemblance in character and manners. The Senecas soon
found means to pick a quarrel with them; they were assailed by
all the strength of the insatiable confederacy, and within a
few years their destruction as a nation was complete."

_F. Parkman, The Conspiracy of Pontiac, chapter 1._

_F. Parkman, The Jesuits in North America, chapter 1._

"The first in this locality [namely, the western extremity of
the State of New York, on and around the site of the city of
Buffalo], of whom history makes mention, were the
Attiouandaronk, or Neutral Nation, called Kah-kwas by the
Senecas. They had their council-fires along the Niagara, but
principally on its western side. Their hunting grounds
extended from the Genesee nearly to the eastern shores of Lake
Huron, embracing a wide and important territory. ... They are
first mentioned by Champlain during his winter visit to the
Hurons in 1615 ... but he was unable to visit their territory.
... The peace which this peculiar people had so long
maintained with the Iroquois was destined to be broken. Some
jealousies and collisions occurred in 1647, which culminated
in open war in 1650. One of the villages of the Neutral
Nation, nearest the Senecas and not far from the site of our
city [Buffalo], was captured in the autumn of the latter year,
and another the ensuing spring. So well-directed and energetic
were the blows of the Iroquois, that the total destruction of
the Neutral Nation was speedily accomplished. ... The
survivors were adopted by their conquerors. .... A long period
intervened between the destruction of the Neutral Nation and
the permanent occupation of their country by the
Senecas,"--which latter event occurred after the expulsion of
the Senecas from the Genesee Valley, by the expedition under
General Sullivan, in 1779, during the Revolutionary War. "They
never, as a nation, resumed their ancient seats along the
Genesee, but sought and found a new home on the secluded banks
and among the basswood forests of the Dó-syo-wa, or Buffalo
Creek, whence they had driven the Neutral Nation 130 years
before. ... It has been assumed by many writers that the
Kah-kwas and Eries were identical. This is not so. The latter,
according to the most reliable authorities, lived south of the
western extremity of Lake Erie until they were destroyed by
the Iroquois in 1655. The Kah-kwas were exterminated by them
as early as 1651. On Coronelli's map, published in 1688, one
of the villages of the latter, called 'Kahouagoga, a destroyed
nation,' is located at or near the site of Buffalo."

_O. H. Marshall, The Niagara Frontier, pages 5-8, and
foot-note_.

"Westward of the Neutrals, along the Southeastern shores of
Lake Erie, and stretching as far east as the Genesee river,
lay the country of the Eries, or, as they were denominated by
the Jesuits, 'La Nation Chat,' or Cat Nation, who were also a
member of the Huron-Iroquois family. The name of the beautiful
lake on whose margin our city [Buffalo] was cradled is their
most enduring monument, as Lake Huron is that of the generic
stock. They were called the Cat Nation either because that
interesting but mischievous animal, the raccoon, which the
holy fathers erroneously classed in the feline gens, was the
totem of their leading clan, or sept, or in consequence of the
abundance of that mammal within their territory."

_W. C. Bryant, Interesting Archaeological Studies in and
about Buffalo, page 12._

{89}

Mr. Schoolcraft either identifies or confuses the Eries and
the Neutral Nation.

_H. R. Schoolcraft, Sketch of the History of the Ancient
Eries (Information Respecting the Indian Tribes, part 4. p.
197)._

ALSO IN
_J. G. Shea, Inquiries Respecting the lost Neutral Nation
(same, part 4, page 204)._-

_D. Wilson, The Huron-Iroquois of Canada (Trans. Royal
Society of Canada, 1884)_.

_P. D. Clarke, Origin and Traditional History of the
Wyandottes._

_W. Ketchum, History of Buffalo, volume 1, chapter 1-2_.

_N. B. Craig. The Olden Time, volume 1, page 225_.

See below: IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY;

Also, CANADA (NEW FRANCE): A. D. 1608-1611; 1611-1616;
1634-1652; 1640-1700.

See, also, PONTIAC'S WAR.

For an account of "Lord Dunmore's War,"

See OHIO (VALLEY): A. D. 1774.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Illinois and Miamis.

