Chapter L: Part 2 (11)

“Instead of the fresh flowers, dried roses are sometimes used, and, with the addition of some essential oils, these answer quite as well.” (Redwood.)

The following is a French formula:——Take the petals of the pale and red roses, pinks, violets, moss rose, orange flower, lily of the valley, acacia flowers, clove gilliflowers, mignonette, heliotrope, jonquils, with a small proportion of the flowers of myrtle, balm, rosemary, and thyme; spread them out for some days, and as they become dry put them into a jar, with alternate layers of dry salt mixed with orris powder, till the vessel is filled. Close it for a month and stir the whole up, and moisten it with rose water.

=POT′TED MEATS.= See PUTREFACTION and POTTING (_below_).

=POT′TERY.= The mechanical operations connected with the manufacture of pottery (CERAMIC ART) do not come within the province of this work. The materials employed, in this country, to produce the best kind of earthenware (STAFFORDSHIRE WARE) are the fine white clays of Devonshire and Cornwall, and powdered chert or flint. This is brought to a perfectly homogeneous plastic mass with water, and in this state is fashioned upon the potter’s wheel and lathe, or by moulding, into all the varied objects of utility and ornament, which are made in this material. After the newly formed vessels and other articles have been dried by exposure in heated rooms, they are enclosed in clay cases (SEGGARS) and exposed to heat in a kiln, by which they arrive at a state (BISCUIT) which renders them fit for glazing; the patterns (if any) and, afterwards, appropriate vitreous materials having been applied to their surfaces, they are again placed in the seggars, and are again exposed in a kiln to a heat sufficiently high to fuse the newly applied compound, by which they acquire a uniform enamelled surface, and become fit for the market. PORCELAIN, or CHINA, as it is commonly called, is manufactured in a nearly similar manner, but the materials are selected and the various processes conducted with corresponding skill and care.

The ornamental patterns are produced upon both Staffordshire ware and porcelain by a number of ingenious processes, among which printing, painting, and moulding are the principal. The colours employed are those which have been already referred to under ENAMELS.

The metallic lustres now so common on stoneware, &c., are given as follows:——

1. GOLD LUSTRE. Dissolve grain-gold, 1 dr., in aqua regia, 3/4 oz.; to the solution add of metallic tin, 6 gr.; and when this is dissolved, pour it very gradually, with constant stirring, into a mixture of balsam of sulphur, 1/2 dr.; oil of turpentine, 20 gr.; when the mass begins to stiffen, 1/2 dr. more of oil of turpentine must be added, and well mixed in. More gold deepens and brightens the lustre; more tin turns it on the violet or purple.

2. IRON LUSTRE. From a mixture of ‘muriate of iron’ (ferric chloride) and spirit of tar.

3. PLATINUM LUSTRE. To a solution of platinum in aqua regia (platinic chloride) is added, drop by drop, a mixture of spirit of tar and balsam of sulphur in equal proportions, until by a trial the composition is found to give the required result. This gives the appearance of polished steel.

4. SILVER LUSTRE. The ammonio-chloride of platinum is reduced to an impalpable powder, ground up to the requisite consistence with a little spirit of tar, and at once applied with a brush.

The above lustres are applied, over an easily fusible glaze, to the outer surfaces only of the vessels, after which adhesion is produced by exposing the pieces to a slight degree of heat in the muffle. To give them their full beauty they must be rubbed with cotton, wool, or chamois leather, after the firing. See ALUMINA, CLAY, ENAMELS, GILDING, GLAZES, KAOLIN, &c.

=POT′TING.= A term commonly applied to the operation or practice of preserving animal substances in a state fit for immediate use, in small pots or jars. The method of proceeding is, first, to mince the substance (previously well dressed, and carefully deprived of bones, sinews, skin, &c.), and, next, to pound it in a clean polished marble or iron mortar, along with a little butter and some cayenne pepper, or other suitable spice or sauce, until it forms a perfectly smooth paste; this is pressed into the pots, so as to about 2-3rds fill them, and clarified melted butter is then poured in to the depth of about 1-8th of an inch; the pots are, lastly, closely covered over, and kept in a cool situation. In this state their contents may be preserved for a year, or longer. Potted beef, ham, veal, poultry, game, anchovies, bloaters, salmon, &c., are commonly sold in the shops. They are all intended for relishes, and are spread upon bread in the same manner as butter.

=POUDRE KOUSIQUE.= [Fr.] A French nostrum, consisting of nitre and sulphur, of each 50 parts; charcoal and antimony, of each 1 part. It is divided into 1/2-dr. doses, of which three are put into each packet. It is given to dogs in a ball of butter, to prevent the disorders to which they are liable.

=POUDRE METALLIQUE.= [Fr.] See TOOTH CEMENTS.

=POUDRE SUBTILE.= [Fr.] See DEPILATORY.

=POUDRETTE.= [Fr.] Dried night-soil. The manure sold under this name is a compound of night-soil with clay, charcoal, or gypsum, made into balls or cakes. Its extensive use in Belgium, France, the United States of America, and, more particularly, in China, where it was first employed, has shown it to be the most fertilising and generally applicable of all the numerous substances used as manure. Unfortunately, the prejudices of Englishmen lead them to poison the air of their cities and towns, and the waters of their rivers, with a substance which, if rightly applied, would crown their fields with golden harvests, and drive pauperism from the land.

Tardieu, speaking of the men engaged in making poudrette, says:——“The action of the exhalations from the manure manufacturers is certainly not injurious. The workmen show actually no trace of sickness or disease which can be referred to the influence of these exhalations.”

That ‘poudrette’ is, however, occasionally liable to set up fermentation seems undeniable; and when this is the case, and large quantities of poudrette are stored within a small space, serious consequences may ensue.

Parent Duchâtelet cites the case of a vessel carrying poudrette to Guadaloupe, in which half the crew died, and the remainder were in a very low state of health on the arrival of the vessel at Guadaloupe, owing, as he affirms, to the exhalations given off by the poudrette.

=POUL′TICE.= _Syn._ CATAPLASM; CATAPLASMA, L. An external application, generally extemporaneous, used to promote suppuration, allay pain and inflammation, resolve tumours, &c.

Poultices (cataplasmata) are generally prepared with substances capable of absorbing much water, and assuming a pulpy consistence, so as to admit of their application to any surface, however irregular. Their curative action principally depends upon the liquids with which they are moistened, and the heat retained by the mass. With this object they should never be heavy or very bulky, and should be frequently repeated, and lightly, but securely, bandaged on, to prevent displacement.

The addition of a little lard, olive oil, or, still better, glycerin, to a poultice, tends greatly to promote its emollient action, and to retard its hardening.

As the continued medication of the part with warmth and moisture, or with substances applied in the moist way, is the principal object to be attained in the application of poultices, a fold or two of lint or soft linen dipped in hot water, either simple or medicated, and covered with a piece of thin sheet gutta percha or india-rubber cloth, to prevent evaporation, may be often conveniently applied in their stead. A very elegant and useful substitute of this kind is sold under the name of ‘spongio piline.’ Its cleanliness, lightness, and ease of application has led to its extensive adoption by the medical profession.

The following formulæ embrace all the cataplasma of the Pharmacopœias:——

=Poultice of Al′um.= _Syn._ CATAPLASMA ALUMINIS, L. _Prep._ (B. P., Ph. D. 1826.) Alum (in powder), 1 dr.; whites of 2 eggs; shake them together until they form a coagulum. Applied, between the folds of fine linen, to chilblains, sore nipples, inflamed eyes, &c.

=Poultice, Anodyne.= (P. Cod.) _Syn._ CATAPLASMA ANODYNUM. _Prep._ Poppy heads, 1 oz.; dried leaves of henbane, 2 oz.; water, 24 oz. Boil, strain, and add to the liquor 4 oz. of emollient meals, to form a poultice.

=Poultice, Antiseptic.= (Fr. Hosp.) _Syn._ CATAPLASMA ANTISEPTICUM. _Prep._ Barley flour, 6 oz.; powdered Peruvian bark, 1 oz.; water, q. s. Boil and, when cool enough, add camphor in powder, 1 dr.

