Chapter XXXVI: Front Matter (36)

3. (VINEGAR GARNET.) From paste, 7000 gr.; glass of antimony, 3460 gr.; calcined peroxide of iron, 56 gr.

=Lapis Lazuli.= From paste, 7000 gr.; calcined horn or bones, 570 gr.; oxides of cobalt and manganese, of each 24 gr. The golden veins are produced by painting them on the pieces with a mixture of gold powder, borax, and gum water, and then gently heating them until the borax fluxes.

=Opal.= 1. From strass, 960 gr.; calcined bones, 48 gr.

2. (Fontanier.) Paste, 1 oz.; horn silver, 10 gr.; calcined magnetic ore, 2 gr.; absorbent earth (calcined bones), 26 gr.

=Ruby.= 1. Paste, 45 parts; binoxide of manganese, 1 part.

2. Paste, 1 lb.; purple of cassius, 3 dr.

3. (Douault-Wiéland.)——_a._ From paste, 2880 parts; oxide of manganese, 72 parts.

_b._ Topaz-paste that has turned out opaque, 1 part; strass, 8 parts; fuse them together for 30 hours, cool, and again fuse it in small pieces before the blowpipe. Very fine.

4. (Fontanier.) Strass, 16 oz.; precipitate of cassius, peroxide of iron, golden sulphide of antimony, and manganese calcined with nitre, of each 168 gr.; rock crystal, 2 oz., or more.

5. Paste and glass of antimony, of each 8 oz.; rock crystal, 1 oz.; purple of cassius, 1-1/2 dr. Turns on the orange.

=Sapphire.= 1. From strass, 3600 gr.; oxide of cobalt, 50 gr.; oxide of manganese, 11 gr.

2. (Douault-Wiéland.) Paste, 4608 gr.; oxide of cobalt, 68 gr.; fuse in a little Hessian crucible for 30 hours.

3. (Fontanier.) Paste, 8 oz.; oxide of cobalt, 49 gr.

=Topaz.= 1. From strass, 1050 gr.; glass of antimony, 44 gr.; purple of cassius, 1 gr.

2. (Douault-Wiéland.) Paste, 3456 gr.; calcined peroxide of iron, 36 gr.

=Turquoise.= From blue paste, 20 to 24 parts; calcined bones, 1 part.

_Concluding remarks._ It is absolutely necessary for the successful application of the preceding formulæ that the substances employed should be perfectly free from impurities, more particularly those of a mineral kind. The litharge, oxide of lead, and carbonate of lead, above all things, must be entirely free from oxide of tin, as the smallest particle of that substance may impart a ‘milkiness’ to the paste. All the ingredients must be separately reduced to powder, and, after being mixed, sifted through lawn. The fusion must be carefully conducted and continuous, and the melted mass should be allowed to cool very slowly, after having been left in the fire from 24 to 30 hours, at the least. Hessian crucibles are preferred for this purpose, and the heat of an ordinary pottery or porcelain kiln is sufficient in most cases; but a small wind-furnace, devoted exclusively to the purpose, is, in general, more convenient. It is found that the more tranquil, continuous, and uniform the fusion, the denser and clearer is the paste, and the greater its refractive power and beauty.

All the coloured vitreous compounds noticed under GLASS may be worked up as ornamental stones, in the same way as those just referred to.

The following method of obtaining artificial rubies and emeralds, first pointed out by Boëttger, is exceedingly simple and inexpensive, and deserves the serious attention of those interested in this ingenious art:——Recently precipitated and well-washed hydrate of aluminum is moistened with a few drops of neutral chromate of potassium, and kneaded so that the mass assumes a tinge scarcely perceptible; it is then rolled up into small sticks, about the thickness of a finger, and slowly dried, taking the precaution to fill the fissures (if any) that form during desiccation with fresh hydrate of aluminum. When perfectly dry, and after having been submitted to a gentle heat, one end of these sticks is brought into the termination of the flame of an oxyhydrogen blowpipe, until a portion of the mass is fused into a small globule. After the lapse of a few minutes, several minute balls form, having a diameter of some millimètres, and of such intense hardness that quartz, glass, topaz and granite, may be easily and perceptibly scratched with them. These, when cut and polished, appear, however, slightly opaque. By employing nitrate of nickel in lieu of chromate of potassium, green-coloured globules, closely resembling the emerald, are obtained.

By the substitution of oxide of chromium for chromate of potassium, Mr Cooley produced factitious gems of considerable hardness and beauty, though slightly opaque in some portion of the mass. The addition of a very little silica prevented, in a great measure, this tendency to opacity.

It may be observed that the beauty of pastes of factitious gems, and especially the brilliancy of mock diamonds, is greatly depending upon the cutting, setting up, and the skilful arrangement of the foil or tinsel behind them. See ENAMEL, FOILS, GEMS, GLASS, &c.

=PAS′TELS.= [Fr.] Coloured crayons.

=PAS′TIL.= _Syn._ PASTILLE; PASTILLUS, PASTILLUM, L. A lozenge or confection. The pastilles (PASTILLI) of French pharmacy, are merely ‘confectionery drops’ aromatised or medicated. The name is also given to mixtures or odorous substances made up into small cones and burnt as incense. (See _below_).

=Pastils, Explo′sive.= Fumigating pastilles, containing a little gunpowder. Used to produce diversion, but they often prove far from harmless.

=Pastils, Fumiga′ting.= _Syn._ AROMATIC PASTILLES, INCENSE P.; PASTILLI FUMANTES, P. ODORATI, L. _Prep._ 1. Benzoin, 4 oz.; cascarilla, 1/2 oz.; nitre and gum Arabic, of each 3 dr.; myrrh, 1 dr.; oils of nutmeg and cloves, of each 25 drops; charcoal, 7 oz.; all in fine powder; beat them to a smooth ductile mass with cold water, q. s.; form it into small cones with a tripod base, and dry them in the air.

2. (Henry and Guibourt.) Powdered gum benzoin, 16 parts; balsam of tolu and powdered sandal wood, of each 4 parts; a light charcoal (Linden), 48 parts; powdered tragacanth and true labdanum, of each 1 part; powdered nitre and gum Arabic, of each 2 parts; cinnamon water, 12 parts; as above.

3. (P. Cod.) Benzoin, 2 oz.; balsam of tolu and yellow sandal wood, of each 4 dr.; nitre, 2 dr.; labdanum, 1 dr.; charcoal, 6 oz.; mix with a solution of gum tragacanth, and divide the mass into pastilles, as before.

4. (PASTILLES À LA FLEUR D’ORANGE.) For powdered roses in the next formula substitute pure orange powder, and for the essence of roses use pure neroli.

5. (PASTILLES À LA ROSE.) Gum benzoin, olibanum (in tears) and styrax (in tears), of each 12 oz.; nitre, 9 oz.; charcoal, 4 lbs.; powder of pale roses, 1 lb.; essence of roses, 1 oz.; mix with 2 oz. of gum tragacanth, dissolved in rose water, 1 quart.

