Chapter LXXIII: Part 2 (34)

Bab., Babington.
Berk., Berkeley.
Br., Brown.
Cal., calyx.
Caul, caulis, stem.
Cl., Classis, class.
Cor., corolla.
Cuv., Cuvier.
D. C., or De Cand., De Candolle.
Endl., Endlicher.
Fam., family.
Fr., fructus, fruit.
Gen., genus, genus.
Hook., Hooker.
Juss., Jussieu.
D. or Linn., Linnæus.
Lindl., Lindley.
Nat. Ord., Natural order.
O. or Ord., ordo, order.
Per., perianthus, perianth.
Rad., radix, root.
Rich., Richard.
Sp. or Spec, species, species.
Subord., Suborder.
Subk., Subkingdom.
Var., varietas, variety,
V. s. c., vidi siccam cultam, a dry cultivated plant seen.
V. s. s., vidi siccam spontaneam, a dried specimen seen.
V. v. c, vidi vivam cultam, a living cultivated plant seen.
V. v. s., vidi vivam spontaneam, a living wild plant seen.
Willd., Willdenow.
With., Withering.

=SYMPATHET′IC INK.= See INK.

=SYN′APTASE.= _Syn._ EMULSIN. The name given by Robiquet to the EMULSIN, a nitrogenised or albuminoid principle existing in both the bitter and sweet almond. It possesses the remarkable property of converting amygdalin, in the presence of water, into hydrocyanic acid and the essential oil of bitter almonds. 100 gr. of amygdalin yield, under the influence of synaptase and water, 47 gr. of raw oil, and 5·9 gr. of anhydrous hydrocyanic acid. (Liebig.)

=SYN′COPE.= See FAINTING.

=SYR′UP.= _Syn._ SIRUP, SIROP; SYRUPUS, L. A saturated, or nearly saturated, solution of sugar in water, either simple, flavoured, or medicated.

In the preparation of syrups care should be taken to employ the best refined sugar, and either distilled water or filtered rain water; by which they will be rendered much less liable to spontaneous decomposition, and will be perfectly transparent, without the trouble of clarification. When inferior sugar is employed, clarification is always necessary. This is best done by dissolving the sugar in the water, or other aqueous menstruum, in the cold, and then beating up a little of the cold syrup with some white of egg, and an ounce or two of cold water, until the mixture froths well; this must be added to the syrup in the boiler, and the whole ‘whisked up’ to a good froth; heat should now be applied, and the scum which forms removed from time to time with a clean ‘skimmer.’ As soon as the syrup begins to slightly simmer it must be removed from the fire, and allowed to stand until it has cooled a little, when it should be again skimmed, if necessary, and then passed through clean flannel. When vegetable infusions or solutions enter into the composition of syrups, they should be rendered perfectly transparent by filtration or clarification, before being added to the sugar.

M. Magnes-Lahens[218] describes below a process for the clarification of syrups, the originator of which was M. Demarest, a pharmacien. The process is as follows:——White unsized paper is beaten up into a pulp with a portion of the syrup, and then mixed with the bulk. The proportion of paper should be one gram to every litre of syrup; and the latter should be maintained at a temperature of 35° to 40° C.

[Footnote 218: ‘Germ. Pharm. Chem.,’ 4th Series, xv, 140 (‘Year Book, Phar.,’ 1872).]

A filter of moleskin capable of holding about one third of the volume of the syrup, and having the form of an inverted sugar-loaf, is supported over a suitable receptacle; the syrup with the pulp is poured rapidly into it, so as to fill it as quickly as possible; and the filter is kept full so long as any of the syrup remains. When the greater part has run through, and but little remains in the filter, and consequently the ‘felting’ of the paper pulp is complete, the syrup which has already run through, is again poured into the filter. The liquid which now passes is perfectly bright, and may be collected. In pouring the syrup into the filter, the stream should be directed into the middle, and not upon the sides, so as to avoid disarranging the felt, which would interfere with the success of the operation.

The author very strongly recommends this method for the clarification of all kinds of syrups; its advantages being that it results in a perfectly limpid liquid, and that it involves neither trouble nor loss of time or material. He states that in 4 or 5 hours, with a filter of 8 litres in capacity, 24 litres of syrup may be clarified.

The small quantity of syrup retained in the filter and pulp, may be recovered by pouring on a sufficient quantity of warm water, pressing strongly, evaporating the liquid to a syrupy consistence, beating up with a little paper pulp, and passing, it again through a small filter.

The proper quantity of sugar for syrups will, in general, be found to be 2 lbs. (avoir.) to every imperial pint of water or thin aqueous fluid. These proportions, allowing for the water that is lost by evaporation during the process, are those best calculated to produce a syrup of the proper consistence, and possessing good ‘keeping qualities.’ They closely correspond to those recommended by Guibourt for the production of a perfect syrup, which, he says, consists of 30 parts of sugar to 16 parts of water.

In the preparation of syrups it is of great importance to employ as little heat as possible, as a solution of sugar, even when kept at the temperature of boiling water, undergoes slow decomposition. The plan which we adopt is to pour the water (cold) over the sugar, and to allow the two to lie together for a few hours, in a covered vessel, occasionally stirring, and then to apply a gentle heat (preferably that of steam or water bath) to finish the solution. Some persons (falsely) deem a syrup ill prepared unless it has been allowed to boil well; but if this method be adopted, the ebullition should be only of the gentlest kind (‘simmering’), and should be checked after the lapse of 1 or 2 minutes.

Mr Orynski recommends the preparation of all syrups without the application of heat, as follows:

Introduce 30 or 32 oz. of sugar (according to the temperature) into a percolator, in which has been previously introduced a piece of lint or sponge, well adjusted, and gradually pour on 16 ounces of liquid, so as to make the percolate (syrup) pass drop by drop. If the first liquid is turbid pour it back into the percolator till the syrup passes clear.

The advantages claimed for this process are: First, the syrups are clear; and there is no necessity for purifying them.

Secondly, they possess their medicinal properties unaltered; since many drugs may be injured by heat, more especially aromatics, and those containing readily volatile substances; and——

Thirdly, the syrups will neither crystallise nor ferment; and may be prepared in large quantity, provided the vessels or bottles are clean before filling them with syrup.

When it is necessary to thicken a syrup by boiling, a few fragments of glass should be introduced, in order to lower the boiling point.

To make highly transparent syrups, the sugar should be in a single lump, and, by preference, taken from the bottom or broad end of the loaf, as, when taken from the smaller end, or if it be powdered or bruised, the syrup will be more or less cloudy.

Syrups are judged, by the laboratory man, to be sufficiently boiled when some taken up in a spoon, pours out like oil, or a drop cooled on the thumb-nail gives a proper ‘thread’ when touched. When a thin skin appears on blowing upon the syrup, it is judged, by the same party, to be completely saturated. These rude tests often lead to errors, which might be easily prevented by employing the proper proportions, or determining the sp. gr.

A fluid ounce of SATURATED SYRUP weighs 577-1/2 gr.; a gallon weighs 13-1/5 lbs. (avoir.); its sp. gr. is 1·319 to 1·321, or 35° of Baumé’s aërometer; its boiling-point is 221° Fahr., and its density at the temperature of 212° is 1·260 to 1·261, or 30° Baumé. The syrups prepared with the juices of fruits, or which contain much extractive matter, as those of sarsaparilla, poppies, &c., mark about 2° or 3° more on Baumé’s scale than the other syrups.