"Passing the country of the Lenape and the Shawanoes, and
descending the Ohio, the traveller would have found its valley
chiefly occupied by two nations, the Miamis or Twightwees, on
the Wabash and its branches, and the Illinois, who dwelt in
the neighborhood of the river to which they have given their
name, while portions of them extended beyond the Mississippi.
Though never subjugated, as were the Lenape, both the Miamis
and the Illinois were reduced to the last extremity by the
repeated attacks of the Five Nations; and the Illinois, in
particular, suffered so much by these and other wars, that the
population of ten or twelve thousand, ascribed to them by the
early French writers, had dwindled, during the first quarter
of the eighteenth century,
to a few small villages."

_F. Parkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac, chapter 1._

See, also, above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY;
and below: SACS, &c.;
also CANADA (NEW FRANCE): A. D. 1669-1687.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Incas, or Yncas.

See PERU.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Innuits.

See above: ESKIMAUAN.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Iowas.

See below: SIOUAN FAMILY, and PAWNEE (CADDOAN) FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Iroquois Confederacy.
Iroquoian Family.

"At the outset of the 16th Century, when the five tribes or
nations of the Iroquois confederacy first became known to
European explorers, they were found occupying the valleys and
uplands of northern New York, in that picturesque and fruitful
region which stretches westward from the head-waters of the
Hudson to the Genesee. The Mohawks, or Caniengas--as they
should properly be called--possessed the Mohawk River, and
covered Lake George and Lake Champlain with their flotillas of
large canoes, managed with the boldness and skill which,
hereditary in their descendants, make them still the best
boatmen of the North American rivers. West of the Caniengas
the Oneidas held the small river and lake which bear their
name. ... West of the Oneidas, the imperious Onondagas, the
central and, in some respects, the ruling nation of the
League, possessed the two lakes of Onondaga and Skaneateles.
together with the common outlet of this inland lake system,
the Oswego River to its issue into Lake Ontario. Still
proceeding westward, the lines of trail and river led to the
long and winding stretch of Lake Cayuga, about which were
clustered the towns of the people who gave their name to the
lake; and beyond them, over the wide expanse of hills and
dales surrounding Lakes Seneca and Canandaigua, were scattered
the populous villages of the Senecas, more correctly called
Sonontowanas, or Mountaineers. Such were the names and abodes
of the allied nations, members of the far-famed Kanonsionni,
or League of United Households, who were destined to become
for a time the most notable and powerful community among the
native tribes of North America. The region which has been
described was not, however, the original seat of those nations.
They belonged to that linguistic family which is known to
ethnologists as the Huron-Iroquois stock. This stock comprised
the Hurons or Wyandots, the Attiwandaronks or Neutral Nation,
the Iroquois, the Eries, the Andastes or Conestogas, the
Tuscaroras and some smaller bands. The tribes of this family
occupied a long irregular area of inland territory, stretching
from Canada to North Carolina. The northern nations were all
clustered about the great lakes; the southern bands held the
fertile valleys bordering the head-waters of the rivers which
flowed from the Allegheny mountains. The languages of all
these tribes showed a close affinity. ... The evidence of
language, so far as it has yet been examined, seems to show
that the Huron clans were the older members of the group; and
the clear and positive traditions of all the surviving tribes,
Hurons, Iroquois, and Tuscarora, point to the lower St.
Lawrence as the earliest known abode of their stock. Here the
first explorer, Cartier, found Indians of this stock at
Hochelaga and Stadaconé, now the sites of Montreal and Quebec.
... As their numbers increased, dissensions arose. The hive
swarmed, and band after band moved off to the west and south.
As they spread they encountered people of other stocks, with
whom they had frequent wars. Their most constant and most
dreaded enemies were the tribes of the Algonkin family, a
fierce and restless people, of northern origin, who everywhere
surrounded them. At one period, however, if the concurrent
traditions of both Iroquois and Algonkins can be believed,
these contending races for a time stayed their strife, and
united their forces in an alliance against a common and
formidable foe. This foe was the nation, or perhaps the
confederacy, of the Alligewi or Talligewi, the semi-civilized
'Mound-builders' of the Ohio Valley, who have left their name
to the Allegheny river and mountains, and whose vast
earthworks are still, after half-a-century of study, the
perplexity of archæologists. A desperate warfare ensued, which
lasted about a hundred years, and ended in the complete overthrow
and destruction, or expulsion, of the Alligewi. The survivors
of the conquered people fled southward. ... The time which has
elapsed since the overthrow of the Alligewi is variously
estimated. The most probable conjecture places it at a period
about a thousand years before the present day. It was
apparently soon after their expulsion that the tribes of the
Huron-Iroquois and the Algonkin stocks scattered themselves
over the wide region south of the Great Lakes, thus left open
to their occupancy."

