Chapter LXXIX: Part 2 (40)

_Obs._ The above are commonly applied, on a small piece of lint, in toothache. For other formulæ see DROPS, TINCTURES OF MYRRH and PELLITORY, &c.

=Tincture of O′pium.= _Syn._ LAUDANUM, LIQUID, L., ANODYNE TINCTURE, THEBAIC T.; TINCTURA OPII (B. P., Ph. L., E., & D.), THEBAICA, LAUDANUM LIQUIDUM, L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Opium, in coarse powder, 1-1/2; proof spirit, 20; macerate 7 days, strain, express, filter, and add spirit to make 20.——_Dose_, 10 to 30 minims.

2. (Ph. L.) Powdered opium, 3 oz. (3 oz.——Ph. D.); proof spirit, 1 quart; macerate for 7 days (14 days——Ph. D.), and strain, with expression.

3. (Ph. E.) Opium, sliced, 3 oz.; boiling water, 13-1/2 fl. oz.; digest, with heat, for 2 hours, break down the opium with the hand, strain, and express the infusion; then macerate the residuum for about 20 hours in rectified spirit, 1 pint 7 fl. oz.; next strain, press, mix the watery and spirituous infusions, and filter.

_Obs._ This preparation has a deep brownish-red colour, and the characteristic odour and taste of opium. 14 minims or measured drops of the London, and about 15 minims of the Edinburgh and Dublin tinctures, are equivalent to 1 gr. of dry opium, or 1·12 gr. of ordinary opium. 14 minims of this tincture are equal to about 25 drops of it poured from a bottle. Its sp. gr. is ·952 (Phillips).——_Dose_, 10 to 60 drops; as an anodyne, sedative, or hypnotic. The following form is substituted for that of the Pharmacopœia by many of the wholesale drug houses:——Take of Turkey opium, 2-1/2 lbs.; boiling water, 9 quarts; digest till dissolved or disintegrated, cool; add of rectified spirit, 2 galls.; and, after repose for 24 hours, decant the clear portion. _Prod._ 4 galls.

=Tincture of Opium (Ammo′′niated).= _Syn._ AMMONIATED TINCTURE OF OPIUM, SCOTCH PAREGORIC; TINCTURA OPII AMMONIATA (B. P., Ph. E.), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Opium, in powder, 100 gr.; saffron, cut small, 180 gr.; benzoic acid, 180 gr.; oil of anise, 60 minims; strong solution of ammonia, 4 oz.; rectified spirit, 16 oz.; macerate 7 days in a closed vessel, with occasional agitation, strain, and add sufficient rectified spirit to make up 20 oz.——_Dose_, 1/2 to 1 dr.

2. (Ph. E.) Benzoic acid and hay saffron, of each 6 dr.; opium, sliced, 4 dr.; oil of aniseed, 1 dr.; spirit of ammonia (Ph. E.), 1 quart; digest for a week, and filter. Stimulant antispasmodic, and anodyne.——_Dose_, 20 to 80 drops; in hysteria, hooping-cough, &c.

_Obs._ This preparation is called ‘PAREGORIC,’ or ‘PAREGORIC ELIXIR,’ in Scotland, but should be carefully distinguished from the compound tincture of camphor, which passes under the same names in England; as the former contains about 4 times as much opium as the latter. 80 minims, or 145 poured drops, contain about 1 gr. of opium.

=Tincture of Opium (Cam′phorated).= Compound tincture of camphor.

=Tincture of Opium (Ecard’s, or Bamberg’s).= _Syn._ TINCTURA OPII ECARDI, ECARD’S or BAMBERG’S THEBAIC TINCTURE. _Prep._ Opium, 2 oz.; cloves, 1 dr.; cinnamon water, 8 oz.; rectified spirit, 4 oz. Digest in a warm room for 6 days, and strain.

=Tincture of Opium (Fetid).= _Syn._ TINCTURA OPII FŒTIDA. (Ph. Fulda.) _Prep._ Castor oil, 4 oz.; assafœtida, 2 oz.; salt of hartshorn, 1 oz.; dry opium, 4 dr.; rectified spirit, 32 oz.——_Dose_, 15 minims to 1 dr.

=Tincture of Opium (Odourless).= _Syn._ TINCTURA OPII DEODORATA. (Ph. U. S.) _Prep._ Opium dried, and in moderately fine powder, 2-1/2 troy oz.; ether, rectified spirit, of each 8 oz. (o. m.); water, a sufficient quantity. Macerate the opium with 1/2 pint of the water for 24 hours, and express. Repeat this operation twice with the same quantity of water, mix the express liquids and evaporate to 4 oz. (o. m.); let cool, and shake repeatedly in a bottle with the ether. When it has separated by standing, pour off the ethereal solution, and evaporate the remaining liquid till all the ether has disappeared. Mix the residue with 20 oz. (o. m.) of water, and filter. When the liquid has ceased to pass, add enough water to make the filtrate measure 1-1/2 pint (o. m.). Lastly, mix in the spirit.

=Tincture of Or′ange Peel.= _Syn._ TINCTURA AURANTII (B. P., Ph. L., E., & D.), T. CORTICIS AURANTII, L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Dried bitter orange peel, cut small and bruised, 1; proof spirit, 10; macerate for 7 days in a closed vessel with occasional agitation, then strain, press, and filter, add sufficient proof spirit to make 10.——_Dose_, 1 to 2 dr.

2. (Ph. L.) Dried orange peel, 3-1/2 oz. (4 oz.——Ph. D.); proof spirit, 1 quart; digest for 7 days (14 days——Ph. D.; or by percolation——Ph. E.), press, and filter. A grateful bitter stomachic.——_Dose_, 1 to 3 fl. dr.; chiefly as an adjuvant in mixtures, &c.

=Tincture of Orange Peel (Fresh).= _Syn._ TINTURA AURANTII RECENTIS. (B. P.) _Prep._ Bitter orange, rectified spirit, of each a sufficient quantity. Carefully cut from the orange the coloured part of the rind in thin slices, and macerate 6 oz. of this in 1 pint of spirit for a week, with frequent agitation; then pour off the liquid, press the dregs, mix the liquid products, and filter; finally, add sufficient spirit to make 1 pint.——_Dose_, 1 dr. to 2 dr.

=Tincture of Orange, with Iron.= _Syn._ TINCTURA FERRI AURANTIACA. (Ph. Wurt.) _Prep._ Iron filings, 4 oz,; Seville oranges deprived of their seeds, no. 4. Beat them together, leave them for 2 days; then add Madeira wine, 10 oz.; spirits of orange peel, 2 oz. Digest, express, and filter.

=Tincture of Orris Root.= _Syn._ TINCTURA IRIDIS. _Prep._ Freshly powdered orris root, 1 part; proof spirit, 5 parts. Sold as _Esprit de Violette_.

=Tincture of Ox-gall.= _Syn._ TINCTURA FELLIS BOVINI. _Prep._ Inspissated ox-gall, 2 oz.; proof spirit, 1 pint. Digest until dissolved.

=Tincture of Paracress.= _Syn._ TINCTURA SPILANTHI COMPOSITA. _Prep._ Paracress, dried and bruised, 2 oz.; pyrethrum root in coarse powder, 2 oz.; spirit, 10 oz. (by weight). Digest 8 days. Sialagogue.

=Tincture of Pareira Brava.= _Syn._ TINCTURA PAREIRÆ BRAVÆ. (Brodie). _Prep._ Pareira brava root, 2 oz.; French brandy, 1 pint. Digest for 7 days.

=Tincture of Pel′litory.= _Syn._ TOOTHACHE TINCTURE; TINCTURA PYRETHRI (B. P.) _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Pellitory root, in coarse powder, 4; rectified spirit, 20; macerate for 48 hours with 15 of the spirit, agitating occasionally, then pack it in a percolator, let it drain, and pour on the remaining spirit; when it ceases to drop, press, filter, and make up to 20.

2. Pellitory of Spain (bruised), 1 oz.; rectified spirit, 1/4 pint; digest a week. In the P. Cod. a tincture is ordered prepared with spirit about 41 o. p., and another prepared with spirit of sulphuric ether.