In most pharmaceutical works directions are given to completely saturate the water with sugar. Our own experience, which is extensive, leads us to disapprove of such a practice, since we find that, under all ordinary circumstances, a syrup with a very slight excess of water keeps better than one fully saturated. In the latter case a portion of sugar generally crystallises out on standing, and thus, by abstracting sugar from the remainder of the syrup, so weakens it, that it rapidly ferments and spoils. This change proceeds at a rapidity proportionate to the temperature. Saturated syrup kept in a vessel that is frequently uncorked or exposed to the air soon loses sufficient water, by evaporation from its surface, to cause the formation of minute crystals of sugar, which, falling to the bottom of the vessel, continue to increase in size at the expense of the sugar in the solution. We have seen a single 6-gallon stone bottle, in which syrup has been kept for some time, the inside of which, when broken, has been found to be entirely cased with sugar candy, amounting in weight to 16 or 18 lbs. On the other hand, syrups containing too much water also rapidly ferment, and become acescent; but of the two this is the less evil, and may be more easily prevented. The proportions of sugar and water given above will form an excellent syrup, provided care be taken that an undue quantity be not lost by evaporation.

The decimal part of the number denoting the sp. gr. of a syrup, multiplied by 26, gives the number of pounds of sugar it contains per gallon, very nearly. (Ure.)

In boiling syrups, if they appear likely to boil over, a little oil, or rubbing the edges of the pan with soap, will prevent it.

Syrups may be decoloured by agitation with, or filtration through, recently burnt animal charcoal. Medicated syrups should not, however, be treated in this way.

The preservation of syrups, as well as of all other saccharine solutions, is best promoted by keeping them in a moderately cool, but not a very cold, place. “Let syrups be kept in vessels well closed, and in a situation where the temperature never rises above 55° Fahr.” (Ph. L.) They are better kept in smaller rather than in large bottles, as the longer a bottle lasts the more frequently it will be opened, and, consequently, the more it will be exposed to the air. By bottling syrups whilst boiling hot, and immediately corking down and tying the bottles over with bladder perfectly air-tight, they may be preserved, even at a summer heat, for years, without fermenting or losing their transparency.

The ‘candying,’ or crystallisation, of syrup, unless it be oversaturated with sugar, may be prevented by the addition of a little acetic or citric acid (2 or 3 dr. per gall.).

The fermentation of syrups may be effectually prevented by the addition of a little sulphite of potassa or of limes. Chlorate of potassa has been proposed for this purpose by Dr Macculloch, on theoretical grounds. M. Chereau recommends the addition of some (about 3 to 4%) sugar of milk, with the same intention. Dr Durand asserts that by adding about 1 fl. dr. of ‘Hofmann’s anodyne’ to each pint of syrup, the accession of fermentation may not only be prevented, but arrested when it occurs, fermenting syrups may be immediately restored by exposing the vessel containing them to the temperature of boiling water. The addition of a little spirit is ordered in the new ‘London Pharmacopœia.’

In making the above additions to syrup, care must be had not to mix incompatible substances. Thus, in general the two methods referred to cannot be practised together.

Syrup is, perhaps, the worst possible form of medicine, owing to the difficulty of accurately saturating it with active medicinals, and its liability to change. Few persons think that “sweetness renders a nauseous drug more palatable.” See also Squire’s ‘Companion to the British Pharmacopœia.’

=Syrup of Ac′etate of Mor′phia.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS MORPHIÆ ACETATIS, L. _Prep._ (Ph. D.) Solution of acetate of morphia, 1 fl. oz.; simple syrup, 15 fl. oz.; mix. Each fl. oz. contains 1/4 gr. of acetate.——_Dose_, 1/2 to 2 teaspoonfuls.

=Syrup of Al′mond.= _Syn._ BARLEY SYRUP, ORGEAT; SYRUPUS AMYGDALÆ, L.; SIROP D’ORGEAT, Fr. _Prep._ 1. Sweet almonds, 1 lb.; bitter almonds, 1 oz.; blanch, beat them to a smooth paste, and make an emulsion with barley water, 1 quart; strain, to each pint add of sugar, 2 lbs., and a table-spoonful or two of orange-flower water; put the mixture into small bottles, and preserve it in a cool place. Some persons add a little brandy.

2. (Ph. Bor.) Sweet almonds, 8 oz.; bitter almonds, 2 oz.; blanch them, after cold maceration, then beat them in a marble mortar, with a wooden pestle, to a paste, adding, gradually, of water, 16 fl. oz.; orange-flower water, 3 fl. oz.; after straining through flannel, dissolve 3 lbs. of sugar in each pint of the emulsion. An agreeable pectoral and demulcent.

=Syrup of Aniseed.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ANISI. _Prep._ Infuse 1/2 oz. of bruised aniseed in 4 oz. of hot water, strain, and add 2 dr. of sugar.

=Syrup, Antiscorbutic.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ANTISCORBUTICUS (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Scurvy-grass, watercresses, horseradish, all fresh, of each 10 oz.; buckbean, 1 oz.; bitter orange peel, 2 oz.; cinnamon, 1/2 oz.; white wine, 40 oz. (by weight); macerate 2 days and distil off 10 oz. (by weight); then add to the distillate, sugar, 25 oz.; strain the residue left in the retort, decant and make into a syrup with another 25 oz. of sugar; clarify with white of egg, and when cold, add to it the former syrup.——_Dose_, 4 dr.

=Syrup of Balsam of Peru.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS BALSAMI PERUVIANI. (Ph. G.) _Prep._ Balsam of Peru, 1 oz.; boiling water, 11 oz.; digest with frequent agitation till cold, and form 10 oz. of the filtered liquid into a syrup, with 18 oz. of sugar.

=Syrup of Bark.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS CINCHONÆ. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Calisaya bark, 1 oz.; percolate, with 10 oz. of proof spirits (·996), and then with water, so as to yield 10 oz. of liquid; distil off spirit, filter, and add 10 oz. of sugar; reduce by a gentle heat, so as to obtain 15-1/4 oz. (by weight) of product.

=Syrup of Bark, Vinous.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS CINCHONÆ VINOSUS. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Soft extract of bark, 1 oz.; white wine, 2 pints 3 oz.; dissolve, filter, add 3-1/2 lbs. of white sugar, and dissolve by a water bath.

=Syrup of Belladonna.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS BELLADONNÆ. (P. Cod.) Tincture of belladonna (P. Cod), 3/4 oz. (by weight); syrup, 10 oz. (by weight).

=Syrup, Boyle’s.= See SYRUP, SYMPHYTIC.

=Syrup of Buck′thorn.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS RHAMNI (B. P., Ph. L. & E.), S. RHAMNNI CATHARTICI, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Juice of Buckthorn, defecated by 3 days’ repose, 2 quarts; ginger and allspice, of each (bruised) 6 dr.; macerate the spice in 1 pint of the juice, at a gentle heat, for 4 hours, and filter; boil the remainder of the juice to 1-1/2 pint, mix the liquors, dissolve therein of white sugar, 6 lbs.; and add to the (nearly cold) syrup 6 fl. oz. of rectified spirit. In the Ph. E. the spirit is omitted.

2. (B. P.) Buckthorn juice, 97; ginger, sliced, 1; pimento, bruised, 1; refined sugar, 97; rectified spirit, 8 oz.; evaporate the juice to nearly half (5/8); add the ginger and pimento, digest at a gentle heat for four hours, and strain; when cold add the spirit, let the mixture stand for two days, then decant off the clear liquor, and in this dissolve the sugar at a gentle heat; sp. gr. 1·32.——_Dose_, 1 dr.