_H. Hale, Introduction to Iroquois Book of Rites._

{90}

After the coming of the Europeans into the New World, the
French were the first to be involved in hostilities with the
Iroquois, and their early wars with them produced a hatred
which could never be extinguished. Hence the English were able
to win the alliance of the Five Nations, when they struggled
with France for the mastery of the North American continent,
and they owed their victory to that alliance, probably, more
than to any other single cause. England still retained the
faithful friendship and alliance of the Iroquois when she came
to a struggle with her own colonies, and all the tribes except
the Oneidas were in arms against the Americans in the
Revolutionary War. "With the restoration of peace, the
political transaction of the League were substantially closed.
This was, in effect, the termination of their political
existence. The jurisdiction of the United States was extended
over their ancient territories, and from that time forth they
became dependent nations. During the progress of the
Revolution, the Mohawks abandoned their country and removed to
Canada, finally establishing themselves partly upon Grand
River, in the Niagara peninsula, and partly near Kingston,
where they now reside upon two reservations secured to them by
the British government. ... The policy of the State of New York
[toward the Iroquois nations] was ever just and humane.
Although their country, with the exception of that of the
Oneidas, might have been considered as forfeited by the event
of the Revolution, yet the government never enforced the
rights of conquest, but extinguished the Indian title to the
country by purchase, and treaty stipulations. A portion of the
Oneida nation [who had sold their lands to the State, from
time to time, excepting one small reservation] emigrated to a
reservation on the river Thames in Canada, where about 400 of
them now [1851] reside. Another and a larger band removed to
Green Bay, in Wisconsin, where they still make their homes to
the number of 700. But a small part of the nation have
remained around the seat of their ancient council-fire ...
near Oneida Castle, in the county of Oneida." The Onondagas
"still retain their beautiful and secluded valley of Onondaga,
with sufficient territory for their comfortable maintenance.
About 150 Onondagas now reside with the Senecas; another party
are established on Grand River, in Canada, and a few have
removed to the west. ... In the brief space of twelve years
after the first house of the white man was erected in Cayuga
county (1789) the whole nation [of the Cayugas] was uprooted
and gone. In 1795, they ceded, by treaty, all their lands to
the State, with the exception of one reservation, which they
finally abandoned about the year 1800. A portion of them
removed to Green Bay, another to Grand River, and still
another, and a much larger band, settled at Sandusky, in Ohio,
from whence they were removed by government, a few years
since, into the Indian territory, west of the Mississippi.
About 120 still reside among the Senecas, in western New York.
... The Tuscaroras, after removing from the Oneida territory,
finally located near the Niagara river, in the vicinity of
Lewiston, on a tract given to them by the Senecas. ... The
residue of the Senecas are now shut up within three small
reservations, the Tonawanda, the Cattaraugus and the Allegany,
which, united, would not cover the area of one of the lesser
counties of the State."

_L. H. Morgan, The League of the Iroquois,
book 1, chapter 1._

"The Indians of the State of New York number about 5,000, and
occupy lands to the estimated extent of 87,()77 acres. With
few exceptions, these people are the direct descendants of the
native Indians, who once possessed and controlled the soil of
the entire State."

_Report of Special Committee to Investigate the Indian
Problem of the State of New York 1889._

_H. R. Schoolcraft, Notes on the Iroquois._

_F. Parkman, The Conspiracy of Pontiac, chapter 1._

_C. Colden, History of the Five Indian Nations._

_J. Fiske, Discovery of America, chapter 1._

In 1715 the Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy became
Six Nations, by the admission of the Tuscaroras, from N.
Carolina.

See below: IROQUOIS TRIBES OF THE SOUTH.

On the relationship between the Iroquois and the Cherokees,

See above: CHEROKEES.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Iroquois Confederacy.
Their Name.

