Chapter XC

FROM THE PEACE OF 346 B. C. TO THE BATTLE OF CHÆRONEIA AND THE
DEATH OF PHILIP.

Position of Philip after the conclusion of the Sacred War.
— Sentiments of Demosthenes — he recommends acquiescence in
the peace, and recognition of the new Amphiktyonic dignity of
Philip. — Sentiments of Isokrates — his letter to Philip — his
abnegation of free Hellenism. — Position of the Persian king
Ochus — his measures against revolters in Phenicia and Egypt. —
Reconquest of Phenicia by Ochus — perfidy of the Sidonian prince
Tennes. — Reconquest of Egypt by the Persian force under Mentor
and Bagoas. — Power of Mentor as Persian viceroy of the Asiatic
coast — he seizes Hermeias of Atarneus. — Peace between Philip
and the Athenians, continued without formal renunciation from
346-340 B. C. — Movements and intrigues of Philip everywhere
throughout Greece. — Disunion of the Grecian world — no Grecian
city recognized as leader. — Vigilance and renewed warnings of
Demosthenes against Philip. — Mission of Python to Athens by
Philip — amendments proposed in the recent peace — fruitless
discussions upon them. — Dispute about Halonnesus. — The
Athenians refuse to accept cession of Halonnesus as a favor,
claiming restitution of it as their right. — Halonnesus taken and
retaken — reprisals between Philip and the Athenians. — Movements
of the philippizing factions at Megara — at Oreus — at Eretria. —
Philip in Thrace — disputes about the Bosphorus and Hellespont —
Diopeithes commander for Athens in the Chersonese. Philip takes
part with the Kardians against Athens. Hostile collisions and
complaints against Diopeithes. — Accusations against Diopeithes
at Athens by the philippizing orators — Demosthenes defends him
— speech on the Chersonese, and third Philippic. — Increased
influence of Demosthenes at Athens — Athenian expedition sent,
upon his motion, to Eubœa — Oreus and Eretria are liberated,
and Eubœa is detached from Philip. — Mission of Demosthenes
to the Chersonese and Byzantium — his important services in
detaching the Byzantines from Philip, and bringing them into
alliance with Athens. — Philip commences the siege of Perinthus
— he marches through the Chersonesus — declaration of war
by Athens against him. — Manifesto of Philip, declaring war
against Athens — Complaints of Philip against the Athenians —
his policy towards Athens — his lecture on the advantages of
peace. — Open war between Philip and the Athenians. — Siege of
Perinthus by Philip. His numerous engines for siege — great scale
of operations. Obstinacy of the defence. The town is relieved
by the Byzantines, and by Grecian mercenaries from the Persian
satraps. — Philip attacks Byzantium — danger of the place — it
is relieved by the fleets of Athens, Chios, Rhodes, etc. Success
of the Athenian fleet in the Propontis under Phokion. Philip
abandons the sieges both of Perinthus and Byzantium. — Votes
of thanks from Byzantium and the Chersonesus to Athens for her
aid — honors and compliments to Demosthenes. — Philip withdraws
from Byzantium, concludes peace with the Byzantines, Chians,
and others, and attacks the Scythians. He is defeated by the
Triballi, and wounded, on his return. — Important reform effected
by Demosthenes in the administration of the Athenian marine. —
Abuses which had crept into the trierarchy — unfair apportionment
of the burthen — undue exemption which the rich administrators
had acquired for themselves. — Individual hardship, and bad
public consequences, occasioned by these inequalities. —
Opposition offered by the rich citizens and by Æschines to the
proposed reform of Demosthenes — difficulties which he had to
overcome. — His new reform distributes the burthen of trierarchy
equitably. — Its complete success. Improved efficiency of the
naval armaments under it. — New Sacred War commences in Greece.
— Kirrha and its plain near Delphi consecrated to Apollo, in the
first Sacred War under Solon. — Necessity of a port at Kirrha,
for the convenience of visitors to Delphi. Kirrha grows up again,
and comes into the occupation of the Lokrians of Amphissa. —
Relations between the Lokrians of Amphissa and Delphi — they
had stood forward earnestly in the former Sacred War to defend
Delphi against the Phokians. — Amphiktyonic meeting at Delphi —
February, 339 B. C. Æschines one of the legates from Athens. —
Language of an Amphissian speaker among the Amphiktyons against
Athens — new dedication of an old Athenian donative in the
temple. — Speech of Æschines in the Amphiktyonic assembly. —
Passion and tumult excited by his speech. — Violent resolution
adopted by the Amphiktyons. — The Amphiktyons with the Delphian
multitude march down to destroy Kirrha — interference of the
Amphissians to rescue their property. They drive off the
Amphiktyons. — Farther resolution taken by the Amphiktyons to