3. (COMPOUND.——Brande.) Pellitory root, 4 dr.; camphor, 3 dr.; oil of cloves, 2 dr.; opium, 1 dr.; rectified spirit, 6 fl. oz.; digest for eight days. Both the above are used for the toothache. See TINCTURE, ODONTALGIC.

=Tincture of Pepper (Stomachic).= _Syn._ TINCTURA PIPERIS STOMACHICA; ESSENTIA STOMACHICA POLYCHRESTA (Spielman.) _Prep._ Capsicum, 1 oz.; black pepper, 2 dr.; long pepper, 2 dr.; white pepper, 2 dr.; solution of acetate of potash, 6 oz.; spirit of ammonia, 1 oz. Digest and filter.

=Tincture of Perchloride of Iron.= _Syn._ TINCTURA FERRI PERCHLORIDI. (B. P.) _Prep._ Mix 5 fl. oz. of strong solution of perchloride of iron with 15 fl. oz. of rectified spirit.——_Dose_, 10 to 30 minims.

=Tincture of Phos′phorus (Ethereal).= _Syn._ ÆTHER PHOSPHORATUS, TINCTURA PHOSPHORI ÆTHEREA, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. Hann. 1831.) Phosphorus (powdered by agitation with rectified spirit), 16 gr.; ether, 2 oz.; macerate, with agitation, for 4 days, then decant the clear portion, and preserve it in a stoppered bottle, in a cool dark situation.

2. (P. Cod.) Phosphorus, cut small, 1 part; ether, 50 parts; digest with occasional agitation for 1 month, and decant the clear.——_Dose_, 5 to 15 drops, in any bland vehicle, thrice daily; in impotency, low sinking conditions of the system, &c.

=Tincture of Poplar Buds.= _Syn._ TINCTURA POPULI. (Van Monc.) _Prep._ Poplar buds, 4 oz.; rectified spirit, 24 oz. Macerate and filter.

=Tincture of Quas′sia.= _Syn._ TINCTURA QUASSIÆ (B. P., Ph. E), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Quassia in chips, 3/4; proof spirit, 20; digest 7 days; filter, and make up to 20.——_Dose_, 1 to 2 dr.

2. (Ph. E.) Quassia, in chips, 10 dr.; proof spirit, 1 quart; digest 7 days. Bitter, tonic.——_Dose_, 1/2 to 2 fl. dr.; in dyspepsia, &c.

=Tincture of Quassia (Compound).= _Syn._ TINCTURA QUASSIÆ COMPOSITA (Ph. E.), L. _Prep._ (Ph. E.) Cardamoms and cochineal, of each, bruised, 1/2 oz.; powdered cinnamon and quassia chips, of each 6 dr.; raisins, 7 oz.; proof spirit, 1 quart; digest for 7 days (or by percolation), then press, and filter. Aromatic and tonic.——_Dose_ and _use_, as the last.

=Tincture of Quinine (Ammoniated).= _Syn._ TINCTURA QUININÆ AMMONIATA. (B. P.) _Prep._ Sulphate of quinine, 160 gr.; solution of ammonia, 2-1/2 fl. oz.; proof spirit, 17-1/2 oz.; dissolve the quinine in the spirit with a gentle heat, and add the solution of ammonia.——_Dose_, 1/2 dr. to 2 dr.

=Tincture of Quinine (Compound).= _Syn._ FEVER DROPS; TINCTURA QUINÆ (B. P.); TINCTURA QUINÆ COMPOSITA (Ph. L.) _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Sulphate of quinia, 1; tincture of orange peel, 60; dissolve with a gentle heat, digest for 3 days with occasional agitation and strain.——_Dose_, 1 to 1-1/2 dr.

2. (Ph. L.) Sulphate of quinine, 5 dr. 1 scrup. (or 320 gr.); tincture of orange peel, 1 quart; digest, with agitation, for 7 days, or until solution is complete.

_Obs._ Unless the tincture employed as the solvent be of the full strength, some of the disulphate remains undissolved. It is an excellent medicine when faithfully prepared.——_Dose_, 1/2 to 2 fl. dr.; in debility, dyspepsia, &c.

=Tincture of Red Gum.= _Syn._ TINCTURA GUMMI RUBRI. (Mr Squire.) _Prep._ Red gum, 1 part; rectified spirit, 4. Digest and strain.——_Dose_, 20 to 40 minims.

=Tincture of Red Lav′ender.= Compound tincture of lavender.

=Tincture of Rhat′any.= _Syn._ TINCTURA KRAMERIÆ (B. P., Ph. D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Rhatany, bruised, 1; proof spirit, 8; macerate 48 hours in 6 of the spirit, agitating occasionally, pack in a percolator; when it ceases to drop, pour on the remaining spirit, and wash the marc with spirit to make up 8.——_Dose_, 1 to 2 dr.

2. (Ph. D.) Rhatany root, in coarse powder, 8 oz.; proof spirit, 1 quart; macerate for 14 days, then press, and filter. Astringent.——_Dose_, 1 to 2 fl. dr. The formula of the Ph. U. S. is similar.

=Tincture of Rhododendron.= _Syn._ TINCTURA RHODODENDRI. (Niemann.) _Prep._ Leaves of _Rhododendron Chrysanthum_, 2 oz.; French brandy, 1/2 lb.; sherry, 1/2 lb. Digest for 15 days.

=Tincture of Rhu′barb.= _Syn._ TINCTURA RHEI (B. P., Ph. E.), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Rhubarb, bruised, 2; cardamom seeds, bruised, 1/4; coriander, bruised, 1/4; saffron, 1/4; proof spirit, 20; macerate for 48 hours with 15 of the spirit, agitating occasionally, pack in a percolator, and when it ceases to drop pour on the remaining spirit, press and wash the marc, and add spirit to make up 20.——_Dose._ As a stomachic, 1 to 2 dr.; as a purgative, 1/2 to 1 oz.

2. (Ph. E.) Powdered rhubarb, 3-1/2 oz.; cardamom seeds, bruised, 1/2 oz.; proof spirit, 1 quart; digest, or proceed by the method of displacement.

3. (Ph. L. 1824.) Rhubarb, 2 oz.; cardamoms, 4 dr.; saffron, 2 dr.; proof spirit, 32 fl. oz. Both the above are cordial, stomachic, and laxative.——_Dose_, 1 fl. dr, to 1 fl. oz.

=Tincture of Rhubarb (Aqueous).= _Syn._ TINCTURA RHEI AQUOSA. (Ph. G.) _Prep._ Rhubarb, 10 oz.; borax, 1 oz.; carbonate of potash, 1 oz.; boiling water, 85 oz. Infuse for 1/4 hour, then add rectified spirit, 10 oz. (by weight); let stand 2-1/2 hours, and add cinnamon water, 15 oz.

=Tincture of Rhubarb (Compound).= _Syn._ TINCTURA RHEI COMPOSITA (Ph. L. & D.). _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Rhubarb, sliced, 2-1/2 oz.; liquorice root, bruised, 6 dr.; ginger (bruised) and hay saffron, of each 3 dr.; proof spirit, 1 quart; macerate for 7 days, then press, and filter.

2. (Ph.) Rhubarb, 3 oz.; cardamoms, 1 oz.; liquorice root, 1/2 oz.; saffron, 1/4 oz.; proof spirit, 1 quart; macerate for 14 days.

3. (Ph. L. 1824.) Rhubarb, 2 oz.; liquorice root, 4 dr.; ginger and saffron, of each 2 dr.; proof spirit, 16 fl. oz.; water, 12 fl. oz.