"The origin and proper meaning of the word Iroquois are
doubtful. All that can be said with certainty is that the
explanation given by Charlevoix cannot possibly be correct.
The name of Iroquois, he says, is purely French, and has been
formed from the term 'hiro,' 'I have spoken,' a word by which
these Indians close all their speeches, and 'kouê,' which,
when long drawn out, is a cry of sorrow, and when briefly
uttered is an exclamation of joy. ... But ... Champlain had
learned the name from his Indian allies before he or any other
Frenchman, so far as is known, had ever seen an Iroquois. It
is probable that the origin of the word is to be sought in the
Huron language; yet, as this is similar to the Iroquois
tongue, an attempt may be made to find a solution in the
latter. According to Bruyas, the word 'garokwa' meant a pipe,
and also a piece of tobacco,--and, in its verbal form, to
smoke. This word is found, somewhat disguised by aspirates, in
the Book of Rites,--denighroghkwayen,--'let us two smoke
together.' ... In the indeterminate form the verb becomes
'ierokwa,' which is certainly very near to Iroquois. It might
be rendered 'they who smoke,' or 'they who use tobacco,' or,
briefly, 'the Tobacco People.' This name, the Tobacco Nation
('Nation du Petun') was given by the French, and probably also
by the Algonkins, to one of the Huron tribes, the Tionontates,
noted for the excellent tobacco which they raised and sold.
The Iroquois were equally well known for their cultivation of
this plant, of which they had a choice variety."

_H. Hale, Iroquois Book of Rites, appendix, note A._

Iroquois Confederacy.
Their conquests and wide dominion.

"The project of a League [among the 'Five Nations' of the
Iroquois] originated with the Onondagas, among whom it was
first suggested, as a means to enable them more effectually to
resist the pressure of contiguous nations. The epoch of its
establishment cannot now be decisively ascertained; although
the circumstances attending its formation are still preserved
by tradition with great minuteness. These traditions all refer
to the northern shore of the Onondaga lake, as the place where
the Iroquois chiefs assembled in general congress, to agree
upon the terms and principles of the compact. ... After the
formation of the League, the Iroquois rose rapidly in power
and influence. ... With the first consciousness of rising
power, they turned their long-cherished resentment upon the
Adirondacks, who had oppressed them in their infancy as a
nation, and had expelled them from their country, in the first
struggle for the ascendancy.
{91}
... At the era of French discovery (1535), the latter nation
[the Adirondacks] appear to have been dispossessed of their
original country, and driven down the St. Lawrence as far as
Quebec. ... A new era commenced with the Iroquois upon the
establishment of the Dutch trading-post at Orange, now Albany,
in 1615. ... Friendly relations were established between the
Iroquois and the Dutch, which continued without interruption
until the latter surrendered their possessions upon the Hudson
to the English in 1664. During this period a trade sprang up
between them in furs, which the Iroquois exchanged for
European fabrics, but more especially for fire-arms, in the
use of which they were afterwards destined to become so
expert. The English, in turn, cultivated the same relations of
friendship. ... With the possession of fire-arms commenced not
only the rapid elevation, but absolute supremacy of the
Iroquois over other Indian nations. In 1643, they expelled the
Neuter Nation from the Niagara peninsula and established a
permanent settlement at the mouth of that river. They nearly
exterminated, in 1653, the Eries, who occupied the south side
of Lake Erie, and from thence east to the Genesee, and thus
possessed themselves of the whole area of western New York,
and the northern part of Ohio. About the year 1670, after they
had finally completed the dispersion and subjugation of the
Adirondacks and Hurons, they acquired possession of the whole
country between lakes Huron, Erie and Ontario, and of the
north bank of the St. Lawrence, to the mouth of the Ottawa
river, near Montreal. ... They also made constant inroads upon
the New England Indians. ... In 1680, the Senecas with 600
warriors invaded the country of the Illinois, upon the borders
of the Mississippi, while La Salle was among the latter. ...
At various times, both before and after this period, the
Iroquois turned their warfare against the Cherokees upon the
Tennessee, and the Catawbas in South Carolina. ... For about a
century, from the year 1600 to the year 1700, the Iroquois
were involved in an almost uninterrupted warfare. At the close
of this period, they had subdued and held in nominal
subjection all the principal Indian nations occupying the
territories which are now embraced in the states of New York,
Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, the northern and
western parts of Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky, Northern Tennessee,
Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, a portion of the New England
States, and the principal part of Upper Canada. Over these
nations, the haughty and imperious Iroquois exercised a
constant supervision. If any of them became involved in
domestic difficulties, a delegation of chiefs went among them
and restored tranquillity, prescribing at the same time their
future conduct."