hold a future special meeting and take measures for punishing the
Lokrians. — Unjust violence of the Amphiktyons — public mischief
done by Æschines. — Effect of the proceeding of Æschines at
Athens. Opposition of Demosthenes at first fruitless. — Change of
feeling at Athens — the Athenians resolve to take no part in the
Amphiktyonic proceedings against Amphissa. — Special meeting of
the Amphiktyons at Thermopylæ, held without Athens. Vote passed
to levy a force for punishing Amphissa. Kottyphus president. The
Amphiktyons invoke the intervention of Philip. — Motives which
dictated the vote — dependence of most of the Amphiktyonic voters
upon Philip — Philip accepts the command — marches southward
through Thermopylæ. — Philip enters Phokis. — He suddenly
occupies, and begins to re-fortify Elateia. — He sends an embassy
to Thebes, announcing his intention to attack Attica, and asking
either aid, or a free passage for his own army. — Unfriendly
relations subsisting between Athens and Thebes. Hopes of Philip
that Thebes would act in concert with him against Athens. —
Great alarm at Athens, when the news arrived that Philip was
fortifying Elateia. — Athenian public assembly held — general
anxiety and silence — no one will speak but Demosthenes. — Advice
of Demosthenes to despatch an embassy immediately to Thebes, and
to offer alliance on the most liberal terms. — The advice of
Demosthenes is adopted — he is despatched with other envoys to
Thebes. — Divided state of feeling at Thebes — influence of the
philippizing party — effect produced by the Macedonian envoys. —
Efficient and successful oratory of Demosthenes — he persuades
the Thebans to contract alliance with Athens against Philip.
— The Athenian army marches by invitation to Thebes — cordial
coöperation of the Thebans and Athenians. — Vigorous resolutions
taken at Athens — continuance of the new docks suspended — the
Theôric Fund is devoted to military purposes. — Disappointment of
Philip — he remains in Phokis, and writes to his Peloponnesian
allies to come and join him against Amphissa. — War of the
Athenians and Thebans against Philip in Phokis — they gain some
advantages over him — honors paid to Demosthenes at Athens. — The
Athenians and Thebans reconstitute the Phokians and their towns.
— War against Philip in Phokis — great influence of Demosthenes
— auxiliaries which he procured. — Increased efforts of Philip
in Phokis. — Successes of Philip — he defeats a large body of
mercenary troops — he takes Amphissa. — No eminent general on
the side of the Greeks — Demosthenes keeps up the spirits of
the allies, and holds them together. — Battle of Chæroneia —
complete victory of Philip. — Macedonian phalanx — its long pikes
— superior in front charge to the Grecian hoplites. — Excellent
organization of the Macedonian army by Philip — different sorts
of force combined. — loss at the battle of Chæroneia. — Distress
and alarm at Athens on the news of the defeat. — Resolutions
taken at Athens for energetic defence. Respect and confidence
shown to Demosthenes. — Effect produced upon some of the
islanders in the Ægean by the defeat — conduct of the Rhodians. —
Conduct of Philip after the victory — harshness towards Thebes —
greater lenity to Athens. — Conduct of Æschines — Demades is sent
as envoy to Philip. — Peace of Demades, concluded between Philip
and the Athenians. The Athenians are compelled to recognize him
as chief of the Hellenic world. — Remarks of Polybius on the
Demadean peace — means of resistance still possessed by Athens.
— Honorary votes passed at Athens to Philip. — Impeachment
brought against Demosthenes at Athens — the Athenians stand
by him. — Expedition of Philip into Peloponnesus. He invades
Laconia. — Congress held at Corinth. Philip is chosen chief of
the Greeks against Persia. — Mortification to Athenian feelings
— degraded position of Athens and of Greece. No genuine feeling
in Greece now, towards war against Persia. — Preparations of
Philip for the invasion of Persia. — Philip repudiates Olympias
at the instance of his recently married wife, Kleopatra —
resentment of Olympias and Alexander — dissension at Court. —
Great festival in Macedonia — celebrating the birth of a son
to Philip by Kleopatra, and the marriage of his daughter with
Alexander of Epirus. — Pausanias — outrage inflicted upon him
— his resentment against Philip, encouraged by the partisans of
Olympias and Alexander. — Assassination of Philip by Pausanias,
who is slain by the guards. — Accomplices of Pausanias. —
Alexander the great is declared king — first notice given to him
by the Lynkestian Alexander, one of the conspirators — Attalus
and queen Kleopatra, with her infant son, are put to death. —
Satisfaction manifested by Olympias at the death of Philip. —
Character of Philip.
434-523

HISTORY OF GREECE.