Chapter XXXV: Front Matter (35)

The first and best known method consists in printing, in some delicate and easily destroyed colour, a complicated pattern on the face of the paper. Any reagent which will remove the writing will, of course, destroy the pattern below, and so render the alteration evident. The cheques used by Messrs Coutts and Co. are fine examples of this kind of protection, the whole of the paper being printed over with the name of the firm in characters so delicate, that they can scarcely be read without the assistance of a lens.

The obvious objection to this method is, that it is possible for a skilful forger to replace the printed design before the completion of the alteration.

The other method consists in the introduction into the paper during its manufacture of some substance or mixture of substances which shall strike a characteristic colour when chemical agents are applied to the ink.

One of the earliest attempts of this kind was that of Stephenson, who introduced ferrocyanide of potassium into the pulp. When any acid was applied to the writing, Prussian blue was formed with the aid of the iron of the ink. In another process iodide of potassium and starch were introduced into the paper, the application of chlorine then producing a blue stain (iodide of starch), while in a third (Robson’s) the pulp was stained with the ingredients of common writing ink.

None of these methods gave, however, any very efficient protection against fraud, for in each case it was tolerably easy to restore the paper to its original condition. But another process which followed upon the others has proved more successful, and, when properly applied, gives a paper which is practically secure. This process was patented by Barclay, and consists in the introduction into the pulp of ferrocyanide of manganese. When any acid is applied to the writing on this paper the blue stain of Prussian blue appears. This can, it is true, be removed by alkalies, but in that case the manganese is precipitated as the brown peroxide, an effect also produced by bleaching powder. This brown stain can be removed by sulphurous acid, but in that case Prussian blue appears simultaneously, so that the forger has merely a choice between a brown and a blue stain.

When such paper is printed with a delicate design in some fugitive ink (common writing ink would be best), the greatest attainable safety is obtained.

Ferrocyanide of manganese is easily formed by adding to the pulp pure crystallised chloride of manganese, and rather more than an equal weight of ferrocyanide of potassium, both in solution. (Heaton.)

=Paper, Ra′′zor.= Smooth unsized paper, one of the surfaces of which, whilst in a slightly damp state, has been rubbed over with a mixture of calcined peroxide of iron and emery, both in impalpable powder. It is cut up into pieces (about 5 × 3 inches), and sold in packets. Used to wipe the razor on, which thus does not require stropping.

=Paper, Razor-strop.= From emery and quartz (both in impalpable powder), and paper pulp (estimated in the dry state), equal parts, made into sheets of the thickness of drawing paper, by the ordinary process. For use, a piece is pasted on the strop and moistened with a little oil.

=Paper, Re′sin.= _Syn._ POOR-MAN’S PLASTER; CHARTA RESINOSA, L. _Prep._ 1. Beeswax, 1 oz.; tar and resin, of each, 3 oz.; melted together and spread on paper.

2. (Ph. Bor.) Paper thinly spread over with black pitch. Calefacient, stimulant, and counter-irritant; in rheumatism, chest affections, &c.

=Paper, Rheu′matism.= See PAPERS, GOUT, and RESIN.

=Paper, Safe′ty.= _Syn._ PAPIER DE SURETÉ, Fr. White paper pulp mixed with an equal quantity of pulp tinged with any stain easily affected by chlorine, acids, alkalies, &c., and made into sheets as usual.

=Paper, Test.= _Syn._ CHARTA EXPLORATORIA, L. Under this head may be conveniently included all the varieties of prepared paper employed in testing. For this purpose sheets of unsized paper or of good ordinary writing paper (preferably the first), are uniformly wetted with a solution of the salt, or with a cold infusion or decoction of the tinctorial substance in distilled water, and are then hung up to dry in a current of pure air; they are, lastly, cut into pieces of a convenient size, and preserved in closed bottles or jars. For use, a small strip of the prepared paper is either dipped into or moistened with the liquid under examination, or it is moistened with distilled water and then exposed to the fumes. A single drop, or even less, of any liquid may be thus tested.

The following are the principal test papers and their applications:——

PAPER, BRAZIL-WOOD. From the decoction. Alkalies turn it purple or violet; strong acids, red.

PAPER, BUCKTHORN. From the juice of the berries. Reddened by acids.

PAPER, CHERRY-JUICE. As the last.

PAPER, DAHLIA, GEORGINA P. From an infusion of the petals of the violet dahlia (_Georgina purpurea_). Alkalies turn it green; acids red; strong caustic alkalies turn it yellow. Very delicate.

PAPER, ELDERBERRY. From the juice of the berries. As the last.

PAPER, INDIGO. From a solution of indigo. Decoloured by chlorine.

PAPER, IODINE OF POTASSIUM. _a._ From the solution in distilled water. Turned blue by an acidulated solution of starch.

_b._ From a mixture of a solution of iodide of potassium and starch paste. Turned blue by chlorine, ozone, and the mineral acids, and by air containing them.

PAPER, LEAD. From a solution of either acetate or diacetate of lead. Sulphuretted hydrogen and hydrosulphuret of ammonia turn it black.

PAPER, LITMUS. In general, this is prepared from infusion of litmus, without any precaution, but the following plan may be adopted when a superior test paper is desired;——

_a._ (Blue.) Triturate commercial litmus, 1 oz., in a wedgwood-ware mortar, with boiling water, 3 or 4 fl. oz.; put the mixture into a flask, and add more boiling water until the liquid measures fully 1/2 pint; agitate the mixture frequently until it is cold, then filter it, and divide the filtrate into two equal portions; stir one of these with a glass rod previously dipped into very dilute sulphuric acid, and repeat the operation until the litmus infusion begins to look very slightly red, then add the other half of the filtrate, and the two being mixed together, dip strips of unsized paper into the liquid, in the usual manner, and dry them. Acids turn it red; alkalies blue. The neutral salts of most of the heavy metals also redden this, as well as the other blue test papers that are affected by acids.

_b._ (Red.) The treatment of the whole quantity of the infusion (see _above_) with the rod dipped in dilute sulphuric acid is repeated until the fluid begins to look distinctly red, when the paper is dipped into it as before. The alkalies and alkaline earths, and their sulphides, restore its blue colour; the alkaline carbonates and the soluble borates also possess the same property. Very sensitive. An extemporaneous red litmus paper may be prepared by holding a strip of the blue variety over a pot or jar into which 2 or 3 drops of hydrochloric acid have been thrown.

PAPER, MALLOW. From an infusion of the purple flowers of the common mallow. Affected like ‘dahlia paper.’

PAPER, MANGANESE. From a solution of sulphate of manganese. Ozonised air blackens it.

PAPER, RHUBARB. From a strong infusion of the powdered root. Alkalies turn it brown; but boracic acid and its salts do not affect it. Very sensitive.

PAPER, ROSE. From the petals of the red rose, as the last. Alkalies turn it bright green. Dr A. S. Taylor recommends the infusion to be very slightly acidulated with an acid before dipping the paper into it. More sensitive than turmeric paper.