_Obs._ This tincture is a popular remedy in diarrhœa and colic, and is an especial favourite with drunkards.——_Dose_, as a stomachic, 1 to 3 fl. dr.; as a purgative, 1/2 to 1-1/2 fl. oz. The tincture of rhubarb of the shops is mostly inferior, being generally deficient both in rhubarb and spirit. The following forms we have seen extensively employed in the wholesale trade:——East Indian rhubarb, 20 lbs.; boiling water, q. s. to cover it; infuse for 24 hours, then slice the rhubarb, and put it into a cask with moist sugar, 14 lbs.; ginger, bruised, 3-1/2 lbs.; hay saffron, 1 lb.; carbonate of potash, 1/2 lb.; bruised nutmegs, 1/4 lb.; rectified spirit, 19 galls.; water, 21 galls.; macerate with frequent agitation for 14 days, decant the clear portion, and press and filter the bottoms. Those houses that adhere to the Ph. L. for 1824 substitute cardamom seeds, 5 lbs., for the ginger. For the corresponding Ph. E. formula see the last article.

=Tincture of Rhubarb (Brandish’s Al′kaline).= _Syn._ TINCTURA RHEI ALKALINA BRANDISHII, L. _Prep._ From rhubarb, in coarse powder, 1-1/2 oz.; Brandish’s alkaline solution, 1 quart; macerate for a week. In the original formula only 1/2 oz. of rhubarb is ordered.——_Dose_, 20 drops to 2 fl. dr., in any bland liquid, not acidulous; in acidities, dyspepsia, &c.

=Tincture of Rhubarb and Aloes.= _Syn._ SACRED ELIXIR†; TINCTURA RHEI ET ALOËS (Ph. E.), L. _Prep._ (Ph. D.) Rhubarb, in powder, 1-1/2 oz.; Socotrine or East Indian aloes, 6 dr.; cardamom seeds, bruised, 5 dr.; proof spirit, 1 quart; macerate 7 days, or percolate. A warm stomachic purgative.——_Dose_, 1/2 fl. oz. to 1 fl. oz.

=Tincture of Rhubarb and Gen′tian.= TINCTURA RHEI AMARA, TINCTURA RHEI ET GENTIANÆ (Ph. E.), L. _Prep._ (Ph. E.) Rhubarb, 2 oz.; gentian, 1/2 oz.; proof spirit, 1 quart; proceed as for the last. Stomachic, tonic, and purgative.——_Dose_, 1 fl. dr. to 1 fl. oz.

=Tincture of Rhubarb and Sen′na.= _Syn._ WARNER’S GOUT CORDIAL; TINCTURA RHEI ET SENNÆ (Ph. U. S.), L. _Prep._ (Ph. U. S.) Rhubarb, 1 oz.; senna and red sanders wood, of each 2 dr.; coriander and fennel seed, of each 1 dr.; saffron and extract of liquorice, of each 1/2 dr.; stoned raisins, 6 oz.; proof spirit, 2-1/2 pints; macerate for 14 days. A popular stomachic and laxative.——_Dose_, 1/2 to 1-1/2 fl. oz.

=Tincture (Riemer’s Nervous).= _Prep._ From oil of juniper, 1 part; volatile liquor of hartshorn, 4 parts; rectified spirit, 16 parts.——_Dose_, 1 teaspoonful in water.

=Tincture of Rose.= _Syn._ TINCTURA ROSÆ. _Prep._ Dried red rose, 4 oz.; proof spirit, 1 pint. Digest for 10 days.

=Tincture of Rosemary.= _Syn._ TINCTURA ROSMARINI. (Ph. Bruns.) _Prep._ Flowering tops of rosemary, 1-1/2 oz.; spirit of rosemary, 6 oz. Digest, express, and filter.

=Tincture, Ruspini’s.= See TINCTURE, TOOTH.

=Tincture of Saf′fron.= _Syn._ TINCTURA CROCI (B. P., Ph. E. & D.), T. C. SATIVÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Saffron, 1; proof spirit, 20; macerate 48 hours with 15 of the spirit, agitating occasionally, pack in a percolator, let it drain, and then pour on the remaining spirit; when it ceases to drop, wash the marc with spirit to make up 20.——_Dose_, 1/2 to 2 dr.

2. (Ph. E.) Hay saffron, 2 oz. (2 oz.——Ph. D.); proof spirit, 1 quart (1 pint——Ph. D.); proceed either by maceration (for 14 days——Ph. D.) or by displacement. Stimulant, and emmenagogue.——_Dose_, 1 to 2 fl. dr. Chiefly used for its colour and flavour.

=Tincture of Saponin.= _Syn._ TINCTURA SAPONINI. _Prep._ Bark of _Quillai Saponaria_, 1 part; alcohol (90 per cent.), 4 parts. Heat to ebullition and filter.

=Tincture of Sarsaparilla (Compound).= _Syn._ TINCTURA SARZÆ COMPOSITA, LIQUEUR DÉPURATIVE. (François.) _Prep._ Sarsaparilla, guaiacum, china root, sassafras, of each 1 oz.; proof spirit, 16 oz.

=Tincture of Savine.= _Syn._ TINCTURA SABINÆ. (B. P.) _Prep._ Savine tops, dried, and coarsely powdered, 2-1/2 oz.; proof spirit, 1 pint. Proceed as for tincture of aconite.

=Tincture of Scammony.= _Syn._ TINCTURA SCAMMONII. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Scammony, 4 oz.; rect. spirit, 20 oz. (by weight).

=Tincture of Senega.= _Syn._ TINCTURA SENEGÆ. (B. P.) _Prep._ Senega, bruised, 2-1/2 oz.; proof spirit, 1 pint. Prepared as tincture of aconite.

=Tincture of Senna (Compound).= _Syn._ TINCTURE OF SENNA, ELIXIR OF HEALTH†; TINCTURA SENNÆ (B. P.), TINCTURA SENNÆ COMPOSITÆ (Ph. L., E., & D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Senna, broken small, 5; raisins, freed from seeds, 4; caraway, bruised, 1; coriander, bruised, 1; proof spirit, 40; macerate the ingredients 48 hours in three fourths of the spirit, agitating occasionally; pack in a percolator, and when it ceases to drop, pour on the remaining spirit; press, filter, and make up 40.——_Dose_, 2 to 8 dr.

2. (Ph. L.) Senna, 3-1/2 oz.; caraway seeds, bruised, 3-1/2 dr.; cardamom seeds, bruised, 1 dr.; stoned raisins, 5 oz.; proof spirit, 1 quart; macerate for 7 days, press, and filter.

3. (Ph. E.) Senna and stoned raisins, of each 4 oz.; sugar, 2-1/2 oz.; corianders, 1 oz.; jalap, 6 dr.; caraways and cardamoms, of each 5 dr.; proof spirit, 1 quart; digest, or proceed by percolation.

4. (Ph. D.) Senna, 4 oz.; caraway and cardamom seeds, of each, bruised, 1/2 oz.; proof spirit, 1 quart; macerate for 14 days.

5. (Wholesale.) From senna, 6 lbs.; treacle, 2 lbs.; caraways, 3/4 lb.; cardamoms, 1/4 lb.; rectified spirit and water, of each 4 galls.; as before. Carminative, stomachic, and purgative.——_Dose_, 1/4 to 1 fl. oz.

_Obs._ “If Alexandrian senna be used for this preparation, it must be freed from cynanchum (argol) leaves, by picking.” (Ph. E.)

=Tincture of Ser′pentary.= _Syn._ TINCTURE OF VIRGINIAN SNAKE ROOT; TINCTURA SERPENTARIE (B. P., Ph. L., & E.), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Serpentary, bruised, 1; proof spirit, 8; macerate 48 hours, with 6 of the spirit, agitating occasionally, pack in a percolator and let it drain; pour on the remaining spirit, and when it ceases to drop, press, and wash the marc to make up 8.——_Dose_, 1/2 to 2 dr.

2. (Ph. L.) Serpentary, bruised, 3-1/2 oz. (cochineal, 1 dr.——Ph. E); proof spirit, 1 quart; macerate for 7 days (or by percolation——Ph. E.), strain, and filter. Stimulant, tonic, and diaphoretic.——_Dose_, 1 to 3 fl. dr.

=Tincture of Sesquichloride of Iron.= _Syn._ TINCTURE OF MURIATE OF IRON, TINCTURE OF STEEL, STEEL DROPS; TINCTURA FERRI PERCHLORIDI (B. P.), TINCTURA FERRI SESQUICHLORIDI (Ph. L. & D.), T. FERRI MURIATIS (Ph. E.), FERRI MURIATIS LIQUOR, L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Strong solution of perchloride of iron, 1; rectified spirit, 3; mix.——_Dose_, 10 to 30 minims in water.