3. (Wholesale.)——_a._ Take of buckthorn juice, 3 gall.; bruised pimento and ginger (sifted from the dust), of each 1/2 lb.; simmer for 15 minutes, strain, and add of sugar, 44 lbs.

_b._ Take of buckthorn juice, 3 galls.; boil to 2 gall.; add of bruised pimento and ginger gruffs (free from dust), of each 3/4 lb.; boil to 1 gall., strain, add molasses, 72 lbs., and finish the boiling.

_Obs._ Syrup of buckthorn is a brisk but unpleasant cathartic. It is now chiefly used in veterinary practice.——_Dose_, 1/2 fl. oz. to 1 fl. oz. Should the colour be dull, the addition of a few grains of citric or tartaric acid will brighten it.

=Syrup of Cabbage-tree Bark.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS GEOFFROYÆ. (Dr Wright.) _Prep._ Decoction of cabbage-tree bark made into a syrup with twice its weight of sugar. Vermifuge.——_Dose_, 1 to 4 tablespoonfuls.

=Syrup of Cahinca.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS CAHINCÆ. (Soubeiran.) _Prep._ Alcoholic extract of cahinca, 64 gr.; syrup, 16 oz.; dissolve the extract in a little water, and add the solution to the boiling syrup.——_Dose_, 1 oz. daily.

=Syrup of Cap′illaire.= _Syn._ SYRUP OF MAIDENHAIR; SYRUPUS ADIANTHI, SYRUPUS CAPILLORUM VENERIS, L.; CAPILLAIRE, SIROP DE CAPILLAIRE, Fr. _Prep._ (P. Cod.) Canadian maidenhair (_Adiantum pedatum_——Linn.), 4 oz.; boiling water, 2-1/2 pints; infuse, strain, add of white sugar, 5 lbs., and pour the boiling clarified syrup over 2 oz. more of maidenhair; re-infuse for 2 hours, and again strain.

_Obs._ Demulcent. Clarified syrup flavoured with orange-flower water or curaçoa is now commonly sold for CAPILLAIRE. It is usually ‘put up’ in small bottles of a peculiar shape, known in the trade as ‘capillaires.’ It is now chiefly used to sweeten and flavour grog. See CAPILLAIRE.

=Syrup of Car′rageen.= _Syn._ SYRUP OF ICELAND MOSS. _Prep._ Boil horehound, 1 oz., liverwort, 6 dr., in water, 4 pints, for 15 minutes; express and strain; then add carrageen (previously softened with cold water), 6 dr.; again boil for 15 minutes, strain through flannel, and add sugar, 1 lb., to each pint. An agreeable demulcent in coughs.

=Syrup of Castor, Compound.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS CASTORII COMPOSITUS. (Lebron.) _Prep._ Valerian water, 5 oz.; cherry laurel water, 2-1/2 oz.; castor (dissolved in a sufficient quantity of spirit), 3 dr.; white sugar, 15 oz. In spasmodic asthma.

=Syrup of Catechu.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS CATECHU. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Extract catechu, 2-1/2 oz.; syrup, 6 lbs.; dissolve the extract in double its weight of water, and add to the syrup.

=Syrup of Chamomile.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ANTHEMIDIS. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Chamomile flowers, dried, 1 lb.; boiling water, 10 lbs.; macerate, strain with expression, and form the infusion into a syrup with twice its weight of sugar.

=Syrup of Chloral Hydrate.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS CHLORALIS HYDRATIS. (B. Ph.) _Prep._ Hydrate of chloral, 80 gr.; distilled water, 4 fl. dr. Syrup to measure, 1 fl. oz.——_Dose_, 1/2 fl. dr. to 2 fl. dr.

=Syrup of Chloride of Lime.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS CHLORIDI CALCIS. (Dr Reid.) _Prep._ Liquid chloride of lime, 1 dr.; mucilage, 2 dr.; syrup of orange peel, 10 dr.

=Syrup of Cinchonine.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS CINCHONINÆ. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Sulphate cinchonine, 20 gr.; syrup, 16 oz. (by weight).

=Syrup of Citrate of Caffeine.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS CAFFEINÆ CITRATIS. (Hannon.) _Prep._ Citrate of caffeine, 1 scruple; syrup, 1 oz.

=Syrup of Citrate of Iron and Ammonia.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS FERRI ET AMMONIÆ CITRATIS. (Beral.) _Prep._ Ammonio-citrate of iron, 1/4 oz.; syrup 9-1/2 oz. (by weight); cinnamon water, 1/4 oz.

=Syrup of Citrate of Iron and Quinine.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS FERRI ET QUINIÆ CITRATIS. A syrup is prepared by Mr Bullock under this name, but its composition has not been made known. Another form is citrate of iron and quinine, 1 oz.; syrup of orange peel, 1 pint. (Beasley.)

=Syrup of Cit′ric Acid.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ACIDI CITRICI (Ph. D.), L. _Prep._ (Ph. D.) Take of citric acid (in powder) and distilled water, of each, 2-1/2 oz.; dissolve, add the solution, together with tincture of lemon peel, 5 fl. dr., to simple syrup, 3 pints, and mix with agitation. An agreeable refrigerant. Used for sweetening barley water, &c., and for flavouring water to be used as a beverage in fevers and other inflammatory diseases.

=Syrup of Cloves.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS CARYOPHYLLI. (Ph. E.) _Prep._ Clove, July flowers, 1 troy oz.; boiling water, 4 oz.; macerate for 12 hours, strain, and add sugar, 7 oz.; make a syrup. Used for its colour and flavour.

=Syrup of Cochineal.= _Syn._ SRYUPUS COCCINELLÆ, SYRUPUS COCCI (Ph. L.), L. _Prep._ (Ph. L.) Take of cochineal (bruised), 80 gr.; boiling distilled water, 1 pint; boil for 15 minutes in a closed vessel, strain, and add of sugar, 3 lbs., or twice that of the strained liquor; lastly, when the syrup has cooled, add of rectified spirit, 2-1/2 fl. oz., or 1/2 fl. dr. to each fl. oz. of syrup. Used as a colouring syrup, and often sold for SYRUP OF CLOVE-PINKS.

=Syrup of Cochineal, Alkaline.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS COCCI ALKALINUS. _Prep._ Cochineal in powder, 2 scruples; carbonate of potash in powder, 4 scruples; triturate, and add boiling distilled water, 16 oz.; strain, and add 4 oz. of sugar candy. A popular domestic remedy for hooping cough.——_Dose._ From a teaspoonful to a tablespoonful, according to the age of the child, 3 or 4 times a day.

=Syrup of Cod-liver Oil.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS OLEI MORRHUÆ. (Duclos.) _Prep._ Mix 5 parts of powdered gum with 4 of simple syrup; add 8 parts of cod-liver oil, triturate till perfectly mixed, gradually adding 12 parts of water; lastly, dissolve in the emulsion, 24 oz. of sugar by means of a gentle heat. In the same manner may be prepared syrups from the oil of skate, castor oil, &c.

=Syrup of Coffee.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS CAFFEÆ. _Prep._ Concentrated infusion of fresh-roasted coffee, 4 oz.; refined sugar, 8 oz.; dissolved in a closed vessel by a gentle heat.

