Chapter XXIX: Part 29

23. _perestes._ The reading ‘par estes’ is a mistake; the MS. has ‘pestes,’ which might be either _perestes_ or _parestes_, but _perest_ occurs written out fully in _Mir._ 1760, 2546.

_dangerouse_, ‘reluctant to love’: see note on xii. l. 8.

XII. 1. Perhaps the author wrote ‘Ma,’ but the scribe (or rather the illuminator) gives ‘La.’

_Chalandre_: cp. _Mir._ 10707 ff.

8. _Danger._ This name represents in the love-jargon of the day those elements which are unfavourable to the lover’s acceptance by his mistress, partly no doubt external obstacles, but chiefly those feelings in the lady’s own mind which tend towards prudence or prompt to disdain. In the _Roman de la Rose_, which was the most influential example of this kind of allegory, Danger is the chief guardian of the rose-bush. He has for his helpers Malebouche, who spreads unfavourable reports of the lover, with Honte and Paour, who represent the feelings excited in the lady’s mind leading her to resist his advances. Of these helpers the most valiant is Honte, daughter of Raison and Mesfait. These all are the adversaries of the Lover and of Bel-Acueil his friend and helper. See _Rom. de la Rose_ ll. 2837 ff. Elsewhere the word ‘dangier’ is used for the scornfulness in love of Narcissus, _Rom. de la Rose_ 1498,

‘Du grant orguel et du dangier
Que Narcisus li ot mené.’

or of the difficulties made by a mistress,

‘Or puet o s’amie gesir,
Qu’el n’en fait ne dangier ne plainte.’

_Rom. de la Rose_ 21446 f.

Here the author says ‘Danger turns his eyes away,’ that is, the lady’s feelings of disdain or reluctance deprive him of her favour, and in l. 19 he entreats her to remove ‘danger’ from her regard. This idea is illustrated further by the expressions in xxvi. l. 26,

‘Ne sai si vo danger le voet despire;’

and xxxvii. l. 20,

‘Vostre danger tantost m’ad deslaié:’

where ‘danger’ clearly stands for the lady’s aversion to the lover’s suit: see also xxiii. l. 10, xxx. l. 15 ff., and _Conf. Am._ iv. 3589. In _Conf. Am._ iii. 1517 ff., and v. 6613 ff., Danger is very clearly described as the deadly enemy of the lover, always engaged in frustrating his endeavours by his influence over the lady. Note also the adjective ‘dangerous’ in the last balade; so ‘dangereus,’ _Rom. de la Rose_ 479, ‘grudging,’ and ‘dangerous’ in the English translation, l. 1482, ‘disdainful.’

11. The same complaint is made _Conf. Am._ v. 4490 ff., but the reply there given (4542) is complete and crushing.

27. _Q’a_: the Roxb. ed. gives ‘Qe’ by mistake for ‘Qa.’

XIII. 1. _muance_, see Glossary. The Roxb. ed. gives ‘nivance,’ but the MS. reading seems to be rather ‘mvance,’ the ‘v’ being written for greater distinctness as in ‘remue’ xv. l. 8, &c. Certainly change is more characteristic of March than snow, and it is the changes of his fortune of which the lover complains,

‘Ore ai trové, ore ai perdu fiance.’

5. Cp. _Mir._ 948.

8. _al oill_: cp. _Mir._ 5591, ‘al un n’a l’autre’; but we might read _a l’oill_. For the MS. reading here cp. _Mir._ 5386, where the MS. has ‘al lun ne lautre.’

XIIII. 6. _dont_, answering to ‘si’ above: see note on _Mir._ 217.

17. _asseine_, from ‘assener,’ here meaning ‘strike.’

20. ‘I cannot fail to have the fortune of one (or the other),’ i.e. death or sickness. The word ‘tant’ in the line above is not answered by anything and does not seem to mean much.

XV. 1. _creance_: see ‘credentia’ in Ducange. It means a cord for confining the flight of falcons.

25. ‘All my prayers are to your image at the time when,’ &c.

27. _vostre proie_, ‘your prey,’ i. e. your possession by right of capture.

XVI. 6 ff. ‘But by feeding on this food of the mind I cannot, though I seek it up and down, find for myself the path of grace.’ The food he feeds on is his feeling of hope: for ‘celle sente’ = ‘la sente,’ cp. iii. 1, and see _Mir._ 301.

26. _Q’es._ The confusion of singular and plural in the second person is common in our author: see note on _Mir._ 442.

(‘Q’es’ is of course for ‘Qe es,’ ‘qe’ or ‘que’ being quite a regular form of the relative used as subject by our author. I note this here because Dr. Stengel’s remarks are misleading.)

28. _maisq’il vous talente_, ‘if only it be pleasing to you.’

XVII. 2. _Salvant l’estat d’amour_: a kind of apology for the idea of blaming his mistress: cp. xxii. l. 26.

5. _guardon_: so written in full in the MS., cp. xxxiii. l. 6, so that it is not a case of ‘falsche Auflösung,’ as Dr. Stengel assumes. He is right enough as regards ‘perlee’ l. 19, and ‘parcer’ xviii. l. 6.

27. ‘I cannot leave off from loving her’: ‘maisque’ here ‘but that,’ cp. xl. l. 7, _Trait._ xiv. l. 10.

XVIII. 11. _Qe jeo ne crie plus_: a favourite form of expression with our author: cp. vii. l. 24, xxx. l. 13, _Mir._ 18589.

17. _c’est_, for ‘s’est’: cp. _Mir._ 1147.

XIX. 17. _proeu_, the same as ‘prou’ apparently: ‘proen’ can hardly be right, though the MS. would equally admit that reading.

18. _trieus_: cp. xxxix. l. 15. The usual form in the _Mirour_ is ‘truis.’ The Roxb. ed. has ‘criens’ by mistake.

XX. 1. _Roe_: treated as a monosyllable in the verse here, but otherwise in _Mir._ 10942.

2. The position of the conjunction ‘mais’ is characteristic of our author, who frequently treats ‘and’ and ‘but’ in the same way in the _Confessio Amantis_. Cp. xxxvii. ll. 9, 19, _Mir._ 100, 415, 7739, &c.

6. So MS. The reading ‘basse’ and the omission of ‘lever’ are mistakes of the Roxb. ed.

22. _mesna sa leesce_, ‘had his joy’: ‘mener’ (but more commonly ‘demener’) is used with words meaning joy, sorrow, &c., to indicate the feeling or expression of it, e.g. xxxiii. l. 5.

XXI. 2. _comparisoun_: see note on i. l. 16.

6. _par tant_, ‘therefore’: cp. _Mir._ 119.

15. _veneisoun_, ‘chase,’ hence ‘endeavour.’

18. Dr. Stengel rightly gives ‘Trestout’: nevertheless the MS. has ‘Terstout’ written in full.

20. _Honte et paour_, see note on xii. l. 8.

21. _N’i._ This seems preferable to ‘Ni,’ being equivalent to ‘Ne i’ ‘nor there’ (i = y), cp. xxxvii. l. 10. The proper word for ‘nor’ is ‘ne,’ not ‘ni.’

XXIII. 5. _l’_ for ‘le,’ as indirect object, ‘to her’: see Glossary under le, _pron._

_plevi_: so MS., as Dr. Stengel conjectures: cp. _Trait._ xvii. l. 2.

10. _danger_: see note on xii. l. 8.

13. _lui_, ‘her,’ see Glossary.

15. _auns_: the MS. reading here might be ‘anns,’ as given in Roxb. ed., but it is quite clearly ‘aun’ in xxxii. l. 1.

XXIIII. 5. _autre, si le noun_: so MS. rightly. It means ‘anything else except it,’ i.e. his lady’s name, ‘noun’ being the negative: cp. _Mir._ 6495 f.,

‘qu jammais parla
Parole, si tresfalse noun,’

and 8853,

‘Certes, si de vo teste noun,
N’ad esté dit d’aucune gent.’

XXV. 8. See note on ii. l. 23.

10. The MS. has ‘Portont’ and in l. 13 ‘sache’: Roxb. ed. ‘Partout’ and ‘sachez.’

11. _Du quoi_: so MS., Roxb. ed. ‘Un quoi,’ which is nonsense.

18. _q’a_: Roxb. ed. ‘qe’ by mistake for ‘qa.’