=Poultice, Astringent.= (Foy.) _Syn._ CATAPLASMA ASTRINGENS. _Prep._ Catechu, 1 oz.; powdered oak bark and barley meal, of each 1 oz.; cold water, q. s.

=Poultice of Belladonna.= (Dr Reece.) _Syn._ CATAPLASMA BELLADONNÆ. _Prep._ Extract of belladonna, made in vacuo, 1 dr.; oatmeal, 1/2 lb.; boiling water, q. s.

=Poultice, Bran.= _Syn_. CATAPLASMA FURFURIS. _Prep._ Fine bran, with one tenth of linseed meal, made into a poultice with boiling water. Mr Payne recommends, as a cheap hospital poultice, 3-1/2 pecks of pollard, 14 lbs. of bruised meal, and 1/4 lb. of lard.

=Poultice of Bread.= _Syn._ CATAPLASMA PANIS, L. _Prep._ From crum of bread, soaked in hot water, slightly pressed, and then beaten up with a little lard, butter, or oil. Emollient. See POULTICE, LINSEED MEAL (_below_).

=Poultice of Car′rot.= _Syn._ CATAPLASMA DAUCI, L. _Prep._ 1. From the common esculent carrot, scraped fine, so as to form a pulp.

2. (Ph. D. 1826.) From the cultivated carrot boiled with a little water until it becomes soft enough to form a poultice. Anodyne and antiseptic. Used in foul and painful ulcers, burns, contusions, &c. That from the first formula is the more stimulant.

=Poultice of Char′coal.= _Syn_. CATAPLASMA CARBONIS (B. P., Ph. L.), C. C. LIGNI, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Soak bread, 2 oz., in boiling water, 1/2 pint; to this add, by degrees, of linseed meal, 10 dr.; and, afterwards, of powdered (recently burnt) charcoal, 2 dr.; lastly, sprinkle on the surface of the poultice powdered charcoal, 1 dr. As an application to fetid and gangrenous sores; frequently renewed.

2. (B. P.) Wood charcoal, 1/2 oz.; bread, 2 oz.; linseed meal, 1-1/2 oz.; boiling water, 10 oz.; soak the bread in the water near the fire, add the linseed meal and half the charcoal, stirring to a soft poultice, sprinkling the remainder of the charcoal on the surface.

=Poultice of Chlo′′ride of So′da.= _Syn._ CATAPLASMA SODÆ CHLORINATÆ (B. P., Ph. L.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Boiling water, 6 fl. oz.; linseed meal, 4-1/2 oz.; mix gradually, then add of solution of chlorinated soda, 2 fl. oz. Applied to foul ulcers, gangrenous parts, &c.

2. (B. P.) Solution of chlorinated soda, 1; linseed meal, 2; boiling water, 4; add the linseed meal gradually to the water, stirring constantly, then mix the solution of chlorinated soda.

=Poultice, Compound Farina.= _Syn._ CATAPLASMA FARINÆ COMPOSITUM. _Prep._ Rye flour, 1 lb.; old yeast, 4 oz.; salt, 2 oz.; hot water, q. s.

=Poultice, Cummin.= (L. Ph. 1788.) _Syn_. CATAPLASMA CUMINI. _Prep._ Cummin seeds, 1 lb.; bay berries, scordium leaves, serpentaria root, of each 3 oz.; cloves, 1 oz.; to be powdered together and mixed with thrice their weight of honey.

=Poultice, Discutient.= _Syn._ CATAPLASMA DISCUTIENS. _Prep._ Barley meal, 6 oz.; fresh hemlock, 2 oz.; vinegar, q. s. Boil and add sal ammoniac, 1/2 oz. (Fr. Hosp.) The same, with 2 dr. of acetate of lead added.

=Poultice, Effervescing.= _Syn._ CATAPLASMA EFFERVESCENS. _Prep._ Fresh wort thickened with oatmeal, and a spoonful of yeast added.

=Poultice, Emetic.= _Syn._ CATAPLASMA EMETICUM. _Prep._ Bruised groundsel (_Senecio vulgaris_) applied over the stomach produces vomiting.

=Cataplasma of Fig.= _Syn._ CATAPLASMA FICI. _Prep._ A dried fig, roasted or boiled (sometimes in milk), is frequently applied to gum-boils, &c.

=Poultice, Foxglove.= (Mr Alland.) _Syn._ CATAPLASMA DIGITALIS. _Prep._ A strong decoction of foxglove, with bread-crum, or linseed meal, q. s.

=Poultice, Galbanum.= _Syn._ CATAPLASMA GALBANI. _Prep._ Lily roots, 4 oz.; figs, 1 oz.; boil till soft, and bruise them with 1-1/2 oz. of onions and 1/2 oz. of galbanum, triturated with yolk of egg and a sufficient quantity of linseed meal.

=Poultice, Galvanic.= (Recamier.) _Syn._ CATAPLASMA GALVANICUM. It consists of cotton wadding containing a layer of very thin zinc plates, and another layer of copper ones. This pad, conveniently quilted, is enclosed in a bag, one face of which is of quilted calico, the other of impermeable tissue. The natural perspiration, confined by the impermeable tissue, excites galvanic action between the metals.

=Poultice of Hem′lock.= _Syn._ CATAPLASMA CONII (B. P., Ph. L.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Boiling water, 1/2 pint; linseed meal, 4-1/2 oz., or q. s.; make a poultice, and on this spread of extract of hemlock (Ph. L.), 1 oz., first softened with a little hot water. Anodyne. In irritable and painful cancerous, scrofulous, and syphilitic sores, tumours, &c.

2. (B. P.) Hemlock leaf, in powder, 1 oz.; linseed meal, 3 oz.; boiling water, 10 oz.; mix the ingredients, then add them to the water gradually, constantly stirring.

=Poultice, Henbane.= _Syn._ CATAPLASMA HYOSCYAMI. The same as POULTICE OF POPPY.

=Poultice, Hop.= (Dr Trotter.) _Syn._ CATAPLASMA HUMULI. Hops softened with hot water. To foul ulcers.

=Poultice, Iodine.= _Syn._ CATAPLASMA IODURETUM. To a common poultice add solution or tincture of iodine.

=Poultice, Lead.= _Syn._ CATAPLASMA PLUMBI. _Prep._ Goulard water, 1 lb.; bread crum, q. s.

=Poultice, Lily.= _Syn._ CATAPLASMA LILII. The pulp of the white lily boiled and bruised.

=Poultice, Lime.= _Syn._ CATAPLASMA CALCIS. _Prep._ Slaked lime, 2 oz.; oatmeal, 2 oz.; lard, 4 oz. Formerly used at Bath Hospital.

=Poultice of linseed Meal.= _Syn._ CATAPLASMA LINI (B. P., Ph. L.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) To boiling water, 1/2 pint, add, gradually, constantly stirring, of linseed meal, 4-1/2 oz., or q. s. Emollient. Used to promote the suppuration or ‘ripening’ of tumours. A little oil or lard should be added, and some smeared over the surface as well, to prevent its getting hard. For small ‘gatherings,’ as of the fingers, a little chewed bread and butter is an efficient and convenient substitute.

2. (B. P.) Linseed meal, 4; olive oil, 1/2; boiling water, 10; mix the linseed meal with the oil, add the water gradually, constantly stirring.

_Obs._ Linseed meal prepared from the cake, from which the oil has been expressed, is less adapted for poultices than that prepared from the unpressed, whole seed. The latter is ordered in the Ph. L.

=Poultice, Malt.= (Guy’s Hosp.) _Syn._ CATAPLASMA BYNES. _Prep._ Ground malt, with yeast, q. s., to form a poultice; to be applied warm.

=Poultice, Maturative.= (L. 1745.) _Syn._ CATAPLASMA MATURANS. _Prep._ Pulp of figs, 4 oz.; resin ointment, 1 oz.; strained galbanum, 1/2 oz.

=Poultice of Mus′tard.= _Syn._ CATAPLASMA SINAPIS (Ph. L.), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P., Ph. L.) Linseed meal and powdered mustard, of each 2-1/2 oz., or q. s.; boiling water, 1/2 pint; mix as before.