6. (PASTILLES À LA VANILLE.) Gum benzoin, styrax, and olibanum (as last), of each 12 oz.; nitre, 10 oz.; cloves, 8 oz.; powdered vanilla, 1 lb.; charcoal, 4-1/2 lbs.; oil of cloves, 1/2 oz.; essence of vanilla, 7 or 8 fl. oz.; as before.

_Obs._ The products of the above formula are all of excellent quality. They may be varied to please the fancy of the artiste, by the addition or substitution of other perfumes or aromatics. Cheaper pastilles may be made by simply increasing the quantity of the charcoal and saltpetre. The whole of the ingredients should be reduced to fine powder before mixing them. The use of musk and civet, so often ordered in pastilles, should be avoided, as they yield a disagreeable odour when burned. The addition of a little camphor renders them more suitable for a sick chamber. The simplest and most convenient way of forming the mass into cones is by pressing it into a mould of lead or porcelain.

Pastilles are burned either to diffuse a pleasant odour, or to cover a disagreeable one. For this purpose they are kindled at the apex and set on an inverted saucer or a penny piece to burn. Persons who use them frequently employ a small china or porcelain toy (‘pastile house’) sold for the purpose.

=Pastils, Mouth.= _Syn._ BREATH PILL, CACHOU LOZENGES; PASTILLI COSMETICI, L.; CACHOU AROMATISÉ, C. AROMATIQUE, C. DE BOLOGNA, GRAINS DE CACHOU, Fr. _Prep._ 1. Soft extract of liquorice, 3 oz.; gum catechu and white sugar, of each 1 oz.; gum tragacanth (powdered), 1/2 oz.; oil of cloves, 1 dr.; oil of cassia, 1/2 dr.; essence of ambergris and oil of nutmeg, of each 12 drops; make a firm mass with rose or orange-flower water, q. s., and divide it into one-grain pills; when these are dry, cover them with gold or silver leaf.

2. Solazzi juice (dried by a gentle heat and powdered), 4 oz.; lump sugar, 3 oz.; powdered catechu, 2 oz.; powdered tragacanth, 1 oz.; oil of cloves, 2 fl. dr.; oil of cassia, 1 fl. dr.; white of egg or rose water, q. s. to form a pill-mass; as before.

3. Powdered catechu, 1 oz.; Solazzi juice, 4 oz.; lump sugar, 12 oz.; oils of cloves, cassia, and peppermint, of each 1 fl. dr.; mucilage of tragacanth, q. s. to mix; as before.

4. Extract of liquorice (soft), 2 oz.; white sugar, 3 oz.; powdered tragacanth and cascarilla (or orris root), of each 1/2 oz.; oil of cloves, 1/2 fl. dr.; oil of cassia, 12 drops, water, q. s.; as before.

5. (Chevallier.) Powdered coffee, chocolate and sugar, of each 1-1/2 oz.; powdered vanilla, and freshly burnt charcoal, of each 1 oz.; mucilage of tragacanth, q. s.

6. Chloride of lime (dry and good), 1 dr.; white sugar, 3 oz.; powdered tragacanth, 1 oz.; oil of cloves, 30 drops; rose water, q. s. To disinfect the breath.

_Obs._ Almost every maker employs his own forms for these articles. The objects to be aimed at are the possession of rather powerful and persistent odour, and a toughness to prevent their too rapid solution in the mouth. The original Italian formula included liquorice, mastic, cascarilla, charcoal orris root, oil of peppermint, and the tinctures of ambergris and musk, but is now seldom employed in this country. The flavour of peppermint does not, indeed, appear to be approved of by English smokers. Sometimes, instead of being made perfectly spherical, they are flattened a little.

CACHOU À L’AMBRE GRIS, CACHOU À LA CANELLE, CACHOU À LA FLEUR D’ORANGE, CACHOU MUSQUÉ, CACHOU À LA ROSE, CACHOU À LA VANILLE, CACHOU À LA VIOLETTE, &c., are merely flavoured and scented respectively with the essences or oils of ambergris, cinnamon, neroli, musk, rose vanilla, violets, &c. See BREATH, CACHOU AROMATISÉ, LOZENGES, PILLS, &c.

=PA′′STRY.= Articles of food made of ‘paste’ or dough, or of which ‘paste’ forms a principal and characteristic ingredient. The word is popularly restricted to those which contain puff paste, or such as form the staple production of the modern pastrycook; but it is, in reality, of much more general signification.

Several varieties of paste are prepared for different purposes, of which the following are the principal:——

PUFF PASTE. The production of a first class puff paste is commonly regarded as a matter of considerable difficulty, but by the exercise of the proper precautions it is, on the contrary, an extremely simple affair. This paste, before being placed in the oven, consists of alternate laminæ of butter or fat and ordinary flour dough, the latter being, of course, the thicker of the two. During the process of baking, the elastic vapour disengaged, being in part restrained from flying off by the buttered surfaces of the dough, diffuses itself between these laminæ, and causes the mass to swell up, and to form an assemblage of thin membranes or flakes, each of which is more or less separated from the other. Individually, these flakes resemble those of an ordinary rich unleavened dough when baked; but, collectively, they form a very light crust, possessing an extremely inviting appearance and an agreeable flavour.

The precautions above referred to are——the use of perfectly dry flour, and its conversion into dough with a light hand, avoiding unnecessarily working it,——the use of butter free from water or buttermilk, and which has been reduced to precisely the same degree of plasticity as the dough between which it is to be rolled,——conducting the operation in a cool apartment, and, after the second or third folding of the dough, exposing it to a rather low temperature before proceeding further with the process; and, lastly,——baking the paste in a moderately smart but not too hot an oven. The following are examples:——

1. (Rich.) Take of flour, 1 lb.; butter, 1/4 lb.; cold spring water, q. s.; make a moderately soft flexible dough, then roll in (as described above) of dry fresh butter, 1/2 lb.

2. (Ordinary.) Take of flour, 1 lb.; cold water, q. s.; make a dough, and roll in, as before, of butter, 6 oz.

3. (Rundell.) Take 1/4 peck of flour, rub into it 1 lb. of butter, and make a ‘light paste’ with cold water, just stiff enough to work well; next lay it out about as thick as a crown-piece; put a layer of butter all over it, sprinkle on a little flour, double it up, and roll it out again; by repeating this with fresh layers of butter three or four times, or oftener, a very light paste will be formed. Bake it in a moderately quick oven.