19. _Et d’autrepart_: Roxb. ‘En dauterpart,’ MS. Et daut_re_part.

XXVI. 4. MS. ‘sil,’ not ‘cil,’ as given in Roxb. ed.

9. ‘If a man gives himself, it is a proof,’ &c. For the form of expression, which is a favourite one with our author, cp. _Mir._ 1244, note.

15. _perfit_: cp. _Ded._ ii. 23.

26. _vo danger_: see note on xii. l. 8.

XXVII. 1. The first line is too long, but the mistake may be that of the author. Similarly in _Mirour_ 3116, 14568, we have lines which are each a foot too long for the metre. In all cases it would be easy to correct: here, for example, by reading ‘Ma dame, quant jeo vi vostre oill riant.’

In xii. l. 22 we have, ‘Douls, vair, riant,’ as a description of eyes.

3. Roxb. ‘Par un,’ Dr. Stengel ‘Par mi,’ MS. ‘P_ar_mi.’

5. _jeo me paie_, ‘I am content.’

24. _Parentre deus_, ‘between the two (alternatives)‘: cp. _Mir._ 1178.

XXIX. 19. _pourcella_, cp. xlii. l. 7, so ‘pourcela,’ _Mir._ 2349, &c.

XXX. 5. _Le Nief_: I suspect this is a mistake of the transcriber for ‘Le vent.’ It is not the ship that imperils his life but the storm, and ‘Le’ for ‘La’ is rather suspicious here.

8. _Uluxes_: the usual form of spelling in our author’s works, both French and English.

13. Cp. xviii. l. 9.

15. _Danger_: see note on xii. l. 8. Here the double meaning of the word is played upon, danger in the ordinary sense and ‘danger’ as representing the forces opposed to the lover.

XXXII. This alone of the present series of balades has no envoy.

15. Roxb. ed. omits ‘se,’ and accordingly Dr. Stengel turns ‘qa’ into ‘que ia,’ to restore the metre.

20. _retenue_, ‘service,’ referring to ‘servant’ just above.

XXXIII. 2. _a bone estreine_, a form of good wish, as ‘a mal estreine’ (_Mir._ 1435) is of malediction.

5. See note on xx. l. 22.

6. _guardoner_: so in MS., cp. xvii. l. 5.

10. See note on ii. l. 23.

XXXIIII. 6. _a covenir_, apparently ‘by agreement.’

11. The word omitted by the Roxb. ed. is ‘a.’

18. _De Alceone._ The hiatus must be admitted, as indicated by the separation in the MS., cp. _Mir._ 12228. We must not accent ‘Alceone’ on the final ‘-e’ as Dr. Stengel proposes, because of the way the word is used in the _Confessio Amantis_, rhyming, for example, with ‘one,’ iv. 3058. ‘Ceïx’ is a dissyllable here and in the English.

XXXV. 10. _en droit de_, ‘as regards’: see Glossary, ‘endroit.’

17. _en droit de mon atour_, ‘as regards my state.’

22. _falcoun_: the Roxb. ed. gives ‘facon,’ a false reading which has hitherto entirely obscured the sense.

XXXVI. 3. _Papegai._ This seems to stand for any bright-plumaged bird. It is not to be supposed that Gower had the definite idea of a parrot connected with it.

6. _au tiel_: so MS., but Roxb. ed. ‘aut tiel,’ whence Dr. Stengel ‘au ttiel,’ in pursuance, no doubt, of his theory of ‘Verdoppelung anlautender Consonanten’: see note on ii. l. 4.

_au tiel assai_, ‘with such trial,’ i.e. ‘so sharply.’

10. Cp. _Mir._ 8716.

15. For the opposition of the rose and the nettle cp. xxxvii. 24, _Mir._ 3538, &c.

XXXVII. 4. _la_: used (as well as ‘le’) for indirect object fem. See Glossary.

9. See note on xx. l. 2.

10. _entrée._ The termination ‘-ée’ constitutes one syllable only here, as at the end of the verse, where ‘-é’ and ‘-ée’ rhyme freely together: see, for example, the rhymes in xvii.

19. _me refiere_, ‘refer myself,’ i.e. ‘make appeal.’ The rhyme requires correction of the reading ‘refiers.’

XXXVIII. 1. Cp. _Mir._ 12463 ff., where the ‘piere dyamant tresfine’ is said to disdain a setting of gold because drawn irresistibly to iron. The loadstone and the diamond became identified with one another because of the supposed hardness of both (‘adamant’).

XXXIX. 3. For this use of ‘et,’ cp. xviii. 7.

9. _asseine_: rather a favourite word with our author in various meanings, cp. x. l. 10, ‘jeo mon coer asseine,’ ‘I direct (the affections of) my heart’; xiv. l. 17, ‘la fierté de son corage asseine,’ ‘strike down the pride of her heart’; and here, where ‘Qui vo persone ... asseine’ means ‘he who addresses himself to your person.’

18. _pluis_: this form, which occurs also iv. l. 15, ‘De pluis en pluis,’ seems to be only a variation of spelling, for it rhymes here and elsewhere with -us, -uz: see Introduction, p. xxviii f.

XL. 7. _Ne puiss hoster_, &c. Cp. xvii. l. 27, ‘Ne puis lesser mais jeo l’ameray’: ‘hoster’ means properly ‘take away,’ hence ‘refrain (myself).’

_me pleigne_: so MS. The Roxb. ed. gives ‘ma pleine.’

11. _serretz._ The future tense (if it be future) need give us no anxiety, in view of the looseness about tenses which is habitual with our author: cp. xliv. l. 6, _Mir._ 416. In any case ‘serietz,’ which Dr. Stengel substitutes, is not a correct form.

22. _chaunçon_: MS. cha̅n̅con.

XLI. Here the address is from the lady to her lover, and so it is also in the three succeeding balades and in xlvi. Notice that the second person singular is used in xli.-xliii. where the language is that of hostile contempt.

9. _sent_, for ‘cent’: so ‘Si’ for ‘Ci’ in the Title of the _Balades_, and ‘Sil’ in xlii. l. 20, &c. The converse change of ‘s’ to ‘c’ is not uncommon, see _Mir._ 799.

17. _q’ensi ment_, ‘which thus lies’: Dr. Stengel’s alteration ‘qensiment’ is quite without justification.

18. _sciet_: so MS, not ‘ciet.’

20. _aparcevoir_: in MS. contracted, ‘aꝑcevoir,’ but cp. _Mir._ 123, &c.

XLII. 7. _de ta falsine atteinte_, ‘by thy convicted falseness.’

10. _par tiele empeinte_: cp. _Trait._ iv. l. 17.

20. _Sil_, for ‘Cil’: cp. xli. l. 9, xlvii. l. 7.

XLIII. 6. ‘I find him whom I was wont to love.’

7. _en mon endroit_, ‘for my part.’

13. _Ne poet chaloir_: see Burguy, _Grammaire_ ii. 26.

19. The romance of Generides exists in an English version, which has been edited by Dr. Aldis Wright from a manuscript in the library of Trinity Coll. Camb. (E.E.T.S. 1873).

_Florent_, no doubt, is the same as the hero of Gower’s story in _Conf. Am._ i. 1407 ff., though there are others of his name in Romance.

_Partonopé_ is Partonopeus de Blois. The correction of ‘par Tonope’ is due to Warton.

XLIIII. Here the lady addresses a true lover, whose suit she accepts.

6. _refuserai_: cp. xl. l. 11.

23. _quoique nulls en die_, ‘whatsoever any may say of it.’

XLV. 6. _pour vo bounté considerer_, ‘by reflecting on your goodness’: ‘pour’ is here equivalent to ‘par.’

8. ‘To describe your face.’

12. _Pour vous amer_, ‘to love you’: see note on _Mir._ 6328.

13. _Dont m’est avis_, answering to ‘tiele,’ ‘in such a manner that’: see note on _Mir._ 217.

_pour vous essampler_, ‘by taking you as their example,’ cp. l. 6: but this is not a usual sense of ‘essampler.’

16. _vo covine_, ‘your disposition’: see Glossary.

XLVI. The lady speaks again.

5. _sauf toutdis_, ‘saving always’: cp. xxii. l. 26, ‘Salvant toutdis l’estat de vostre honour.’