2. (Ph. L. 1836.) As the last, but substituting boiling vinegar for water. Used as a powerful counter-irritant, stimulant, and rubefacient; in low fevers, apoplexy, coma, &c., where there is a determination of blood to the head; in deep-seated inflammatory pains, neuralgic pains, &c. It should not be left on long enough to raise a blister. See PLASTERS.

=Poultice, Onion.= _Syn._ CATAPLASMA CEPÆ. _Prep._ Onions roasted and mashed.

=Poultice of Pop′py.= _Syn._ CATAPLASMA PAPAVERIS, L. _Prep._ 1. (P. Cod. 1839.) A strong decoction of poppies, thickened with crum of bread. Anodyne.

=Poultice, Potash, Acetate of.= _Syn._ CATAPLASMA POTASSÆ ACETATIS; CATAPLASMA NEUTRALE. _Prep._ Acetate of potash, 1 oz.; water, 1 pint; crum of bread, q. s. To ill-conditioned sores.

=Poultice of Po′tato.= _Syn._ CATAPLASMA SOLANI TUBEROSI, L. _Prep._ From the raw potato, scraped or grated fine. A popular application to fresh bruises, extravasations, burns, scalds, &c.

=Poultice of Potato Starch.= (P. Cod.) _Syn._ CATAPLASMA FECULÆ. _Prep._ Potato starch, 2 oz.; mix with a little cold water, add to it 20 oz. of boiling water, and boil for an instant. Cataplasms of rice and wheat starch are made in the same manner.

=Poultice, Pradier’s.= _Syn._ PRADIER’S CATAPLASMA; CATAPLASME DE PRADIER, Fr. _Prep._ Take of balsam of Mecca, 6 dr.; rectified spirit, 16 oz.; dissolve; next, separately, take red cinchona bark, sarsaparilla, and sage, of each 1 oz.; saffron, 1/2 oz.; rectified spirit, 32 oz.; digest for 48 hours, and filter; mix the two liquors; add to them twice their weight of lime water. In gout; 2 fl. oz. are sprinkled on the surface of a hot linseed-meal poultice sufficiently large to surround the affected part. It is said that the Emperor Napoleon gave £2500 for this receipt.

=Poultice of Pyroligneous Acid.= (Dr Reece.) _Syn._ CATAPLASMA ACIDI PYROLIGNOSI. _Prep._ Bran, 1 lb.; linseed meal, 1 oz.; impure pyroligneous acid, q. s. For scrofulous ulcers; occasionally 30 minims of tincture of perchloride of iron, and 3 dr. of extract or powder of hemlock, are added.

=Poultice of Red Wine.= (Gl. Hosp.) _Syn._ CATAPLASMA VINI RUBRI. _Prep._ Linseed meal, 1-1/2 oz.; boiling water, 5 oz.; stir it over a slow fire for a minute, remove, and add 2 oz. of red wine.

=Poultice, Roasted Apple.= _Syn._ CATAPLASMA MALI. The soft pulp of roasted apple, applied to inflamed eyes. Other ingredients are sometimes added.

=Poultice, Rose.= _Syn._ CATAPLASMA ROSÆ. _Prep._ Powdered alum, 30 gr.; confection of roses, 4 oz.; mix.

=Poultice of Sea-wrack.= (Dr Russell.) _Syn._ CATAPLASMA FUCI. _Prep._ Fresh bladder fucus (sea-wrack) bruised. Applied to glandular tumours, &c.

=Poultice, Sim′ple.= _Syn._ CATAPLASMA SIMPLEX, L. _Prep._ (Ph. D. 1826.) Powder for a cataplasma and boiling water, of each q. s. to form a poultice, the surface of which is to be smeared over with olive oil. Emollient. Bread poultice and linseed-meal poultice are now generally called by this name. See POWDER (Poultice).

=Poultice of Slippery Elm.= CATAPLASMA ULMI. The powdered bark of the slippery elm (_Ulmus fulva_) mixed with a sufficient quantity of hot water.

=Poultice of Soap.= _Syn._ CATAPLASMA SAPONIS, L. _Prep._ From white soap (scraped or sliced), 1 oz.; boiling water, 1/4 pint; dissolve, and add crum of bread, q. s. As an application to scalds and burns.

=Poultice, Sorrel.= _Syn._ CATAPLASMA OXALIS. _Prep._ Bruised sorrel leaves, mixed with oatmeal and beer.

=Poultice, Stimulating.= (Dr Hugh Smith.) _Syn._ CATAPLASMA STIMULANS. _Prep._ Rye flour, 1 lb.; old yeast, 4 oz.; common salt, 2 oz.

=Poultice, Sulphate of Lime.= (Blizard.) _Syn._ CATAPLASMA CALCIS SULPHATIS. _Prep._ Paris plaster mixed with water to a soft paste, and applied before it hardens. Formerly applied to ulcers to form an artificial scab; now occasionally used to afford mechanical support in some surgical cases.

=Poultice of Sulphate of Soda.= (Kirkland.) _Syn._ CATAPLASMA SODÆ SULPHATIS. _Prep._ Sulphate of soda, 1 oz.; boiling water, 1/2 lb.; crum of bread, a sufficient quantity.

=Poultice to cause Suppuration.= (E. Ph. 1774.) _Syn._ CATAPLASMA SUPPURANS. To an emollient cataplasm add bruised onions, 1-1/2 oz.; basilicon ointment, 1 oz.

=Poultice of Tannate of Lead.= (G. Ph.) _Syn._ CATAPLASMA AD DECUMBITUM; PLUMBUM TANNICUM PULTIFORME. _Prep._ Boil 2 oz. Of oak bark in sufficient water to yield 10 oz. of strained decoction; add to this 1 oz. (by weight) of liquid subacetate of lead, collect the precipitate on a filter, and put it into a bottle with 2 dr. of rectified spirit.

=Poultice, Tonic.= (G. Hosp.) _Syn._ CATAPLASMA TONICUM. _Prep._ Powdered bark, 1 oz.; charcoal, 1 oz.; camphor, 1-1/2 dr.; oil of turpentine, q. s.

=Poultice, Turnip.= _Syn._ CATAPLASMA RAPI. _Prep._ Peel turnips, boil them till soft, beat them to a pulp, and apply warm.

=Poultice, Turpentine.= (Dr Reece.) _Syn._ CATAPLASMA TEREBINTHINÆ. _Prep._ Oil of turpentine, 2 dr.; olive oil, 1 oz.; linseed meal, 1 oz.; oatmeal, 4 oz.; boiling water, q. s. To indolent ulcers, and, with more turpentine, to deep burns, scalds, and chilblains.

=Poultice of Vin′egar.= _Syn._ CATAPLASMA ACETI, L. _Prep._ From crum of bread soaked in vinegar. Applied cold in bruises, extravasations, &c., especially black eyes. Verjuice is often employed in the same way.

=Poultice of Walnut Leaves.= (Perfect.) _Syn._ CATAPLASMA JUGLANDIS. _Prep._ The fresh leaves of walnut bruised and mixed with honey. Applied over the abdomen as a vermifuge.

=Poultice of Yeast.= _Syn._ CATAPLASMA FERMENTI (B. P., Ph. L.), C. F. CEREVISIÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Beer yeast and water at 100° Fahr., of each 5 fl. oz.; mix, stir in flour, 1 lb., and place it near the fire until it rises. In gangrenous or foul ulcers; to correct the fetor of the discharge, and to hasten the sloughing.

2. (B. P.) Beer yeast, 6; flour, 14; water (at 100° Fahr.), 6; mix. Place the mass near the fire till it rises.

=POUL′TRY.= Domestic birds, which are propagated and fed for the table, and for their eggs, feathers, &c.