_L. H. Morgan, League of the Iroquois, book 1, chapter 1._

"Their [the Iroquois's] war-parties roamed over half America,
and their name was a terror from the Atlantic to the
Mississippi; but when we ask the numerical strength of the
dreaded confederacy, when we discover that, in the days of
their greatest triumphs, their united cantons could not have
mustered 4,000 warriors, we stand amazed at the folly and
dissension which left so vast a region the prey of a handful
of bold marauders. Of the cities and villages now so thickly
scattered over the lost domain of the Iroquois, a single one
might boast a more numerous population than all the five
united tribes."

_F. Parkman, The Conspiracy of Pontiac, chapter 1._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Iroquois Confederacy: A. D. 1608-1700.
Their wars with the French.

See CANADA (NEW FRANCE): A. D. 1608-1611; 1611-1616;
1634-1652; 1640-1700; 1696.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Iroquois Confederacy: A. D. 1648-1649.
Their destruction of the Hurons and the Jesuit Missions.

See CANADA (NEW FRANCE): A. D. 1634-1652;
also, above, HURONS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Iroquois Confederacy: A. D. 1684-1744.
Surrenders and conveyances to the English.

See
NEW YORK: A. D. 1684, and 1726;
VIRGINIA: A. D. 1744;
OHIO (VALLEY): A. D. 1748-1754;
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1765-1768.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Iroquois Confederacy: A. D. 1778-1779.
Their part in the War of the American Revolution.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1778 (JUNE-NOVEMBER)
and (JULY); and 1779 (AUGUST-SEPTEMBER).

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Iroquois Tribes of the South.

See Note, Appendix E.

"The southern Iroquois tribes occupied Chowan River and its
tributary streams. They were bounded on the east by the most
southerly Lenape tribes, who were in possession of the low
country along the sea shores, and those of Albemarle and
Pamlico Sounds. Towards the south and the west they extended
beyond the river Neuse. They appear to have been known in
Virginia, in early times, under the name of Monacans, as far
north as James River. ... Lawson, in his account of the North
Carolina Indians, enumerates the Chowans, the Meherrins, and
the Nottoways, as having together 95 warriors in the year
1708. But the Meherrins or Tuteloes and the Nottoways
inhabited respectively the two rivers of that name, and were
principally seated in Virginia. We have but indistinct notices
of the Tuteloes. ... It appears by Beverly that the Nottoways
had preserved their independence and their numbers later than
the Powhatans, and that, at the end of the 17th century, they
had still 130 warriors. They do not appear to have migrated
from their original seats in a body. In the year 1820, they
are said to have been reduced to 27 souls, and were still in
possession of 7,000 acres in Southampton county, Virginia,
which had been at an early date reserved for them. ... The
Tuscaroras were by far the most powerful nation in North
Carolina, and occupied all the residue of the territory in
that colony, which has been described as inhabited by Iroquois
tribes. Their principal seats in 1708 were on the Neuse and
the Taw or Tar rivers, and according to Lawson they had 1,200
warriors in fifteen towns." In 1711 the Tuscaroras attacked
the English colonists, massacring 130 in a single day, and a
fierce war ensued. "In the autumn of 1712. all the inhabitants
south and southwest of Chowan River were obliged to live in
forts; and the Tuscaroras expected assistance from the Five
Nations. This could not have been given without involving the
confederacy in a war with Great Britain; and the Tuscaroras
were left to their own resources. A force, consisting chiefly
of southern Indians under the command of Colonel Moore, was
again sent by the government of South Carolina to assist the
northern Colonies. He besieged and took a fort of the
Tuscaroras. ... Of 800 prisoners 600 were given up to the
Southern Indians, who carried them to South Carolina to sell
them as slaves.
{92}
The Eastern Tuscaroras, whose principal town was on
the Taw, twenty miles above Washington, immediately made
peace, and a portion was settled a few years after north of
the Roanoke, near Windsor, where they continued till the year
1803. But the great body of the nation removed in 1714-15 to
the Five Nations, was received as the Sixth, and has since
shared their fate."