15. See note on ii. l. 23.

18. _par envoisure_; cp. _Mir._ 988. Here it means ‘by raillery’ or ‘in jest.’

23. _toutz passont a l’essai_, ‘surpass all others at the trial.’

24. _q’amour_: the Roxb. ed. reduces the sentence to nonsense by giving ‘qamont,’ as conversely ‘damour’ for ‘damont’ in the margin of _Bal._ v.

XLVII. 2. _fait sustenir_, ‘doth support.’

4. _qui le sciet maintenir_, ‘if a man can preserve it’: cp. xxvi. l. 9.

7. _sil_: cp. xlii. l. 20.

17. _Plus est divers_, ‘he has more varied fortune.’

XLVIII. For this kind of thing, which recurs often enough in the literature of the time, cp. _Rom. de la Rose_, 4310 ff.

2. _le droit certein_, ‘the true certainty’: see ‘certein’ in Glossary.

9. _le repos._ This is the reading of the MS., and so also ‘est bass’ in l. 11. Dr. Stengel was safer than he supposed in following Todd.

XLIX. 5. _qui deinz soi_, &c., ‘when a man within himself,’ &c., cp. xxvi. l. 9.

L. 9. _le tempre suef_: cp. _Mir._ 14707.

<LI>. This balade is not numbered and does not form one of the ‘Cinkante Balades’ of which the title speaks. It is a kind of devotional conclusion to the series. The envoy which follows, ‘O gentile Engleterre,’ does not belong to this balade, being divided from it by a space in the MS. and having a different system of rhymes. It is in fact the envoy of the whole book of balades.

19. _j’espoir_: see Glossary under ‘esperer.’

TRAITIÉ

The title ‘Traitié’ is not in the MSS., but is inserted as that to which reference is made in the Glossary and elsewhere. What follows, ‘Puisqu’il ad dit,’ &c., is the heading found in those MSS. which give this series of balades together with the _Confessio Amantis_, that is in seven out of ten copies. In the other three the _Traitié_ occurs independently, but in two of these, viz. the All Souls and the Trentham MSS., it is imperfect at the beginning, so that we cannot say what heading it had, while in the third, the Glasgow copy, it has that which is given in the critical note. It is certain in any case that the author did not regard it as inseparable from the _Confessio Amantis_.

I. The numbers are introduced for reference: there are none in the MSS.

4. _per_: so in the Fairfax MS. fully written, but we have ‘par’ fully written elsewhere, as xi. l. 16, therefore the contractions are usually so expanded, e.g. in the preceding line.

8. _celle alme_, ‘the soul,’ cp. _Bal._ iii. l. 1, and see note on _Mir._ 301.

9. _Tant soulement_, see Glossary, ‘tansoulement.’

II. 5. See note on _Bal._ ii. l. 23. For the substance of the passage cp. _Mir._ 17935 ff.

7. He means that continence is better than marriage, as we see from the margin of the next balade.

20. _en son atour_, ‘in its own condition.’

III. 1. _parfit_: this form is preferred as expansion of the MS. contraction, because it is more usual and is found fully written both in the _Mirour_ (e.g. 1640) and in the present work, xviii. l. 28 (Trentham MS.), but ‘perfit’ occurs in _Ded._ i. l. 23 and _Bal._ xxvi. l. 15.

20. _retenue_, cp. _Bal._ viii. l. 17.

IV. 5. _resemblont amorouses_: cp. _Mir._ 1094.

17. _par tiele empeinte_: cp. _Bal._ xlii. l. 10. It seems to mean ‘in such a manner.’

V. 8. _l’espousailes_, for ‘li espousailes,’ but this use of ‘li’ as fem. plur. is rather irregular.

VI. For the story see _Conf. Am._ vi. 1789 ff.

The Latin margin has lost some parts of words in the Trentham MS. by close cutting of the edges. The Roxb. ed. does not indicate the nature of this loss nor correctly represent its extent, so that we are left to suppose, for example, that ‘nuper’ is omitted, when as a fact it is there, but partly cut away, and that the MS. reads ‘violant’ for ‘violantes.’

6. _envoisure_, ‘trickery,’ ‘deceit,’ cp. xvi. l. 3.

10. _sanz nulle autre essoine_, ‘without any other cause.’

15. The margin has suffered here also in the Trentham MS., but not exactly as represented in the Roxb. ed.

17. _Circes_: cp. _Mir._ 16674 f., where the same form is used,

‘Uluxes, qant il folparla
A Circes et a Calipsa.’

VII. Margin damaged in the Trentham MS., as above mentioned. For the story cp. _Conf. Am._ ii. 2145 ff. and iv. 2045 ff.

1. _El grant desert_, &c. Cp. Chaucer, _Monkes Tale_, l. 128.

5. _Achelons_: so in _Conf. Am._ iv. 2068. Chaucer has ‘Achiloyns,’ wrongly given ‘Achiloyus’ in some editions.

9. _Eolen_: this is the form of the name used in the _Conf. Am._ v. 6808 ff.

11. _d’Eurice_: ‘Euricie’ in the Latin margin; cp. ‘The kinges dowhter of Eurice,’ _Conf. Am._ ii. 2267. It is taken as the name of a country, but no doubt this results from a misunderstanding of some such expression as Ovid’s ‘Eurytidosque Ioles,’ ‘of Iole the daughter of Eurytus,’ taken to mean ‘Eurytian Iole.’

_Herculem_: cp. ‘Medeam’ in viii. l. 12.

17. _l’auctour_: probably Ovid, _Met._ ix.

VIII. Cp. _Mir._ 3725 ff. and _Conf. Am._ v. 3247 ff.

13. _Creusa_, a dissyllable, as in _Conf. Am._ v. 4196 ff.

IX. Cp. _Conf. Am._ iii. 1885 ff.

X. 8. Cp. _Conf. Am._ vii. 4757 ff.

15. Cp. _Conf. Am._ i. 761 ff.

18. _enbastiront tout le plai_, ‘contrived the whole matter.’ The word ‘plait’ or ‘plee’ means properly a process at law, hence a process or design of any kind: ‘bastir un plait’ is the same thing as ‘faire un plait,’ used of designing or proposing a thing. See Burguy, _Gram._ ii. under ‘plait’ in the Glossary.

XI. Cp. _Conf. Am._ i. 2459 ff.

3. _com cil qui_: see note on _Mir._ 27942.

XII. Cp. _Conf. Am._ v. 5551 ff.

19. _hupe_: the _Conf. Am._ v. 6041 says, ‘A lappewincke mad he was.’ The two birds might easily be confused because both are marked by the crest which in this case (according to the _Confessio Amantis_) determined the transformation. A similar confusion appears in _Mirour_ 8869, where the bird that misleads people as to the place of its nest is no doubt meant for a lapwing.

XIII. 10. This punctuation is more in the manner of the author and also gives a better balance to the sentence than if we made the pause after ‘avoir’: so ‘du roi mais’ in the next line: see note on _Bal._ xx. l. 2.

13. _dont_, consecutive, answering to ‘tiele’: see note on _Mir._ 217.

XIV. 7. _qui_, ‘whom.’

10. _Maisqu’il chaoit_: cp. _Bal._ xvii. l. 27. ‘He had not power to keep his body from falling into the pains of love.’

13. _a l’omicide esguarde_, ‘looks towards murder.’

XV. 1-10. The losses at the beginnings of these lines in the Fairfax MS. are as follows: Comun | De Lan | Enqore ma | Pour essamp | Cil q’est gu | Droitz est | Car be | To | U que | Deu |

7. _Car beal oisel_, &c., cp. _Mir._ 7969.

10. Cp. _Conf. Am._ vi. 330 ff.

13. _Parentre deux_: cp. _Bal._ xxvii. l. 24, _Mir._ 1178.

XVI. Cp. _Mir._ 17089 ff., _Conf. Am._ v. 6393 ff.

XVII. 2. ‘This the faith pledged with the right hand requires.’ For ‘plevie au destre main’ cp. _Bal._ xxiii. l. 5.

9. _ert_, ‘there shall be,’ cp. _Mir._ 17689. Both future and conditional are used to express command or obligation.

13. This is the traditional character of Gawain ‘the Courteous’:

‘“Art thou not he whom men call light-of-love?”
“Ay,” said Gawain, “for women be so light.”’