PAPER, STARCH. From a cold decoction of starch. Free iodine turns it blue.

PAPER, SULPHATE OF IRON. From a solution of ferrous sulphate. As a test for hydrocyanic acid and the soluble cyanides.

PAPER, TURMERIC. From decoction of turmeric (2 oz. to the pint). It is turned brown by alkalies, and by boracic acid and the soluble borates. It is not quite so susceptible as some other tests, but the change of colour is very marked and characteristic.

=Paper, Tra′′cing.= _Prep._ Open a quire of smooth unsized white paper, and place it flat upon a table, then apply, with a clean ‘sash tool,’ to the upper surface of the first sheet, a coat of varnish made of equal parts of Canada balsam and oil of turpentine, and hang the prepared sheet across the line to dry; repeat the operation on fresh sheets until the proper quantity is finished. If not sufficiently transparent, a second coat of varnish may be applied as soon as the first has become quite dry.

2. Rub the paper with a mixture of equal parts of nut oil and oil of turpentine, and dry it immediately by rubbing it with wheaten flour; then hang it on a line for 24 hours to dry.

_Obs._ Both the above are used to copy drawings, writing, &c. If washed over with ox-gall and dried, they may be written on with ink or water colours. The first is the whitest and clearest, but the second is the toughest and most flexible. The paper prepared from the refuse of the flax-mills, and of which banknotes are made, is also called ‘tracing paper,’ and sometimes ‘vegetable paper.’ This requires no preparation; but though very flexible, it has little strength.

=Paper, Var′nished.= Before proceeding to varnish paper, card-work, pasteboard, &c., it is necessary to give it 2 or 3 coats of size, to prevent the absorption of the varnish, and any injury to the colour or design. The size may be made by dissolving a little isinglass in boiling water, or by boiling some clean parchment cuttings until they form a clear solution. This, after being strained through a piece of clean muslin, or, for very nice purposes, clarified with a little white of egg, is applied by means of a small clean brush called by painters a sash tool. A light, delicate touch must be adopted, especially for the first coat, lest the ink or colours be started, or smothered. When the prepared surface is perfectly dry, it may be varnished in the usual manner. See MAPS, VARNISH, &c.

=Paper, Wa′′fer.= See WAFERS.

=Paper, Waxed.= _Prep._ Place cartridge paper, or strong writing paper, on a hot iron plate, and rub it well with a lump of beeswax. Used to form extemporaneous steam or gas pipes, to cover the joints of vessels, and to tie over pots, &c.

=PAPER HANG′INGS.= The ornamental paper used to cover the walls of rooms, &c. Under the old system, the paper, after being sized and prepared with a ground colour, had the pattern produced on it by the common process of ‘stencilling,’ a separate plate being employed for each colour that formed the pattern. To this succeeded the use of wooden blocks, the surface of which bearing the design in relief, and being covered with colour, was applied by simple hand pressure on the paper, in a precisely similar manner to that adopted in the block-printing of calicoes. The cylinder calico-printing machine has now been successfully applied to the manufacture of paper hangings.

The colours employed for paper hangings are——

BLACKS.——Frankfort, ivory, and blue black.

BLUES. Prussian blue, verditer, and factitious ultramarine.

BROWNS. Umber (raw and burnt), and mixtures.

GRAYS. Prussian blue and blue black, with Spanish white.

GREENS. Brunswick green, Scheele’s g., Schweinfurt g., and green verditer; also mixtures of blues and yellows.

REDS. Decoctions of Brazil wood (chiefly), brightened with alum or solution of tin; the red ochres; and, sometimes, red lake.

VIOLETS. Decoction of logwood and alum; also blues tempered with bright red.

YELLOWS. Chrome yellow, decoction of French berries or of weld, terra di sienna, and the ochres.

WHITES. White lead, sulphate of baryta, plaster of Paris, and whiting, and mixtures of them.

The vehicle employed to give adhesiveness and body to the colours is a solution of gelatin or glue, sufficiently strong to gelatinise on cooling.

The satiny lustre observable in some paper hangings (SATIN PAPERS) is produced by dusting finely powdered French chalk over the surface, and rubbing it strongly with a brush or burnisher. The ground for this purpose is prepared with plaster.

FLOCK and VELVET PAPERS are produced by covering the surface of the pattern with a mordant formed with boiled oil thickened with white lead or ochre, and then sprinkling powdered woollen flocks on it. These are previously dyed, and ground to the required fineness in a mill.

=PAPIER-MÂCHÉ.= Pulped paper moulded into forms. It possesses great strength and lightness. It may be rendered partially waterproof by the addition of sulphate of iron, quicklime, and glue or white of egg to the pulp; and incombustible by the addition of borax and phosphate of soda. The papier-mâché tea-trays, waiters, snuff-boxes, &c., are prepared by pasting or glueing sheets of paper together, and then submitting them to powerful pressure, by which the composition acquires the hardness of board when dry. Such articles are afterwards japanned, and are then perfectly waterproof.

The refuse of the cotton and flax mills, and numerous other substances of a like character, are now worked up as papier-mâché, and the manufactured articles formed of them are indistinguishable from those prepared directly from paper.

=PAPIN’S DIGESTER= is a strong, closed, iron vessel, in which water can be heated above 212° F., thereby acquiring a temperature that adds considerably to its solvent powers. This apparatus is put to many useful applications in the arts, of which one is the speedy extraction of gelatin from the earthy matter of bones. The bones may be boiled for hours at 212° without any such effect being produced. The high temperature acquired by the water is effected by the confinement of the steam, the internal pressure of which can be regulated by means of a safety valve attached to the vessel. By this arrangement the water may be kept at any uniform temperature above 212° at pleasure. Professor Junichen[91] recommends the use of the digester for the purpose of boiling meat and other food. It appears from the author’s experiments that the time for cooking various articles of daily consumption is much shorter when effected under strong pressure, while a great saving of fuel is also effected.

[Footnote 91: ‘Chemical News.’]

=PAPY′RIN.= See PAPER (Parchment).

=PAR′ACHUTE.= In aërostation, an instrument or apparatus having for its object to retard the descent of heavy bodies through the air. The only form of parachute which has been hitherto adopted with success is that of the common umbrella when extended. The materials of which the apparatus is made are canvas and cord, both light but strong, and carefully put together. The car to contain the adventurer resembles that of the balloon, only smaller.

It is estimated that a circular parachute, to descend in safety with an adult, weighing, with the apparatus, 225 lbs., must have a diameter of at least 30 feet. Its terminal velocity would then be at the rate of 12 to 13 feet per second, or about 6-1/2 miles per hour; and the shock experienced on contact with the earth would be equal to that which the aëronaut would receive if he dropped freely from a height about 2-1/2 feet.

Several descents from balloons, after they have acquired a great elevation, have been effected without accident by means of parachutes. Unfortunately, however, any want of integrity in the machine, or any accident which may happen to it after its detachment from the balloon, is irreparable and fatal.