4. (Soyer.) Put 1 lb. of flour upon your pastry slab, make a hole in the centre, into which put a teaspoonful of salt, mix it with cold water into a softish flexible paste with the right hand, dry it off a little with flour until you have well cleared the paste from the slab, but do not work it more than you can possibly help; let it remain for 2 or 3 minutes upon the slab, then take 1 lb. of fresh butter from which you have squeezed all the buttermilk in a cloth, and brought to the same consistency as the paste, upon which place it; press it out flat with the hand, then fold over the edges of the paste so as to hide the butter, and reduce it with the rolling-pin to the thickness of about 1/2 an inch, when it will be about two feet in length; fold over one third, over which again pass the rolling-pin; then fold over the other third, thus forming a square; place it with the ends top and bottom before you, shaking a little flour both under and over, and repeat the rolls and turns twice again as before; flour a ‘baking-sheet,’ upon which lay it, on ice, if handy, or otherwise, in some cool place, for about half an hour; then roll it twice more, turning it as before, and again place it upon ice or in the cold for 1/4 of an hour; next give it two more rolls, making seven in all, and it is ready for use. “You must continually add enough flour while rolling to prevent your paste sticking to the slab.”

HALF-PUFF PASTE. As the preceding, using only one half the quantity of butter, and giving the paste only 3 or 4 folds.

SHORT PASTE, SHORT CRUST.——1. Flour (dry and warm), 1 lb.; sugar, 3 oz.; butter, 1/4 lb.; 2 eggs; water, 1/2 pint; make a light dough. If one half of ‘Jones’s patent flour’ be used, no eggs will be required.

2. (Soyer.) Put on the ‘paste slab’ or ‘pie board’ 1 lb. of flour, 2 oz. of pounded sugar, 6 oz. of butter, 1 egg, 1/2 teaspoonful of salt, and 1/2 pint of water; mix the sugar and water well together, add them with the water by degrees to the flour, and form a paste, but firmer than puff paste.

PIE PASTE. That commonly used is ‘short paste,’ varied at will; but at good tables the upper crust of the pie is generally made of ‘puff paste,’ and the remainder of ‘short paste.’

PUDDING PASTE. This for baked puddings may resemble the last. For boiled puddings (or indeed for any), the paste may be either ordinary ‘short paste,’ or one made with 2 to 6 oz. of butter or lard, or 3 to 8 oz. of chopped beef suet, to each lb. of flour, with or without an egg, and a little sugar, according to the means of the parties. The first is most appropriate for those containing fresh fruit, and that with suet for meat puddings, and those containing dried fruit, as grocers currants, plums, &c. Milk or milk-and-water is often used instead of simple water to make the dough. Ginger, spices, savory herbs, &c., are common additions to the crusts of puddings. Where economy is an object, and especially among the lower classes, kitchen fat is frequently substituted for suet, and lard for butter. When ‘Jones’s patent flour’ is employed, an excellent plain pudding paste may be made by simply mixing it up with very cold water, and immediately putting it into the water, which should be boiling, and kept in that state until the pudding is dressed.

=PA′TENT MED′ICINES.= _Syn._ MEDICAMENTA ARCANA, L. The majority of the preparations noticed under this head are the nostrums popularly termed ‘quack medicines,’ and which are sold with a Government stamp attached to them. A few other secret or proprietary remedies are also, for convenience, included in the list. An alphabetical arrangement, based on the names of the reputed inventors or proprietors of the articles, has been adopted, as being the one best suited for easy reference. The composition of a number of them is given from careful personal inspection and analysis (by Mr Cooley), and that of the remainder on the authority of Gray, Griffith, Paris, Redwood, the members of the Philadelphia College of pharmacy, and other respectable writers. A variety of articles, not included in the following list, is noticed along with other preparations for the class to which they belong, or under the names of their proprietors. See BALSAM, CERATE, DROPS, ESSENCE, TINCTURE, OINTMENT, PILLS, &c.

=Abernethy’s Pills.= See ABERNETHY MEDICINES.

=Albinolo’s Ointment.= See HOLLOWAY’S OINTMENT (_below_).

=Ali Ahmed’s Treasures of the Desert.= There are three preparations included under this name:——

_a._ (ANTISEPTIC MALAGMA.) From lead plaster, 3 parts; gum, thus and salad oil, of each 2 parts; beeswax, 1 part; melted together by a gentle heat, and spread upon calico.

_b._ (PECTORAL, ANTIPHTHISIS, or COUGH PILLS.) From myrrh, 3-1/2 lbs.; squills and ipecacuanha, of each 1 lb. (all in powder); white soft soap, 10 oz.; oil of aniseed, 1-1/4 oz; treacle, q. s. to form a pill mass.

_c._ (SPHAIROPEPTIC or ANTIBILIOUS PILLS.) From aloes, 28 lbs.; colocynth pulp, 12 lbs.; rhubarb, 7 lbs.; myrrh and scammony, of each 3-1/2 lbs.; ipecacuanha, 3 lbs.; cardamom seeds, 2 lbs. (all in powder); soft soap, 9 lbs.; oil of juniper, 7 fl. oz.; treacle, q. s. This, as well as the last, is divided into 3-1/2 gr. pills, which are then covered with tin foil or silver leaf. An excellent aperient pill, no doubt, and one likely to prove useful in all those cases in which the administration of a mild diaphoretic and stomachic purge is indicated. Unlike many of the advertised nostrums of the day, there is nothing in their composition that can by any possibility, prove injurious; but beyond this they are destitute of virtue.

=Anderson’s Scot’s Pills.= See PILLS.

=Atkinson’s Infant Preservative.= From carbonate of magnesia, 6 dr.; white sugar, 2 oz.; oil of aniseed, 20 drops; spirit of sal volatile, 2-1/2 dr.; laudanum, 1 dr.; syrup of saffron, 1 oz.; caraway water to make up 1 pint.

=Balm of Rackasiri.= See BALSAM.

=Balsam of Life.= _Syn._ BAUME DE VIE, Fr. Several compound medicines of this name are noticed on page 261. The following are well-known nostrums:——

1. (Hoffman’s)——_a._ Of the oils of cinnamon, cloves, lemon, lavender, and nutmegs, and balsam of Peru, of each 2 dr.; essence of ambergris, oil of amber, and oil of rue, of each 1 dr.; cochineal, 12 gr.; strongest rectified spirit, 3-1/2 pints; mix.

_b._ (Ph. Dan. 1840.) Oils of cinnamon, cloves, lavender, and nutmegs, of each 20 gr.; purified oil of amber, 10 drops; balsam of Peru, 30 gr.; rectified spirit (tinged with alkanet root), 10 oz.

2. (Gabius’s.) Nearly similar to Hoffmann’s.

3. (Turlington’s.) Benzoin and liquid styrax, of each 12 oz.; balsam of tolu and extract of liquorice, of each 4 oz.; balsam of Peru, 2 oz.; aloes, myrrh, and angelica root, of each 1 oz.; highly rectified spirit of wine, 7 pints; digest, with frequent agitation for 10 days, and filter. Externally, the above are rubefacient and corroborant; internally, stimulant, cordial, and pectoral.

=Betton’s British Oil.= From oil of turpentine, 1 pint; Barbadoes tar, 1/2 lb.; oil of rosemary, 1 fl. oz.

=Blake’s Green-mountain Ointment.= We are told that the active ingredient in this compound is _Arnica montana_, with a basis of soap cerate. It is very useful as an external applications in several affections. The chief objection to its use is that it is a secret preparation.