The poultry of this country are the common domestic fowl, the turkey, the duck, and the goose; to which some writers add the guinea-fowl and the peacock. Of these, the first is the most generally useful. Though a native of India, it accompanies man through almost every gradation of civilisation and climate, and flourishes almost everywhere, when properly secured from the inclemency of the weather, and allowed an ample supply of fresh air, with proper food. For the production of abundance of eggs it must, however, be well fed and warmly lodged. The hen-roosts and poultry-houses should be well protected from the weather, and their temperature should be duly maintained by proximity to the stables, cow-houses, or dwelling-house, and, in cold weather, by the employment, when necessary, of artificial heat. The food should also contain an ample supply of nitrogenous matter, for without this how can it be expected that hens can produce abundance of eggs, which are peculiarly rich in nitrogen? The ‘greaves’ of the tallow-chandlers, and such-like substances, are hence excellent additions to the ordinary food of poultry. But it is not sufficient merely to supply poultry with abundance of food and warmth; it is equally necessary that they should have ample space for exercise and recreation. This space “should always contain living plants of various kinds, and some gravelly or sandy soil; because worms, snails, as well as, occasionally, grass and herbage, form a part of the food of poultry; and sand or gravel is swallowed by them for the purpose of promoting digestion. Hence, no healthy poultry can ever be reared in towns, however much the natural food may be imitated by the supply of animal matters, herbage, and sand.” (Loudon.)

=POUNCE.= Powdered gum sandarac generally passes under this name. It is used to prepare parchment for writing on, and to prevent ink from spreading upon paper after erasures. Powdered cuttle-fish bone is occasionally employed in the same way. Both are applied to the surface by means of a cylindrical roll of list called a ‘rubber.’ Packers rub the surface of porous and greasy woods, as the heads of boxes, cases, casks, &c., with whiting or powdered resin, to make them bear the ink. The coloured powders used by pattern drawers, for sprinkling over pricked papers, are also called ‘pounce.’ For liquid pounce, see MARKING INK.

=POWDER.= _Syn._ PULVIS, L. Powders are divided by pharmaceutical writers into two classes——simple and compound. The first are prepared by simple pulverisation; the second by the admixture of two or more simple powders. For use the appropriate doses are separately weighed, and placed in separate papers. They are usually exhibited in a little honey, sugar, or milk, either taken from a spoon or made into an electuary or bolus, and swallowed in the semi-solid form. Metallic and other heavy powders are best taken in the latter state. Very active substances should be, in all cases, mixed with some inert powder, as that of starch, gum, liquorice, or marshmallow, at the time of ‘dispensing’ them.

“This form of preparing medicines is the simplest, and perhaps the least objectionable; but it is not applicable to all the articles of the Materia Medica. Those remedies which are very unpleasant to the taste; those which deliquesce rapidly when exposed to the air, or are very volatile; and those which require to be given in very large doses, or which are not diffused readily in water, cannot, with propriety, be administered in the form of powder. Some substances cannot be reduced to powder unless they be very much dried, and the heat necessary for that purpose alters their properties.” Nor can we “be surprised that a great alteration should be effected in a short time by the action of the air on so great an extension of surface as takes place in the operation usually adopted for reducing drugs to a fine powder.” (A. T. Thomson.)

In this country compound powders appear to be a favourite form of medicine in the diseases of infancy and childhood.

“It is necessary that whatever we order to be reduced to powder should be rubbed through a fine sieve, so that the impurities and coarser parts may be separated; and it is needful that most powders should be recently prepared, and not too long kept.” (Ph. L.)

As nearly all powders suffer by exposure to the air and light, they should be preserved in closely-corked opaque or green-glass bottles, or in tin canisters from which the external air is carefully excluded. See PULVERISATION, &c.

=Powder, Algaroth’s.= See ANTIMONY, OXYCHLORIDE.

=Powder of Al′oes (Compound).= _Syn._ PULVIS ALOËS COMPOSITUS (Ph. L.), P. ALOËS CUM GUAIACO, L. _Prep._ (Ph. L.) Socotrine or hepatic aloes (in powder), 1-1/2 oz.; guaiacum (in powder), 1 oz.; compound cinnamon powder, 1/2 oz.; rub them together. A warm, sudorific purgative.——_Dose_, 10 to 20 gr.

=Powder of Aloes with Canel′la.= _Syn._ ALOETIC POWDER, HOLY BITTER†; HIERA PICRA†, PULVIS ALOES CUM CANELLÂ, L. _Prep._ From powdered Socotrine or hepatic aloes, 4 parts; powdered white canella, 1 part. Uses and dose, as the last.

_Obs._ Once a highly popular remedy. It was originally made into an electuary with honey, and in this form was frequently called ‘HIERA LOGADII,’ It is still a favourite in domestic medicine and veterinary practice. The principal objection to both this and the preceding preparation is the nauseous flavour of the aloes, which is ill concealed by the aromatics. The ‘HIERA PICRA’ for farriers is usually made with the cheapest Cape aloes.

=Powder of Aloes with Iron.= (L. Ph. 1788.) _Syn._ PULVIS ALOETICUS CUM FERRO. _Prep._ Aloes, 1-1/2 oz.; myrrh, 2 oz.; sulphate of iron, 1 oz.; dried extract of gentian, 1 oz.

=Powder of Al′um (Compound).= _Syn._ STYPTIC POWDER; PULVIS STYPTICUS, P. ALUMINIS COMPOSITUS (Ph. E.), L. _Prep._ (Ph. E.) Alum, 4 oz.; kino, 1 oz.; mix them, and reduce them to fine powder. Astringent and styptic.——_Dose_, 5 to 15 gr.; in diarrhœa, profuse menstruation, &c. Externally, in hæmorrhages, &c.

=Powder, Alum, Opiated.= (Bouchardat.) _Syn._ PULVIS ALUMINIS OPIATUS. _Prep._ Alum, 1 dr.; sugar, 1 dr.; opium, 4 gr.; mix for 12 powders. 2 or 3 daily in obstinate diarrhœas and passive hæmorrhages.

=Powder of Alum with Capsicum.= (Dr Turnbull.) _Syn._ PULVIS ALUMINIS CUM CAPSICO. _Prep._ Alum, 3 parts; concentrated tincture of capsicum, 1 part; mix, dry, and triturate again. Applied to the tonsils.

=Powder of Alum with Gum.= (Frankel.) _Prep._ Alum, gum tragacanth, of each equal parts. Applied to sore breasts.

=Powder of Alum with Starch.= (St. Th. Hosp.) _Syn._ PULVIS ALUMINIS CUM AMYLO. _Prep._ Alum and starch, equal parts. In insufflation of rhinorrhœa.

=Powder of Ambergris with Musk.= (Bat. Ph.) _Syn._ PULVIS AMBERGRISEÆ MOSCHATUS. _Prep._ Ambergris, 6 dr.; musk, 1 dr.; oil of cinnamon, 2 scruples; refined sugar, 11-1/2 oz.; mix.

=Powder, Ammoniated Aromatic.= _Syn._ PULVIS AMMONIATUS AROMATICUS; LEAYSON’S AMMONIACAL COLLYRIUM. _Prep._ Muriate of ammonia, 1 dr.; slaked lime, 1 oz.; charcoal, 15 gr.; cinnamon, 15 gr.; cloves, 15 gr., bole, 1/2 dr. Put them into a bottle and moisten with a little water.

=Powder of Ancho′vy.= _Syn._ PULVIS CLUPEÆ ENCRASICOLI, L. _Prep._ Pound anchovies to a paste, then rub them through a sieve, and add enough flour to make a dough, which must be rolled out into thin slices and dried by a gentle heat in a stove; it is, lastly, powdered and bottled. Colouring is frequently added. Chiefly used to make sauces. British anchovies are frequently substituted for the genuine fish.

=Powder, Anthrakokali, Compound.= _Syn._ PULVIS ANTHRAKOKALI, COMPOUND. _Prep._ Anthrakokali, 2 gr.; washed sulphur, 6 gr.; mix. For 1 dose.

=Powder, Anthrakokali, Simple.= (Poyla.) _Syn._ PULVIS ANTHRAKOKALI SIMPLEX. _Prep._ Anthrakokali, 2 gr.; liquorice powder, 6 gr.; mix. For 1 dose.