=PARACYAN′OGEN.= The brown solid matter left in the retort when cyanide of mercury is decomposed by heat. It is isomeric with cyanogen.

=PARAFFIN.= _Syn._ TAR-OIL STEARIN. This remarkable hydrocarbon is one of the several substances discovered by Reichenbach in WOOD-TAR.

_Prep._ 1. (From WOOD-TAR. Reichenbach.) Distil beech-tar to dryness, rectify the oily portion of the product which is heavier than water until a thick matter begins to rise, then change the receiver, and moderately urge the heat as long as anything passes over; next digest the product in the second receiver, in an equal measure of alcohol of ·833, gradually add 6 or 7 parts more of alcohol, and expose the whole to a low temperature; crystals of paraffin will gradually fall down, which, after being washed in cold alcohol, must be dissolved in boiling alcohol, when crystals of pure paraffin will be deposited as the solution cools.

2. (From COAL——James Young, Patent 1850.) The details of this process for obtaining paraffin and its congeners by the slow distillation of coal (preferably ‘Boghead’) are given in our article on PARAFFIN OIL. The solid paraffin is separated from the last products, or ‘heavy oils,’ by artificial cold; it is then melted and run into moulds.

3. (From RANGOON PETROLEUM——Patent.) In this process, which is worked by Price’s Candle Company, superheated steam is employed as the heating agent. The paraffin, or ‘BELMONTINE,’ as it is called, is the last product which distils over.

4. (From PEAT.) The various processes which have been suggested for obtaining paraffin from peat, turf, &c., are similar in principle to Young’s. The great point is to conduct the distillation at as low a temperature as possible.

_Prop._ A white, hard, translucent body, melting at 110° Fahr. and upwards, according to its source, and burning with a bright white flame. It has great stability——sulphuric acid, chlorine, and nitric acid below 212° exerting no action upon it. Dr Anderson states that its composition and properties vary with the source from which it is derived. With respect to the melting point, this variation is very remarkable. Thus, Young’s paraffin, from Boghead coal, melts, according to the observations of Dr Anderson, at 114°, while that from Rangoon petroleum (‘belmontine’) melts at 140°, and that from turf at 116°.

_Uses._ Paraffin is now largely used for making candles, for which purpose it is specially adapted, being a most elegant substance, and surpassing all other candle materials, even spermaceti, in illuminating power. Its property of not being acted upon by acids or alkalies renders it suitable for stoppers for vessels holding chemical liquids; also for electrotype moulds. It is not acted upon by ozone, so that it has been employed with great advantages in experiments on this body for rendering air-tight the joints formed by the union of glass tubes. As it contains no oxygen, it might be employed to protect oxydisable metals like sodium and potassium from contact with the air. One use of paraffin candle-ends will commend them to the ladies of the household——a small piece of paraffin added to starch will be found to give a gloss and brilliancy of surface to the starched linen that can be obtained by no other addition.

=PARAFFIN OIL.= See OILS.

=PARAL′YSIS.= _Syn._ PALSY. A loss or considerable diminution of power of voluntary motion, or functional action, of any part of the body. In its most usual form one side only of the body is affected. It not uncommonly seizes the lower extremities, or all parts below the pelvis; sometimes the arms only; and occasionally a part, as one side of the face, one eyelid, the tongue, or the muscles of deglutition. In these cases the speech frequently becomes indistinct and incoherent, and the memory and judgment impaired, whilst the distorted features assume a more or less revolting aspect.

The causes of paralysis are various. It may be occasioned by pressure on particular parts of the brain, the spinal marrow, or the nerves; by poisons, the long-continued use of sedatives, local injuries, the sudden suppression of profuse and habitual evacuations, and by whatever tends to greatly relax or enervate the system. It may also be a consequence of an attack of apoplexy, or it may be symptomatic of other diseases, as scrofula, syphilis, and worms. When it is of a distinctly local character it may arise from excessive use or undue employment of the part or organ. That of old age is, probably, a mere consequence of the failing nervous energy of the system being unequally distributed.

Palsy usually comes on with a sudden and immediate loss of the motion and sensibility of the parts; but in a few instances it is preceded by a numbness, coldness, and paleness; and sometimes by slight convulsive twitches. If the disease affects the extremities, and has been of long duration, it not only produces a loss of motion and sensibility, but likewise a considerable flaccidity and wasting away of the muscles of the parts affected.

When palsy attacks any vital part, such as the brain, heart, or lungs, it soon terminates in death.

The treatment of paralysis depends upon a careful consideration of its cause. The first object should be, as far as possible, to remove any compressing force, and to gradually arouse the torpid portion of the nervous system. In general, more or less depletion will be found beneficial, together with rather active purgation, and nervous stimulants, as ammonia, musk, &c. Blisters to the head and neck are also appropriate. With the debilitated and aged, venesection must be avoided. Stimulant and rubefacient frictions and liniments, the vapour bath, and other like remedies, also frequently prove useful. In local attacks of the disease, as the loss of use of one of the hands, arms, legs, &c., no agent has proved so generally successful as voltaic electricity. For this purpose the current should be in one direction only, and continued uninterruptedly for some time daily. When the direction of the current is alternate, with slight shocks, as in the common coil machine, this agent is of doubtful utility, except for occasional use. In all cases medical aid should be sought as early as possible.

=PARANAPH′THALIN.= _Syn._ ANTHRACEN. See ANTHRACEN.

=PARAPEC′′TIN.= See PECTIN.

=PAR′ASITES.= The parasitical animals that infest the human body are referred to under the heads ACARI and PEDICULI.

=Parasites, Human.= The following is a list of the principal parasites infesting man. It is extracted from the ‘Dictionary of Hygiène,’ of Wynter Blyth, who states that he has arranged it, with some slight alterations, from a table in Dr Aitken’s ‘Science and Practice of Medicine.’ The two first divisions include animal parasites, the third vegetable ones. No. 1, or _Entozoa_, are animal parasites found inside the human body; No. 2, those found outside; No. 3, consisting of vegetable parasites, comprises _Entophyta_ and _Epiphyta_, the former existing in the interior, and the latter on the exterior of the human body. Some of the principal parasites have already been described and figured in these pages.