Tennyson, _Pelleas and Ettarre_;

XVIII. 22. This Envoy, though it may be taken to have reference to the whole series of balades composing the _Traitié_, belongs in form to the concluding balade and speaks of it specially, ‘ceste Balade envoie.’ It is addressed to the world generally, ‘Al université de tout le monde,’ and, as was the wont of Englishmen who wrote in French, the author asks pardon for his deficiencies of language.

The Latin lines ‘Quis sit vel qualis’ follow the _Traitié_, so far as I know, in every existing copy, and must be taken in connexion with it. In all except one of the MSS. these first nine lines are followed, as in the text given, by the short _Carmen de variis in amore passionibus_ beginning ‘Est amor in glosa,’ and this is followed by the eight lines beginning ‘Lex docet auctorum.’ In the Trentham copy, however, the intervening _Carmen_ is omitted and these last eight lines are given as if they formed one piece with the first nine.

‘QUIS SIT VEL QUALIS,’ &C.

2. _mentalis sit amor_, &c. I take this to mean, ‘so that there may be such spiritual love (as I have described) in the order’; but it is not very clear, and it must be noted that F punctuates after ‘mentalis.’

3 f. ‘We may fear what is to come by the example of what is past; to-morrow as yesterday the flesh may be lightly stirred.’

CARMEN DE VARIIS, &C.

With this compare _Bal._ xlviii., and _Rom. de la Rose_, 4320 ff.,

‘Amors ce est pais haïneuse,
Amors est haïne amoreuse,’ &c.

1. _in glosa_, ‘by interpretation.’

‘LEX DOCET AUCTORUM,’ &C.

1. _quod iter_, &c., ‘that the fleshly pilgrimage is more secure for those who have the bands of wedlock upon them.’

5. _quasi regula_: apparently comparing marriage to a monastic rule, into which men are gathered for their salvation.

7. _Hinc vetus annorum._ The comment on this concluding couplet is to be found in the record of the poet’s marriage, in the year 1397-8, to Agnes Groundolf.

GLOSSARY

AND

INDEX OF PROPER NAMES

NOTE. This Glossary is intended to be a complete Vocabulary of the language used by Gower in his French works, recording as far as possible every word and every form of spelling, with a sufficient number of references to serve for verification. The meanings in English are given only where this seems desirable, either for explanation of the less usual words or to distinguish the various uses of those that are more familiar. It must be remembered that some of the meanings given are conjectural, and the unqualified statements of the Glossary are sometimes discussed in the Notes.

With regard to the references, it should be noted that the number of them is not at all an indication of the frequency with which a word occurs. Many of the commonest words, occurring in one form of spelling only and presenting no difficulty, are dismissed with a single reference to the first passage where they occur in each section of the author’s works. On the other hand words which are found with different forms of spelling usually have references given for each form, and often the fact that a word is of uncommon occurrence or presents some difficulty as regards meaning has caused it to be followed by a larger number of references. It should be observed that for the purposes of the Glossary our author’s French works have been regarded as falling into two distinct sections, the first consisting of the _Mirour de l’Omme_, and the second of the _Balades_ and the _Traitié_, and wherever a word or form occurs in both sections the double reference is given. This is done in order to exhibit the likeness or difference of the language used, and to serve as additional evidence of the authorship of the _Mirour_. For Proper Names a complete set of references is regularly given, but allegorical names and personified vices and virtues are not usually classed as Proper Names.

The references to a number only are to lines in the _Mirour de l’Omme_. The letters D, B, and T, followed by a Roman and an Arabic numeral, refer to the balades in the _Dedication_, the _Cinkante Balades_, and the _Traitié_ respectively. These are not referred to in the Glossary by lines but only by stanzas. The Table of Contents at the beginning of the _Mirour_ is referred to by the letter C. Such a reference as 16272 (R) is to the rubric following l. 16272.

Where difference of spelling consists in the insertion or omission of a single letter, the fact is often recorded by means of parenthesis, e.g. ‘con(n)estable,’ ‘baro(u)n,’ indicating that both ‘connestable’ and ‘conestable,’ ‘baroun’ and ‘baron,’ are found. The inflexional _s_ or _z_ in the termination of singular nouns is usually treated in the same way, but references are not always given for both forms. The gender of substantives is not noted, because so much irregularity prevails in this respect that it seems hardly worth while to investigate the subject. All verbal inflexions of any interest have been set down. The grammatical abbreviations, _s._ substantive, _a._ adjective, _v.a._ verb active, _v.n._ verb neuter, 1 _s.p._ first person sing. pres. tense, _pp._ past participle, and so on, will be readily understood. Words which occur in the text with an initial mute _h_ dropped owing to elision will usually be found under the letter _h_.

=A=

=a=, _prep._ 42, D. ii. 1:
_see_ =al=, =au=, =as=.

=a=, _for_ =ad=, _see_ =avoir=.

=Aäron=, _see_ =Aron=.

=aas=, =as=, _s._ 7313, 11600, ace, one.

=abaier=, _v.a._ 4282, bark forth.

=abandonné(e)=, _s._ 8943, 8984, devoted servant.

=abandon(n)er=, =habandonner=, _v.a._ 546, 1507, 2169, B. xvii. 2,
deliver up, give freely.

=abatre=, _v.a._ 315, 7855, beat down, overcome, abate:
=s’abatre=, 16566, be overcome.

=abaubir=, _v.a._ 25761, confuse.

=abay=, _s._ 1728, barking.

=abbacie=, _s._ 20901, abbey.

=abbes=, _s._ 9138, 12115, abbot.

=abbesse=, _s._ 12115, abbess.

=abeisser=, =abesser=, _v.a._ 2124, 3846, lower, abase.

=Abel=, 4566, 4969, 12217.

=abesser=, _see_ =abeisser=.

=abev(e)rer=, _v.a._ 2410, 11837, supply with drink.

=abeyver=, _v.a._ 12956, supply with drink.

=abhominable=, _a._ 1108, 4495.

=abhominacioun=, _s._ 1670.

=abhosmé=, _a._ 1121, abominable; 8195, filled with horror.

=abho(s)mer=, _v.a._ 2646, 6692, abhor.

=Abigaïl=, 13662, 17473.

=Abiron=, 2343.

=abisme=, _s._ 1878.

=abit=, _see_ =habit=.

=’abitement=, _s._ 12535, habitation.

=abject=, _a._ 12836, cast away.

=able=, _a._ 17396, fit.

=Abner= (1), 4771.

=Abner= (2), 17480, Heber.

=abondance=, _see_ =habondance=.

=abonder=, _see_ =habonder=.

=Abraham=, 11418, 12228 f., T. xiii. 1.

=absent=, _a._ 975.

=s’absenter=, _v._ 20294.

=absoldre=, _see_ =assoldre=.

=Absolon=, 1470, 12985, 23190.

=absolucioun=, _s._ 10380.

=abstenir=, _v.a._ 1742, B. xviii. 3, T. xiv. 2:
_v.n._ B. xxv. 3.

=abstinence=, _s._ 7725, 16272 (R).

=abstinent=, _a._ 16298 ff.

=abusée=, _a._ 7695, wrongful, perverse.

=abusioun=, _s._ 20471, abuse.

=acatant=, _s._ 7456, buyer:
_cp._ =achatant=.

=acatement=, _s._ 25806, buying.

=acater=, _v.a._, 3 _s.p._ =acat=, 6956, buy:
_cp._ =achater=.

=acceptable=, _a._ 4491.

=accepter=, _v.a._ 4493.

=accident=, _s._ 2069, 23340.

=accidie=, =accide=, _s._ 255, 5126, sloth.

=accompte=, =acompte=, _s._ 1504, 6519, 11922, reckoning, account,
affair.

=accord=, =accorder=, _see_ =acord=, =acorder=.

=accoustummé=, _s._ 7330, customer.

=accru(z)=, _see_ =acrestre=.

=accusatour=, _s._ 17471, accuser.

=accusement=, _s._ 8852, accusation.

=accuser=, _v.a._ 161.

=acemer=, =ascemer=, _v.a._ 1241, 18329, adorn.

=Achab=, 4957, 6775, 12592, 17635.

=Achaie=, 20072.

=Achar=, 6999.

=achatant=, _s._ 7430, buyer:
_cp._ =acatant=.

=achater=, _v.a._ 1938, 6294;
3 _s.p._ =achat=, 6904: provide, buy:
_cp._ =acater=.