=Syrup of Colchicum.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS COLCHICI. (Ph. E., 1817.) _Prep._ Fresh colchicum, 1 oz.; vinegar, 16 oz.; macerate for 2 days, and strain with gentle expression; add to the clear liquor 26 oz. of sugar, and boil.

=Syrup of Colts′foot.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS TUSSILAGINIS, L. _Prep._ (P. Cod.) Flowers of coltsfoot, 1 lb. (or dried flowers, 2 oz.); boiling water, 2 lbs.; macerate for 12 hours; strain, press, filter, and add of white sugar, 4 lbs. A popular remedy in coughs, colds, &c.——_Dose_, 1 to 2 table-spoonfuls, _ad libitum_.

=Syrup of Copaiba.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS COPAIBÆ. (Puche.) _Prep._ Triturate 2 oz. of copaiba with 1/2 oz. of powdered gum and 1-1/2 oz. of water; add 32 drops of essence of peppermint, and 12 oz. of simple syrup.

=Syrup of Corsican Moss.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS HELMINTHOCORTI. (P. Cod.) Macerate 1 lb. of cleansed Corsican moss in 2-1/2 lbs. of boiling water; in six hours strain. Macerate the residue in sufficient boiling water, so as to obtain, including the product of the first maceration, 2-3/4 lbs., in which dissolve 5 lbs. of sugar.

=Syrup of Cream.= Finely powdered lump sugar mixed with an equal weight of fresh cream. It will keep for a long time if put into bottles, and closely corked and sealed over. It is commonly placed in 2-oz. wide-mouthed phials, and taken on long voyages, a fresh phial being opened at every meal.

=Syrup of Cyanide of Potassium.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS POTASSII CYANIDI; SYROP DE HYDROCYANATE DE POTASSE. _Prep._ Clarified syrup, 16 oz.; medicinal hydrocyanate of potash (a solution of 1 part of cyanide of potassium in 8 of water), 1 dr.

=Syrup of Dittany.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS DIOTAMNI. From Dittany of Crete, as SYRUP OF HYSSOP.

=Syrup of Dulcamara.= _Syn._ SYRUP OF BITTER SWEET, SYRUPUS DULCAMARÆ. As SYRUP OF CORSICAN MOSS.

=Syrup, Easton’s.= This preparation is said to contain in each fluid drachm——1 gr. of phosphate of iron, 1 gr. of phosphate of quinia, and a 1/32 gr. of strychnia. The dose is 1 dr. A precipitate, which consists of phosphate of quinine, sometimes forms in this syrup. This may be obviated by avoiding as much as possible exposure of the syrup to the air, caused by filtration of the quinine solution into the syrup.

=Syrup of Eggs.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS OVORUM. (Fuller.) _Prep._ Beat the whites of 3 eggs with 6 oz. of plantain water, and work it in a mortar with 6 oz. of powdered sugar till they form a syrup.

=Syrup of Emetina.= SYRUPUS EMITINÆ. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Coloured emetine, 12 gr.; syrup, 17-1/2 oz. (by weight); mix.

=Syrup, Empyreumat′ic.= Treacle.

=Syrup of Ergotine.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ERGOTINÆ (Bonjean.) Ergotine (watery extract of ergot), 2 dr.; orange-flower water, 1 oz.; dissolve, and add the solution to 16 oz. (by weight) of boiling syrup.——_Dose_, 2 to 4 spoonfuls in the day.

=Syrup of E′ther.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ÆTHERIS, S. Æ. SULPHURICI, L.; SIROP D’ÆTHER, Fr. _Prep._ (P. Cod.) Sulphuric ether, 1 part; white (simple) syrup, 16 parts; place them in a glass vessel having a tap at the bottom, shake them frequently for 5 or 6 days, and then draw off the clear syrup into small bottles.——_Dose_, 1/2 to 3 fl. dr.

=Syrup of Eucalyptus.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS EUCALYPTI GLOBULI. _Prep._ 1. 100 gr. of the chopped leaves are infused for 6 hours in 1 litre of boiling water, the liquid expressed, and after allowing it to deposit, it is made into a syrup by the addition of 190 grams of sugar, for 100 grams of the clear liquid.

2. (Dorvault.) Distilled water of eucalyptus, 50 parts; sugar, 95 parts; dissolve.

=Syrup, Euston’s.= See SYRUP OF PHOSPHATE OF IRON, WITH QUININE AND STRYCHNIA.

=Syrup of Fennel.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS FŒNICULI. (Ph. G.) _Prep._ Infuse bruised fennel seed, 2 oz., in 12 oz. of boiling water for three hours; strain off 10 oz., and dissolve it in 18 oz. sugar.

=Syrup of Foxglove.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS DIGITALIS. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Tincture of foxglove (P. Cod), 1/2 oz. (by weight); syrup, 20 oz. (by weight).

=Syrup of Fumitory.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS FUMARIÆ. (P. Cod.) Clarified juice of fumitory, 1 lb.; white sugar, 2 lbs.; boil to a syrup.

=Syrup of Garlic.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ALLII. (Ph. U. S.) _Prep._ Garlic, 6 oz. troy; distilled vinegar, 16 oz. (o. m.); macerate for 4 days; express, and form a syrup with the clear liquor and sugar, 2 troy lbs.

=Syrup of Garlic, Compound.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ALLII COMPOSITUS. Dr WILL’S SYRUP. _Prep._ Garlic, cut small, 1/2 oz.; bruised aniseed, 1/2 oz.; elecampane root, 3 dr.; liquorice root, 2 dr.; brandy, 24 oz.; digest for 2 or 3 days, strain, and form a syrup with 1-1/2 lb. of sugar.

=Syrup of Gin′ger.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ZINGIBERIS (B. P., Ph. L., E., & D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Bruised ginger, 2-1/2 oz.; boiling water, 1 pint; macerate for 4 hours, strain, and add of white sugar, 2-1/2 lbs., or q. s.; and rectified spirit, as directed for syrup of cochineal. The Ph. E. omits the spirit.

2. (Ph. D.) Tincture of ginger, 1 fl. oz.; simple syrup, 7 fl. oz.; mix. Stimulant and carminative. Chiefly used as an adjuvant, in mixtures.

3. (B. P.) Strong tincture of ginger, 1; syrup, 25; mix.——_Dose_, 1 to 4 dr.

=Syrup of Gold.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS AURI. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Powdered gold, 20 gr.; syrup, 1 oz. As a local application.

=Syrup of Guaiacum Wood.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS GUAIACI LIGNI. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Boil rasped guaiacum wood, 3 oz. twice, and for an hour each time, in 30 oz. of water; strain through a thick cloth; mix the two liquids, and concentrate until they are reduced to 6 oz. (by weight); let cool, filter through paper, and add 10 oz. of sugar.

=Syrup of Guarana.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS PAULLINIÆ, SYRUPUS GUARANÆ. _Prep._ Extract of guarana, 2-1/2 dr.; syrup, 32 oz.

=Syrup of Gum.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ACACIÆ, L.; SIROP DE GOMME, Fr. _Prep._ (P. Cod.) Dissolve pale and picked gum Arabic in an equal weight of water, by a gentle heat, add the solution to four times its weight of simple syrup, simmer for 2 or 3 minutes, remove the scum, and cool. A pleasant demulcent. The addition of 1 or 2 fl. oz. of orange-flower water to each pint greatly improves it.