2. (Ph. L.) Sesquioxide of iron, 6 oz.; hydrochloric acid, 1 pint; mix, and digest in a sand bath, frequently shaking (with a gentle heat, for a day——Ph. E.), until solution is complete, then add, when cold, of rectified spirit, 3 pints, and (in a short time) filter. Sp. gr. ·992. “1 fl. oz., potash being added, deposits nearly 30 gr. of sesquioxide of iron.” (Ph. L.)

3. (Ph. D.) Iron wire, 8 oz.; pure hydrochloric acid, 1 quart; distilled water, 1 pint; mix, and dissolve by a gentle heat; next add, in successive portions, of pure nitric acid, 18 fl. dr.; evaporate by a gentle heat to a pint, and, when cold, mix this in a bottle with rectified spirit, 1-1/2 pint; lastly, after 12 hours, filter. Sp. gr. 1·237.

_Obs._ This tincture is an active ferruginous tonic.——_Dose_, 10 to 30 drops, gradually increased, taken in water, ale, or wine. In the old tinctura martis, Ph. L., iron filings, and in the T. ferri muriatis, Ph. E. 1817, black oxide of iron, were used instead of the sesquioxide or carbonate. ‘Bestuchef’s nervine tincture’ of the P. Cod. is prepared by dissolving 1 dr. of dry sesquichloride of iron in 7 dr. of spirit of sulphuric ether. See GOLDEN DROPS.

=Tincture of Sesquini′trate of Iron‡.= _Syn_. TINCTURA FERRI SESQUINITRATIS, L. _Prep._ (Onion.) Iron filings, 1/2 oz.; nitric acid (1·5), 2-1/4 oz.; dissolve, add of hydrochloric acid (1·16), 6 dr., simmer for 2 or 3 minutes, cool, add of rectified spirit, 8 oz., and filter. Proposed as a substitute for the last preparation, but the name misrepresents its chemical constitution.

=Tincture of Soap.= _Syn._ TINCTURA SAPONIS. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ White soap, 3 oz.; carbonate of potash, 1 dr.; proof spirit, 5 oz. (by weight). Dissolve.

=Tincture of Soap with Turpentine.= _Syn._ TINCTURA SAPONIS TEREBINTHINATA. BAUMÉ DE VIE EXTERNE. _Prep._ White soap, 3 oz.; oil of turpentine, 3 oz.; spirit of wild thyme, 2 lb.; white of ammonia, 2 oz.

=Tincture of Squills.= _Syn._ TINCTURA BECHICA, TINCTURA SCILLÆ (B. P., Ph. L., E., & D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Dried squill, bruised, 1; proof spirit, 8; macerate for 48 hours with 6 of the spirit, agitating occasionally, pack in a percolator, let it drain, and pour on the remaining spirit; when it ceases to drop, press, filter, and make up to 8.——_Dose_, 15 to 30 minims.

2. (Ph. L.) Squills, recently dried and sliced (or in coarse powder), 5 oz.; proof spirit, 1 quart; macerate for 7 days (14 days——Ph. D.; or by percolation——Ph. E.), press and filter. A stimulating expectorant and diuretic.——_Dose_, 10 to 30 drops; in chronic coughs, and other bronchial affections.

=Tincture of Squills (Alkaline).= _Syn._ TINCTURA SCILLÆ ALKALINA. (Ph. G.) _Prep._ Squill, 8 parts; caustic potash, 1 part; rectified spirit, 50 parts; macerate, 8 days.

=Tincture of Stavesacre (Concentrated).= _Syn._ TINCTURA STAPHISAGRIÆ CONCENTRATA. (Dr Turnbull.) _Prep._ Digest stavesacre seeds in twice their weight of rectified spirit. For external use in neuralgic and rheumatic affections, as a substitute for solution of delphinia.

=Tincture, Stomach′ic.= Compound tincture of cardamoms. Compound tincture of gentian is also, occasionally, so called.

=Tincture of Stramo′′nium.= _Syn._ TINCTURE OF THORN-APPLE; TINCTURA STRAMONII (B. P., Ph. D. & U. S.), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Stramonium seeds, bruised, 1; proof spirit, 8; macerate 48 hours with 6 of the spirit, agitating occasionally; pack in a percolator, let it drain, and pour on the remaining spirit. When it ceases to drop, press, filter, and add spirit to make 8.——_Dose_, 10 to 20 minims.

2. (Ph. D.) Stramonium or thorn-apple seeds (bruised), 5 oz.; proof spirit, 1 quart; macerate for 14 days (or by displacement——Ph. U. S.), then press, and filter. Anodyne.——_Dose_, 10 to 20 drops; in neuralgia, rheumatism, &c. Said to be superior to laudanum.

=Tincture, Styptic.= _Syn._ TINCTURA STYPTICA. (Ph. L. 1746.) _Prep._ Calcined sulphate of iron, 1 dr.; French brandy, coloured by the cask, 2 lbs.

=Tincture, Sudorific.= _Syn._ TINCTURA SUDORIFICA. (Ph. E. 1744.) _Prep._ Serpentary root, 5 dr.; cochineal, 4 dr.; castor oil, 1 dr.; saffron, 2 scruples; opium, 1 scruple; spirit of Mindererus, 16 oz. Digest for 3 days and strain.

=Tincture of Sum′bul.= _Syn._ TINCTURA SUMBULI (B. P.) _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Sumbul, bruised fine, 1; proof spirit, 8; digest 7 days and filter.——_Dose_, 15 to 30 minims.

2. From sumbul, bruised, 5 oz.; proof spirit, 1 quart; macerate for a week, and strain, with expression. Stimulant and tonic.——_Dose_, 10 to 30 or 40 drops.

=Tincture of Tartrated Iron.= _Syn._ TINCTURA MARTIS TARTARIZATA. _Prep._ Pure iron filings, 100 parts; cream of tartar, 250, rectified spirit, 50 parts (by weight). Put the filings and tartar into an iron kettle with sufficient water to form a paste, leave them for 24 hours, add 3000 parts of soft water and boil for 2 hours, stirring constantly and supplying the waste of water. Decant and filter the liquor, and evaporate it till it has the density of 1·286, and add the spirit.——_Dose_, 3 to 6 drops.

=Tincture of Thorn-apple.= Tincture of stramonium.

=Tincture of Thuja.= _Syn._ TINCTURA THUJÆ. Fresh leaves of thuja, 1 part; spirit (90 per cent.), 10 parts. Macerate for 10 days, and filter.——_Dose_, 10 drops in water. The leaves of thuja are collected in June and July. Those of the _T. orientalis_ and _T. occidentalis_, have the reputation in Belgium of curing smallpox.

=Tincture of Tobac′co.= _Syn._ TINCTURA NICOTIANÆ, TINCTURA TABACI, L. _Prep._ From pure manufactured tobacco, 1-1/4 oz,; proof spirit, 1 pint; macerate for 7 days. Compound spirit of juniper is often used instead of proof spirit. Sedative and narcotic.——_Dose_, 10 to 30 drops. A tincture is also made from the fresh leaves. See VEGETABLE JUICES and TINCTURES (Ethereal).

=Tincture of Tol′u.= _Syn._ TINCTURA TOLUTANUS (B. P.), TINCTURA TOLUTANA (Ph. L. & D.), T. BALSAMI TOLUTANI, T. TOLUIFERÆ BALSAMI, L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Balsam of Tolu, 1; rectified spirit, 8; dissolve, filter, and make up to 8.——_Dose_, 15 to 30 minims, mixed with mucilage or syrup.

2. (Ph. L.) Balsam of Tolu, 2 oz. (3-1/2 oz.——Ph. E.); rectified spirit, 1 quart (1 pint——Ph. D.); dissolve (by the aid of a gentle heat——Ph. E. & D.), and filter.

_Obs._ This tincture is reputed pectoral and expectorant; but it is chiefly used as an adjuvant in mixtures, on account of its flavour.——_Dose_, 10 to 60 drops.