=Achelons=, T. vii. 1.

=achever=, =achiever=, _v.a._ 331, 336, accomplish.

=Achilles=, =Achillant=, 23365 ff.

=Achitofel=, 23189.

=acier=, _s._ 883.

=s’acliner=, _v._ 7836, incline.

=acol(l)er=, _v.a._ 1051, 8718, embrace.

=acompaign(i)er=, =acompainer=, _v.a._, _n._ and _refl._ 370, 607,
1514, 3871, 4716, 21305, join as companion, accompany.

=acomparer=, _v.a._ 8336;
2 _s.fut._ =acomparas=, 21536: pay for.

=acomplir=, _v._ 4656.

=acomplissement=, _s._ B. i. 3, deed.

=acomptable=, _a._ 23112.

=acomptant=, _s._ 6902, accountant.

=acompter=, _v._ 1747, reckon up, give an account.

=acord=, =accord=, _s._ 1428, 22898, B. xxxiv. 1, =acort=, 226,
29440, agreement, company.

=acordance=, _s._ 2947, agreement.

=acordant=, =accordant=, _a._ 738, 18001, B. xxxii. 3, in agreement,
suitable.

=acordement=, _s._ 593.

=acorder=, =accorder=, _v.n._ and _refl._ 329, 1188, B. xii. 3, l. 1,
agree, be willing.

=acorder=, _s._ 13894, agreement.

=acort=, _see_ =acord=.

=acostoier=, _v.n._ 5804, be by the side.

=s’acoupler=, _v._ 9186, have intercourse together.

=ac(o)urre=, _v.n._ 7400, 18584, run up.

=acoustumer=, _see_ =acustummer=.

=acoustummable=, _a._ 9581, accustomed.

=acoustummance=, _see_ =acustummance=.

=acoustummé=, _see_ =acustummé=.

=acqueintance=, _see_ =aqueintance=.

=acquere=, =a(d)quere=, _v.a._ 1990;
3 _s.p._ =aquiert=, =adquiert=, 3358, 8400.

=acquester=, =aquester=, _v.a._ 1352, 5360, =adquester=, 7204,
acquire.

=acquiter=, =aquiter=, _v.a._ 11095, 11209, remit, set free, acquit,
perform.

=acrestre=, (=accrestre=), =acroistre=, _v.a._ 7030, 9941, 18007;
_pp._ =accru(s)=, =accru(z)=, 2778, B. xvi. 2: increase,
strengthen, cause.

=acrocher=, _v._ 26164, gain.

=actif=, _a._ 14406.

=acuillir=, _v.a._ 15086;
3 _s.p._ =acuilt=, 5047: take, seize.

=aculper=, _v.a._ 27263, blame.

=acun(s)=, _see_ =ascun(s)=.

=acurre=, _see_ =acourre=.

=acustum(m)ance=, =acoustummance=, _s._ 8826, 18003, 24385, custom,
intercourse.

=acustummant=, _a._ 6809, accustomed.

=acustummé=, =acoustum(m)é=, _a._ 2680, 6906, 23242, accustomed,
habitual.

=acustummer=, =ac(o)ustumer=, _v.a._ 6437, accustom; 9450, 27699,
practise.

=ad=, _see_ =avoir=.

=Adam=, =Adans=, 82 ff., 6995, 9988, 11366 ff., 12338, 17152,
18689 ff., 21102, 27075, 27747, 28452, 28855 ff., T. iii. 2.

=addicioun=, _s._ 5192.

=ades=, _adv._ 195, 2424, 2906, D. i. 2, B. xx. 1, at once,
continually, in order.

=adescer=, =adesser=, _v.a._ 1800, 2658, 10862, B. vi. 3, take
hold of, seize, reach.

=adherder=, (=adherdre=), _v.a._ 2347, 6142, attach:
_v.n._ 17235, adhere:
_cp._ =aherdre=.

=adhers=, _pp._ 14457, attached.

=adjouster=, =adjuster=, _v.a._ 3148, 6350, add.

=adjug(g)er=, _v.a._ and _n._ 1504, 24787, judge, pronounce (as a
decision).

=adjutoire=, _s._ 18693, assistance.

=adonque=, _adv._ 15036, then.

=adoubbement=, _s._ 18090, equipment.

=adoubé=, _s._ 15131, armed knight.

=adouber=, _v.a._ 14271, equip, appoint.

=adourer=, _see_ =aourer=.

=adourner=, _see_ =aourner=.

=adquere=, _see_ =acquere=.

=adquester=, _see_ =acquester=.

=adrescer=, _v.a._ 8070, B. vi. 3, direct:
=s’adrescer=, 5784, B. xliv. 3, apply oneself.

=aduner=, _v.a._ 6640, gather together.

=aduré=, _a._ 14276, hardened.

=advers=, =adverse=, _a._ 4630, 23532, hostile.

=adversaire=, _s._ 570, enemy.

=adversant=, _a._ 14084, hostile:
_s._ 13038, adversary.

=adverse=, _s._ 3168, enemy.

=adverser=, _v.n._ 4084, be opposed.

=adverser=, _a._ 2324, hostile, perverse.

=adverser=, =adversier(s)=, _s._ 1429, 5022, 11272;
_f._ =adversiere=, 197: enemy.

=adverser=, _s._ 10289, 14047, adversity.

=adversité=, =adverseté=, _s._ 252, 504.

=advocat=, _s._ 6329.

=aese=, =ease=, =aise=, =ese=, _s._ 3879, 5134, 5155, B. x. 3,
xiii. 1.

=affaire=, = =a faire=, 14, 15228.

=affaire=, =affere=, _s._ 178, 681, B. iv. 4.

=affaitier=, =af(f)aiter=, _v.a._ 5162, 14065, 20140, train, teach.

=affeccioun=, _s._ B. xxi. 3.

=afferant=, _s._ 11756, due place.

=affere=, _see_ =affaire=.

=afferir=, _v._, 3 _s.p._ =affiert=, 5863, 7111, =affiere=, 3068,
strike, belong, be fitting:
=s’afferir=, 13177, agree.

=affermer=, _v.a._ 1952, 10187, affirm, strengthen.

=affiance=, _s._ 8683, assurance.

=affier=, _v.a._ 10158, affiance:
=s’affier=, 3589, trust.

=affiler=, _v.a._ 4046, 6292, 9086, 16082, (sharpen), prepare, train.

=affliccioun=, _s._ 4131.

=affliger=, _v.a._ 1157.

=affoler= (1), _v.a._ 2486, 5726, make foolish:
_v.n._ 11952, think foolishly.

=affoler= (2), _v.a._ 2840, 3533, wound, kill.

=s’afforcer=, _v._ 1995, endeavour.

=affoubler=, _v.a._ 7111, put on (a garment):
=s’affoubler=, 871, dress oneself.

=agait=, =agaiter=, _see_ =aguait=, =aguaiter=.

=Agamenon=, B. xx. 3, T. ix. 2.

=Agar=, 11416 ff.

=agard=, =agarder=, _see_ =aguard=, =aguarder=.

=Agarreni=, 21604.

=age=, _s._ 1647.

=s’agreer=, _v._ 14520, be pleased.

=s’aggregger=, _v._ 1516, grow worse.

=agreste=, _a._ 3527, 12868, wild, savage.

=agu=, _a._ 1766, 28723, =(fiebre) ague=, 9546, sharp, violent,
piercing.

=aguait=, =agait=, _s._ 2695, 3847, 9212, 9222, ambush,
lurking-place, snare, danger.

=aguaiter=, =agaiter=, _v.a._ 719, 4823, 18124, lie in wait for.

=aguard=, =agard=, _s._ 4997, 17148, B. ix. 5, care, view.

=aguarder=, =agarder=, _v.a._ and _n._ 933, 2157, 2265, 4674,
B. xxii. 4;
imperat. =aguar=, 582: see, look at, pay regard, take care.

=aguile=, _s._ 6751, needle.

=aguil(l)oun=, =aguil(l)on=, =aiguiloun=, _s._ 2354, 3549, 4871,
5437, 19370, sting, goad.

=aherdre=, _v.a._, 3 _s.p._ =ahert=, 5872, attach.

=s’ahonter=, _v._ 2529, be ashamed.

=aide=, _s._ T. viii. 1, =eide=, 528 (R), =eyde=, C.