=Syrup of Gum Ammoniacum.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS GUMMI AMMONIACI. (Wurt. Ph.) _Prep._ Dissolve 2 oz. of gum ammoniacum in 8 oz. of white wine, by the heat of a water-bath, and add sugar, 16 oz.

=Syrup of Gum Tragacanth.= SYRUPUS GUMMI TRAGACANTHÆ. (Mouchon.) _Prep._ Gum tragacanth, 1 oz.; water, 32 oz.; macerate for 48 hours, press through a linen cloth, and mix the mucilage with 8 lbs. of syrup, heated to 176° F., and strain through coarse cloth.

=Syrup of Hedge Mustard.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ERYSIMI. _Prep._ From the expressed juice of hedge mustard (clarified), 1 lb.; sugar, 2 lbs.; make into a syrup.

=Syrup of Hedge Mustard, Compound.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ERYSIMI COMPOSITUS, SIROP DE VELAR, SIROP DE CHANTRE. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Pearl barley, raisins, liquorice root, of each 3/4 oz.; cut and dried leaves of borage and chicory, of each 1 oz.; fresh hedge mustard, 15 oz.; dried elecampane root, 1 oz.; maidenhair, 1/4 oz.; dried lavender and rosemary tops, of each 1/4 oz.; green aniseeds, 1/4 oz.; sugar, 20 oz.; honey, 5 oz. Boil the pearl barley in the water until it bursts, add the raisins and the sliced liquorice, the borage and the chicory, and after just boiling strain and press. Then pour the strained liquid on to the other substances properly bruised and cut, and let the mixture digest for 24 hours over a water bath; then distil, drawing over 2-1/2 oz. liquid (by weight); on the other hand, press and strain the liquor that remains in the retort, clarify with white of egg, add the sugar and honey, and make into a syrup that, when boiling, shall have a sp. gr. of 1·29; when nearly cold add the 2-1/2 oz. of distilled liquid, and strain.——_Dose_, 1/2 to 2 oz.

=Syrup of Henbane.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS HYOSCYAMI (P. Cod.). From the tincture (P. Cod.) as syrup of belladonna.

=Syrup, Hive.= Compound syrup of squills.

=Syrup of Horehound.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS MARUBII, L.; SIROP DE PRASSIO, Fr. _Prep._ 1. (P. Cod.) Dried horehound, 1 oz.; horehound water, 2 lbs.; digest in a water bath for 2 hours, strain, and add of white sugar, 4 lbs.

2. White horehound (fresh), 1 lb.; boiling water, 1 gall.; infuse for 2 hours, press out the liquor, filter, and add of sugar, q. s.

_Obs._ A popular remedy in coughs and diseases of the lungs.——_Dose._ A table-spoonful, _ad libitum_. “It is sold for any syrup of herbs that is demanded, and which is not in the shop.” (Gray.)

=Syrup, Horseradish.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ARMORACIÆ. (Dr Cullen.) _Prep._ Scraped horseradish, 1 oz.; hot water, 8 oz.; digest, strain, and dissolve in the liquor twice its weight of sugar.——_Dose_, 1 dr. frequently in hoarseness from relaxation.

=Syrup of Houndstongue.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS CYNOGLOSSI. (Fuller.) _Prep._ Clarified juice of houndstongue boiled, with its weight of sugar, to a syrup. In catarrhous humours.

=Syrup of Hydrochlo′′rate of Mor′phine.= _Syn._ SYRUP OF MURIATE OF MORPHINE; SYRUPUS MORPHIÆ MURIATIS (Ph. D.), L. _Prep._ (Ph. D.) Solution of muriate of morphia, 1 fl. oz.; simple syrup, 17 fl. oz.; mix. Each fl. oz. contains 1/4 gr. of the muriate.——_Dose_, 1/2 to 2 teaspoonfuls.

=Syrup of Hydrocyanic Acid.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ACIDI HYDROCYANICI. The Paris Codex orders a syrup, in which 200 parts (by weight) contain 1 part (by weight) of officinal medicinal hydrocyanic acid, containing 10 per cent. of anhydrous acid.

=Syrup of Hypophosphate of Iron.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS FERRI HYPOPHOSPHITIS. (Wood.) _Prep._ Granulated sulphate of iron, 480 gr.; hypophosphite of lime, 326 gr.; diluted phosphoric acid, 1 fl. oz.; water, 1-1/2 oz.; syrup, 3 dr. Dissolve without heat the iron in the acid, mixed with the water; rub the hypophosphite to fine powder, and pour on it the solution of sulphate of iron; rub together for two or three minutes; then pour the mixture on a piece of damp calico, and squeeze out the liquid; filter the solution so obtained, and add to it seven times its volume of syrup.

=Syrup of Hypophosphite of Lime.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS CALCIS HYPOPHOSPHITIS. (Churchill.) _Prep._ Hypophosphite of lime, 1 part; syrup, 100 parts.

=Syrup of Hypophosphite of Potash.= See SYRUP OF THE HYPOPHOSPHITES.

=Syrup of Hypophosphite of Soda.= See SYRUP OF THE HYPOPHOSPHITES.

=Syrup of Hyposulphite of Soda.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS SODÆ HYPOSULPHITIS. (Mouchon.) _Prep._ Hyposulphite of soda, 1 oz.; water, 12 oz.; sugar, 33 oz. Dissolve with a gentle heat, and filter.

=Syrup of the Hypophosphites.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS HYPOPHOSPHITICUS. _Prep._ Hypophosphite of lime, potash, and soda, 1 part each, dissolved with heat in syrup, 100 parts.——_Dose_, 1 dr.

=Syrup of Hyssop.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS HYSSOPI. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ As syrup of coltsfoot.

=Syrup of Iceland Moss.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS LICHENIS. Iceland moss deprived of its bitterness, 1 oz.; syrup, 32 oz. Make a concentrated decoction of the moss, strain and add the syrup, and boil to a proper consistence.

=Syrup of Indian Sarsaparil′la.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS HEMIDESMI (B. P., Ph. D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. D.) Indian sarsaparilla (_Hemidesmus Indicus_——Brown), bruised, 4 oz.; boiling water, 1 pint; infuse for 4 hours, and to the strained and defecated infusion add twice its weight of sugar. Tonic, diuretic, &c.——_Dose_, 2 to 4 fl. dr.; in nephritic complaints, and in some others, instead of sarsaparilla.

2. (B. P.) Hemidesmus, bruised, 1; refined sugar, 7; boiling distilled water, 5; infuse 4 hours, strain, add the sugar, and dissolve. The product should weigh 10-1/2 oz., and measure 8. Sp. gr. 1·335.——_Dose_, 1 to 4 dr.

=Syrup of I′odide of Iron.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS FERRI IODIDI (B. P., Ph. L., E., & D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Mix iodine, 1 oz., and iron wire 3 dr., with distilled water, 8 fl. oz., and heat the solution until it assumes a greenish colour; then strain it, evaporate it to about 4 fl. oz., and add to it of white sugar, 10 oz.; lastly, when the syrup has cooled, add as much water as may be necessary, that it may measure exactly 15 fl. oz., and keep it in a well-stoppered black glass bottle. The formulæ of the Ph. E. & D. are nearly similar, a fl. dr. of each containing about 5 gr. of the pure dry iodide. This syrup is tonic and resolvent, and hæmatinic.——_Dose_, 15 or 20 drops to 1 fl. dr.; in anæmia, debility, scrofula, &c.