I. _Entozoa._

Acephalocystis endogena, _liver_.
” multifida, _brain_.
Anchylostomum, seu Sclerostoma duodenale,
_intestines_.
Anthomia canicularis, _intestines_.
Ascaris alata ”
” lumbricoides ”
” mystax ”
Bilharzia seu Distoma hæmatobia, _portal and
venous system_.
Bothriocephalus cordatus, _intestines_.
” latus ”
Cysticercus cellulosæ, seu telæ cellulosæ (C. of
Tenia solium), _muscles_.
Cysticercus of Tæniæ marginata (C. tenuicollis),
_intestines_.
Dactylius aculeatus, _urinary bladder_.
Diplosoma crenatus.
Distoma seu Distomum crassum, _duodenum_.
” hepaticum seu Fasciola hepatica, _gallbladder_.
” heterophryes, _intestines_.
” lanceolatum, _hepatic duct_
” oculi humani seu ophthalmobium,
_capsule of crystalline_.
Ditrachycerus rudus, _intestines_.
Echinococcus hominis (hydatid of Tænia echinococcus),
_liver, spleen, and omentum_.
Filaria bronchialis seu trachealis, _bronchial
glands_.
” seu dracunculus medinensis, _skin and
areolar tissue_.
” sanguinis hominis, _blood_.
” oculi seu lentis, _eye_.
Hexathrydium pinguicola, _ovary_.
” venarum, _venous system_.
Monostoma lentis, _crystalline_.
Œstrus hominis, _intestines_.
Oxyuris vermicularis, ”
Pentastoma constrictum, _intestines and liver_.
” denticulatum, _intestines_.
Polystroma pinguicola, _ovary_.
” sanguicola seu verarum, _venous
system_.
Spiroptera hominis, _urinary bladder_.
Strongylus seu Eustrongylus bronchialus, _bronchial
tubes_.
” seu Eustrongylus gigas (Acarus
renalis), _kidney and intestines_.
Tænia acanthotrias, _intestines_.
” elliptica, ”
” flavopuncta, ”
” lophosoma, ”
” mediocanellata, ”
” nana, _intestines and liver_.
” solium, _intestines_.
Tetrastoma renale, _kidney_.
Trichina spiralis, _muscles_.
Tricocephalus dispar, _intestines_.

II. _Ectozoa._

Demodex seu Acarus folliculorum, _sebaceous
substance of cutaneous follicles_.
Pediculus capitas (head louse).
” corporis seu vestimenti (body louse).
” palpebrarum (brow louse).
” pubis, Phthirius inguinalis (crab-louse).
” tubescetium, _phthiriasis_ (_lousy disease_).
Pulex penetrans (chigoë), _skin, cellular tissue_.
Sarcoptes seu Acarus scabiei (itch insect),
_scabies_.

III. _Entophyta and Epiphyta._

Achorion Lebertii (Tricophyton tonsurans),
_Tinea tonsurans_.
” Schönleinii, _Tinea favosa_.
Chionyphe Carteri (fungus of Mycetoma), _deep
tissues, bones of hands and feet_.
Leptothrix buccalis (alga of the mouth).
Microsporon Audouini, _Tinea decalvans_.
” Furfur, _Tinea versicolor_.
” mentagrophytes, _follicles of hair
in sycosis or mentagra_.
Oïdium albicans (thrush fungus), _mouth,
mucous, and cutaneous surfaces_.
Puccinia favi, _Tinea favosa_.
Sarcina ventriculi, _stomach_.
Torula cerevisiæ (Cryptococcus cerevisiæ, yeast
plant), _stomach, bladder, &c._
Tricophyton sporuloïdes, _Tinea polornia_.

=PARATARTAR′IC ACID.= See RACEMIC ACID.

=PARCH′MENT.= See VELLUM, and PAPER (Parchment).

=PARCHMENT PAPER.= See PAPER.

=PAREGOR′IC.= See TINCTURE OF CAMPHOR (Compound).

=Paregoric Scotch.= See TINCTURE OF OPIUM (Ammoniated).

=PAREI′RA BRA′VA.= See VELVET LEAF.

=PARR.= A name applied to the salmon until near the end of its second year, when it loses its dark lateral bars by the superaddition of a silvery pigment. It was formerly regarded as a distinct species.

=PARS′LEY.= _Syn._ PETROSELINUM, L. This well-known herb is the _Apium petroselinum_. The root is diuretic; the fruit (seed) carminative; the leaves are a pleasant stimulating salad and condiment, and are much used to flavour broth and soup. “The fruit is a deadly poison to parrots.” (Lind. _ex_ Burnett.)

=PARS′NIP.= The root of _Pastinacea sativa_. The parsnip is native to England and Ireland, but does not grow in Scotland. It is likewise met with in many parts of Europe and in northern Asia. In the wild state the root is somewhat acrid, and injurious effects have been known to have followed its use as a food. By cultivation, however, it loses both its acridity and dangerous properties, and forms a table vegetable, not in universal favour.

In the Channel Islands parsnips constitute the winter food of cows; and these animals when fed upon them are said to yield butter of a better quality than can be obtained from them when partaking of any other fodder.

The flesh of cattle fed on the parsnip is also highly commended. In the North of Ireland the juice of the root, mixed with hops and yeast, is made into a fermented liquor. Parsnip wine is an agreeable alcoholic beverage.

_Composition of the Parsnip._

Nitrogenous matter 1·1
Starch 9·6
Sugar 5·8
Fat 0·5
Salts 1·0
Water 82·0
——————
100·0

=PASTE.= _Syn._ PASTA, L.; PÂTE, Fr. This word is very loosely applied to substances and preparations differing so widely from each other, that it would be scarcely possible to class them together. We shall, therefore, refer the reader to the individual articles. The pastes (pâtes) of French pharmacy are compound medicines of the consistence of hard dough, and which do not stick to the fingers. They are formed of sugar and gum, dissolved in water or in some medicated liquid. They are evaporated so as to unite these principles by degrees, and give them the pliancy and the firmness of paste. They are employed internally in doses more or less variable in a similar manner to lozenges. “Pâtes, properly so called, are divided into transparent, or such as are made without agitation, like jujubes of brown liquorice; and opaque, or such as are made with agitation, like the pâtes of marshmallow, lichen, &c.” (Trousseau and Reveil.) See PASTES (Artificial Gems), PASTRY, and _below_.

=Paste, Adhesive.= Let 4 parts, by weight, of glue soften in 15 parts of cold water for fifteen hours, after which the mixture must be moderately heated until it becomes quite clear. To this mixture 65 parts of boiling water are to be added without stirring. In another vessel 30 parts of starch paste are stirred up with 20 parts of cold water, so that a thin milky fluid is obtained without lumps. Into this the boiling glue solution is poured, with constant stirring, and the whole is kept at the boiling temperature. When cooled the 10 drops of carbolic acid are to be added to the paste. This paste possesses great adhesive power, and may be used for leather, paper, or cardboard with great success. It must be preserved in closed bottles to prevent evaporation of the water, and will, in this way, keep good for years. (‘Dingler’s Journal.’)

=Paste, Al′mond.= _Syn._ PASTA AMYGDALINA, P. AMYGDALARUM, P. REGIA, L.; PÂTE ROYALE, Fr. _Prep._ 1. (MOIST.)——_a._ Take of blanched Valentia almonds, 4 oz.; reduce them to a very smooth paste by patient pounding in a clean mortar, adding, towards the last, a little rose water, with some eau de Cologne, or 3 or 4 drops of otto of roses or neroli, or an equivalent quantity of any other perfume, according to the fancy of the artiste.

_b._ From bitter and sweet almonds (blanched), equal parts; rose water, q. s. It requires no other perfume.