=aider=, _v.a._ and _n._ 327, 5494, 5811, B. xxvii. 1;
3 _s.p.subj._ aid, 25451.

=aïe=, =aÿe=, _s._ 374, 28521, D. ii. 4, =aiue=, =ayue=, 2966,
6313, aid.

=aigle=, _s._ 860, B. xlvi. 1.

=aignel=, =aigneal(s)=, _s._ 1101, 21090; _f._ =aignelle=,
B. xlviii. 3, =aignale=, 9119: lamb.

=aiguiloun=, _see_ =aguilloun=.

=ailours=, _adv._ B. xl. 2, T. xi. 2, =aillours=, 4456, elsewhere,
besides.

=aimal=, _s._ 21020, jewel (?).

=ainçois=, _adv._ D. i. 1, =ançois=, 74, 319, before, on the
contrary, but;
=ainçois que=, 2120, B. ix. 2:
_prep._ 17374.

=ainsi=, _see_ ensi.

=ainz=, =ains=, =einz=, _adv._ and _conj._ 15, 3375, 11369, 13022,
B. xx. 1, l. 2, T. xi. 2, formerly, rather, on the contrary, but:
=ainz que=, 1891.

=air=, _s._ 2577, B. xvi. 1, =eir=, 13867.

=aire= (1), _s._ 2987;
=de mal aire=, 13457, =du bon aire=, 15187: disposition.

=aire= (2), _s._ 18056, ground.

=s’aïrer=, _v._ 22250, be angry.

=aise=, _see_ =aese=.

=aisée=, _a._ 5172, at ease.

=aiseëment=, _adv._ 5259, easily.

=aisné=, _a._ 244, eldest.

=aiue=, _see_ =aïe=.

=aiuer=, _v.a._ 1769, 16412, help.

=al=, 532, T. i. 1.

=alasser=, _v.a._ 14278, weary.

=Albertes=, 10801.

=Albins=, T. xi. 1.

=Albumazar=, 26749.

=Alceone=, B. xxxiv. 3.

=alconomie=, _s._ 25515, alchemy.

=alegger=, _see_ =allegger= (1).

=aleine=, _s._ 2037, B. xiv. 4, breath, voice.

=alenter=, _see_ =allentir=.

=aler=, _v.n._ 325, 411, 1572, B. vi. 3;
1 _pl.p._ =aloms=, 28377:
_see_ =va= _and_ =irrai=.

=alie=, _s._ 23898, alder-berry.

=aliener=, _v.a._ 5678, estrange.

=alier(s)=, _s._ 10656, traveller.

=Alisandre=, 12998, 22051 ff., T. vi. 1.

=allaier=, _v.a._ B. xxvii. 3, alleviate.

=allaiter=, _v.a._ 1434, 7883, suckle, suck.

=alleg(g)ance=, _s._ 29909, B. xiii. 4, alleviation.

=alleggement=, _s._ 10367, alleviation.

=allegger= (1), _v.a._ 4295, 10210, =alegger=, B. xxxvi. 3,
alleviate, lighten.

=allegger= (2), _v.a._ 5611, allege.

=allentir=, =alenter=, _v.n._ 3712, 14363, grow sluggish, be slack.

=allentis=, _a._ 5534, sluggish.

=allever=, _v.a._ 1376, 18208, raise, bring up.

=alliance=, _s._ 270, 6925, 9853, B. iv. 3, alliance, allies,
company, council.

=allier=, _v.a._ 25515, B. x. 2, join together, alloy:
_v.n._ 18138, be an associate.

=alliner=, _v.n._ 5126, intermarry.

=allouer=, _v.a._ 20184, 24946, allow, award.

=allumer=, _v.a._ 26684.

=alme=, _s._ 392, D. i. 3, T. i. 1, soul.

=almo(i)sne=, _s._ 7576, 13840, 15423, alms.

=almoisner=, _v.a._ 15495, relieve with alms.

=almoisnerie=, _s._ 15603, alms-giving.

=almosnere= (1), _see_ =aumosnier(s)=.

=almosnere= (2), _s._ 15525, alms.

=alors=, _adv._ 12964:
_cp._ =lors=.

=alouette=, _s._ 5637.

=Alphonses=, =Alphonse=, 2843, 13675.

=alqant=, _pron._, =ly (luy) alqant=, 2793, 25945, certain persons.

=altier=, _see_ =autier=.

=altre=, _see_ =autre=.

=alumer=, _v.a._ 17987, set on fire.

=alure=, _s._ 10714, speed.

=Amalech=, 5662, 10301.

=Aman=, 11075 ff., Haman:
_cp._ =Naman=.

=amant(z)=, =amans=, _s._ 1, 9332, B. iv. 1, x. 2.

=amasser=, _v.a._ 7532.

=ambe=, =ambes=, _a._ 2786, both.

=ambedeux=, _pron._ 3238, both.

=ambesaas=, _s._ 24226, double ace.

=ambicioun=, _s._ 3398, _see_ note.

=Ambrose=, =Ambroise=, 6397, 6798, 7016, 8253, 13321, 13732, 14569,
16927, 17077, 18025.

=amegrir=, _v.a._ 20865, make lean.

=ameisté=, =amisté=, _s._ 501, 4355, B. x. 1.

=amendant=, _s._ 11396, amends.

=amende=, _s._ 4733.

=amendement=, _s._ 1595, 2914.

=amender=, _v.a._ 731, B. xlv. 1.

=amender=, _s._ 26854, amendment.

=amener=, _v.a._ 497, T. viii. 1;
3 _s.p._ =ameine=, 28539.

=amenuser=, _v._ 9690, diminish.

=amer= (1), _v.a._ 1374, B. i. 2;
1 _s.p._ =ayme=, 1301, =aime=, B. xxi. 4, =aym=, 8951, =aim=,
B. iv.* 1;
_imp._ =amoye=, 4022.

=amer= (2), _s._ 29451, love.

=amer(s)=, _f._ =amere=, _a._ 157, 2474, 6689, =amier=, B. xlviii. 2,
=amiere=, B. xvi. 2, bitter.

=amerous=, _see_ =amorous=.

=amerrir=, _v.a._ 1915, 2724, diminish, destroy:
_v.n._ 11130, fail.

=amertume=, _s._ 18237, bitterness.

=ami(s)=, =amy=, _s.m._ 333, 944, B. iv.* 2, 3, ix. 1;
_f._ =amie=, =amye=, 149, 1609, B. iv. 1.

=amiable=, _a._ 1113, B. xl. 1, lovable, kind.

=amiablement=, _adv._ 19483, lovingly.

=amie=, _see_ =ami=.

=amier=, _see_ =amer= (1).

=amisté=, _see_ =ameisté=.

=amollir=, _v._ 2055, soften.

=Amon= (1), 3254.

=Amon= (2), 16770, Amnon.

=Amon= (3), (King of Judah), 7611.

=amonester=, _v.a._ 583, warn:
_v.n._ 17809, give exhortation.

=amont=, _prep._ and _adv._ 95, 712, 2123, B. xviii. 3, =d’amont=,
28481, B. v. 4 (margin), up, up to, up in, above.

=amontance=, _s._ 13308, rising.

=amonter=, _v.n._, 3 _s.p._ =amonte=, 1501, B. xlvi. 1, =amont=,
5801, rise high, be worth, signify.

=amorous=, =amourous=, _a._ 19, B. iii. 1, xxxi. 3, =amerous=,
B. xi. 1 ff.

=amortir=, =amorter=, _v.a._ 9597, 12379, destroy.

=Amos=, 4220, 9579.

=amour=, _s._ 3, 23949, D. ii. 3, &c.

=amourette=, _s._ 9288, 17896.

=amourous=, _see_ =amorous=.

=amperere=, _see_ =emperour=.

=amy=, =amye=, _see_ =ami=.

=an=, =aun=, _s._ 1932, 6621, B. xxiii. 2, T. xv. 2.

=ancelle=, _s._ 1008, waiting-maid, servant.

=ancesserie=, _s._ 25802, D. ii. 3, ancestors.

=ancessour=, _s._ 11959, ancestor.

=ancestre=, _s._ 15767, 17345, parent.

=ancien=, _a._ 4729.

=ançois=, _see_ =ainçois=.

=Andreu= (Saint), 20071, 29177.