2. (B. P.) Iron wire, 1; iodine, 2; refined sugar, 28; distilled water, 13. Make a syrup with the sugar and 10 of the water, and keep it hot. Put into a strong soda-water bottle, covered with a cloth, the iron wire, the iodine, and 3 of the water, shake them together until the froth of the mixture becomes white, filter whilst still hot into the syrup. The product should be made up by water to weigh 43 or to measure 31-1/2. Sp. gr. 1385.——_Dose_, 20 to 60 minims.

=Syrup of Iodide of Iron, Compound.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS FERRI IODIDI COMPOSITUS. (Ricord.) _Prep._ This may be made by adding 1 oz. of the syrup to 9 oz. of compound syrup of sarsaparilla, both by weight.

=Syrup of Iodide of Iron and Quinine.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS FERRI ET QUINIÆ IODIDI. (Bouchardat.) _Prep._ Digest 1 dr. of iodine with 1/2 dr. of iron filings and 4 dr. of water, with a gentle heat and frequent agitation, till the solution is colourless. Filter it rapidly into a vessel containing 28 oz. of simple syrup. Dissolve also 12 gr. of sulphate of quinine in 2 dr. of water acidulated with sulphuric acid, and add to the former.

=Syrup of Iodide of Manganese.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS MANGANESII IODIDI. (M. Hannon.) Pure hydrated carbonate of manganese, 1 dr.; concentrated hydriodic acid, q. s. to dissolve it. Mix this solution with 16-1/2 oz. of sudorific syrup.——_Dose._ From 2 to 6 tablespoonfuls daily.

=Syrup of Iodide of Potassium.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS POTASSII IODIDI. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Iodide of potassium, 1/4 oz.; water, 1/4 oz.; syrup, 9-1/4 oz. (by weight).

=Syrup of Iodine.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS IODINII. (Foy.). _Prep._ Compound tincture of iodine, 4 dr.; mint water, 4 oz.; syrup, 16 oz.

=Syrup of Iodohydrargyrate of Potassium.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS IODOHYDRARGYRATIS POTASSII (Puche). _Prep._ Iodohydrargyrate of potassium, 16 gr.; tincture of saffron, 2-1/2 dr.; syrup, 16 oz.

=Syrup of Ipecacuan′ha.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS IPECACUANHÆ, L. _Prep._ (Ph. E.) Ipecacuanha (in coarse powder), 4 oz.; rectified spirit, 15 fl. oz.; digest for 24 hours at a gentle heat, and strain; add of proof spirit, 14 fl. oz., and again digest and strain, and repeat the process with water, 14 fl. oz.; distil off the spirit from the mixed liquors, evaporate to 12 fl. oz., and filter; next add to the residuum rectified spirit, 5 fl. oz., and simple syrup, 7 pints, and mix well.——_Dose._ As an emetic for infants, 1/2 teaspoonful; for adults, 1 to 1-1/2 fl. oz.; as an expectorant, 1 to 3 teaspoonfuls.

=Syrup of Iron and Iodide of Potassium.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS FERRI ET POTASSII IODIDI. _Prep._ Dissolve 1 oz. of iodide of potassium in 6 oz. of hot water, add 12-1/4 oz. (fl.) of syrup of iodide of iron, and sufficient simple syrup to make up 1-1/2 pint.

=Syrup of Jalap.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS JALAPINUS. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Jalap, 10 dr.; coriander, 1/2 dr.; fennel seed, 1/2 dr.; water, 12 oz.; heat to 212° F. for twenty minutes, let it stand 24 hours; strain, and make a syrup with 24 oz. of sugar.

=Syrup of Kermes.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS KERMETIS, SYRUPUS ANTIMONIATUS. _Prep._ Kermes mineral, 20 gr.; syrup of squills, 1-1/2 oz.; syrup of marshmallow, 1-1/2 oz. Mix.

=Syrup of Lactate of Iron.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS FERRI LACTATIS. (Cap.) _Prep._ Lactate of iron, 1 dr.; boiling distilled water, 6 oz.; pure sugar, 12 oz.——_Dose_, 2 to 4 dr.

=Syrup of Lacto-phosphate of Lime.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS CALCIS LACTO-PHOSPHATIS. (P. Vincent.[219]) _Prep._ Burnt bones, 155 gr.; hydrochloric acid, 310 gr.; liquid ammonia, 200 gr.; concentrated lactic acid, distilled water, of each q. s.; sugar, 18-1/2 oz.; leave together for some time the bone ash and the acid until effervescence ceases, then add distilled water, 500 gr.; precipitate with the ammonia, filter, and well wash the precipitate with distilled water, until the washings cease to give a precipitate with nitrate of silver. Leave to drain for 12 hours, after gently heating in a porcelain capsule, and add sufficient lactic acid to dissolve the precipitate; add sufficient distilled water to make the product weigh 9-1/2 oz.; filter, and add the sugar; make dissolve with a gentle heat.

[Footnote 219: ‘Pharm. Journ.’]

=Syrup of Lactucarium.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS LACTUCARII. (U. S.) _Prep._ Lactucarium, 1 troy oz.; syrup, 14 oz. (o. m.); proof spirit, q. s.; rub the lactucarium with the proof spirit to a syrupy consistence, transfer to a percolator and percolate with proof spirit until 8 oz. (o. m.) of tincture have been obtained. Evaporate this portion in a water bath at 160°F. to 2 oz. (o. m.). Mix it with the syrup made hot, and strain immediately.

=Syrup of Le′mon.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS LIMONIS (B. P.), SYRUPUS LIMONUM (Ph. L. & E.), SYRUPUS CITRI MEDICÆ. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Lemon juice (strained or defecated), 1 pint; white sugar, 2-1/2 lbs.; dissolve by a gentle heat, and set it aside; in 24 hours remove the scum, decant the clear portion, and add of rectified spirit, 2-1/2 fl. oz. The Edinburgh College omits the spirit. A pleasant refrigerant syrup in fevers, &c.——_Dose_, 1 to 4 fl. dr., in any diluent. With water it forms an excellent extemporaneous lemonade.

2. (B. P.) Fresh lemon peel, 2; lemon juice, strained, 20; refined sugar, 36. Heat the lemon juice to the boiling point, and having put it into a covered vessel with the lemon peel, let them stand until they are cold, then filter and dissolve the sugar in the filtered liquid with a gentle heat. The product should weigh 56 and measure 41.——_Dose_, 1 to 2 dr.

=Syrup of Lettuce.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS LACTUCÆ. (P. Cod.) Dissolve 2 oz. of extract of lettuce in 8 times its weight of cold water, filter, and add 6 lbs. 2 oz. of syrup, which, when boiling, has a specific gravity of 1·26.

=Syrup of Lime.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS CALCIS. (Trousseau.) _Prep._ Slake, 2-1/2 dr. of quicklime, with 3 oz. of water, and add it to 32 fl. oz. of simple syrup; boil 10 minutes and filter. This is usually diluted with 4 parts of syrup. Given in diarrhœa.

=Syrup of Liquorice.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS GLYCYRRHIZÆ. _Prep._ Liquorice root, 4 oz.; boiling water, 16 oz.; digest, strain, and make a syrup with sugar.

=Syrup of Lobelia.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS LOBELIÆ. (Mr Proctor.) _Prep._ Vinegar of lobelia, 6 oz.; sugar, 12 oz. Dissolve in a gentle heat.