=Blake’s Toothache Essence.= From alum, in fine powder, 1 dr.; sweet spirit of nitre, 5 dr.

=Boerhaave’s Odontalgic Essence.= From opium, 1/2 dr.; oil of cloves, 5 dr.; powdered camphor, 5 dr.; rectified spirit, 1-1/2 fl. oz.

=Bouchardat’s Tasteless Aperient.= From phosphate of soda, 3/4 oz., placed in a soda-water bottle, which is then filled up with carbonated water, at the bottling machine. For a dose.

=Brand’s Tooth Tincture.= From pellitory of Spain (bruised), 1 oz.; camphor, 3/4 oz.; opium, 1/4 oz.; oil of cloves, 1 dr.; digested for 10 days in rectified spirit, 1/2 pint.

=Brodum’s Nervous Cordial.= _Prep._ 1. “Originally it consisted simply of an infusion of gentian root in English gin, coloured and flavoured with a little red lavender (compound spirit of lavender.). After a time the doctor added a little bark to the nostrum, and subsequently made other additions.” (‘Anat. of Quackery,’)

2. (Paris.) Tinctures of gentian, calumba, cardamoms, and cinchona, compound spirits of lavender, and steel wine, of each equal parts. “It is tonic, stomachic, and stimulant; but, beyond these, possesses no curative properties.” ‘Anat. of Quackery.’

=Chlorodyne.= This nostrum, which was first introduced as “a combination of perchloric acid with a new alkaloid,” has become a popular anodyne and sedative. Several preparations are sold under this name, and the claims of the rival makers have occasioned some expensive lawsuits. The name was undoubtedly invented by Dr J. Collis Browne, but Mr Freeman, pharmaceutical chemist, claims to be the inventor of the preparation. Whether Browne’s and Freeman’s ‘chlorodynes’ are essentially the same, we are not able to determine, but we know that there is not the slightest foundation for the statements made by each manufacturer respecting the new vegetable principle contained in his medicine. Chlorodyne, in every one of its forms, is simply a mixture of certain well-known materials, some of which are rather dangerous ingredients for a popular nostrum. According to the analysis of Dr Odgen, Browne’s chlorodyne is composed as follows:——

Chloroform, 6 dr.; chloric ether, 1 dr.; tincture of capsicum, 1/2 dr.; oil of peppermint, 2 drops; hydrochlorate of morphine, 8 gr.; Scheele’s hydrocyanic acid, 12 drops; perchloric acid, 20 drops; tincture of Indian hemp, 1 dr.; treacle, 1 dr. ‘Towle’s chlorodyne’ is prepared according to this formula, the ingredients being named on the label.

=Clarke’s Conglutinum.= See CONGLUTINUM.

=Cochrane’s Cough Remedy.= Acidulated syrup of poppies.

=Corn Nostrums.= See CORN.

=Cottereau’s Odontalgic Essence.= A nearly saturated ethereal solution of camphor, mixed with about 1/12th of its volume of strong liquor of ammonia.

=Curtis’s Anti-venereal Lotion.= A mixture of Beaufoy’s solution of chloride of lime, 2 fl. oz., with cold soft water, 8 fl. oz. For use, 1 to 2 table-spoonfuls are put into a wine-glassful of water.

=Dalby’s Carminative.= 1. (Dr Paris.) Carbonate of magnesia, 40 gr.; tincture of castor and compound tincture of cardamoms, of each 30 drops; tincture of assafœtida, and spirit of pennyroyal, of each 15 drops; laudanum, 5 drops; oil of aniseed, 3 drops; oil of nutmeg, 2 drops; oil of peppermint, 1 drop; peppermint water, 2 fl. oz.——_Dose_, 1/2 to 1 teaspoonful. The bottle should be well shaken before pouring it out.

2. (Wholesale.) Carbonate of magnesia, 1 oz.; tincture of castor, 5 fl. dr.; tincture of assafœtida, 3 fl. dr.; oils of aniseed and pennyroyal, of each 1/4 fl. dr.; oil of nutmeg, 15 drops; syrup of poppies, 7 oz.; rectified spirit. 3-1/2 fl. oz.; peppermint water, 1/2 pint; as before.

=Davidson’s Cancer Remedy.= A mixture of arsenious acid and hemlock, both in powder. (Dr Paris.)

=Davis’s Calorific.= The ‘LIQUID’ is commercial acetic acid (sp. gr. 1·048), dilated with about an equal volume of water, and coloured with burnt sugar or spirit colouring. The ‘SHIELD’ consists of a piece of red flannel backed with oil skin, to prevent evaporation. A few drops of calorific are sprinkled on the flannel, which is then bound over the affected part. The heat of the body gradually volatilises the acetic acid, and the escape of the vapour being prevented by the oil skin, a strongly counter-irritant action is set up.

=Derbyshire’s Embrocation.= From opium and mottled soap, of each 2 oz.; extract of henbane, 2 dr.; and mace, 1/2 dr.; boiled for 30 minutes, in water, 3 pints; to the cold liquor, rectified spirit, 1 quart, and liquor of ammonia, 1 fl. oz., are added, and, after repose, the clear portion is decanted. A preventive of sea-sickness.

=Deshler’s Cerate.= Yellow basilicon.

=Duncan’s Gout Medicine.= See GOUT.

=Dutch Ague Remedy.= A mixture formed of Peruvian bark and cream of tartar, of each 1 oz.; cloves, 1/2 dr.; reduced to fine powder.——_Dose_, 1-1/2 dr., every 3 hours. (Dr Paris.)

=Godfrey’s Cordial.= 1. (Original formula.) Opium (sliced), 1/4 oz.; sassafras chips 1 oz.; English brandy, 1 quart; macerate for 4 or 5 days, then add, of water, 1 quart, treacle, 3-1/2 lbs., and simmer the whole gently for a few minutes; the next day decant the clear portion.

2. (Dr Paris.) Aniseed, caraways, and corianders, of each, bruised, 1 oz.; sassafras chips, 9 oz.; water, 6 pints; simmer gently until reduced to 4 pints, then add of treacle, 6 lbs.; and when nearly cold, further add of tincture of opium, 3 fl. oz.

3. (Phil. Coll. of Phar.) Carbonate of potassa, 2-1/2 oz.; water, 26 pints (old wine measure); dissolve, add of sugar-house molasses (treacle), 16 pints (o. w. m.); simmer the mixture, remove the scum, and when it has considerably cooled, add of tincture of opium, 24 fl. oz.; oil of sassafras, 1/2 fl. oz.; (dissolved in) rectified spirit, 1 quart (o. w. m.) It contains about 16 drops of laudanum (= 1-1/8 gr. of opium) in each fl. oz.