_A. Gallatin, Synopsis of the Indian Tribes (Archæologia
Americana, volume 2), introduction, section 2._

ALSO IN
_J. W. Moore, History of North Carolina, volume 1, chapter 3._

See, also, above: IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Itocos.

See above: CHIBCHAS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Itonamos, or Itonomos.

See above: ANDESIANS;
also BOLIVIA: ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Jivara, or Jivaro.

See above: ANDESIANS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Kah-kwas.

See above: HURONS, &c.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Kalapooian Family.

"Under this family name Scouler places two tribes, the
Kalapooian, inhabiting 'the fertile Willamat plains' and the
Yamkallie, who live 'more in the interior, towards the sources
of the Willamat River.'... The tribes of the Kalapooian family
inhabited the valley of Willamette River, Oregon, above the
falls."

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of
Ethnology, page 81._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Kanawhas, or Ganawese.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Kansas, or Kaws.

See below: SIOUAN.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Kapohn.

See above: CARIBS AND THEIR KINDRED.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Karankawan Family.

"The Karankawa formerly dwelt upon the Texan coast, according
to Sibley, upon an island or peninsula in the Bay of St.
Bernard (Matagorda Bay). ... In 1884 Mr. Gatschet found a
Tonkawe at Fort Griffin, Texas, who claimed to have formerly
lived among the Karankawa. From him a vocabulary of
twenty-five terms was obtained, which was all of the language
he remembered. The vocabulary ... such as it is, represents
all of the language that is extant. Judged by this vocabulary
the language seems to be distinct not only from the Attakapa
but from all others."

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of
Ethnology, page 82._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Karoks, or Cahrocs.

See below: MODOCS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Kaskaskias.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Kaus, or Kwokwoos.

See below: KUSAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Kaws, or Kansas.

See below: SIOUAN.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Kenai, or Blood Indians.

See above: BLACKFEET.

See Note, Appendix E.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Keresan Family.

"The ... pueblos of Keresan stock ... are situated in New
Mexico on the upper Rio Grande, on several of its small
western affluents, and on the Jemez and San Jose, which also
are tributaries of the Rio Grande."

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology,
page 83_.

See PUEBLO.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Kikapoos.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY,
and below: SACS, &c., and PAWNEE (CADDOAN) FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Kiowan Family.

"Derivation: From the Kiowa word Kó-i, plural Kó-igu, meaning
'Káyowe man.' The Comanche term Káyowe means 'rat.' The author
who first formally separated this family appears to have been
Turner. ... Turner, upon the strength of a vocabulary
furnished by Lieutenant Whipple, dissents from the opinion
expressed by Pike and others to the effect that the language
is of the same stock as the Comanche, and, while admitting
that its relationship to Comanche is greater than to any other
family, thinks that the likeness is merely the result of long
intercommunication. His opinion that it is entirely distinct
from any other language has been indorsed by Buschmann and
other authorities. The family is represented by the Kiowa
tribe. So intimately associated with the Comanches have the
Kiowa been since known to history that it is not easy to
determine their pristine home. ... Pope definitely locates the
Kiowa in the valley of the Upper Arkansas, and of its
tributary, the Purgatory (Las Animas) River. This is in
substantial accord with the statements of other writers of
about the same period. Schermerhorn (1812) places the Kiowa on
the heads of the Arkansas and Platte. Earlier still they
appear upon the headwaters of the Platte."-

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of
Ethnology, page 84._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Kiriri, Cuyriri.

See above: GUCK OR COCO GROUP.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Kitunahan Family.

"This family was based upon a tribe variously termed Kitunaha,
Kutenay, Cootenai, or Flatbow, living on the Kootenay River,
a branch of the Columbia in Oregon."

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology,
page 85._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Klamaths.

See below: MODOCS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Koluschan Family.

"Derivation: From the Aleut word kolosh, or more properly,
kaluga, meaning 'dish,' the allusion being to the dishshaped
lip ornaments. This family was based by Gallatin upon the
Koluschen tribe (the Tshinkitani of Marchand), 'who inhabit
the islands and the [Pacific] coast from the 60th to the 55th
degree of north latitude.'"

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of
Ethnology, page 86._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Kulanapan Family.