=Syrup of Malate of Manganese.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS MANGANESII MALATIS. (M. Hannon.) _Prep._ Malate of manganese, 1 oz.; simple syrup, 16 oz.; spirit of lemon peel, 2 dr.——_Dose_, 1/2 dr. to 1 dr.

=Syrup of Manna.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS MANNÆ. (Ph. G.) _Prep._ Dissolve 3 oz. of manna in 12 oz. of water, strain and filter; then add 16 oz. of sugar, and make it into a syrup.

=Syrup of Mercury.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS HYDRARGYRI. _Prep._ “There are several forms for mercurial syrups, but they all appear liable to serious objection. Plenk:——Quicksilver, 1 dr.; powdered gum Arabic, 3 dr.; syrup, 2 oz.; triturate and gradually add 1 oz. of water. Larrey:——Sudorific syrup, 1 pint; bichloride of mercury, 5 gr.; muriate of ammonia, 5 gr.; extract of opium, 5 gr.; Hofman’s anodyne liquor, 1/2 dr.——_Dose_, 1/2 oz. to 1 oz. Creron’s syrup consists of mercurial ether (4 gr. of sublimate to 2 dr. of ether), 2 dr.; syrup, 8 oz.” (Beasley.)

=Syrup of Marshmal′low.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ALTHÆÆ (Ph. L. & E.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Marshmallow root, fresh and sliced, 1-1/2 oz.; distilled water (cold), 1 pint; macerate for 12 hours, press out the liquor, strain it through linen, and add to the strained liquor twice its weight of white sugar (about 3 lbs.); dissolve by a gentle heat, and, when cold, add of rectified spirit, 2-1/2 fl. oz., or q. s. See SYRUP OF COCHINEAL.

2. (Ph. L. 1836.) Take of fresh marshmallow root, bruised, 8 oz.; water, 4 pints; boil down to one half, and express the liquor when it is cold; set it aside for 24 hours, that the fæces may subside, then decant off the clear liquid, and, having added to it of sugar, 2-1/2 lbs., boil the whole to a proper consistence. The formula of the Ph. E. is similar.

_Obs._ This is a popular demulcent and pectoral.——_Dose_, 1 to 4 fl. dr.; in coughs, &c. either alone or added to mixtures.

=Syrup of Milk.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS LACTIS. Reduce skimmed milk by gentle evaporation to one half, and add twice its weight of sugar.

=Syrup of Monosulphide of Sodium.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS SODII MONOSULPHIDI. (P. Cod.) Crystallised monosulphide of sodium, 44 gr.; distilled water, 1 oz.; syrup, 94 oz. (by weight).

=Syrup of Mugwort.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ARTEMISIÆ. As SYRUP OF WORMWOOD.

=Syrup of Mugwort, Compound.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ARTEMISIÆ COMPOSITUS. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Take of fresh tops of mugwort, pennyroyal, catmint, and savine, of each 2 oz.; fresh roots of elecampane, lovage, and fennel, of each 88 gr.; fresh tops of wild marjoram, hyssop, feverfew, rue, and basil, of each 1 oz.; aniseed, 1/4 oz.; cinnamon, 1/4 oz.; all properly divided; rectified spirit, 2-1/2 oz. (by weight); water, 30 oz.; syrup of honey, 12-1/2 oz. (by weight). Put the plants in a vessel over a water bath, pour on the water mixed with the spirit, let it stand 24 hours, and then distil over 3-1/2 oz. (by weight). On the other hand, press the residue of the distillation, clarify with white of egg, and add sugar, 25 oz.; then make into a syrup, which, when boiling, has the sp. gr. 1·26. Take the weight and evaporate until it has lost weight, equal to that of the distilled liquid, then add the syrup of honey, and lastly, when nearly cold, the distilled liquid, and strain.——_Dose_, 2 to 12 dr.

=Syrup of Mul′berries.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS MORI (B. P., Ph. L.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Juice of mulberries, strained, 1 pint; sugar, 2-1/2 lbs.; dissolve by a gentle heat, and set the solution by for 24 hours; then remove the scum, decant the clear liquid, and add of rectified spirit, 2-1/2 fl. oz. Used as a colouring and flavouring, when alkalies and earths are not present. Syrup of red poppies (_rhœados_), slightly acidulated with tartaric or dilute sulphuric acid, is very generally sold for it.

2. (B. P.) Mulberry juice, 20; refined sugar, 32; rectified spirit, 2-1/2; heat the juice to the boiling point, and, when it has cooled, filter it; dissolve the sugar in the filtered liquid by a gentle heat, and add the spirit. The product should weigh 54. Sp. gr. 1·33.——_Dose_, 1 to 2 dr.

=Syrup of Mu′′riate of Morphia.= See SYRUP OF HYDROCHLORATE OF MORPHINE.

=Syrup of Opium.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS OPII. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Extract of opium, 87-1/2 gr., dissolve in 6 dr. of cold water, and mix with sufficient syrup to make up 6-1/4 lbs. (1 in 500).

=Syrup of Orange Flowers.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS AURANTII FLORIS (B. P.) _Prep_. Orange-flower water, 8; refined sugar, 48; distilled water, 16, or a sufficiency; heat the sugar and water together, strain, and when nearly cold add the orange-flower water. When finished should weigh 72 and measure 54. Sp. gr. 1·33.——_Dose_, 1 to 2 dr.

=Syrup of Orange Juice.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS E SUCCO AURANTIORUM. (Ph. E., 1744.) _Prep._ Orange juice, 1 lb.; sugar, 2 lbs. Dissolve by heat.

=Syrup of Or′ange Peel.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS AURANTII (B. P., Ph. L., E., & D.), S. CITRI AURANTII, S. É CORTICIBUS AURANTIORUM, L. _Prep_. 1. (Ph. L.) Dried orange peel, 2-1/2 oz.; boiling distilled water, 1 pint; macerate for 12 hours in a covered vessel, press out the liquor, simmer it for 10 minutes, and then complete the process as directed for SYRUP OF COCHINEAL. In the Ph. E. & D., and Ph. L. 1836, no spirit is ordered.

2. (B. P.) Tincture of orange peel, 1; syrup, 7; mix.——_Dose_, 1 to 2 dr.

3. (Wholesale.)——_a._ From fresh orange peel, 18 oz. (or dried, 3/4 lb.); sugar, 18 lbs.; water, q. s.

_b._ From tincture of orange peel, 1 fl. oz.; simple syrup, 19 fl. oz.; mix. An agreeable flavouring and stomachic.——_Dose_, 1 to 4 fl. dr.

=Syrup, Pectoral.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS PECTORALIS. (Ph. L. 1746.) Black maidenhair, 5 oz.; liquorice root, 4 oz.; boiling water, 4 pints; macerate for some hours, strain, add to the infusion twice its weight of sugar, and make a syrup.

=Syrup of Pepsine.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS PEPSINÆ. (Corvisart.) _Prep._ 6 parts of pepsin in 20 parts of cold water, and added to 70 parts of acidulated syrup of cherries.

=Syrup of Persulphuret of Iron.= SYRUPUS FERRI PERSULPHURETI. (Bouchardat.) _Prep._ Reduce 10 oz. of syrup by evaporation to 9 oz., and add 2 oz. hydrated persulphuret of iron in a gelatinous state; mix, and keep in a close bottle.——_Dose_. A teaspoonful two or three times a day in scrofulous and cutaneous affections. As an antidote for poisoning by the salts of lead, mercury and copper. Give a teaspoonful frequently.