The following forms are also current in the wholesale trade:——

4. From molasses, 16 lbs.; distilled water, 2-3/4 galls.; oil of sassafras, 1 fl. oz.; (dissolved in) rectified spirit, 1/2 gall.; bruised ginger, 3/4 oz.; cloves, 1/2 oz.; laudanum, 8 fl. oz.; macerate for 14 days, and strain through flannel.

5. Sassafras chips, 1 lb.; ginger (bruised), 4 oz.; water, 3 galls.; simmer until reduced to 2 galls.; then add of treacle, 16 lbs.; rectified spirit, 7 lbs.; laudanum, 1 pint.

6. Opium, 1/2 oz.; treacle, 7 lbs.; boiling water, 1 gall.; dissolve, and add, of rectified spirit, 1 quart; oil of sassafrass, 1/2 dr.; cloves and mustard seed, of each 1/4 oz.; coriander and caraway seeds, of each 1 dr.; digest for a week.

7. Caraways, corianders, and aniseed, of each 1 lb.; water, 6 galls.; distil 5 galls., and add, of treacle, 23 lbs.; laudanum, 1 quart; and oil of sassafras, 1 fl. oz., previously dissolved in rectified spirit, 1 gall.

_Obs._ This preparation is anodyne and narcotic, and, amongst the lower classes, is commonly given to children troubled with wind or colic. Its frequent and excessive use has sent many infants prematurely to the grave. Gray says, “It is chiefly used to prevent the crying of children in pain or starving.” The dose is 1/3 teaspoonful and upwards, according to the age and susceptibility of the child.

=Grave’s Gout Preventive.= A tincture prepared by steeping, for a week, dried orange peel and hiera picra, of each 1 oz., and rhubarb, 1/2 oz., in brandy, 1 pint.

=Grinrod’s Remedy for Spasms.= From acetate of morphia, 1 gr.; spirit of sal volatile and sulphuric ether, of each 1 fl. oz.; camphor julep, 4 fl. oz.; for a mixture. It should be kept closely corked, in a cool place, and should be well shaken before use.——_Dose._ A teaspoonful in a glass of cold water or wine, as required. It is a really valuable preparation.

=Herrenschwand’s Specific.= A mixture of gamboge, 10 gr., with carbonate of potassa, 20 gr. (Dr Paris.)

=Holloway’s Ointment.= The original formula of ALBINOLO’S OINTMENT, of which this pretends to be a reproduction, contained the “graisses der serpent et de vipère,” and other pharmaceutical curiosities. The principal ingredients, however, in the HOLLOWAY’S OINTMENT of the present day are very homely substances. In the case of Sillen _v._ Holloway, tried at the Court of Common Pleas in January, 1863, the plaintiff’s counsel asserted that, on the ointment being received by the agent in Paris, it was submitted to the authorised government chemists to be analysed, in accordance with the laws of France prohibiting the sale of secret remedies, and was found by them to contain butter, lard, Venice turpentine, white wax, yellow wax, and nothing else. In a letter to the ‘Times’ Mr Holloway stated that the French analysis was incorrect, for three of the ingredients named were not in the ointment, while there were other components which the analysts had not discovered. The formula adopted by those who prepare an imitation ointment on the large scale, and which closely resembles, if it be not actually identical with, that employed by Mr Holloway, is as follows:——Fresh butter (free from water), 3/4 lb.; beeswax (good), 4 oz.; yellow resin, 3 oz.; melt them together, add of vinegar of cantharides, 1 fl. oz., and simmer the whole, with constant agitation, for 10 or 12 minutes, or until the moisture is nearly evaporated; then add of Canada balsam, 1 oz.; expressed oil of mace, 1/2 dr.; balsam of Peru or liquid styrax, 10 or 12 drops; again stir well, allow the mixture to settle, and when it is about half cold (not before) pour it into the pots, previously slightly warmed, and allow it to cool very slowly. The label will do the rest. No two samples of Holloway’s ointment are precisely of the same colour or consistence.

=Holloway’s Pills.= From aloes, 4 parts; jalap, ginger, and myrrh, of each 2 parts; made into a mass with mucilage, and divided into 2-grain pills, of which about 4 dozen are put into each 1s. 1-1/2d. box.

=Jackson’s Bathing Spirit.= A species of soap liniment, made of soft soap, 1 lb.; camphor, 6 oz.; oils of rosemary and thyme, of each 3/4 fl. oz.; rectified spirit, 1 gall.

=Kaye’s Infant’s Preservative.= A preparation partaking of the joint properties of Atkinson’s nostrum and Godfrey’s cordial, but more powerful than either, as indicated by the doses in which it is directed to be given during early infancy, viz. “two, three, or more drops.”

=Keating’s Cough Lozenges.= These are said to be composed of——Lactucarium, 2 dr.; ipecacuanha, 1 dr.; squills, 3/4 dr.; extract of liquorice, 2 oz.; sugar, 6 oz.; made into a mass with mucilage of tragacanth, and divided into 20-gr. lozenges.

=King’s Sarsaparilla Pills.= From the compound extract. “Instead of two pills being equivalent to 1/2 fl. oz. of the concentrated decoction or essence of sarsaparilla, as asserted, it takes about 32 of them to represent the given quantity, and about 4 of them to be equal in strength to the common decoction of the Pharmacopœia.” “Instead of one 2s. 9d. box of these pills being equal to a pint of the costly concentrated fluid preparation, it would take nearly 1-1/2 lb. of them for that purpose.” (‘Med. Circ.,’ ii, 493.)

=Kitchener’s Peristaltic Persuaders.= See PILLS.

=Lambert’s Asthmatic Balsam.= The active ingredients in this compound are said to be squills and aqueous extract of opium.

=Lemazurier’s Odontalgic Essence.= From acetate of morphia, 1 gr.; dissolved in cherry-laurel water, 1 oz. For use, a teaspoonful is added to half a wine-glassful of warm water, and the mouth well rinsed out with the mixture.

=Leroy’s Purgative.=——_a._ (No. 1.) Vegetable turbith, 6 dr.; scammony, 1-1/2 oz.; jalap, 6 oz.; brandy, 10 pints; digest for 24 hours, and add a syrup made of senna, 6 oz.; water, 1-1/4 pint; sugar, 32 oz.

_b._ (No. 2.) As the last, only one third stronger.

_c._ (No. 3.) Twice as strong as No. 1.

=Lewis’s Electuarium.= A liquid nostrum, said to be alterative and to contain a small quantity of both antimony and mercury.

=Lewis’s Balsamic Ointment.= This preparation, which is declared by its proprietor to be “utterly unsurpassable,” for the most part resemble Holloway’s ointment. (‘Med. Circ.’ ii, 493.)

=Lewis’s Silver Cream.= This nostrum is said to depend for its efficacy on white precipitate and a salt of lead.

=Locock’s Pulmonic Lozenges.= See WAFERS.

=Mahomed’s Paste.= See ELECTUARY.

=Mardant’s Norton’s Drops.= A mixture of the tinctures of gentian and ginger, holding in solution a little bichloride of mercury, and coloured with cochineal.