=Powder, Antiepileptic.= _Syn._ PULVIS ANTIEPILEPTICUS (E. Ph., 1744.) _Prep._ White dittany, pæony, valerian, mistletoe of the oak, equal parts.——_Dose_, 10 to 6 gr. (Behrends.) _Prep._ Valerian, 4 dr.; magnesia, muriate of ammonia, oil of cajeput, of each 1 scruple.——_Dose._ A teaspoonful three times a day. Dr Paris says the following was used successfully by a Dutch empiric:——Sulphur, 1 scruple; sulphate of potash, 10 gr.; rhubarb, 5 gr.; nutmeg, 2 gr.; mix. (Germ. Hosp.) _Prep._ Oxide of zinc, 16 gr.; carbonate of magnesia, 48 gr.; oleo-saccharum of cajeput, 3 dr. Mix for 8 doses. _Poudre de Ragolo._ Oxide of zinc, 10 gr.; valerian, mistletoe, sugar, orange leaves, of each 4 dr.; magnesia, 2 scruples; oil of cajeput, 2 scruples; a teaspoonful three times a day. Pasquier prescribes——Wall crop, 10 gr.; gum Arabic, 10 gr.; 1 to 4 powders daily for eight times. SOMMER’S SPECIFIC consists of——Wall crop, 6 to 10 gr.; oleo-saccharum of mint, 8 gr.; one morning and evening for six times. See PULVIS ARTEMISIÆ SACCHARATUS. The _Poudre de Guttète_ consists of mistletoe, 2 parts; white dittany, 2; pæony root and seeds, 2; prepared coral, 1; elk’s hoof, 2; seeds of orache, 2. Given in doses of a few grains in convulsions of infants, or in larger doses for epilepsy.

=Powder, Antihydrophobic.= (Dr Mead.) _Syn._ PULVIS ANTILYSSUS. _Prep._ Ash-coloured ground liver-wort (_Pettidea canina_), 1/2 oz.; black pepper, 2 dr.; mix, and give a fourth part every morning for 4 times.

=Powder, Antimo′′nial.= _Syn._ FEVER POWDER, LISLE’S P., JAMES’S P.; PULVIS JACOBI, PULVIS ANTIMONIALIS (B. P., Ph. E., & D.), PULVIS ANTIMONII COMPOSITUS (Ph. L.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) A mixture of tersulphide of antimony, 1 lb., and hartshorn shavings, 2 lbs., is reduced to powder, thrown into a crucible heated to whiteness, and stirred constantly until vapour no longer rises; the calcined mixture is then rubbed to powder, again put into the crucible, and the heat gradually increased to whiteness, and maintained so for 2 hours; the residuum is, lastly, reduced to a very fine powder.

2. (Ph. E.) From sulphide of antimony and hartshorn shavings, equal weights; as the last.

3. (Ph. D.) Tartarised antimony, 4 oz., is dissolved in water, 1/2 gall., and added to solution of phosphate of soda, 4 oz., in water, 1 quart; a solution of chloride of calcium, 2 oz., in water, 1 quart, and to which solution of ammonia (Ph. D.), 4 fl. oz., has been added, is next poured in, and the whole boiled for 20 minutes; the precipitate is then collected on a calico filter, and washed with hot distilled water, until the liquid which passes ceases to give a precipitate with a weak solution of nitrate of silver; it is, lastly, dried by a steam or water heat, and reduced to a fine powder.

4. (B. P.) Oxide of antimony, 1; precipitated phosphate of lime, 2; mix.——_Dose_, 2 to 6 gr.

_Uses, &c._ Febrifuge and diaphoretic. Intended as a substitute for the proprietary and more expensive JAMES’S POWDER.——_Dose_, 3 to 10 or 12 gr., or more, repeated every fourth or fifth hour until diaphoresis is set up; in fevers, rheumatic affections, chronic skin diseases, &c. It is a very uncertain and variable compound, unless it has been carefully prepared. Dr Elliotson exhibited it in doses of 100 gr. without producing any sensible effect. A spurious article, made by triturating 1 oz. of tartar emetic with 18 or 19 oz. of burnt hartshorn, is frequently sold for it in the shops. See ANTIMONIOUS ACID and JAMES’S POWDER.

=Powder, Antispasmodic.= (P. Cod.) _Syn._ PULVIS ANTISPASMODICUS. _Prep._ Cyanide of zinc, 3 gr.; calcined magnesia, 24 gr.; cinnamon, 12 gr.; mix. For 6 doses.

=Powder, Antispasmodic.= (Jourdan.) _Syn._ PULVIS ANTISPASMODICUS. _Prep._ Valerian, 1 oz.; oxide of zinc, 1 scruple; musk, 8 gr.; mix.

=Powder, Aromat′ic.= See POWDER, COMPOUND CINNAMON.

=Powder, Arsen′ical.= See POWDER, ESCHAROTIC.

=Powder of Asarabac′ca (Compound).= See SNUFF (Cephalic).

=Powder, Astrin′gent.= _Syn._ PULVIS ASTRINGENS, P. STYPTICUS, L. _Prep._ 1. From Aleppo galls and burnt alum, in fine powder, equal parts. Used in piles, soft polypi of the nose, chilblains, &c.

=Powder, Ba′′king.= _Prep._ 1. Tartaric acid, 1/2 lb.; bicarbonate of soda and potato farina or British arrow-root, of each 3/4 lb. (each in powder); separately dry them perfectly by a very gentle heat, then mix them in a dry room, pass the mixture through a sieve, and at once put it into packets, observing to press it hard, and to cover it with tinfoil or close-made paper, to preserve it as much as possible from the air and moisture.

2. (Delforte’s.) Powdered tartaric acid, 1/4 lb.; powdered alum, 1/2 lb.; bicarbonate of soda, 3/4 lb.; farina, 1 lb.; dry separately, as before, mix, and further add of sesquicarbonate of ammonia (in powder), 3 oz.; lastly, closely pack it in tinfoil.

3. (Green’s.) Tartaric acid, 35 lbs.; sesquicarbonate of soda, 56 lbs.; potato flour, 1 cwt.; mix as before.

_Uses, &c._ Baking powder is chiefly employed as a substitute for yeast. 1 or 2 teaspoonfuls are mixed with the dry flour and other ingredients, which are then made into a dough, as quickly as possible, with cold water, and at once baked or boiled as the case may be. By the addition of about 1/2 dr. of turmeric powder to each pound of the mixture it is converted into egg powder. When intended to be kept for any length of time it should be preserved in bottles or tins, so as to prevent the absorption of moisture. We have discovered traces of arsenic in some of the baking powders of the shops, which we refer to common washerwoman’s soda being used in their composition, instead of the pure carbonate or sesquicarbonate.

=Powder, Basil′ic.= _Syn._ ROYAL POWDER, CORNACHINI’S P.; PULVIS BASILICUS, P. CORNACHINI, L. _Prep._ From scammony, calomel, cream of tartar, and diaphoretic antimony, equal parts. This is the formula generally adopted for this compound, which has now long been omitted from the Pharmacopœias. It is still a favourite with many practitioners, as an alterative purgative, and vermifuge for children.——_Dose._ For a child, 2 to 8 gr.; for an adult, 5 to 20 gr. Compound powder of scammony is now generally sold for it.

=Powder, Belladonna, Saccharated.= (Wertzler.) _Syn._ PULVIS BELLADONNÆ SACCHARATUS. _Prep._ Belladonna root, 15 gr.; pure sugar, 1 dr.; mix. For 72 powders. One twice a day, or oftener, according to the age. In hooping-cough.

=Powder, Blaine’s Distem′per.= The basis of this preparation is the ‘aurum musivum,’ or bisulphuret of tin. (Dr Paris.)

=Powder, Blancmange′.= _Prep._ From sago meal, 1 lb.; essence of lemon, 15 drops; mace, 12 gr.; mix.

=Powder, Bleaching.= Chloride or hypochlorite of lime.

=Powder, Blue.= See SMALTS.

=Powder, Bronze.= See STANNIC SULPHIDE, BRONZING, &c.

=Powder of Burnt Hartshorn.= _Syn._ PULVIS CORNU CERVINI USTI, L. _Prep._ From pieces of hartshorn calcined to whiteness, and powdered. It consists principally of phosphate of lime.——_Dose_, 10 to 30 gr.; in rickets, &c.

=Powder of Burnt Hartshorn with O′pium.= _Syn._ PULVIS OPIATUS, PULVIS CORNU USTI CUM OPIO, L. _Prep._ From powdered calcined hartshorn, 1 oz.; powdered opium and cochineal, of each 1 dr.——_Dose_, 5 to 20 gr.