=anel=, _s._ 7100, B. xxxiii. 2, ring.

=anemi=, =anemy(s)=, =enemy=, _s._ 633, 2631, 28937, D. i. 2,
B. xxiii. 2;
_f._ =anemie=, 2438: enemy.

=anesse=, _s._ 8136.

=angel=, _see_ =angre=.

=angelin=, _a._ 1149, 5170, angelic.

=angelour=, _a._ 29529, angelic.

=angle= (1), _s._ 10598, corner.

=angle= (2), _s._ _see_ =angre=.

=angre=, _s._ 62, 79, =angle=, 1150, =angel=, 10702, angel.

=anguisse=, _s._ 10524.

=anguissous=, _a._ 23194.

=anguler=, _a._ 19427, full of corners.

=animal=, _s._ 24977.

=Anne= (1), 10274, Hannah.

=Anne= (2), 17702, Edna.

=Anne= (3), 27488, St. Anne.

=année=, _s._ 8416.

=annoy=, _s._ 3128, harm.

=annoyer=, _v.a._ 3360, harm.

=annueler=, _s._ 20496 (R.).

=Antecrist=, 6721, 18793.

=Antiochus=, 2384, 4480, 10254.

=antiquement=, _adv._ 7095.

=antiquité=, _s._ 12600.

=antis=, _a._ 5680, old.

=aourer=, =adourer=, _v._ 18738, 27683, worship.

=aourner=, =adourner=, _v.a._ 11991, 26730, adorn.

=aparcevance=, _s._ 1984.

=aparcevoir=, _v.a._ and _refl._ 2697, B. xli. 3;
3 _s.pret._ =aparçut=, 123, =aparçuit=, 625;
_pres.part._ =aparceivant=, 20764;
_pp._ =aparceu=, 10602.

=apareiller=, _see_ =apparailler=.

=apartenir=, _see_ =appartenir=.

=s’apenser=, _v._ 27549, intend.

=apent=, _see_ =appendre=.

=apert=, =apers=, _a._ 1975, 6980, 21777, open, public, allowable:
=en apert=, 1395, openly.

=apert=, _adv._ 9002.

=apertement=, _adv._ 1079.

=aperticer=, _v.a._ 2995, make known, show.

=apiert=, _see_ =apparer=.

=apocalips=, =apocalis=, 2464, 7441, 8061, 9889, 17044, 21739.

=apostata=, _s._ 2512.

=apostazer=, _v.n._ 2020, 9132.

=apostazie=, _s._ 20979, apostacy (from religious rule).

=aposteme=, _s._ 13960, abscess.

=apostre=, _s._ 49.

=appaier=, = =a paier=, 24326.

=s’appaier=, _v._ 10100, be pleased.

=apparailler=, =ap(p)areiller=, _v.a._ 1221, 5220, 22211, apparel,
prepare.

=apparant=, _a._ 1182, B. xxxviii. 3.

=apparant=, _s._ 5580, heir (?).

=apparantie=, _s._ 1124, appearance.

=apparence=, =apparance=, _s._ 3510, 14802.

=apparer=, _v.n._ and _refl._ 487;
3 _s.p._ =apiert=, 2597, =appiert=, 17732, =appiere=, 1775;
3 _s.fut._ =appara=, 1140, =apparra=, 20068;
3 _s.p.subj._ =appere=, 12035: appear.

=apparisance=, _s._ 1138, appearance.

=apparisant=, _a._ 16900.

=ap(p)artenir=, _v.n._ 450;
3 _s.pret._ =appartient=, 4562;
_pres.part._ =appartienant=, 6475.

=appell=, _s._ 4765, 11281, naming, challenge.

=ap(p)eller=, _v.a._ 222, 20358;
1 _s.p._ =appell=, 5041: call, summon, accuse.

=ap(p)endre=, _v.n._, 3 _s.p._ =appent=, 1535, =apent=, 2612,
belong.

=appeser=, _v.a._ 17475, appease.

=appeticer=, _v.a._ 18915, desire.

=appetit=, _s._ 5198, B. xxvi. 3.

=appetiter=, _v._ 6275, 8697, desire.

=appiert=, =appiere=, _see_ =apparer=.

=applier=, =apploier=, _v.a._ 2982, 7578, 14324, 18880.

=Appollo=, =Appollinis=, =Appolin=, 7093, 19986, 22328.

=apporter=, _v.a._ 259, B. iii. 4.

=appourtenance=, _s._ 8443.

=apprentis=, _s._ 24361.

=apprentisal=, _s._ 25799, apprenticeship.

=ap(p)roprier=, _v.a._ 8092, 13976.

=approver=, _v.a._ 13325, prove, approve.

=aprendre=, _v.a._ 57, 240, 835, B. xxix. 1, xxxiv. 1.

=apres=, _adv._ and _prep._ 385, 675, 4434, D. ii. 4, B. ii. 4;
=en apres=, 92.

=aprest=, _s._ 6236, loan.

=aprester=, =apprester=, _v.a._ 976, 7221, 15356, prepare, lend.

=aprise=, _s._ 598, 1036, 1149, teaching, skill, school.

=aprocher=, _v.n._ 3190.

=aprompter=, _v._ 5446, 7232, borrow.

=aproprié=, _a._ 10130, proper.

=apt=, _a._ 5647.

=aquasser=, _v.a._ 15646, (destroy), remove.

=aqueintance=, _s._ 1634, =acqueintance=, B. xxiii. 1,
=aquointance=, 130.

=aqueinte= (1), _s._ 5293, friend.

=aqueinte= (2), _s._ 13690, friendship (?).

aqueintement, _s._ 26021.

=aqueinter=, =aquointer=, _v.a._ 7267, B. x. 1, make acquaintance
with;
=s’aqueinter (s’aquointer) de=, 5072, B. xlii. 1.

=aqueste=, _s._ 15358, acquisition.

=aquester=, _see_ acquester.

=aquiert=, _see_ acquere.

=aquitance=, _s._ 26064.

=aquiter=, _see_ =acquiter=.

=aquointance=, =aquointer=, _see_ =aqueintance=, =aqueinter=.

=aquointement=, _s._ 4580.

=Arabie=, B. xxxv. 2.

=arbitrement=, _s._ 18712, decision.

=arbre=, _s._ 116.

=arbroy=, _s._ 7896, wood.

=arcbalaste=, _s._ 9337, crossbow.

=archangre=, _s._ 3734, archangel.

=arche=, _s._ 4533, 10219, ark.

=archedeacne=, _s._ 20091, =archediakne=, C., archdeacon.

=archepreste=, _s._ 2275, chief priest.

=archer=, _s._ 2834.

=Archideclin=, 28395.

=ardant=, _a._ 606, B. iii. 1, xxvii. 1.

=ardantment=, _adv._ 7664.

=ardoir= (_ardre_), _v.a._ and _n._ 9471, T. vii. 3;
1 _s.p._ =ars=, B. ix. 4;
3 _s._ =arst=, =art=, 1879, 3632, 3822;
_pp._ =arsz=, T. xi. 3: burn.

=ardour=, _s._ 3030, =ardure=, 3778, heat, passion.

=arein=, =arrein=, _s._ 14731, T. vii. 1, brass.

=areine=, _s._ 6397, crab (?).

=arer=, _v._ 5451, plough.

=arere=, _adv._ 780, 20646, back, behind.

=areson(n)er=, _v.a._ 528 (R), 685, reason with.

=arest=, _s._ 11850, hindrance.

=arestance=, _s._ 3622, stopping.

=aresteisoun=, _s._ 16735, 17723, delay, ceasing.

=arester=, (=aresteir=), _v.a._ and _n._ 2997, 3918, =s’arester=,
9810;
_pp._ =arestu=, 11160, =arrestu(z)=, 26504:
arrest, stop, take one’s stand.

=argent=, _s._ 1076.

=argentin=, _a._ 24730, of silver.

=arguer=, _v.a._ 1095, 2973, 10112, refute, blame.

=argument=, _s._ 1397.

=Ariagne=, B. xliii. 1.

=Arimaspi=, 10737.

=Aristotle=, =Aristote=, =Aristole=, 1449, 3382, 7393, 10957, 17617,
17629, 24714, 25969, 26929.

=armer=, _v.a._ 14274, B. xliii. 2.