=Marriott’s Dry Vomit.= A mixture of equal parts of tartar emetic and sulphate of copper.

=Marsden’s Drops.= A coloured solution of corrosive sublimate. (Dr Paris.)

=Matthieu’s Vermifuge.=——_a._ (To destroy the worms.) Tin filings, 1 oz.; male fern root, 6 dr.; worm seed, 4 dr.; resinous extract of jalap and sulphate of potassa, of each 1 dr.; honey, q. s. to form an electuary.——_Dose._ A teaspoonful, repeated every third or fourth hour for 2 or 3 days, when the following is to be substituted, and continued until the bowels are well acted on.

_b._ (To expel the worms.) Jalap and sulphate of potassa, of each 40 gr.; scammony, 20 gr.; gamboge, 10 gr.; honey, q. s. as before.

=McKinsey’s Golden Cerate.= This appears to resemble Poor Man’s Friend.

=McKinsey’s Katapotia.= This notorious nostrum is compounded of aloes, 5 oz.; soap, 1-1/2 oz. (both in powder); beaten up with syrup of saffron and a little essential oil, and divided into pills varying in weight from 2 to 2-1/2 gr. each. (‘Med. Circ.,’ iv, 86).

=McKinsey’s Medicinal Powder.= _Syn._ REV. T. SMITH’S M. P. From dried lavender flowers and rosemary tops, of each 2-1/2 oz.; asarabacca, 1 oz.; reduced to powder, and further disguised with a little perfume. A very small quantity of subsulphate of mercury is also most probably added. Two or three pinches of this powder, taken 3 or 4 times a day as snuff, is said by the proprietor to be sufficient to cure almost every known disease. See ASARABACCA.

=Morison’s Aperient Powder.= A mixture of cream of tartar and lump sugar, in nearly equal proportions, with sufficient powdered cassia to give it an aromatic flavour. See PILLS.

=Morison’s Adhesive Paste.= See PLASTER.

=Ollivier’s Biscuits.= Take of the white of 2 eggs; water, 3/4 pint; beat them together, strain the mixture, and add to it a solution of bichloride of mercury, 76 gr.; collect the precipitate, wash, dry, powder, and carefully weigh it; next add to it such a quantity of flour, &c., that each 2-dr. biscuit may contain exactly 1/7 gr.

=Papier Fayard.= See PAPER (Gout).

=Pate Arsenicale.= A powder composed of arsenious acid, 8 gr.; dragon’s blood, 22 gr.; cinnabar, 70 gr. It is to be made into a paste with the saliva at the time of applying it. A favourite remedy in cancer on the Continent. (Dr Paris).

=Perry’s Balm of Syriacum.= From English gin, 1 pint; moist sugar, 1/2 lb.; (dissolved in) water, 4 oz.; mix, and add of paregoric (Tinct. Camph. Co.——Ph. L. 1836), 1 oz.; tincture of tolu, 1/2 oz.; tincture of cantharides, q. s.; together with a few drops each of the oils of aniseed and spearmint; agitate well together, and the next day filter, or decant the clear portion.

=Perry’s Preventive Lotion.= This is said to be a solution of sal alembroth, 2 dr., in water, 1 pint. For use, it is diluted with 4 or 5 times its bulk of water.

=Pieste’s Toothache Essence.= From liquor of ammonia, 2 parts; laudanum, 1 part. It is applied on lint.

=Pilules Angéliques.= _Syn._ GRAINS DE SANTÉ. Take of aloes and juice of roses, of each 4 oz.; juices of borage and chicory, of each 2 oz.; beat them together, and when they are reduced to the consistence of a soft pill-mass, add of powdered rhubarb, 2 dr., powdered agaric, 1 dr., and divide the mixture into 1-1/2-gr. pills. A good purgative.——_Dose_, 4 to 12.

=Poor Man’s Friend.= (French.) See OINTMENT (Brown).

=Poor Man’s Friend.= (Dr Roberts’.) This consists chiefly of ointment of nitric-oxide of mercury.

=Pringle’s Remedy for Typhus.= (Dr Paris.) Pale cinchona (bruised), 1/2 oz.; water, 12 fl. oz.; boil them together for 10 minutes, adding, towards the end, Virginian snake-root (bruised), 2 dr.; macerate for an hour in a covered vessel, and to the strained liquid add of dilute sulphuric acid, 2 fl. dr., and when the mixture is cold, further add of spirit of cinnamon, 1 fl. oz. The dose is 2 table-spoonfuls every six hours.

=Reynolds’ Gout Specific.= Wine of colchicum disguised by some unimportant additions.

=Righini’s Odontalgic Drops.= A solution of creasote in an equal weight of the strongest rectified spirit, coloured with cochineal, and disguised by the addition of a few drops of oil of peppermint.

=Ruspini’s Styptic.= A strong solution of gallic acid in spirit of roses. Dr A. T. Thomson says that it also contains sulphate of zinc.

=Rust’s Toothache Paste.= See PASTE.

=Scott’s Drops.= _Syn._ TINCTURE OF SOOT. From wood-soot, 2 oz.; assafœtida, 1 oz.; brandy or proof spirit, 1 pint.——_Dose_, 1 to 2 table-spoonfuls; in hysteria, &c.

=Smith’s Powder.= See MCKINSEY’S POWDER.

=Solomon’s Anti-impetigines.= A solution of bichloride of mercury disguised by the addition of a little flavouring and tinctorial matter. (‘Med. Circ.,’ ii, 69, 70).

=Standert’s Red Mixture.= Take of carbonate of magnesia, 1 oz.; powdered Turkey rhubarb, 1/3 oz.; tincture of rhubarb, 3 fl. oz.; tincture of opium, 2 fl. dr.; oils of aniseed and peppermint of each 1/2 dr.; (dissolved in) gin or proof spirit, 5 fl. oz.; agitate the whole together, then further add of soft water, 1-1/4 pint. In colic and diarrhœa.——_Dose._ A wine-glassful. The spirit is frequently omitted, but then the mixture soon spoils.

=Standert’s Stomachic Candy.= Take of lump sugar, 1 lb.; water, 3 fl. oz.; dissolve by heat; add cardamom seeds, ginger, and rhubarb, of each 1 oz.; and when the mixture is complete, pour it out on an oiled slab or into moulds.

=Storey’s Worm Cakes.= Take of calomel and cinnabar, of each 24 gr.; powdered jalap, 72 gr.; ginger, 1 dr.; white sugar, 1-1/4 oz.; syrup, q. s.; mix and divide into a dozen cakes. Resemble ‘Ching’s lozenges’ in their action. (See page 1007).

=Struve’s Lotion.= See LOTION, HOOPING-COUGH.

=Succession Powder.= A mixture of powdered quartz and diamond dust, chiefly the first. Used as an escharotic.

=Tasteless Ague Drops.= A solution of arsenite of potassa. It is the common ague medicine in the fen counties of England.

=Turlington’s Balsam.= See BALSAM OF LIFE (_above_).