=Syrup of Phosphate of Iron.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS FERRI PHOSPHATIS. (B. P.) _Prep._ Granulated sulphate of iron, 224 gr.; phosphate of soda, 200 gr.; acetate of soda, 74 gr.; dilute phosphoric acid, 5-1/2 oz.; refined sugar, 8 oz.; distilled water, 8 oz. Dissolve the sulphate of iron in 4 oz. of the water, and the phosphate and acetate of soda in the remainder; mix the two solutions, and, after careful stirring, transfer the precipitate to a calico filter, and wash it with distilled water till the filtrate ceases to be affected with chloride of barium. Then press the precipitate strongly between folds of bibulous paper, and add to it the dilute phosphoric acid. As soon as the precipitate has dissolved, filter the solution, add the sugar, and dissolve without heat. The product should measure exactly 12 fluid ounces. One fluid drachm contains 1 grain of phosphate of iron.

In the preparation of this syrup as much expedition as possible should be used in washing and pressing the precipitate of phosphate of iron formed. It is best washed by decantation. The water employed should be just previously boiled to expel oxygen; the protosulphate of iron should be entirely free from persulphate, and clear crystals of phosphate of soda should be chosen. Mr Howie (whose suggestions the previous ones are in substance) proposes the use of bicarbonate of soda instead of acetate, the phosphate of iron being soluble to a considerable extent in the acetic acid liberated, if acetate of soda be employed. Mr W. H. Jones[220] gives a process for the preparation of this syrup, which consists in dissolving metallic iron in phosphoric acid and water, and then adding the solution to syrup.

[Footnote 220: ‘Pharm. Journ.,’ 3rd series, vol. v, p. 541.]

=Syrup of Phosphate of Iron, Compound.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS FERRI PHOSPHATIS COMPOSITUS; PARRISH’S CHEMICAL FOOD; SYRUP OF THE COMPOUND PHOSPHATES; SYRUPUS PHOSPHATICUS. (Mr E. Parrish, U. S.) Dissolve sulphate of iron, 10 dr., in boiling water, 2 oz.; and phosphate of soda, 12 dr., in boiling water, 4 oz. Mix, and wash the precipitated phosphate of iron. Dissolve phosphate of lime, 12 dr., in 4 oz. of boiling water, with enough hydrochloric acid to make a clear solution; precipitate with liquid ammonia, and wash precipitate. Add to the fresh precipitates glacial phosphoric acid, 20 dr., dissolved in 4 dr. of water; when clear, add carbonate of soda, 2 scruples, and carbonate of potassa, 1 dr., and then sufficient hydrochloric acid to dissolve the precipitate. Now add water to make the solution measure 22 oz. old measure, and add powdered cochineal, 2 dr.; mixed sugar, 32 troy oz.; apply heat, and, when the syrup is formed, strain it and add orange-flower water, 1 oz.——_Dose._ A teaspoonful. In addition to phosphate of iron and phosphate of lime this syrup contains smaller quantities of the alkaline phosphates. Mr Howie points out that Parrish is incorrect in stating that this syrup contains 1 gr. of phosphate of iron and 2-1/2 gr. phosphate of lime in the fluid drachm, if this statement be compared with his formula, which by calculation will be found to give ·715 gr. of phosphate of iron and 2 gr. of phosphate of lime for the fluid drachm, even if none of the former were wasted in the process. Mr Howie deprecates the use of hydrochloric acid sometimes had recourse to in preparing the syrup, and he adds that the purest sugar only should be used, and that made from beet-root should be carefully avoided. See a valuable paper by Mr Howie on this subject, ‘Pharm. Journ.,’ 3rd series, vol. vi, p. 804.

=Syrup of Phosphate of Iron and Manganese.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS FERRIPHOSPHATIS ET MANGANESII. _Prep._ Dissolve 6 dr. of glacial phosphoric acid in a small quantity of water, add 72 gr. of phosphate of iron, and 48 gr. of phosphate of manganese; apply heat to dissolve, then add sugar, 10 oz., and water up to measure of 12 oz.——_Dose_, 1 to 4 dr.

=Syrup of Phosphate of Iron, with Quinine and Strychnia.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS FERRI PHOSPHATIS, CUM QUINIA ET STRYCHNIA.

=Syrup of Phosphate of Manganese.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS MANGANESII PHOSPHATIS. (M. Hannon.) _Prep._ Phosphate of manganese, 1/2 dr.; spirit of tolu, 3 oz. 3 dr; syrup of bark, 5 oz.; spirit of lemon peel, 1-1/2 dr.; powder of tragacanth, 10 gr. Mix quickly and preserve in a well-stoppered bottle.

=Syrup of Phosphate of Quinine.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS QUININIÆ PHOSPHATIS. _Prep._ Phosphate of quinine, 96 gr.; water, 13-1/2 fl. dr.; syrupy phosphoric acid (sp. gr. 1·500), 2-1/2 fl. dr.; syrup, 10 fl. dr. Mix the acid with the water, add the quinine, and filter into the syrup.

=Syrup of Phosphate of Zinc.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ZINCI PHOSPHATIS. _Prep._ Phosphate of zinc, 192 gr.; water, 11 fl. dr.; syrupy phosphoric acid (sp. gr. 1·500), 5 fl. dr.; syrup, 10 fl. oz. Rub the phosphate with the water, add the acid and filter into the syrup.

=Syrup of Phosphoric Acid.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ACIDI PHOSPHORICI. _Prep._ Phosphoric acid (sp. gr. 1·454), 1/2 oz.; syrup, 32-1/2 oz. (both by weight). Syrup of raspberries may be substituted for simple syrup.

=Syrup of Pomegranate-root Bark.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS CORTICIS RADICIS GRANATI. (Guibort.) _Prep._ Obtain from 1 lb. of powdered bark of pomegranate root 4 lbs. of infusion by percolation. Boil this with 28-1/2 oz. of syrup till reduced to 2 lbs.

=Syrup of Pop′pies.= _Syn._ SYRUP OF WHITE POPPIES; SYRUPUS PAPAVERIS (B. P., Ph. L. & E.), S. P. SOMNIFERI, L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Poppy capsules, coarsely powdered, free from seeds, 36; rectified spirit, 16; refined sugar, 64; boiling distilled water, a sufficiency; macerate the poppy capsules in 80 of the water. Infuse for 24 hours, then pack in a percolator, and, adding more of the water, allow the liquor slowly to pass until 320 have been collected or the poppies are exhausted; evaporate the liquor by a water bath until it is reduced to 60; when quite cold add the spirit; let the mixture stand for 12 hours and filter. Distil off the spirit, evaporate the remaining liquor to 40, and then add the sugar. The product should weigh 104 and measure 78-3/4. Sp. gr. 1·32.——_Dose_, 1 dr.; 10 to 20 minims for children, increasing cautiously.

2. (Ph. L.) Poppy-heads, dried, bruised, and without the seed, 3 lbs.; boiling water, 5 galls.; boil down to 2 galls., press out the liquor, evaporate the expressed liquid to 2 quarts, strain it whilst hot, and set it aside for 12 hours; next decant the clear portion from the fæces, boil this down to 1 quart, and dissolve in it sugar, 5 lbs.; lastly, when cold, add of rectified spirit, 5 fl. oz. “Each fl. oz. is equivalent to 1 gr. of dry extract.” In the Ph. E. & Ph. D. 1826 no spirit is ordered.