=Powder of Camphor.= Camphor may be readily pulverised by triturating it with the addition of a few drops of rectified spirit or ether.

=Powder, Camphorated Nitre.= (Swediaur.) _Syn._ PULVIS NITRO CAMPHORATUS. _Prep._ Nitre, 10 gr.; camphor, 4 gr.; gum Arabic, 24 gr.; mix. For two or three doses.

=Powder, Capuchin′.= _Prep._ From powdered cevadilla, parsley seed, stavesacre, and tobacco, equal parts. Used to destroy pediculi.

=Powder, Castillon’s.= _Prep._ From sago meal, salep, and gum tragacanth, of each 3 dr.; prepared oyster shells, 1 dr.; cochineal, q. s. to colour. Absorbent.——_Dose_, 1/2 to 1 dr., boiled in milk; in diarrhœa, &c.

=Powder of Cat′echu (Compound).= _Syn._ PULVIS CATECHU COMPOSITUS (B. P., Ph. D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. D.) Take catechu and kino, of each 2 oz.; cinnamon and nutmeg, of each 1/2 oz.; reduce each to a fine powder, mix, and keep the prepared powder in a well-stopped bottle. Aromatic and astringent.——_Dose_, 1/4 dr. to 2 dr.; in various affections.

2. (B. P.) Pale catechu; kino, 2; rhatany, 2; cinnamon, 1; nutmeg, 1; mix.——_Dose_, 15 to 30 gr.

=Powder of Chalk (Compound).= _Syn._ PULVIS CRETÆ AROMATICUS (B. P.), PULVIS CRETÆ COMPOSITUS (Ph. L., E., & D.), P. CARBONATIS CALCIS COMP., L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Prepared chalk, 1/2 lb.; cinnamon, 4 oz.; tormentil and gum acacia, of each 3 oz.; long pepper, 1/2 oz.; rub them, separately, to a very fine powder, and mix them.

2. (Ph. E.) Prepared chalk, 4 oz.; cinnamon, in fine powder, 1-1/2 dr.; nutmeg, in fine powder, 1 dr.

3. (Ph. D.) Prepared chalk, 5 oz.; cinnamon, 2-1/2 oz.; gum, 2 oz.; nutmeg, 1/2 oz.

4. (AROMATIC POWDER OF CHALK——B. P.) Chalk, 11; cinnamon, 4; nutmeg, 3; saffron, 3; cloves, 1-1/2; cardamom seed, 1; refined sugar, 25; all in powder; mix.——_Dose_, 30 to 60 gr.

_Uses, &c._ Aromatic, astringent, and antacid.——_Dose_, 10 to 30 gr.; in acidity, flatulence, heartburn, diarrhœa, &c. The following form is used by many wholesale houses:——Prepared chalk, 4 lbs.; powdered cassia, 2 lbs.; powdered calamus aromaticus, 3/4 lb.; powdered gum, 1-1/2 lb.; long pepper, 1/4 lb.

=Powder of Chalk with Opium (Compound).= _Syn._ PULVIS CRETÆ AROMATICUS CUM OPIO (B. P.); OPIATED CHALK POWDER; PULVIS CRETÆ COMPOSITUS CUM OPIO (Ph. L.), PULVIS CRETÆ OPIATIS (Ph. E. & D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Compound chalk powder, 6-1/2 oz.; powdered opium, 80 gr.

2. (Ph. E.) Compound chalk powder, 6 oz.; powdered opium, 80 gr.

3. (Ph. D.) Compound chalk powder, 4 oz. 7 dr.; opium, in fine powder, 1 dr.

4. (Wholesale.) Compound chalk powder, 21 oz.; powdered opium, 1/2 oz. Anodyne, antacid, and carminative.——_Dose_, 10 to 30 gr.; in the same cases as the preceding, than which it is more active. It has long been a favourite remedy in all cases of simple and even choleraic diarrhœa.

5. Aromatic powder of chalk (_see_ POWDER OF CHALK (Compound), 4), 39; opium, in powder, 1; mix thoroughly, and pass through a sieve.——_Dose_, 10 to 40 gr.

=Powder, Chalk Mixture.= _Syn._ PULVIS PRO MISTURA CRETÆ, L. _Prep._ (Beasley.) Powdered gum acacia, 5 oz.; prepared chalk, 4 oz.; white sugar, 3 oz.; oil of cinnamon, 1-1/2 fl. dr.; mix. 40 gr. of this powder, triturated with 1 fl. oz. of water.

=Powder, Chol′era (Saline).= _Syn._ PULVIS SALINUS ANTICHOLERICUS, L. _Prep._ 1. (Dr O’Shaughnessy.) Carbonate of soda, 5 gr.; chloride of sodium, phosphate of soda, and sulphate of soda, of each 10 gr. For a dose.

=Powder of Cin′namon (Compound).= _Syn._ AROMATIC POWDER; PULVIS CINNAMOMI COMPOSITUS (B. P., Ph. L.), PULVIS AROMATICUS (Ph. E.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Cinnamon, 2 oz.; cardamoms, 1-1/2 oz.; ginger, 1 oz.; long pepper, 1/2 oz.; rub them together so that a fine powder may be made.

2. (B. P., Ph. E.) Cinnamon, cardamom seeds, and ginger, equal parts; to be kept in a well-closed glass vessel.

3. (Ph. D.) Cinnamon and ginger, of each 2 oz.; cardamom seeds (husked), and nutmegs, of each 1 oz. Aromatic and carminative.——_Dose_, 10 to 30 gr. In the powder of the shops cassia is generally substituted for cinnamon.

=Powder, Cla′rifying.= Flake albumen. See ALBUMEN.

=Powder, Cock′le.= From the well-known shell-fish _Cardium edule_ (Linn.), as oyster powder.

=Powder, Colbatche’s Specific.= _Prep._ From solution of sesquichloride of iron and acetate of lead, of each 4 oz.; mix, evaporate to dryness, powder the residuum, and preserve it from the air. Astringent and hæmostatic.——_Dose_, 3 to 8 grs.

=Powder of Col′ocynth.= _Syn._ PULVIS COLOCYNTHIDIS, L. That of the shops is generally prepared from the whole of the peeled fruit, with the seeds, instead of merely from the pulp, by which its activity is greatly lessened. A factitious article is also met with in trade, made by grinding bryony root with about twice its weight of colocynth seeds and a very small quantity of gamboge.

=Powder, Compound Almond.= (B. Ph.) _Syn._ PULVIS AMYGDALÆ COMPOSITUS. _Prep._ Steep 8 oz. of Jordan almonds in warm water till their skins can be easily removed; and, when blanched, dry them thoroughly with a soft cloth, and rub them lightly in a mortar to a smooth consistence; mix gum Arabic in powder, 1 oz.; and refined sugar, in powder, 4 oz.; and adding them to the pulp gradually, rub the whole to a coarse powder. Keep it in a lightly covered jar.

=Powder, Compound Bark.= (Geneva Ph.) _Syn._ PULVIS CINCHONÆ COMPOSITUS. _Prep._ Peruvian bark, 1 oz.; rhubarb, 1-1/2 dr.; muriate of ammonia, 1-1/2 dr.; mix.

=Powder, Compound Belladonna.= 1. (Hecker.) _Prep._ Belladonna, 1 to 3 gr.; musk, 5 gr.; camphor, 5 gr.; white sugar, 30 gr.; mix. For 8 powders.

2. (Kopp.) Belladonna root, 2 gr.; ipecacuanha, 2 gr.; sulphur, 32 gr.; sugar of milk, 32 gr. Mix, and divide into 3 powders, three daily. In hooping-cough.

=Powder, Compound Ceruse.= (Ph. L. 1788.) _Syn._ PULVIS CERUSÆ COMPOSITUS. _Prep._ Carbonate of lead, 5 oz.; sarcocol, 1-1/2 oz.; tragacanth, 1/2 oz.; mix. For outward use.