=Valangin’s Solution of Solvent Mineral.= From arsenious acid, 1/2 dr., dissolved in hydrochloric acid, 1-1/2 dr., and the solution diluted with distilled water, 1-1/2 pint. In ague, &c. It has rather less than half the strength of the solution of arsenite of potassa, Ph. L.

=Vance’s Cream.= See CHILBLAIN.

=Wahler’s Ointment.= See CHILBLAIN.

=Ward’s Purging Powder.= A mixture of jalap and cream of tartar, equal parts, coloured with a little red bole.——_Dose._ A teaspoonful, or more, in broth or beer, twice or thrice daily; in dropsy.

=Webster’s Diet Drink.= A sweetened decoction of betony, dulcamara, guaiacum wood, liquorice root, sarsaparilla, sassafras, thyme, and turmeric.

=Wilson’s Gout Tincture.= This is said to be wine of colchicum.

=Wright’s Pearl Ointment.= Take of white precipitate, 8 oz.; Goulard’s extract, 1 pint; rub them to a cream, and add the mixture to white wax, 7 lbs., and olive oil, 10 lbs., previously melted together by a gentle heat; lastly, stir the whole until it is nearly cold. (‘Pharm. Journ.’)

=Young’s Aperient Drink.= From carbonate of soda, 2-1/2 dr.; bitartrate of potassa, 3 dr. (both in crystals); throw them into a soda-water bottle containing cold water, 8 fl. oz., and immediately cork it down securely, and keep it inverted, in a cool place, until required for use.

=Zanhetti’s Bohemian Restorative Tincture.= From crushed raisins, 3/4 lb.; hay saffron, 2 oz.; aqueous extract of opium, 3 dr.; powdered cochineal, 2 dr.; capillaire and orange-flower water, of each 1/2 pint; proof spirit, 3 pints; digested together for a week, and then strained, with expression.

=PAULLIN′IA.= See GUARANA.

=PAYAN′IZING.= The name given to Mr Payne’s process for preserving and mineralising wood. See DRY-ROT.

=PEACH.= _Syn._ PERSICUM, L. The fruit of _Amygdalus Persica_. Two varieties are known in our gardens——CLINGSTONE PEACH and FREESTONE PEACH, terms which explain themselves. The fruit is wholesome; but the flowers and kernels contain prussic acid, and are poisonous.

The peach, the original habitats of which were Persia and the North of India, is now very generally grown in the South of Europe, in many parts of the East, and very largely in the more temperate portions of North and South America; more particularly in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Maryland, where there are extensive orchards of peach trees. This fruit is also extensively cultivated by the Mormon community at Utah. The fruit of the NECTARINE, which is a variety of the peach, differs from that of the latter in having a smooth skin. When stewed, the fruit of the peach is said to be useful in habitual constipation.

Dr Fresenius has analysed this fruit, and found its composition to be:——

_Soluble matter_——
Large Dutch.
Sugar 1·580
Free acid (reduced to equivalent
in malic acid) 0·612
Albuminous substances 0·463
Pectous substances 6·313
Ash 0·422

_Insoluble matter_——
Seeds 4·629
Skins } 0·991
Pectose }
[Ash from soluble matter included
in weights given] 0·042]
Water 84·990
————————
100·000
————————

It will be seen from the above that the peach contains a very small amount of sugar.

=PEACH′WOOD.= The produce of a species of _Cæsalpinia_, now extensively used in calico-printing.

=PEAR.= _Syn._ PYRUS, L. The fruit of _Pyrus communis_ (Linn.), one of the rosaceæ. Its general qualities resemble those of the apple.

COMPOSITION OF THE PEAR.

_Soluble matter_——

Sugar 7·000
Free acid (reduced to equivalent
in malic acid) 0·074
Albuminous substances 0·260
Pectous substances, &c. 3·281
Ash 0·285

_Insoluble matter_——

Seeds 0·390
Skins 3·420
Pectose 1·340
[Ash from insoluble matter
included in weights given] 0·050]
Water 83·950
————————
100·000
(FRESENIUS.)

=PEARL.= _Syn._ MARGARITA, MARGARITUM PERLA, UNIO, L. The most beautiful and costly pearls are obtained exclusively from the pearl oyster (_Meleagrina margaritifera_) of the Indian Seas. The principal fisheries are on the coast of Ceylon, and at Olmutz, in the Persian Gulf. An inferior description of pearl is procured from a fresh-water shell-fish (_Unio margaritifera_) in the neighbourhood of Omagh, county of Tyrone. A similar quality is also procured from the river Ythan, Aberdeenshire. It is probable that pearls from this source collected by the ancient Britons may have given rise to the statement by Tacitus, in his ‘Life of Agricola,’ of pearls “not very orient, but pale and wan,” being among the indigenous products of Great Britain.

Pearls are composed of membrane and carbonate of calcium; or, in other words, of substances similar to bladder and chalk, in alternate layers.

The cause of the production of pearls is highly curious and interesting. When any foreign body gains a permanent lodgment within the shells of any of the mollusca which are lined with pearly matter, or nacre, the pearly secretion of the animal, instead of being spread in layers on the inside of its habitation, is accumulated around the offending particles in concentric films of extreme tenuity, and more or less spherical, forming a pearl.

Pearls were formerly used in medicine as absorbents or antacids; and among the ancients they were occasionally taken, dissolved in acid, both as a remedy and for the purpose of displaying the careless opulence and luxury of their possessors. A perfect pearl, large, truly spherical, highly iridescent, and reflecting and decomposing the rays of light with vivacity, claims to rank with the most costly of the gems, and in some parts of the East is, with justice, more highly prized than even the diamond. In Europe, however, the present estimation of their value is somewhat different, “A handsome necklace of Ceylon pearls, smaller than a large pea, costs from £170 to £300; but one of pearls about the size of peppercorns may be had for £15. The pearls in the former sell at a guinea each, and those in the latter at about 1s. 6d.” (Milburn.) Seed pearls are of little value, however beautiful.

=Pearl, Artificial.= These are hollow spheres or beads of glass, perforated with two holes at opposite sides to permit of their being strung into necklaces. A small portion of essence d’orient is introduced into each, by suction, and is then spread over the inner surface of the glass. When this has become dry and hard, the globe is filled up with white wax, spermaceti, or gum Arabic. The glass of which the beads are formed is slightly bluish and opalescent, and very thin. The latest improvement consists in removing the glassy appearance of the surface of the prepared bead by exposure to the fumes of hydrofluoric acid, highly diluted.

=Pearl, Mother of.= _Syn._ UNIONUM CONCHÆ, L.; NACRE DE PERLE, Fr. This is the internal or nacreous layer of those shells which produce the pearls for ornamenting the person; hence the term ‘mother of pearl’ is by no means inappropriate. It is also derived from several other species known in trade as ear-shells, green snail-shells, Bombay-shells, &c.