_c._ To either of the preceding add of spermaceti, 1/2 oz. The white of an egg, or 1/4 oz. of white soap, is added by some makers. With about 1/2 dr. of powdered camphor to each oz. of the above it forms the ‘camphorated almond paste’ of the shops.

_d._ Take fine Narbonne honey and white bitter paste (see _below_), of each 1 lb.; beat them to a smooth paste, then add, in alternate portions, of oil of almonds, 2 lbs.; yolks of 5 eggs; and reduce the whole to a perfectly homogeneous pasty mass. Much esteemed. It is commonly sold under the name of ‘honey paste,’ ‘pâte royale,’ &c. In a similar manner are made nosegay, orange, rose, vanilla, and other like pastes having almonds for a basis, by merely adding the respective perfumes.

2. (PULVERULENT.)——_a._ (Gray.) Prepared from the cake of bitter almonds from which the oil has been thoroughly expressed by drying, grinding, and sifting it.

_b._ (Bitter white.) As the last, but the almonds are blanched before being pressed.

_c._ (Sweet white.) As the last, but using sweet almonds.

_Obs._ All the above are used as cosmetics, to soften and whiten the skin, prevent chaps, abrasions, chilblains, &c. The honey paste, and the sweet and bitter white pastes, are those most esteemed. (See _below_.)

=Paste, Almond.= (In confectionery.) _Prep._ 1. Take of Valentia almonds, 3 lbs.; bitter do., 1/4 lb.; blanch them, and reduce them to a very smooth paste by pounding, then put them into a clean copper pan along with white sugar and good gum Arabic, of each 1 lb. (the last previously dissolved in about a pint of water;) apply a gentle heat, and stir until the whole is mixed and has acquired a proper consistence, then pour it out on a smooth, oiled, marble slab, and when cold cut it into squares.

2. As the last, but when the mixture has acquired the consistence of thick honey, setting it aside to cool; when nearly cold, the whites of 6 eggs are to be added, and heat being again gradually applied, the whole is to be stirred until it acquires the proper consistence, as before.

3. Blanched sweet almonds and white sugar, of each 1 lb.; blanched bitter almonds and powdered gum, of each 3 oz.; beat them, in the cold, to a perfectly smooth paste, with orange-flower water or rose water, q. s., so that it may be sufficiently stiff not to stick to the fingers, and then cut the mass into squares, as before. The above are eaten as confections.

=Paste, Ancho′vy.= _Prep._ Remove the larger bones from the fish, and then pound them to a smooth paste in a marble mortar, adding a little bay-salt and cayenne pepper at will; next rub the pulp through a fine hair sieve, and about 3-4ths fill the pots with it; lastly, cover the surface of each to the depth of about 1/8 inch with good butter in a melted state. It should be kept in a cool situation. Other fish pastes, as those of bloaters, lobsters, shrimps, caviare, &c., are made in a similar manner.

=Paste, Arsen′ical.= See CAUSTICS, PATENT MEDICINES, and POWDERS.

=Paste, Baudry’s.= See PASTE, PECTORAL (_below_).

=Paste, Bird.= See GERMAN PASTE.

=Paste, Black Currant.= As black currant lozenges, but simply cutting the mass into dice or square.

=Paste, Car′rageen.= _Prep._ From Irish moss, as the lichen paste of the P. Cod. (see _below_).

=Paste, Chinese′.= _Prep._ From bullock’s blood, 10 lbs., reduced to dryness by a gentle heat, then powdered, and mixed with quicklime, also in fine powder, 1 lb. It is used as a cement, made into a paste with water, and at once applied.

=Paste of Chlo′′ride of Zinc.= See CAUSTICS.

=Paste of Dates.= _Syn._ PASTA DACTYLIFERÆ, P. DACTYLORUM, L.; PÂTES DE DATTES, Fr. From dates (stoned), as jujube paste. Pectoral, and slightly astringent. Paste of gum Senegal is usually sold for it.

=Paste, De Handel’s.= _Prep._ From opium, 1/2 dr.; camphor, 1 dr. (both in powder); extracts of belladonna and henbane, of each 1 dr.; oil of cajeput and tincture of cantharides, of each 10 or 12 drops; distilled water of opium (or of lettuce), q. s. In toothache.

=Paste, Depil′atory.= _Syn._ PASTA EPILATORIA, L. Several preparations of this character are noticed at pages 552-3. 1. A mixture of slacked lime, 2 parts, and water, 3 parts, saturated with sulphuretted hydrogen, is said to be so powerful, that “a layer a line in thickness denudes the scalp in three minutes.” (Beasley.)

2. (Payan.) Powdered sulphate of copper made into a soft paste with yolk of egg.

=Paste of Figs.= _Syn._ PASTA CARICARUM, P. FICARIA, L. _Prep._ 1. From figs, as jujube paste.

2. (Soubeiran.) Pulp of figs, 1 part; press it through a sieve, mix it with powdered sugar, 4 parts, concentrated by a gentle heat (if necessary), roll the mass out, and cut it into squares or lozenges.

=Paste, Flour.= _Syn._ COLLE DE PÂTE, Fr. From wheaten flour. Paper-hangers, shoemakers, &c., usually add to the flour 1/6 to 1/4 of its weight of finely powdered resin. It is then sometimes called ‘hard paste.’ The addition of a few drops of creasote or oil of cloves, or a little powered camphor, colocynth, or corrosive sublimate (especially the first two and the last), will prevent insects from attacking it, and preserve it in covered vessels for years. Should it get too hard, it may be softened with water. See CEMENTS.

=Paste, Fruit.= _Prep._ 1. To each pint of the strained juice add of gum Arabic, 1 oz., gently evaporate to the consistence of a syrup, and add an equal weight of bruised white sugar; as soon as the whole is united, pour it out on an oiled slab, and, when cold enough, cut it into pieces.

2. Citric acid, 3/4 oz.; gum Arabic, 6 oz.; white sugar, 3/4 lb.; water, q. s.; dissolve, and flavour with any of the fruit essences. It may be coloured with any pf the stains used for confectionery or liqueurs.

3. As fruit lozenges.

=Paste, Fur′niture.= See POLISH.

=Paste, Glove.= See GANTEINE.

=Paste of Gum Arabic.= _Syn._ PASTA GUMMI, L.; PÂTE DE GOMME, P. DE G. ARABIQUE, Fr. _Prep._ 1. As marshmallow paste, omitting the mallow roots.

2. Gum Arabic (picked), 1 lb.; water, 1 pint; dissolve, add of white sugar, 1 lb.; evaporate by a gentle heat to a very thick syrup, then add the whites of 3 eggs, previously beaten up with orange-flower water, 1 fl. oz., and strained through muslin, and continue the heat with constant stirring, until of a proper consistence on being cooled. The last two are commonly sold for marshmallow paste (pâte de guimauve).

3. (Transparent.) From gum Arabic (picked), 1 lb.; cold water, 1 pint; white sugar, 1-1/4 lb.; proceed as the last, adding orange-flower water 1 fl. oz., towards the end. Often sold under the name of ‘white jujubes.’