=Powder, Compound, of Cyanide of Zinc.= (Guibourt.) _Syn._ PULVIS ZINCI CYANIDI COMPOSITUS. _Prep._ Cyanide of zinc, 2 gr.; calcined magnesia, 27 gr.; cinnamon, 10 gr.; mix. For 6 doses, in cramp of the stomach.

=Powder, Compound Fennel.= (Brunsw. Ph.) _Syn._ PULVIS FŒNICULI COMPOSITUS. _Prep._ Carbonate of magnesia, 1 oz.; fennel seeds, 1-2 oz.; orange peel, 2 dr.; white sugar, 2 dr. Reduce each to a fine powder and mix.

=Powder, Compound Musk.= (Russ. Ph.) _Syn._ PULVIS MOSCHI COMPOSITUS. _Prep._ Musk, 8 parts; valerian, 10 parts; camphor, 3 parts.

=Powder, Compound Opium.= (B. P.) _Syn._ PULVIS OPII COMPOSITUS. _Prep._ Mix thoroughly 1-1/2 oz. of opium, in powder, with 2 oz. of powdered black pepper, 5 oz. of ginger, 6 oz. of caraways, and 1/2 oz. of tragacanth. Pass the powders through a fine sieve, rub them lightly in a mortar, and keep the powder in a stoppered bottle. This powder nearly represents the dry ingredients of confection of opium, L.——_Dose_, 2 to 5 gr.

=Powder, Compound Silver.= (Serre.) _Syn._ PULVIS ARGENTI COMPOSITUS. _Prep._ Chloride of silver, 1 gr.; washed orris powder, 2 gr. Used in frictions, the same as COMPOUND GOLD POWDER.

=Powder, Compound of Sulphate of Soda.= _Syn._ PULVIS SODÆ SULPHATIS COMPOSITUS. SEL DE GUINDRE. _Prep._ Dried sulphate of soda, 18 dr.; nitrate of potash, 1/2 dr.; potassio-tartrate of antimony, 1 gr. A third part to be taken in water or herb broth.

=Powder, Compound Sulphur.= _Syn._ PULVIS SULPHURIS COMPOSITUS. RATIER:——Sulphur, 1 oz.; cream of tartar, 1 oz.; white sugar, q. s. VAN MONS (antidysenteric powder):——Sulphur, 1 oz.; fennel seed, 1 dr.; white sugar, 2 oz.; gum Arabic, 2 oz.; mix. SWEDIAUR (pectoral powder):——Sulphur, 1/2 oz.; liquorice, 1 oz.; orris, 2 dr.; benzoic acid, 1 scruple; white sugar, 2 oz.; oil of anise and fennel, of each 10 drops.

=Powder of Contrayer′va (Compound).= _Syn._ PULVIS CONTRAYERVÆ COMPOSITUS, L. _Prep._ (Ph. L. 1824.) Powdered contrayerva root, 5 oz.; prepared oyster shells, 1-1/2 lb.; mix. A tonic absorbent or antacid.——_Dose_, 10 gr. to 1/2 dr., as required.

=Powder, Cooling.= (G. Ph.) _Syn._ PULVIS TEMPERANE. _Prep._ Nitrate of potash, 1 oz.; cream of tartar, 3 oz.; sugar, 6 oz.

=Powder, Corn.= See CORN SOLVENT and POWDER, WART (_below_).

=Powder, Cosmet′ic.= _Syn._ PULVIS COSMETICUS, L. _Prep._ (Ph. Hann. 1831.) Blanched sweet almonds and beans, of each 18 oz.; orris root, 8 oz.; white Spanish soap, 6 oz.; spermaceti, 1-1/2 oz.; dried carbonate of soda, 1 oz.; oils of lavender, bergamot, and lemon, of each 6 dr.; mix, and beat them to a powder. See POWDER, HAIR, and HAND (_below_), PASTE (Almond), POWDERS (Scented), &c.

=Powder of Cryst′al.= From quartz, like POWDERED GLASS (page 805). Used to make fine glass; also for a dryer for paints, and sold under the name of ‘diamond dust’ for razor strops.

=Powder of Cubebs with Alum.= (Matthieu.) _Syn._ PULVIS CUBEBÆ CUM ALUMINE. _Prep._ Cubebs, 2 oz.; alum, 4 dr.; mix. For 9 doses. Three daily, in gonorrhœa.

=Powder, Cur′ry.= _Syn._ INDIAN CURRY POWDER. The samples of this compound prepared by different houses vary so greatly from each other in the proportions of the ingredients, that it is difficult to regard any one as a standard. The following are therefore merely given as examples:——

_Prep._ 1. Corianders, 1 lb.; turmeric, 3/4 lb.; black pepper, 1/2 lb.; scorched mustard, 1/4 lb.; ginger, 2 oz.; cumin seed, 1 oz.; capsicums, 3/4 oz.; mace, 1/4 oz. (all in powder); mix well.

2. Coriander seeds and black pepper, of each 8 lbs.; turmeric and cumin seeds, of each 4 lbs., allspice, 3/4 lb.; mace, 1 oz. (all in powder); mix. This receipt is employed by an eminent wholesale house that does very largely in curry powder.

3. (See page 524.)

Used as a condiment and flavouring ingredient. The addition of a few heads of garlic gives it an increased zest for Indian veterans.

=Powder, Cust′ard.= _Prep._ From sago meal, 2 lbs.; powdered turmeric, 1/2 oz.; bitter-almond powder, cassia, and mace, of each 1/2 dr.

=Powder, Cyprus.= From _Cladonia rangiferina_, or reindeer moss. It has a very agreeable smell, and, being extremely retentive of odours, is much used as a basis for scent-powders, sachets, &c. The lichen known as the ragged hoary evernia also possesses nearly similar properties, and is often substituted for it. See POWDERS (Scented).

=Powder, Diapente.= (Ed. Ph. 1744.) _Syn._ PULVIS DIAPENTE. _Prep._ Aristolochia root, gentian, bay berries, myrrh, ivory dust, of each 2 oz.; mix.

=Powder, Disinfect′ing.= _Syn._ PULVIS DISINFECTANS, L. _Prep._ (Keist.) Bisulphate of potassa, 41 parts; sugar of lead, 7 parts; binoxide of manganese, 3 parts, reduce them separately to a fine powder, and, when wanted for use, mix a proper quantity in any suitable vessel. For other formulæ, see DISINFECTING COMPOUNDS. The name is generally applied to hypochlorite of lime.

=Powder, Diuretic.= (P. Cod.) _Syn._ PULVIS DIURETICUS. _Prep._ Gum Arabic, 6 oz.; sugar of milk, 6 oz.; nitrate of potash, 1 oz.; marshmallow root, 1 oz.; liquorice root, 2 oz.; mix.

=Powder, Dover’s.= _Syn._ PULVIS DOVERI, L. _Prep._ (Original formula.) Nitre and sulphate of potassa, of each 4 oz.; melt them together in a red-hot crucible, reduce the cold fused matter to powder, and add powdered ipecacuanha, liquorice, and opium, of each 1 oz. This is the formula adopted in the Paris Codex. COMPOUND IPECACUANHA POWDER is now sold under this name. (See _below_.)

=Powder, Duke of Portland’s.= _Syn._ PULVIS ANTIARTHRITICUS. _Prep._ Round birthwort, gentian, tops of lesser centaury, tops of ground pine, and germander, of each equal parts.——_Dose_, 1 dr.

=Powder, Egg.= See POWDER, BAKING.

=Powder of Elaterium, Compound.= (B. Ph.) PULVIS ELATERII COMPOSITUS. _Prep._ Elaterium, 10 gr.; sugar of milk, 90 gr. Rub them together to fine powder.——_Dose_, 1/2 gr. to 5 gr.

=Powder, Emmen′agogue.= _Syn._ PULVIS EMMENAGOGUS, P. HÆMATINUS, P. CONTRA AMENORRHŒAM, L. _Prep._ 1. Saccharine carbonate of iron, 3 parts; powdered myrrh, ginger, and nutmeg, of each 1 part; divide into 1/2-dr. papers. One for a dose, twice or thrice daily.

2. (Augustin.) Myrrh, 12 gr.; saffron, 3 gr.; oil of cloves, 1 drop. For a dose, as the last.