"The main territory of the Kulanapan family is bounded on the
west by the Pacific Ocean, on the east by the Yukian and
Copohan territories, on the north by the watershed of the
Russian River, and on the south by a line drawn from Bodega
Head to the southwest corner of the Yukian territory, near
Santa Rosa, Sonoma County, California."

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of
Ethnology, page 88._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Kusan Family:

"The 'Kaus or Kwokwoos' tribe is merely mentioned by Hale as
living on a river of the same name between the Umqua and the
Clamet."

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of
Ethnology, page 89._

See Note, Appendix E.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Kwokwoos.

See above: KUSAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Lenape.

See above: DELAWARES.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Machicuis.

See below: PAMPAS TRIBES.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Macushi.

See above: CARIBS AND THEIR KINDRED.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Manaos.

See above: GUCK OR COCO GROUP.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Mandans, or Mandanes.

See below: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Manhattans.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY,
and, also, MANHATTAN ISLAND.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Manioto, or Mayno.

See above: ANDESIANS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Mapochins.

See CHILE: A. D. 1450-1724.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Maranha.

See above: GUCK OR Coco GROUP.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Maricopas.

See below: PUEBLOS.

{93}

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Mariposan Family.

"Derivation: A Spanish word meaning 'butterfly,' applied to a
county in California and subsequently taken for the family
name. Latham mentions the remnants of three distinct bands of
the Coconoon, each with its own language, in the north of
Mariposa County. These are classed together under the above
name. More recently the tribes speaking languages allied to
the Coconun have been treated of under the family name Yokut.
As, however, the stock was established by Latham on a sound
basis, his name is here restored."

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology,
page 90._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Mascoutins, or Mascontens,

See below: SACS, &c.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Massachusetts,

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Mataguayas.

See BOLIVIA: ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS,

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Mayas.

"In his second voyage, Columbus heard vague rumors of a
mainland westward from Jamaica and Cuba, at a distance of ten
days' journey in a canoe. ... During his fourth voyage
(1503-4), when he was exploring the Gulf southwest from Cuba,
he picked up a canoe laden with cotton clothing variously
dyed. The natives in it gave him to understand that they were
merchants, and came from a land called Maia. This is the first
mention in history of the territory now called Yucatan, and of
the race of the Mayas; for although a province of similar name
was found in the western extremity of the island of Cuba, the
similarity was accidental, as the evidence is conclusive that
no colony of the Mayas was found on the Antilles. ... Maya was
the patrial name of the natives of Yucatan. It was the proper
name of the northern portion of the peninsula. No single
province bore it at the date of the Conquest, and probably it
had been handed down as a generic term from the period, about
a century before, when this whole district was united under
one government. ... Whatever the primitive meaning and first
application of the name Maya, it is now used to signify
specifically the aborigines of Yucatan. In a more extended
sense, in the expression 'the Maya family,' it is understood
to embrace all tribes, wherever found, who speak related
dialects presumably derived from the same ancient stock as the
Maya proper. ... The total number of Indians of pure blood
speaking the Maya proper may be estimated as nearly or quite
200,000, most of them in the political limits of the
department of Yucatan; to these should be added nearly 100,000
of mixed blood, or of European descent, who use the tongue in
daily life. For it forms one of the rare examples of American
languages possessing vitality enough not only to maintain its
ground, but actually to force itself on European settlers and
supplant their native speech. ... The Mayas did not claim to
be autochthones. Their legends referred to their arrival by
the sea from the East, in remote times, under the leadership
of Itzamna, their hero-god, and also to a less numerous
immigration from the West, which was connected with the
history of another hero-god, Kukul Càn. The first of these
appears to be wholly mythical. ... The second tradition
deserves more attention from the historian. ... It cannot be
denied that the Mayas, the Kiches [or Quiches] and the
Cakchiquels, in their most venerable traditions, claimed to
have migrated from the north or west from some part of the
present country of Mexico. These traditions receive additional
importance from the presence on the shores of the Mexican
Gulf, on the waters of the river Panuco, north of Vera Cruz,
of a prominent branch of the Maya family, the Huastecs. The
idea suggests itself that these were the rear-guard of a great
migration of the Maya family from the north toward the south.
Support is given to this by their dialect, which is most
closely akin to that of the Tzendals of Tabasco, the nearest
Maya race to the south of them, and also by very ancient
traditions of the Aztecs. It is noteworthy that these two
partially civilized races, the Mayas and the Aztecs, though
differing radically in language, had legends which claimed a
community of origin in some indefinitely remote past. We find
these on the Maya side narrated in the sacred book of the
Kiches, the Popol Vuh, in the Cakchiquel 'Records of Tecpan
Atillan,' and in various pure Maya sources. ... The annals of
the Aztecs contain frequent allusions to the Huastecs."