=Paste of Gum Senegal.= _Syn._ PÂTE DE GOMME SENEGAL, Fr. As jujube paste, without the fruit.

=Paste, Hon′ey.= See PASTE, ALMOND.

=Paste, Ju′jube.= _Syn._ JUJUBES, JUJUBE LOZENGES; PASTA JUJUBÆ, L.; PÂTE DE JUJUBES, Fr. _Prep._ (P. Cod.) Jujubes (the fruit), 1 lb.; water, 4 lbs.; boil 1/2 hour, strain with expression, settle, decant the clear portion, and clarify it with white of egg; add a strained solution of gum Arabic, 6 lbs., in water, 8 lbs., and to the mixture add of white sugar, 5 lbs.; gently evaporate, at first constantly stirring, and afterwards without stirring, to the consistence of a soft extract, then add of orange-flower water, 6 fl. oz., and place the pan in a vessel of boiling water. In 12 hours carefully remove the scum, pour the matter into slightly oiled tin moulds, and finish the evaporation (hardening) in a stove heated to 104°, Fahr. It is commonly coloured with beet-root, cochineal, or saffron. Expectorant; in coughs, &c. Paste of gum Arabic is usually sold for it.

=Paste, Li′chen.= _Syn._ PASTA LICHENIS, L.; PÂTE DE LICHEN, Fr. _Prep._ (P. Cod.) Iceland moss, 1 lb.; water, q. s.; heat them to nearly the boiling-point, strain with pressure, reject the liquor, and boil the moss in fresh water, q. s., for 1 hour; strain, press, add of gum Arabic, 5 lbs.; white sugar, 4 lbs., and evaporate to a proper consistence, as above. Pectoral. With the addition of 1/2 gr. of extract of opium to each oz., it forms the opiated lichen paste. (P. Cod.)

=Paste, liquorice.= _Syn._ LIQUORICE JUJUBES; PASTA GLYCIRRHIZÆ, L.; PÂTE DE RÉGLISSE, P. DE R. NOIRE, Fr. _Prep._ 1. (P. Cod.) Refined juice and white sugar, of each 1 lb.; gum Arabic, 2 lbs.; water, 3 quarts; dissolve, strain, evaporate considerably, and, of finely powdered orris root, 1/2 oz.; oil of aniseed or essence of cedrat, a few drops, and pour the paste upon an oiled slab, or into moulds, as before.

2. (Brown; PÂSTA G. FUSCA; PÂTE DE R. BRUNE.) Refined juice, 4 oz.; white sugar, 2 lbs.; gum Arabic, 3 lbs.; water, 4 pints; proceed as last.

3. (Opiated; PÂTE DE R. OPIACE.——P Cod.) To the last add of extract of opium, 15 gr.

4. (White; PÂTE DE RÉGLISSE BLANCHE.) As No. 2, substituting the powder of the decorticated root for the extract. All the above are pectoral; the second is also slightly anodyne. They are useful in tickling coughs, hoarseness, &c.

=Paste, London.= _Syn._ PASTA LONDINENSIS. Equal parts of caustic soda and unslaked lime. Reduce to a fine powder in a warm mortar, and mix intimately. Keep it in well closed bottles, and when required for use take as much as is sufficient, and make it into a paste with water.

=Paste, Marsh-mallow.= _Syn._ PASTA ALTHÆÆ, L.; PÂTE DE GUIMAUVE, Fr. _Prep._ (P. Cod. 1816.) Decorticated marshmallow root (French), 4 oz.; water, 1/2 gall.; macerate for 12 hours, strain, add white sugar and gum Arabic, of each 2-1/2 lbs.; dissolve, strain, evaporate without boiling to the thickness of honey, constantly stirring, and add, gradually, the whites of 12 eggs, well beaten with orange-flower water, 4 fl. oz., and strained; continue the evaporation and constant stirring until the mass is so firm as not to adhere to the fingers, then proceed as before.

_Obs._ It should be very white, light, and spongy. In the P. Codex of 1839 the marshmallow root is omitted, and the name is changed to that of ‘pâte de gomme,’ a compound long sold for it in the shops. Both are agreeable pectorals. See PASTE OF GUM ARABIC.

=Paste, Odontal′gic.= _Syn._ PASTA ODONTALGICA, L. _Prep._ 1. Pellitory (in powder), 1 dr.; hydrochlorate of morphia, 3 gr.; triturate; add, of honey, 2 dr.; and oil of cloves, 6 drops.

2. Powdered mastic, pellitory, and white sugar, of each 1 dr.; chloroform, q. s. to form a paste. It must be kept in a stoppered bottle. See TOOTHACHE, and _below_.

=Paste, Or′ange.= _Prep._ From orange flowers, 2 lbs.; bitter and sweet almonds, of each blanched, 2-1/2 lbs.; beaten to a perfectly smooth paste. An agreeable cosmetic. See PASTE, ALMOND.

=Paste, Or′geat.= _Prep._ From blanched Jordan almonds, 1 lb.; blanched bitter a. and white sugar and honey, of each 1/4 lb.; beaten to a paste, with orange-flower water, q. s. (or neroli, a few drops), and put into pots. As a cosmetic or to make orgeat milk. For use, rub 1 oz. with 1/2 pint of water, and strain through muslin.

=Paste, Pec′toral.= _Syn._ PASTA PECTORALIS, L. _Prep._ 1. (PÂTE PECTORALE DE BAUDRY.) Take of gum Arabic and white sugar of each 7 lbs.; water, q. s.; dissolve, add of extract of liquorice, 3 oz.; evaporate, add of extract of lettuce, 2 dr.; balsam of tolu, 1-1/4 oz.; orange-flower water, 4-1/2 fl. oz.; white of 4 eggs; oil of citrons, 5 or 6 drops.

2. (PÂTE PECTORALE BALSAMIQUE DE REGNAULT.) From the flowers of coltsfoot, cudweed, marrow, and red poppy, of each, 1 oz.; water, 1 quart; boil, strain; add, of gum Arabic, 30 oz.; white sugar, 20 oz.; dissolve, concentrate, add of tincture of tolu, 3 fl. dr., and pour the mixture on an oiled slab.

3. (ANISATED COLTSFOOT PASTE; PÂTE DE TUSSILAGE À L’ANIS.) From a strong decoction of coltsfoot flowers, 1 quart; Spanish juice, 1/2 lb.; dissolve, strain, evaporate as before, and towards the end add of oil of aniseed, 1 dr. All the above are useful in hoarseness, coughs, &c.

=Paste, Pho′sphor.= See RATS.

=Paste, Pol′ishing.= _Prep._ 1. (For copper and brass.) See BRASS PASTE.

2. (For iron and steel.) From emery (in fine powder) and lard, equal parts.

3. (For pewter.) From powdered Bath brick, 2 parts; soft soap, 1 part; water, q. s. to make a paste. Used with a little water, and afterwards well rinsed off.

4. (For furniture.) See POLISH.