3. (Klein.) Calomel, 4 gr.; extract of yew, 10 gr.; powdered savine, 1 dr.; Quevenne’s iron, 1/2 dr.; loaf sugar, 2 dr. For 6 powders; as before.

=Powder, Emulsive, of Gluten.= (Taddei.) _Syn._ PULVIS GLUTENIS EMULSIVUS. _Prep._ Fresh vegetable gluten, 10 oz.; soap, 2 oz.; water, 1 pint. Dissolve, evaporate the solution, dry it on plates, and reduce to powder. As an antidote to corrosive sublimate.

=Powder, Escharot′ic (Arsenical).= _Syn._ PULVIS ESCHAROTICUS ARSENICALIS, L.; POUDRE DU FRÈRES COSME, Fr. _Prep._ 1. (Original formula.) From white arsenic, 12 gr.; burnt hartshorn, 1/2 dr.; cinnabar, 1 dr.

2. (P. Cod.) Red sulphuret of mercury and powdered dragon’s blood, of each 2 parts; levigated arsenious acid, 1 part; carefully mixed together. See CAUSTIC, ARSENICAL.

=Powder of Extract of Col′ocynth (Compound).= _Syn._ PULVIS EXTRACTI COLOCYNTHIDIS COMPOSITI, L. _Prep._ From compound extract of colocynth (Ph. L. 1836), dried by a gentle heat, and powdered.

_Obs._ This, like many other articles employed by lazy dispensers, does not represent the preparation for which it is used as a substitute; whilst, from its peculiar character, it is very open to sophistication——a practice, we regret to say, very general with certain druggists. Indeed, some of these parties make this article by simply throwing the ingredients of the extract into a pan along with a little water, and, when they have become soft, stirring them together with a spatula, after which they are desiccated and powdered. This is then labelled by certain houses, “Pulv. Ext. Coloc. co.——P. L.,” and sold to their unfortunate customers as such, although no such an extract has been in the Ph. L. since that of 1836.

=Powder, Faynard’s.= The charcoal of beechwood, finely powdered. (Paris.) Used in piles, and as a styptic.

=Powder, Fe′ver.= See POWDER, ANTIMONIAL (_above_).

=Powder of Flint.= _Syn._ SILEX CONTRITUS (Ph. L.), L. _Prep._ As powdered glass. (See page 805.) It is ordered in the Ph. L. to be employed, instead of magnesia, for the purpose of mechanically dividing the essential oils used in the preparation of distilled water. It is also used as an escharotic.

=Powder, Fly.= _Prep._ From white arsenic, 5 oz.; white sugar, 6 lbs.; rose pink, 2 oz.; mix, and put 6 dr. in each paper. Used to kill flies. It is poisonous, and should be employed with great caution, particularly where there are children.

=Powder, Fu′′migating.= _Syn._ PULVIS FUMALIS, L. _Prep._ (Ph. Russ.) Amber, mastic, and olibanum, of each 3 parts; storax, 2 parts; benzoin and labdanum, of each 1 part; reduce them to coarse powder, and mix them well. See FUMIGATION.

=Powder, Galls of (Compound).= _Syn._ PULVIS GALLÆ COMPOSITUS, L. See POWDER, ASTRINGENT.

=Powder, Gascoign’s.= _Syn._ PULVIS ECHELIS COMPOSITUS. _Prep._ Prepared crab shells, 1 lb.; prepared chalk, 3 oz.; prepared coral, 3 oz.; mix.

=Powder, Goelis’s Antihec′tic.= _Prep._ From burnt hartshorn, powdered nutmeg, black pepper, and roasted laurel berries, of each 1 part; liquorice powder, 3 parts.——_Dose_, 1/2 to 1 dr; in the hectic fever of scrofulous subjects.

=Powder, Gold.= _Syn._ PULVIS AURI. Triturate gold leaf with 10 or 12 times its weight of sulphate of potash till bright particles are no longer visible; pass it through a sieve, mix with boiling water, wash what remains on the filter, and dry in a stove.

=Powder, Gold Compound.= _Syn._ PULVIS AURI COMPOSITUS. _Prep._ Auro-chloride of sodium, 1 gr.; lycopodium, starch, or washed orris powder, 1 scruple; mix. A 1/15th part, gradually increased to 1/8th part, of this powder to be rubbed on the gums.

=Powder of Gold and Iron.= (Buckler.) _Syn._ PULVIS AURI ET FERRI. _Prep._ Pulverised gold, 2 scruples; clean levigated iron filings, 2 scruples; gum Arabic in powder, 30 gr.; mix. For one dose, to be given in water acidulated with a few drops of sulphuric acid, as an antidote for corrosive sublimate.

=Powder, Goulard.= Effloresced sugar of lead. Poisonous.

=Powder, Grey.= Mercurial powder.

=Powder, Gregory’s.= See POWDER OF RHUBARB (Compound).

=Powder of Guarana, Compound.= (Dr Gavrelle). _Syn._ PULVIS PAULLINIÆ COMPOSITUS. _Prep._ Guarana, 1 dr.; compound cinnamon powder, 4 dr. Mix.

=Powder, Gum.= (G. Ph.) _Syn._ PULVIS GUMMOSUS. _Prep._ Gum Arabic, 3 oz.; liquorice, 2 oz.; refined sugar, 1 oz. Mix.

=Powder, Hæmostat′ic.= _Syn._ PULVIS HÆMOSTATICUS, L. _Prep._ 1. (Guibourt.) Charcoal and gum Arabic, of each, in powder, 1 part; powdered resin, 4 parts.

2. (Mialhe.) From powdered alum, gum tragacanth, and tannin, equal parts. Used to check local bleeding.

3. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Resin, 4 dr.; gum Arabic, 1 dr.; powdered catechu, 1 dr. Mix.

=Powder, Hair.= _Syn._ PULVIS PRO CRINE, L. Starch reduced to a very fine powder, and then scented according to the fancy of the artist; it is, lastly, passed through a gauze sieve. In its simple form, without any addition, it constitutes ‘plain hair powder.’ In other cases it is distinguished by the name of the substance added to perfume it. Thus, we have ‘rose hair powder,’ ‘violet h. p.,’ &c. Potato farina, well triturated, is now commonly used for hair powder. Amongst the lower classes, the contents of the ‘flour dredger’ of the kitchen are frequently misappropriated to this purpose. See POWDERS, SCENTED (_below_).

=Powder, Hand.= _Prep._ From almond powder, 1 lb.; powdered cuttle-fish bone and white soap, of each 4 oz.; orris powder, 1 oz.; mix. Used to clean the hands, and to render them soft and white. See POWDER, COSMETIC.

=Powder, Helvetius’s.= _Syn._ PULVIS HELVETII, L. A mixture of powdered alum and dragon’s blood. (Dr Paris.)

=Powder, Herrenschwand’s Specific.= See PATENT MEDICINES.

=Powder, Hiera Picra.= Powder of aloes with canella (see _above_).

=Powder, Hufeland’s.= _Syn._ HUFELAND’S QUINQUINA FACTICE, PULVIS CINCHONÆ FACTITIUS, P. SALICIS COMPOSITUS, L. _Prep._ From bennet (the herb), calamus aromaticus, chestnut bark, gentian root, and willow bark, equal parts; reduced to powder.

=Powder, Hunter’s.= See POWDER, WART (_below_).

=Powder, Hunt’s.= See POWDER, BREAKFAST.

=Powder of Ipecacuan′ha (Compound).= _Syn._ DOVER’S POWDER, COMPOUND POWDER OF IPECACUANHA WITH OPIUM; PULVIS DOVERI, PULVIS IPECACUANHÆ COMPOSITUS (B. P., Ph. L., E., & D.), L.; POUDRE D’IPECACUANHA ET D’OPIUM, Fr. _Prep._ 1. (B. P., Ph. L.) Ipecacuanha and opium, of each, in fine powder, 1 dr.; sulphate of potassa, in fine powder, 1 oz.; mix them (thoroughly). The Edin. and Dublin Formulæ are similar.

2. (P. Cod.) Nitre and sulphate of potassa, of each 4 oz.; ipecacuanha, liquorice root, and hard extract of opium, of each 1 oz. This closely resembles the original formula.