=Tincture, Tooth.= _Prep._ 1. (Greenhough’s.) From bitter almonds, 2 oz.; Brazil wood, cinnamon, and orris root, of each 1/2 oz.; alum, cochineal, and salt of sorrel, of each 1 dr.; spirit of scurvy grass, 2 fl. oz.; proof spirit, 1-1/2 pint; macerate a week.

2. (Hudson’s.) From the tinctures of myrrh and cinchona, and cinnamon water, equal parts, with a little arquebusade and gum Arabic.

3. (Ruspini’s.) From orris root, 8 oz.; cloves, 1 oz.; ambergris, 20 gr.; rectified spirit, 1 quart; digested for 14 days. The above are used as cosmetics for the teeth and gums. The last has long been a popular dentifrice.

=Tincture, Toothache.= Odontalgic tincture. See also DROPS, ESSENCE, &c.

=Tincture of Turmeric.= _Syn._ TINCTURA CURCUMÆ. (Dr Wood.) _Prep._ Turmeric, 1 oz.; proof spirit, 6 oz.

=Tincture of Turpentine.= _Syn._ TINCTURA TEREBINTHINÆ. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Venice turpentine, 4 oz.; rectified spirit, 1 pint.

=Tincture of Tuyaya.= _Syn._ TINCTURA TUYAYÆ. _Prep._ Tuyaya root, in powder, 12 oz.; proof spirit, 36 oz.; macerate for 14 days. If for internal use it must be diluted with four times its volume of spirit.——_Dose_, 1 to 10 minims. In syphilis.

=Tincture of Vale′rian.= _Syn._ TINCTURA VALERIANÆ (B. P., Ph. L., E., & D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Valerian bruised, 1; proof spirit, 8; macerate the valerian 48 hours with 6 of the spirit, agitating occasionally; pack in a percolator, let it drain, pour on the remainder of the spirit; when it ceases to drop, press and filter, washing the marc with spirit to make up 8.——_Dose_, 1 to 2 dr.

2. (Ph. L.) Valerian root, bruised, 5 oz.; proof spirit, 1 quart; macerate 7 days (14 days——Ph. D.; or by percolation——Ph. E.), press, and filter. Tonic and antispasmodic.——_Dose_, 1 to 3 fl. dr.; in hysteria, epilepsy, &c.

=Tincture of Valerian (Compound).= _Syn._ AMMONIATED TINCTURE OF VALERIAN, VOLATILE T. OF V.; TINCTURA VALERIANÆ COMPOSITA (Ph. L.), T. V. AMMONIATA (B. P., Ph. E.), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Valerian, bruised, 1; aromatic spirit of ammonia, 8; macerate the valerian 7 days, press, filter, and add spirit to make up 8.——_Dose_, 1/2 to 1 dr.

2. (Ph. L.) Valerian root, bruised, 5 oz.; aromatic spirit of ammonia (simple——Ph. E.), 1 quart; macerate for 7 days (or by percolation——Ph. E.), then press, and filter. Stimulant, tonic, and antispasmodic.——_Dose_ and _use_, same as those of the simple tincture, than which it is thought to be more powerful. The tincture of the shops is generally made with only 1 lb. of the root to the gallon.

=Tincture of Vanilla.= _Syn._ TINCTURA VANILLÆ. (Ph. G.) _Prep._ Vanilla pods, 1 part; rectified spirit, 5 parts. Macerate 8 days.

=Tincture of Veratria.= _Syn._ TINCTURA VERATRIÆ. (Magendie.) _Prep._ Veratria, 4 gr.; rectified spirit, 1 dr.

=Tincture of Vera′trum.= _Syn._ TINCTURE OF WHITE HELLEBORE; TINCTURA VERATRI VIRIDIS; TINCTURA HELLEBORI ALBI, T. VERATRI (Ph. E.), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Green hellebore root, in coarse powder, 4; rectified spirit, 20; macerate the powder with 15 of the spirit 48 hours, agitating occasionally, pack it in a percolator, let it drain, pour on the remainder of the spirit, when it ceases to drop, press, filter, wash the marc with spirit to make up 20.——_Dose_, 5 to 20 minims.

2. (Ph. E.) White hellebore, 4 oz.; proof spirit, 1 pint; digest or percolate.——_Dose_, 10 drops, 2 or 3 times a day, gradually increased; in gout, rheumatism, &c., as a substitute for colchicum; also, externally.

=Tincture of Virginian Snake Root.= Tincture of serpentary.

=Tincture of Vittie-vayr.= _Syn._ TINCTURA VETIVERIÆ, L. _Prep._ From vittie-vayr (roots of _Andropogon muricatis_), 2-1/2 oz.; proof spirit, 1 pint; macerate a week. Stimulant, tonic, and sudorific.——_Dose_, 15 to 30 drops.

=Tincture, Vulnerary.= _Syn._ TINCTURA VULNERARIA. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Fresh leaves of wormwood, angelica, basil, calamint, fennel, hyssop, marjoram, balm peppermint, origanum, rosemary, rue, savory, sage, wild thyme, St John’s wort tops, lavender tops, of each 1 oz. (all cut up); rectified spirit, 20 oz. (by weight). Digest 10 days.

=Tincture of Walnuts.= _Syn._ TINCTURA INGLANDIS. (Ph. Dan.) _Prep._ Green shells of walnut, 6 oz.; proof spirit, 24 oz. Digest for 6 days.

=Tincture of Walnut Leaves.= _Syn._ TINCTURA INGLANDIS FOLIORUM. (Mr Ince.) _Prep._ Dried walnut leaves, 16 oz.; macerated for 7 days in a gallon of proof spirit.——_Dose_, 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls. To prevent sickness, or to cover the taste of cod-liver oil.

=Tincture, Warburg’s Fever.= _Syn._ TINCTURA FEBRIFUGA WARBURGII. The composition was for a long time kept secret; but in 1875 Dr. W. published the following formula for it, through Prof. Maclean:——Aloes (Soc.), lb. j; Rad. Rhei, Sem. Angelic., Conf. Damocrat. āā ℥iv; Rad. Helenii, Croci Sat., Sem. Fœnic., Cretæ ppt. āā ℥ij; Rad. Gent., Rad. Zedoar., Pip. Cubeb., Myrrhæ, Camphoræ, Boleti laric., āā ℥j. Digest with 500 oz. of proof spirit in a water-bath for 12 hours; express, and add quinin. disulph. ℥x. Then replace in water-bath until the quinine is dissolved. Filter when cool. _Dose_, 1/2 oz. (undiluted) after an aperient.

=Tincture of Wild Cherry Bark.= _Syn._ TINCTURA PRUNI VIRGINIANÆ. _Prep._ Wild cherry bark, bruised, 2 oz.; proof spirit, 1 pint. Digest 14 days, press, and filter. May also be made by percolation.

=Tincture of Winter Cherry.= _Syn._ TINCTURA PHYSALIS ALKIKENGÆ. _Prep._ Take of the whole plant, dried, 4 oz.; rectified spirit, 1 pint. Digest for 10 days, strain, and filter. Diuretic and febrifuge.——_Dose_, 1/2 dr. to 1 dr.

=Tincture of Wormwood.= _Syn._ TINCTURA ABSINTHII. (Ph. G.) _Prep._ Dried wormwood, 6 oz.; proof spirit, 30 oz. (by weight.); macerate for 8 days, and strain.——_Dose_, 1 dr.

=Tincture of Wormwood (Compound).= _Syn._ TINCTURA ABSINTHII COMPOSITA. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Dried wormwood tops, 1 oz.; gentian, bitter orange peel, of each 1 oz.; germander, 1 oz.; rhubarb, 3/4 oz.; aloes, 2 dr.; cascarilla, 2 dr.; proof spirit, 2 pints.

_Loss of Spirit in making Tinctures by the British
Pharmacopœia._[236]——MR UMNEY gives the following
table, as embodying the result of his experience:——

[Footnote 236: ‘Pharm. Journ,’, 3rd series, 1, 321-379.]