_D. G. Brinton, The Maya Chronicles, introduction._

"Closely enveloped in the dense forests of Chiapas, Gautemala,
Yucatan, and Honduras, the ruins of several ancient cities
have been discovered, which are far superior in extent and
magnificence to any seen in Aztec territory, and of which a
detailed description may be found in the fourth volume of this
work. Most of these cities were abandoned and more or less
unknown at the time of the [Spanish] Conquest. They bear
hieroglyphic inscriptions apparently identical in character;
in other respects they resemble each other more than they
resemble the Aztec ruins--or even other and apparently later
works in Guatemala and Honduras. All these remains bear
evident marks of great antiquity. ... I deem the grounds
sufficient ... for accepting this Central American
civilization of the past as a fact, referring it not to an
extinct ancient race, but to the direct ancestors of the
peoples still occupying the country with the Spaniards, and
applying to it the name Maya as that of the language which has
claims as strong as any to be considered the mother tongue of
the linguistic family mentioned. ... There are no data by
which to fix the period of the original Maya empire, or its
downfall or breaking up into rival factions by civil and
foreign wars. The cities of Yucatan, as is clearly shown by
Mr. Stephens, were, many of them, occupied by the descendants
of the builders down to the conquest, and contain some
remnants of wood-work still in good preservation, although
some of the structures appear to be built on the ruins of
others of a somewhat different type. Palenque and Copan, on
the contrary, have no traces of wood or other perishable
material, and were uninhabited and probably unknown in the
16th century. The loss of the key to what must have been an
advanced system of hieroglyphics, while the spoken language
survived, is also an indication of great antiquity, confirmed
by the fact that the Quiché structures of Guatemala differed
materially from those of the more ancient epoch. It is not
likely that the Maya empire in its integrity continued later
than the 3d or 4th century, although its cities may have been
inhabited much later, and I should fix the epoch of its
highest power at a date preceding rather than following the
Christian era."

_H. H. Bancroft, Native Races of the Pacific States,
volume 2, chapter 2; volume 4, ch, 3-6;
volume 5, chapter 11-13._

{94}

ALSO IN
_Marquis de Nadaillac, Prehistoric America, chapter 6-7._

_J. L. Stephens, Incidents of Travel in Yucatan; and
Travel in Central America, &c._

_B. M. Norman, Rambles in Yucatan_.

_D. Charnay, Ancient Cities of the New World_.

See, also, MEXICO: ANCIENT, and AZTEC AND AND MAYA
PICTURE-WRITING.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Mayoruna, or Barbudo.

See above: ANDESIANS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Menominees.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY, and SACS, &c.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Metöacs.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Miamis, or Twightwees.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY, ILLINOIS, and SACS, &c.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Micmacs.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Mingoes.

"The name of Mingo, or Mengwe, by which the Iroquois were
known to the Delawares and the other southern Algonkins, is
said to be a contraction of the Lenape word 'Mahongwi,'
meaning the 'People of the Springs.' The Iroquois possessed
the head-waters of the rivers which flowed through the country
of the Delawares."

_H. Hale, The Iroquois Book of Rites,
appendix, note. A._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Minneconjou.

See below: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Minnetarees.

See above: HIDATSA;
and below: SIOUAN FAMILY.
See Note, Appendix E. 9.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Minquas.

See below: SUSQUEHANNAS;
and above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Minsis, Munsees, or Minisinks.

See above: DELAWARES, and ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Miranha.

See above: GUCK OR COCO GROUP.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Missouris.

See below: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Mixes.

See below: ZAPOTECS, ETC.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Mixtecs.

See below: ZAPOTECS, ETC.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Mocovis.

See below: PAMPAS TRIBES.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Modocs (Klamaths) and their California and Oregon neighbors.

See Note, Appendix E.