=Paste, Ra′′zor.= _Prep._ 1. From jeweller’s rouge, plumbago, and suet, equal parts, melted together and stirred until cold.

2. From prepared putty powder (levigated oxide of tin), 3 parts; lard, 2 parts; crocus martis, 1 part; triturated together.

3. Prepared putty powder, 1 oz.; powdered oxalic acid, 1/4 oz.; powdered gum, 20 grs.; make a stiff paste with water, q. s., and evenly and thinly spread it over the strop, the other side of which should be covered with any of the common greasy mixtures. With very little friction this paste gives a fine edge to the razor, and its action is still further increased by slightly moistening it, or even breathing on it. Immediately after its use, the razor should receive a few turns on the other side of the strop.

4. Diamond dust, jeweller’s rouge, and plumbago, of each 1 part; suet, 2 parts. Powdered quartz is generally substituted for diamond dust, but is much less effective.

5. (Mechi’s.) Emery (reduced to an impalpable powder), 4 parts; deer suet, 1 part; well mixed together.

6. (Pradier’s.) From powdered Turkey stone, 4 oz.; jeweller’s rouge and prepared putty powder, of each 1 oz.; hard suet, 2 oz.

_Obs._ The above (generally made up into square cakes) are rubbed over the razor strop, and the surface being smoothed off with the flat part of a knife or a phial bottle, the strop is set aside for a few hours to harden before being used.

=Paste, Regnault’s.= See PASTE, PECTORAL.

=Paste, Rubefa′′cient.= _Syn._ PASTA RUBEFACIENS, L. _Prep._ (Clarus.) From acetate of lead, 1 oz.; bisulphite of potassa, 3 oz.; water, q. s. It acts powerfully and quickly on the skin.

=Paste, Rust’s.= _Prep._ From powdered opium and extract of henbane, of each 10 gr.; powdered pellitory and extract of belladonna, of each 20 gr.; oil of cloves, 10 drops. In toothache.

=Paste, Sha′′ving.= _Prep._ 1. Naples soap (genuine), 4 oz.; powdered Castile soap, 2 oz.; honey, 1 oz.; essence of ambergris and oils of cassia and nutmegs, of each 5 or 6 drops.

2. White wax, spermaceti, and almond oil, of each 1/4 oz.; melt, and, whilst warm, beat in 2 squares of Windsor soap previously reduced to a paste with a little rose water.

3. White soft soap, 4 oz.; spermaceti and salad oil, of each 1/2 oz.; melt them together, and stir until nearly cold. It may be scented at will. When properly prepared, these pastes produce a good lather with either hot or cold water, which does not dry on the face. The proper method of using them is to smear a minute quantity over the beard, and then to apply the wetted shaving-brush, and not to pour water on them, as is the common practice.

=Paste, Styptic, of Gutta Percha.= _Syn._ PASTA GUTTÆ PERCHÆ STYPTICA. (Mr Beardsley.) Gutta percha, 1 oz.; Stockholm tar, 1-1/2 or 2 oz.; creosote, 1 dr.; shellac, 1 oz., or q. s. to render it sufficiently hard. To be boiled together with constant stirring, till it forms a homogeneous mass.

For alveolar hæmorrhage, and as a stopping for teeth in toothache. To be softened by moulding with the fingers.

=Paste, Swediaur.= See CHILBLAIN.

=Paste, Tooth.= _Syn._ PASTA DENTIFRICIA, ELECTUARIUM DENTIFRICUM, L. Various preparations are known under this name. They consist, for the most part, of the ordinary substances used as dentifrices, reduced to the state of a very fine powder, and mixed with sufficient honey, sugar, or capillaire, to give them the required consistence. Honey of roses is often used for this purpose, with some agreeable perfume at will. A little eau de Cologne or rectified spirit is a useful addition. The following are a few examples:——

1. (CARBON PASTE; OPIAT CARBONIQUE.) The chippings of Turkey stone, cylinder charcoal, and prepared chalk, of each 2 oz.; cochineal and cloves, of each 1 dr.; honey, 5 oz.; eau de Cologne, q. s. It should not be put into the pots until the next day, and should be afterwards well preserved from the air. Much prized by smokers, and by persons troubled with a fetid breath from rotten teeth.

2. (CORAL PASTE; OPIAT DENTIFRICE ROUGE.) From prepared coral, 8 oz.; cuttle-fish bone, 4 oz.; mastic, 2 oz.; cochineal, 1/4 oz.; honey, 3/4 lb.; essence of ambergris, 1 fl dr.; oil of cloves, 1/2 fl. dr., dissolved in rectified spirit, 1 fl. oz. As the last. Cleanse the teeth rapidly.

3. (Dyon’s CHARCOAL PASTE.) From chlorate of potassa, 1 dr.; mint water, 1 fl. oz.; triturate until dissolved, then add, of powdered charcoal, 2 oz.; honey, 1 oz.

4. (MAGIC PASTE.) From white marble dust 4 oz.; pumice stone (in impalpable powder), 3 oz.; rose pink, 1 oz.; honey, 1/2 lb.; otto of roses, 15 drops. Rapidly whitens the teeth, but it should not be used too freely, nor too frequently.

5. (P. Cod.) Prepared coral, 4 oz.; bitartrate of potassa, 2 oz.; cuttle-fish bone and cochineal, of each 1 oz.; alum, 1/2 dr.; Narbonne honey, 10 oz.; with essential oil, q. s. to aromatise the mixture.

6. (Pelletier’s ODONTINE.) This is stated to be a mixture of pulverised sepia-bone, butter of cacao, and honey, with essential oil.

7. (ROSE PASTE.) Coral paste scented with roses, or the following:——Cuttle-fish bone, 1 oz.; prepared chalk, 2 oz.; cochineal, 1/2 dr.; honey of roses, 3 oz.; otto of roses, 6 drops.

8. (SOLUBLE PASTE, SALINE DENTIFRICE.) From bitartrate of potassa or sulphate of potassa (in fine powder), 3 oz.; honey of roses, 2 oz.

9. (SPANISH DENTIFRICE, CASTILIAN TOOTH CREAM.) From Castile soap (in fine powder) and cuttle-fish bone, of each 2 oz.; honey of roses, 5 oz. An excellent preparation. It is superior to all the other pastes for removing tartar and animalculæ from the teeth.

10. (VANILLA PASTE.) From red cinchona bark, 2 dr.; vanilla, 1 dr.; cloves, 1/2 dr. (the last two reduced to powder by trituration with); white sugar, 1 oz.; cuttle-fish bone and marble dust, of each 1/2 oz.; syrup of saffron, q. s.

11. (VIOLET PASTE.) From prepared chalk and cuttle-fish bone of each 3 oz.; powdered white sugar, 2 oz.; orris root 1 oz.; smalts, 1/4 oz.; syrup of violets, q. s. to mix.

12. (Winckler’s ROSEATE DENTIFRICE.) From cuttle-fish bone, 1 part; conserve of roses (Ph. L.), 3 parts; white otto of roses, 2 drops to the oz.