------------------------------+------------+------------+--------+--------
|Alcohol ·838|Alcohol ·920| Loss |Gain
Quantity|to make |to make |p. c. by|p. c. by
made. |up measure. |up measure. |volume. |volume.
------------------------------+------------+------------+--------+--------
Galls. | Pints. | Pints. | |
Tinct. aconit 4 | 2·5 | ... | 7·9 |
Tinct. arnicæ 10 | 3·0 | ... | 3·8 |
Tinct. aurantii 10 | ... | 5·0 | 6·3 |
Tinct. belladonnæ 2 | ... | ·7 | 4·1 |
Tinct. benz. comp. 5 | ... | ... | ... | 10·0
Tinct. buchu 2 | ... | 1·0 | 6·3 |
Tinct. calumbæ 5 | ... | 3·0 | 7·1 |
Tinct. camphor, comp. 10 | ... | ·5 | ·7 |
Tinct. cantharid 4 | ... | ·6 | 1·9 |
Tinct. capsici 5 | 1·0 | ... | 2·5 |
Tinct. cardam. co. 20 | ... | ... | ... | 2·5
Tinct. cascarillæ 5 | ... | 2·0 | 5·0 |
Tinct. castor 2 | ·5 | ... | 3·2 |
Tinct. catechu 5 | ... | No loss. | ... |
Tinct. chirettæ 2 | ... | 2·0 | 12·5 |
Tinct. cinchonæ 10 | ... | 12·0 | 15·0 |
Tinct. cinchonæ co. 10 | ... | 9·0 | 11·3 |
Tinct. cinnam. 5 | ... | 4·0 | 10·0 |
Tinct. cocci 1 | ... | ·25 | 3·1 |
Tinct. colchici sem. 2 | ... | 1·5 | 9·4 |
Tinct. conii 2 | ... | ·75 | 4·6 |
Tinct. croci 1 | ... | ·60 | 7·5 |
Tinct. cubebæ 2 | ·5 | ... | 3·2 |
Tinct. digitatis 5 | ... | 3·0 | 7·5 |
Tinct. ergotæ 2 | ... | 2·0 | 12·5 |
Tinct. ferri acet. 1 | 1·2 | ... | 15·0 |
Tinct. gallæ 1 | ... | ·4 | 5·0 |
Tinct. gent. co. 10 | ... | 7·0 | 8·7 |
Tinct. hyoscyami 10 | ... | 6·0 | 7·5 |
Tinct. jalapæ 5 | ... | 2·0 | 5·0 |
Tinct. kino 1 | No loss. | ... | ... |
Tinct. krameriæ 5 | ... | 2·0 | 5·0 |
Tinct. lavand. comp. 20 | 2·0 | ... | 1·3 |
Tinct. limonis 2 | ... | 1·5 | 9·4 |
Tinct. lobeliæ 3 | ... | 2·5 | 10·5 |
Tinct. lobeliæ æther. 3 | 3·5[237]| ... | 14·5 |
Tinct. lupuli 5 | ... | 4·0 | 10·0 |
Tinct. myrrhæ 5 | 2·5 | ... | 6·2 |
Tinct. nuc. vom. 4 | ·0 | ... | 6·2 |
Tinct. opii 10 | ... | ·75 | 1·0 |
Tinct. opii ammon. 2·5 | ·5 | ... | 2·5 |
Tinct. pyrethri 1 | 1·0 | ... | 12·5 |
Tinct. quassiæ 1 | ... | ·7 | 8·7 |
Tinct. rhei 10 | ... | 4·0 | 5·0 |
Tinct. sabinæ 2 | ... | ·8 | 5·0 |
Tinct. scillæ 5 | ... | 3·0 | 7·5 |
Tinct. senegæ 1 | ... | ·75 | 9·3 |
Tinct. sennæ 10 | ... | 2·0 | 2·5 |
Tinct. serpentar 1 | ... | ·9 | 10·9 |
Tinct. stramon. 1 | ... | ·5 | 6·3 |
Tinct. sambul 3 | ... | 1·0 | 4·2 |
Tinct. valer. ammon. 5 | 3·5[238]| ... | 4·4 |
Tinct. valerian 5 | ... | 2·3 | 5·7 |
Tinct. veratri virid. 2 | 2·5 | ... | 15·6 |
Tinct. zingiber 5 | 2·5 | ... | 6·3 |
Tinct. zingiber fort. 10 | 3·6 | ... | 37·5 |
------------------------------+------------+------------+--------+--------

[Footnote 237: Sp. æther. sulph.]

[Footnote 238: Sp. ammon. aromat.]

=Tincture of Yellow Jasmine.= _Syn._ TINCTURA GELSEMII SEMPERVIRENS. _Prep._ Yellow jasmine, 1 oz.; rectified spirit, 1 pint.——_Dose_, 20 to 40 minims.

=Tincture of Zedoary.= _Syn._ TINCTURA ZEDOARIÆ. (Ph. Amst.) _Prep._ Zedoary root, 1 part; rectified spirit, 8 parts. Digest and filter.

=Tincture of Zedoary (Compound).= _Syn._ TINCTURA ZEDOARIÆ COMPOSITA; WEDEL’S ESSENTIA CARMINATIVA. _Prep._ Zedoary, 4 oz.; calamus, galangal, of each 2 oz.; chamomile, aniseed, caraway seed, of each 1 oz.; bay-berries and cloves, of each 6 dr.; orange-peel and mace, of each 4 dr.; peppermint water and rectified spirit, of each 24 dr. In 6 days strain, and add hydrochloric ether, 4 oz.

=TINCTURES (Concentrated).= _Syn._ TINCTURÆ CONCENTRATÆ HAENLI, L. _Prep._ (Ph. Baden.) Digest 8 parts of the vegetable powder in 16 of spirit of the sp. gr. ·857 (45 o. p.), for 4 days, at 72° Fahr., with occasional agitation, then press, and filter; to the marc or residuum add as much spirit as it has absorbed, and again press, and filter; the weight of the mixed liquors should be 16 parts. In this way are prepared concentrated tinctures of aconite leaves; arnica and chamomile flowers; belladonna, digitalis, hemlock, henbane, peppermint, and savine leaves; ipecacuanha and valerian roots, &c.

=TINCTURES (Cu′linary).= See ESSENCES, SPIRITS, &c.

=TINCTURES (Ethe′′real).= _Syn._ TINCTURÆ ÆTHEREÆ, L. _Prep._ (P. Cod.) From the vegetable substance, 1 oz.; sulphuric ether, 4 oz. (or 6 fl. oz.); by maceration, for 4 days, in a well-closed vessel; or, preferably, by percolation in a cylindrical glass vessel furnished with a stopper, and terminating at the lower end in a funnel, obstructed with a little cotton. The powder being introduced over the cotton, pour on enough ether to moisten it, put in the stopper, fix the tube into the neck of a bottle, and leave it for 48 hours; then add, gradually, the remaining portion of the ether, and, lastly, enough water to displace the ether absorbed. In this manner are prepared the ethereal tinctures of aconite leaves, arnica flowers, belladonna, hemlock, foxglove, tobacco, pellitory, solanum, valerian, stramonium, &c., of the Paris Codex.

The ethereal tinctures of amber, ambergris, assafœtida, cantharides (acetic ether), castor, musk, tolu, &c., are prepared by maceration only.

=TINCTURES (Odorif′erous).= These are prepared from odoriferous substances by the usual processes of digestion or percolation. See SPIRITS.

=TINCTURES from Recent Vegetables.= See VEGETABLE JUICES.

=TIN′DER (German).= See AMADOU.

=TISANE.= [Fr.] _Syn._ PTISAN; PTISANA, L. This form of medicine is much used in France. Tisanes may be readily prepared by slightly medicating barley, rice, or tamarind water, lemonade, &c. See DECOCTION, INFUSION, JULEP, PTISAN, &c., and below.

=Tisane, Antimonial.= (Brera.) Lemonade, 2 pints; tartar emetic, 2 gr.; sugar, q. s.

=Tisane, Antiscorbutic.= An infusion of buckbean and the fresh roots of horseradish.