The brilliant hues of mother of pearl do not depend so much upon the nature of the substance as on its structure. Its surface is covered by minute corrugations or furrows, which give a chromatic appearance to the reflected light. Sir David Brewster was the first to show that this substance is capable of imparting its iridescent appearance to fusible metal or fine black wax.

Mother of pearl is cut and wrought with nearly similar tools to those used for ivory, but its treatment, owing to its more fragile nature and delicate structure, requires considerably greater care. It is polished with colcothar or putty powder.

The numerous applications of mother of pearl, for buttons and knife-handles, boxes, inlaying work, &c., are well known.

=PEARL′ASH.= This is prepared by calcining crude potashes on a reverberatory hearth, dissolving the calcined mass in water, and, after repose, decanting the clear solution, and evaporating it to dryness in flat iron pans, the product being constantly stirred towards the end to reduce it to a semi-granular state. Although purer, its richness in absolute alkali is less than that of the potashes from which it is prepared, being only from 47% to 51%. This exists almost entirely under the form of carbonate. The commercial value of this substance is determined by the ordinary processes of ALKALIMETRY.

=PEARL BARLEY.= See BARLEY.

=PEARL FLAVOUR.= See ESSENCE.

=PEARL WHITE.= This is a subchloride of bismuth; but the name is now commonly applied to trisnitrate of bismuth, which is sold for it.

=PEARLS (Rose).= _Syn._ ROSE BEADS. The petals of red roses beaten in an iron mortar for some hours, until they form a smooth, black paste, then rolled into beads and dried. Hard; very fragrant; take a fine polish.

=Pearls, to Polish.= Take very finely pulverised rotten stone, and make it into a thick paste by adding olive oil; then add sulphuric acid, a sufficient quantity to make into a thin paste.

This is to be applied on a velvet cork, rub quickly, and as soon as the pearl takes the polish wash it. This mixture when properly applied will give to pearl a brilliant polish.

=PEAS.= _Syn._ GARDEN PEAS, MOTOR P.; PISA, L. The seed of _Pisum sativum_ (Linn.). Poggiale found in 100 parts of common green peas, dried and shelled, 57 of starch, 21·7 of a nitrogenous substance (legumin), 1·9 of fatty matter, 3·2 of cellulose, 2·8 of ash, and 12·7 of water. In the fresh state (GREEN PEAS) they are nutritive, and, with the pods which contain them, are highly serviceable in scurvy. The last have been used for making beer. The dried seeds are still more nutritious, but are heavy and flatulent unless well cooked. For kitchen use ‘SPLIT PEAS’ should be chosen, and after having washed them in a little clean soft water, and allowed them to drain, they should be left to soak in cold soft water for at least 12 hours before applying heat to them, and should then be dressed in the same water in which they have been soaked, and be only gently simmered until they are reduced to a pulp. Additions of meat, vegetables, &c., should not be made until they have nearly arrived at this condition. ‘WHOLE PEAS’ require soaking for at least 18 or 20 hours.

A substitute for green peas in winter may be obtained by placing the dried seed on a flat dish, sprinkling them with water, and keeping them in a warm situation. In a few days germination commences, and, after it has proceeded sufficiently far, the whole is dressed in the usual manner. An easier and simpler plan is to preserve the green peas, when they are in season, by the common method adopted for gooseberries and other like fruit.

Pea flour is sometimes used to adulterate ordinary flour. It is never added to this latter to a greater extent than 4 per cent., as, if this quantity be exceeded, it makes the bread heavy and dark.

It is also used as a sophisticant for other substances, particularly for butter.

=Peas, Is′sue.= _Syn._ PISA PRO FONTICULIS, L. Orange berries, or the small unripe fruit of the orange tree, dried, and smoothed in a lathe. See ISSUE.

=PEB′BLE.= The trade name for the transparent colourless variety of rock crystal or quartz used for the lenses of spectacles instead of glass, over which, from its extreme hardness, it has the advantage of being little apt to be scratched.

=PEC′TIC ACID.= The name given by Braconnot to an acid which is found very generally diffused throughout the vegetable kingdom.

_Prep._ From carrot roots, from which the juice has been pressed out, by boiling them with 1/25th part of their weight of carbonate of potassium, and about 6 times their weight of water, until the liquid becomes gelatinous when neutralised with an acid. A pectate of potassium is formed, from which the acid may be obtained by neutralising the alkali with a stronger acid, or by carefully adding a solution of chloride of calcium as long as a gelatinous precipitate (pectate of calcium) falls, and, after washing this with water, decomposing it with dilute hydrochloric acid.

_Prop., &c._ A colourless jelly, having an acid reaction; scarcely soluble in cold water, more so in hot water; and precipitated by acids, alkalies, alcohol, salts, and even sugar. Its compounds with the bases are called pectates. By long boiling with solution of caustic alkali it is converted into metapectic acid, which does not gelatinise. (See _below_.)

=PEC′TIN.= _Syn._ VEGETABLE JELLY. Obtained by adding alcohol to the juice of ripe currants or other fruit, until a gelatinous precipitate forms, which must be drained, washed with a little weak alcohol, and dried.

_Prop., &c._ In the moist state it forms a neutral, tasteless, soluble, transparent jelly; when dried, a translucent mass, closely resembling isinglass; boiled with water, or with dilute acids, it is converted into parapectin and metapectin; in the presence of alkalies, these, as well as pectin, are changed into pectic acid, and by continuing the ebullition for some time longer, into metapectic acid, which is not gelatinous. See PECTIC ACID.

=PECTORAL BALSAM.= The same as BALSAM OF HONEY, which see. The reference to ‘Pectoral balsam,’ which occurs at the end of the article ‘Balsam of Honey,’ conveys the impression that it is a different medicine. This is an error.

=PEC′TORALS.= Under this head are popularly included all the various remedies employed in breath or chest diseases.

=PEDIC′ULI.= See LOUSE.

=PEL′LICLE.= See CRYSTALLISATION.

=PEL′LITORY.= _Syn._ PELLITORY OF SPAIN; (PELLITORY ROOT; PYRETHRI RADIX, B. P.); PYRETHRUM (Ph. L. & E.), L. The root of _Anacyclus Pyrethrum_. It is a powerful topical excitant. It is chiefly employed as a masticatory in headache, toothache, palsy of the tongue, and facial neuralgia and rheumatism; and made into a tincture with rectified spirit, it is a common remedy among dentists for the toothache. Internally, it has been given as a gastric stimulant, and in intermittents, &c. Half to 1 dr. may be chewed at a time.

=PEL′TRY.= The name applied to fur skins in the state in which they are received from the hunters. To prepare them as furs, the inside of them is generally first ‘tawed’ by the application of a solution of alum. They are next well dusted over and rubbed with hot plaster of Paris or whiting, and are, lastly, thoroughly dried and brushed clean. When it is desired to change or modify their colour, the grease being removed by lime water or a weak soda lye, they are stretched out on a table or board, and the ordinary liquid mordants and dyes are applied to them hot by means of a painter’s brush.