13. Chalk, 8 oz.; myrrh and rhatany root, of each 2 oz.; orris root, 1 oz.; honey of roses, q. s. to mix. In foul and spongy gums.

=Paste, Tooth′ache.= See PASTE, ODONTALGIA.

=Paste, Tor′mentil.= _Syn._ PASTA TORMENTILLÆ, L. _Prep._ (Morin.) Powdered tormentil root made into a paste with white of egg. In whitlow; applied on linen. Mixed with an equal weight of simple syrup, it has also been recommended in dysentery and diarrhœa.

=Paste, Vienna.= See CAUSTIC POTASSA WITH LIME.

=Paste, Vohler’s.= _Prep._ From dragon’s blood, 1 dr.; powdered opium, 2 dr.; powdered gums of mastic and sandarach, of each 4 dr.; oil of rosemary, 20 drops; tincture of opium, q. s. to form a paste. In toothache.

=Paste, Ward’s.= See CONFECTION OF PEPPER.

=PASTES.= _Syn._ ARTIFICIAL GEMS, FACTITIOUS G.; PIERRES PRÉCIEUSES ARTIFICIELLES, Fr. Vitreous compounds made in imitation of the gems and precious stones. The substances which enter into their composition, and the principles on which their successful production depends, have been already briefly noticed. The present article will, therefore, be confined to giving the reader a few original formulæ, together with several others carefully selected from the most reliable English and Continental authorities. Like enamels the artificial gems have for their basis a very fusible, highly transparent and brilliant, dense glass, which is known under the name of ‘frit,’ ‘paste,’ ‘strass,’ ‘flux,’ ‘fondant,’ or ‘Mayence base,’ and which in its state of greatest excellence constitutes the ‘artificial diamond.’ For convenience, this will be noticed here under its last synonym. (See _below_, also Ure’s ‘Dictionary of Arts,’ &c.)

=Amethyst.= 1. Paste or strass, 500 gr.; oxide of manganese, 3 gr.; oxide of cobalt, 24 gr.

2. (Douault-Wiéland.) Strass, 4608 gr.; oxide of manganese, 36 gr.; oxide of cobalt, 2 gr.

3. (Lançon.) Strass, 9216 gr.; oxide of manganese, 15 to 24 gr.; oxide of cobalt, 1 gr.

=Aqua Marina.= From strass, 4800 gr.; glass of antimony, 30 gr.; oxide of cobalt, 1-1/2 gr. See BERYL, of which this is merely a variety.

=Aventurine.= 1. From strass, 500 gr.; scales of iron, 100 gr.; black oxide of copper, 50 gr.; fuse until the black oxide of copper is reduced to the reguline form, then allow the mass to cool very slowly, so that the minute crystals of metal may be equally diffused through it. Has a rich golden iridescence.

2. As the last, but submitting oxide of chromium for the protoxide of copper. Appears brown, filled with countless gold spangles; or, when mixed with more paste, of a greenish grey, filled with green spangles.

=Beryl.= (Douault-Wiéland.) Strass, 3456 gr.; glass of antimony, 24 gr.; oxide of cobalt, 1-1/2 gr. See AQUA MARINA.

=Carbuncle.= See GARNET.

=Chrysolite.= From strass 7000 gr.; pure calcined sesquioxide of iron (‘trocus martis’), 65 gr.

=Cornelian.= 1. (RED.) From strass, 7000 gr.; glass of antimony, 3500 gr.; calcined peroxide of iron, 875 gr.; binoxide of manganese, 75 gr.

2. (WHITE.) From strass, 7200 gr.; calcined bones, 250 gr.; washed yellow ochre, 65 gr.

=Diamond.= 1. From rock crystal (purest), 1600 gr.; borax, 560 gr.; carbonate of lead (pure), 3200 gr.; oxide of manganese, 1/2 to 1 gr.; powder each separately, mix them together, fuse the mixture in a clean crucible, pour the melted mass into water, separate any reduced lead, and again powder and remelt the mass.

2. Pure silica, 150 gr.; pure litharge, 250 gr.; borax and nitre, of each 50 gr.; arsenious acid, 21 gr.

3. (Douault-Wiéland.)——_a._ From rock crystal, 4056 gr.; minium, 6300 gr.; potash, 2154 gr.; borax, 276 gr.; arsenic, 12 gr.

_b._ From rock crystal, 3600 gr.; ceruse of Clichy (pure carbonate of lead), 8508 gr.; potash, 1260 gr.; borax, 360 gr.

4. (Fontanier.) Pure silica, 8 oz.; salt of tartar, 24 oz.; mix, bake, cool, treat the fused mixture with dilute nitric acid until effervescence ceases, and afterwards with water as long as the washings affect litmus paper; next dry the powder, add to it of pure carbonate of lead, 12 oz. and to every 12 oz. of the mixture add of borax, 1 oz.; triturate in a porcelain mortar, melt in a clean crucible, and pour the fused mass into cold water; dry, powder, and repeat the process a second and a third time in a clean crucible, observing to separate any revived lead. To the third frit add of nitre, 5 dr., and again melt. The product is perfectly limpid and extremely brilliant.

5. (Lançon.) Litharge, 100 gr.; pure silica, 75 gr.; white tartar or potash, 10 gr.

6. (Loysel.) Pure silica, 100 parts; red oxide of lead (minium), 150 parts; calcined potash, 30 to 35 parts; calcined borax, 10 parts; arsenious acid, 1 part. This produces a paste which has great brilliancy and refractive and dispersive powers, and also a similar specific gravity to the oriental diamond. It fuses at a moderate heat, and acquires the greatest brilliancy when remelted, and kept for 2 or 3 days in a fused state, in order to expel the superabundant alkali, and perfect the refining (‘Polytech. Journ.’). The products of the above formulæ are not only employed to imitate the diamond, but they also form the basis of the other factitious gems. (See _above_.)

7. (YELLOW DIAMOND.) Strass, 500 gr.; glass of antimony, 10 gr.

=Eagle Marine.= From strass, 3840 gr.; copper stain, 72 gr.; pure zaffre, 1 gr.

=Emerald.= 1. From strass, 7000 gr.; carbonate of copper, 65 gr.; glass of antimony, 7 gr.

2. Paste, 960 gr.; glass of antimony, 42 gr.; oxide of cobalt, 3-1/2 gr.

3. (Douault-Wiéland) Paste, 4608 gr.; green oxide of copper, 42 gr.; oxide of chrome, 2 gr.

4. (Lançon.) Paste, 9612 gr.; acetate of copper, 72 gr.; peroxide of iron, 1-1/2 gr.

=Garnet.= 1. Paste or strass, 1200 gr.; glass of antimony, 580 gr.; purple of cassius and binoxide of manganese, of each 3 gr.

2. (Douault-Wiéland.) Paste, 513 gr.; glass of antimony, 256 gr.; purple of cassius and oxide of manganese, of each 2 gr.