=Tisane, Antivenereal.= Various compound decoctions of sarsaparilla are known by this name.

=Tisane of Arnica.= (P. Cod.) As elder flower tisane.

=Tisane of Arnica Flowers.= (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Arnica flowers, 1/2 oz.; boiling water, 6 pints. Infuse half to an hour and filter through paper. Prepare in the same manner saffron tisane.

=Tisane of Asparagus.= (P. Cod.) Asparagus root, 3/4 oz.; boiling water, 2 pints. Infuse 2 hours, and strain. Tisanes are prepared in the same way from the roots of elecampane, comfrey, strawberries, rhatany, soap-wort, spruce-fir buds, Peruvian bark, dulcamara and burdock root.

=Tisane of Bread.= _Syn._ DECOCTUM ALBUM. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Prepared hartshorn, 1 oz.; bread crumb, 2 oz.; gum Arabic, 1 oz.; water, sufficient quantity to yield 5 pints; boil for 1/2 hour, strain through a coarse sieve, and add white sugar, 6 oz.; orange-flower water, 1 oz.

=Tisane of Cassia.= (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Extract of cassia, 1 oz.; dissolve in 5 pints of water at 140° F.

=Tisane, Common.= A decoction of pearl-barley and couch-grass, flavoured with liquorice root.

=Tisane of Couch Grass.= (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Root of couch grass, sliced, 6 dr. Boil for 1/2 hour with water sufficient to yield 2 pints.

=Tisane of Elder Flowers.= (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Elder flowers, 1 dr.; boiling water, 1-1/4 pint. Macerate for 1/2 hour, and strain.

=Tisane of Gentian.= (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Gentian, sliced, 1/2 oz.; cold water, 5 pints. Infuse 4 hours, and strain. In the same manner prepare tisanes of quassia, simaruba, and rhubarb.

=Tisane of Groats.= From groats, as tisane of pearl barley.

=Tisane of Guaiacum Wood.= (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Guaiacum shavings, 1-3/4 oz. Boil for 1 hour with sufficient water to yield 2 pints, and strain.

=Tisane of Gum.= _Syn._ EAU DE GOMME. _Prep._ Bruised gum Arabic, 1 oz.; water, 2-1/2 pints. Dissolve without heat, and strain.

=Tisane of Iceland Moss.= (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Just boil 2-1/2 dr. of Iceland moss in a little water and throw away the first decoction, then wash the remaining moss with cold water; then add a fresh quantity of water, and boil for 1/2 hour, so as to obtain 2 pints.

=Tisane of Irish Moss.= (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Wash 90 gr. of carrageen in cold water; then, after boiling ten minutes, add water in sufficient quantity so as to yield 2 pints.

=Tisane of Liquorice.= (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Sliced liquorice, 1 oz.; boiling water, 5 pints. Infuse 2 hours, and strain. Prepare in the same manner (but infusing for 1/2 hour) tisanes from the dried leaves of borage, wormwood, holy thistle, chicory, fumitory, ground ivy, pellitory, wild pansy, soapwort, scabious, from the cones of the hop, aniseed, red-rose leaves, lesser centaury tops, and linseed.

=Tisane of Mezereon.= (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Mezereon bark, 2 dr.; water, 2-1/2 pints; boil to 1-3/4 pint, and strain.

=Tisane of Orange Leaves.= (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Leaves of the orange tree, 1/2 oz.; boiling water, 5 pints; infuse 1/2 hour, and strain. Prepare in the same manner tisanes from the leaves of wormwood, maiden-hair, hyssop, balm, mint, and sage; and from the flowers of white mullein, chamomile, red poppy, mallow, marshmallow, lime, coltsfoot, and violet.

=Tisane of Pearl Barley.= (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Wash 3/4 oz. of pearl barley in cold water; strain off water, and boil in a sufficient quantity of water, so as to yield 2 pints. Tisanes of groats and rice are made in the same manner.

=Tisane, Pectoral.= An infusion of the roots of liquorice and marshmallow, Canadian maidenhair, and the flowers of the red poppy and coltsfoot, in a decoction of rice.

=Tisane of Rice.= (P. Cod.) Prepared in the same manner as tisane of pearl barley.

=Tisane of Rice, with Lemon.= (Augustin.) _Prep._ Washed rice, 1 oz.; water, 4 lbs.; boil, strain, add barley sugar, 1/2 dr.; lemon juice, 1 oz.

=Tisane of Roses with Milk.= (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Conserve of roses, 1 oz.; new milk, 1 pint. Rub together, and strain.

=Tisane, Royal.= From senna, fresh chervil, and sulphate of soda, of each 4 dr.; aniseed and cinnamon, of each 1 dr.; 1 lemon, sliced; cold water, 1-3/4 pint; macerate for 24 hours, stirring occasionally, then press and filter. Aperient.——_Dose._ A wineglassful, or more, repeated every half-hour, until it operates.

=Tisane of Salep.= (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Boil 1 dr. of salep in 16 oz. of water, and strain.

=Tisane of Senega.= (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Senega, 1 oz.; boiling water, 5 pints. Infuse for 2 hours, and strain. Prepare in the same manner tisanes of the roots of marshmallow and valerian.

=Tisane of Sulphuric Acid.= (P. Cod.) LIMONADE SULFURÏQUE. _Prep._ Sulphuric acid (1·84), 72 minims; water, 4-1/2 pints; syrup, 10 oz. (by weight); mix s. a. Prepare in the same manner nitric and phosphoric acid lemonade; the first with acid of sp. gr. 1·42; the second with acid of sp. gr. 1·45.

=Tisane of Tamarinds.= (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Pulp of tamarind, 1 oz.; boiling water, 2 pints. Infuse 1/2 hour.

=Tisane, Tartaric.= (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Syrup of tartaric acid, 2 oz.; water, 18 oz. Prepare in the same manner with their respective syrups, lemonades of citric acid, gooseberries, cherries, and raspberries.

=TIS′SUE (Blis′tering).= See VESICANTS.

=TITA′NIUM.= A rare metal, discovered by Klaproth in 1794, and examined by Wollaston in 1822. It is occasionally found at the bottom of the smelting furnaces of iron works, in combination with nitrogen and cyanogen, under the form of minute crystals, having a coppery lustre.

=TOAD-IN-THE-HOLE.= One to six ounces of flour, break the contents of one egg, and stir in by degrees one pint of milk, taking care to keep the mixture free from lumpiness. Place meat or ox kidney cut in slices in a greased pie dish or tin; then pour the batter over the meat after adding a pinch of salt, and let it bake for an hour to an hour and a quarter. The batter should be allowed to stand before being cooked.

=TOAST (Essence of).= This is liquid burnt sugar or spirit colouring. Used to make extemporaneous toast-and-water (3 or 4 drops to the glass), and to flavour soups, gravies, &c.

=TOAST AND WATER.= Toast a crust of bread, taking care not to char it, and put it into a pint of cold water, in a covered vessel. After standing half an hour it will be ready for use.

=TOBAC′CO.= _Syn._ TABACUM (Ph. L., E., & D.), L.; TABAC, Fr. The prepared leaf of _Nicotiana Tabacum_ (Linn.), or other species of the same genus. The name was given to this herb by the Spaniards, because it was first seen by them at Tabasco, or Tabaco, a province of Yucatan, in Mexico.

The tobacco of commerce is chiefly obtained from Virginia, and other parts of the United States, and recently from Japan and California, but the finest varieties are imported from Havannah and from the East. The plants are gathered when mature, during hot dry weather, and are hung up in pairs, in sheds, to dry. When sufficiently dry, the leaves are separated from the stems, bound up in bundles, and these are formed into bales, or packed in hogsheads, for exportation.

_Prep._ To impart to the dried leaves the characteristic odour and flavour of tobacco, and to render them agreeable to smokers and snuffers, it is necessary that they should undergo a certain preparation, or kind of fermentation. If a fresh green leaf of tobacco be crushed between the fingers, it emits merely the herbaceous smell common to most plants; but if it be triturated in a mortar along with a very small quantity of quicklime or caustic alkali, it will immediately exhale the peculiar odour of manufactured tobacco. This arises from the active and volatile ingredients being liberated from their previous combination, by the ammonia developed by fermentation, or the action of a stronger base. Tobacco contains a considerable quantity of chloride of ammonium, and this substance, as is well known, when placed in contact with lime or potassa, immediately evolves free ammonia. If we reverse the case, and saturate the excess of alkali in prepared tobacco by the addition of any mild acid, its characteristic odour entirely disappears. In the preparation of tobacco previously to its manufacture for sale, these changes are effected by a species of fermentation. Pure water, without any addition, is quite sufficient to promote and maintain the perfect fermentation of tobacco. The leaves soon become hot and evolve ammonia; during this time the heaps require to be occasionally opened up and turned over, lest they become too hot, take fire, or run into the putrefactive fermentation. The extent to which the process is allowed to proceed varies, for different kinds of snuff or tobacco, from one to three months.

_Qual., &c._ Tobacco is a powerful narcotic, sedative, and emetic; and is also cathartic and diuretic; but the last in a weaker degree than either squills or foxglove. Its action is violently depressing and relaxing, producing fainting and even death, in comparatively small quantities. Toxicologists rank it among the more active narcotico-acrid poisons; and physicians, when they wish to produce sudden physical prostration, in accidents or spasmodic diseases, order an enema of the infusion or smoke of tobacco. Its deleterious properties depend on the presence of narcotine, one of the most frightful vegetable poisons known, of which ordinary Virginia tobacco contains from 6 to 7%.

“The chief sources of tobacco in Europe are Germany, Holland, Salonica, Hungary, and Russia; in Asia, the principal are China, Japan, the East Indies, Latakia, and other parts of Asiatic Turkey, Persia, Java, Syria, and Manilla; in Africa, Algiers; in South America, Varinas, Brazil, Uruguay, New Grenada, Paraguay, Cumana, and other fields are most productive; while the great tobacco districts of North America are the United States, Mexico, Cuba, Hayti, and Porto Rico. The extent to which these and others are severally laid under contribution by the manufacturers of this country is shown by the following partial analysis of the imports of 1873 and 1874:”[239]

[Footnote 239: ‘British Manufacturing Industries,’ Sandford.]

+------------------------------------------+------------+------------+
| From | 1873. | 1874. |
+------------------------------------------+------------+------------+
| | lb. | lb. |
| Germany | 687,720 | 856,646 |
| Holland | 5,429,511 | 7,356,798 |
| France | 1,436,985 | 1,712,839 |
| Greece | 330,712 | 84,161 |
| Turkey | 1,430,572 | 696,132 |
| British India | 3,068,109 | 2,359,987 |
| Philippine Islands | 171,803 | 780,098 |
| China | 2,136,637 | 1,398,467 |
| Japan | 4,846,892 | 2,948,036 |
| Spanish West India Islands | 295,654 | 242,304 |
| New Grenada (United States of Columbia) | 2,199,885 | 1,617,573 |
| Argentine Republic | 340,787 | 663,940 |
| United States of America | 57,593,826 | 53,567,555 |
| Other countries | 1,404,640 | 1,890,679 |
| +------------+------------+
| | 81,382,733 | 76,175,215 |
+------------------------------------------+------------+------------+

Most of the so-called Havannah cigars which arrive in England are shipped from German ports. It appears that a higher price is obtainable for dark than for light-coloured cigars, the demand for the former being about three times as large as for the latter. Unfortunately, however, owing in a great measure to the partial failure of the tobacco crops of late years, light-coloured tobacco is much more common than dark. In order, therefore, to render the cigars made of light-coloured tobacco saleable at a higher price, and also to improve the appearance of old and faded cigars, if we are to believe a pamphlet recently published at Bremen, where there are several of these manufactories, various infusions have of late been prepared and largely sold, under the name of “Havanna brown,” “sap brown,” and “condensed sauce.” All these preparations are now openly advertised, and directions given for using them. None of these infusions contain anything particularly injurious, most of them consisting of brown vegetable dyes; nevertheless, they enable the manufacturer to give to cigars made of old and faded leaves the appearance of good Havannah cigars. A German paper states that if a piece of white blotting paper, saturated with diluted sal ammoniac, is passed a few times lightly over the cigar, the colouring matter, if any has been used, will come off on it, whereas the natural brown of the tobacco leaf will remain.

=Tobacco Adulteration.=——The popular belief that bad cigars are made of cabbage leaves is not justified by the last official report on tobacco adulteration. This document contains a tabulated account of the seizures of spurious tobacco made in the United Kingdom since 1864; and in the whole paper there is no mention whatever of the much-suspected vegetable. Its place in the black list is supplied by a variety of ingredients large enough to rejoice the heart of any member of the Anti-Tobacco League. The dishonest dealer in things smokeable is shown by the report to make use of three different sorts of materials besides that which he professes to employ. The first sort is required for the actual substance of the cigar; the second for improving its outward appearance; and the third for imparting to it what is supposed to be a better taste. In the former category the favourite substances seem to be the leaves of the lime tree, the husks of wheat and oats, cotton, yarn, and tonquin bean. But there are numerous cases where the ingredients have been much more curiously selected, and have included cocoa-nut fibre, small seeds, cotton, wood, and bread. At one establishment 50 lbs. of ‘tobacco dust’ were found and analysed, when it was shown to contain string, wood, nails, grindings of tobacco-pipe, dirt, and all sorts of refuse. Another large class of materials is apparently used for securing the adhesion and consistency of the cigar when made. Amongst these starch is the most prominent; but it includes gum and amidine, blue, gum Arabic, glue, glycerin, and essential oils. The colour of the fabrication is the next thing to be attended to, and for this purpose resort is had to yellow ochre, red sandalwood, logwood, lampblack, and Venetian red. As for the flavour of the cigar, it is varied to suit the most diverse tastes; but the usual object seems to be to impart to it a pleasing sweetness of tone. Accordingly saccharine matter, and especially treacle, is very largely pressed into the service. For those who like a rather more decided taste, liquorice, salt, logwood, glycerin, and aniseed are used. It is in Dublin where the latter ingredient is most fashionable, while Edinburgh is fondest of treacle and sugar, and East London is addicted to liquorice. (‘Pall Mall Gazette.’)

=Tobacco, British.= _Syn._ HERB TOBACCO; TABACUM ANGLICUM, SPECIES STERNUTORIÆ, L. _Prep._ Take of thyme, marjoram, and hyssop, of each 2 oz.; betony and eyebright, 3 oz.; rosemary and lavender, of each 4 oz.; coltsfoot, 1 lb.; mix, press them together, and cut the mass in imitation of manufactured foreign tobacco. Some asthmatic subjects add 5 or 6 oz. of stramonium or thorn-apple leaves; and others add 1/2 lb. of genuine tobacco.

=Tobacco, Indian.= See LOBELIA.

=TOD′DY.= Obtained from various species of palms, by cutting off the end of the flowering bud, and collecting the sap. Used, fresh, as a cooling beverage; and, after fermentation, as an intoxicating one. Sweetened grog is so called in Cornwall, and in some other parts of England.

=TOF′FY.= _Syn._ EVERTON TOFFY. A sweetmeat prepared by heating brown sugar, in a saucepan or skillet, with about one half its weight of fresh butter, for 15 to 20 minutes, or until a ‘little of it dropped into cold water forms a lump that breaks crisply,’ it is then poured into a little buttered tin mould.

=TOM′BAC.= An alloy consisting of copper, 16 lbs.; tin, 1 lb.; zinc, 1 lb. Red tombac is composed of copper, 10 lbs.; zinc, 1 lb.

=TON′ICS.= Medicines that increase the tone of the muscular fibre, and impart vigour to the system.

=TON′QUIN REMEDY.= _Syn._ PULVIS TRUNCHINENSIS, P. ALEXIPHARMICUS SINENSIS, L. _Prep._ From valerian, 20 gr.; musk, 16 gr.; camphor, 6 gr.; mix. Antispasmodic and alexiterial, in doses of 6 to 12 gr., in hooping-cough, &c.; 1 dr., in hydrophobia, exanthemata, and mania.