=armes=, _s._ 1941, T. vii. 1.

=armoy=, _s._ 23718.

=armure=, _s._ 12887, armour.

=Aron=, =Aäron=, 16141, 20701.

=arondelle=, =arundelle=, _s._ 16104, 22131, swallow.

=aro(u)ser=, _v.a._ 3828, 5177, water.

=s’arouter=, _v._ 20138, 29680, assemble, form a company.

=arrable=, _a._ 26717.

=arraier=, _v.a._ 29804, prepare.

=arrainier=, _v.a._ 18409, declare (war).

=array=, =arrai=, =arroy=, _s._ 840 (R), 854, 5432, 18964.

=arrement=, _s._ T. xv. 2, ink.

=arreri(s)=, =arrery=, _pp._ 3232, 3377, put back, damaged.

=arrestuz=, _see_ =arester=.

=arrogance=, _s._ 1831.

=arroy=, _see_ =array=.

=ars=, =art=, =arst=, =arsz=, _see_ =ardoir=.

=arsure=, _s._ 11514, burning heat.

=art=, _s._ 1899, B. xix. 1; _pl._ =ars=, 1450.

=artefice=, =artifice=, _s._ 21418, 25500 (R), device, handicraft.

=article=, _s._ 12343.

=artificer=, _s._ C.

=Artus=, =Arthus=, 14273, 23870.

=arundelle=, _see_ =arondelle=.

=as=, = =a les=, 949, D. ii. 5;
=as ses=, 3265;
=as les=, 23922, T. xvi. 1:
(_also often_ =a les=, e.g. B. xxxi. 1).

=as=, _s._ _see_ =aas=.

=Asahel=, 4769.

=ascemer=, _see_ =acemer=.

=ascencioun=, _s._ 29220 (R).

=ascendre=, _v.n._ 602: _v.a._ 13152.

=ascoulter=, =asculter=, _v.a._, _n._ and _refl._ 472, 1039, 1709,
2692, =escoulter=, 1, 2736, listen to, listen.

=ascun(s)=, =aucun(s)=, _pron._ 504, 975, 1321, D. ii. 3, 4,
B. xvi. 3, =acun(s)=, 1445, 20647, some, any, some one, any one.

=ascunefois=, _adv._ 25562, _also_ =ascune fois=.

=ascunement=, _adv._ B. xix. 2, =aucunement=, 485, 1726, at all,
in any way.

=ascunepart=, _adv._ C., in any direction.

=ascuny=, _pron._ 2714, any one.

=asne=, _s._ 889.

=aspirant=, _s._ 26948, breath.

=aspirer=, _v.a._ 8538, draw in (as breath).

=asporter=, _v.a._ 1569, carry off.

=aspre=, _a._ 3686, B. l. 2, rough, sharp;
=Aspre vie=, 17965.

=asprement=, _adv._ 2556.

=aspreté=, _s._ 1156.

=assai=, _s._ B. xxxvi. 1, trial.

=assaillir=, _v.a._ 5497;
3 _s.p._ =assalt=, 2537;
=assault=, 6269; =assaille=, 4210.

=assalt=, _s._ 9304, attack.

=assavoir=, = =a savoir=, 375, B. xli. 2.

=asseine=, _see_ =assener=.

=assemblé(e)=, _s._ 1708, 7899.

=assembleisoun=, _s._ 8645, meeting.

=assemblement=, _s._ 343, assembly, union.

=assembler=, _v.a._ 332, join, gather together:
=s’assembler=, 9183, have intercourse together.

=assembler=, _s._ 8658, meeting.

=assener=, _v.a._ 25394;
1, 3 _s.p._ =asseine=, 2745, B. x. 2, xiv. 3, xxxix. 2, strike,
direct, address, dispose, approach:
=s’assener=, 13316, address oneself.

=assentir=, _v n._ and _refl._ 8682;
3 _s.p._ =assente=, 13172, 13786.

(=asseoir=, =asseir=), _v.a._, 3 _s.p._ =assit=, 129, =assist=, 2160,
=assiet=, 17887;
_pp._ =assis=, _f._ =assise=, =assisse=, 906, 1707, 2498, 2938,
D. i. 2, B. ix. 5: place, set, appoint, arrange.

=assetz=, =asses=, _adv._ 900, 2173, B. viii. 1, T. ii. 1 ff., much,
enough:
=d’assetz=, 9166, by much.

=asseurance=, _s._ 16741.

=asseurer=, _see_ =assurer=.

=assez=, _a._ (?) 13828, great.

=assieger=, _v.a._ 23727, besiege.

=assigner=, _v.a._ 29300, appoint.

=Assirien=, _s._ 11021.

=assisse=, =assise=, _s._ 2295, 2497, 3743, 5618, place, company,
trial, decision; 8264, amount (assessment).

=assissour=, _s._ 6332, 16112, juror.

=assister=, _v.n._ 17049, stand by.

=associer=, _v.a., n._ and _refl._ 2307, 4757;
3 _s.p._ =associe=, =associt=, 2437, 17136: join.

=assoldre=, =absoldre=, _v.a._ 21262, 22954, absolve.

=assorbir=, =assorber=, _v.a._ 7624, 8624.

=assoter=, _v.n._ and _refl._ 3897, 20688, be foolish, be made a fool;
=assoter de=, 7404, be fond of:
_v.a._ 9329, make a fool of.

=assuager=, _v.n._ 2543, become less:
_v.a._ 18227, alleviate.

=Assuerus=, 17467.

=assumpcioun=, _s._ 29341.

=assurer=, =asseurer=, _v.a._ 8630, 10148;
1 _s.p._ =assure=, =asseur=, B. iv. 1, vii. 2: assure, betroth:
_v.n._ and _refl._ 4359, 14640, B. xii. 2.

=astronomye=, _s._ 10679.

=atalanter=, _v._ 3713, desire.

=atant=, _s._ and _adv._ 820, 3610;
=a tant=, 23953, B. v. 3: so much, so many, just so;
=jusques atantque=, 3320, until.

=ateint=, _see_ =atteindre=.

=Athenes=, 13433, 19982, T. xii. 1.

=atiffer=, _v.a._ 8716, adorn.

=atir=, _s._ 8915, 18468, preparation, equipment, arrangement.

=atirer=, _v.a._ 5562, 15567, 19318, adorn, arrange, prepare; 15145,
bring.

=atort=, _adv._ 13109, wrongly:
_cp._ =tort=.

=atour=, _s._ 925, 1255, 11178, B. xxxv. 3, T. ii. 3, adornment,
equipment, state, manner.

=atourner=, =atto(u)rner=, _v.a._ 6283, 16114, 16711, direct,
dispose, prepare.

=atrapper=, _see_ =attrapper=.

=attacher=, _v.a._ 28995.

=atteindre=, _v.a._ and _n._ 4312, 5107, 9918, attain, reach,
attack, come:
_pp._ =at(t)eint=, =atteins=, 167, 3662, B. xlii. 1, convicted,
tainted.

=atteint(z)=, _a._ 8705, 25033, affected (in the wits), corrupt.

=atteinte=, _s._ 13687, defilement.

=attemprance=, _s._ 15232, 22919, self-control, tempering,
harmonising.

=attemprer=, _v.a._ 3874, T. i. 1, temper, tune.

=attemprure=, _s._ 22898, harmony.

=attempter=, _v.a._ 2598, 21466, aim at, attack.

=attendance=, _s._ 272.

=attendant=, _s._ 5, 881.

=attendre=, _v.a._ 605, 7919, B. v. _margin_, wait for, expect, be
destined to:
_v.n._ 309, 597, 3939; B. iii. 1;
imperat. =atten=, 5214: wait, remain, belong.

=attenir=, _v.n._ 15220, belong.

=attourné=, _s._ 24795, attorney.

=atto(u)rner=, _see_ =atourner=.

=attraire=, =attrere=, _v.a._ 567, 17356;
3 _s.p._ =attrait=, =attraie=, 1550, B. xxvii. 3, xxxviii. 1,
attret, 6235: draw, bring, collect, carry out, assume, teach:
_see_ note on l. 10748.

=attrait=, _s._ 8938, establishment.

=attrap(p)er=, =atrapper=, _v.a._ 2213, 3562, B. xix. 1, catch,
confine.

=au=, _prep._, _very commonly for_ =a=, 105, 416, B. xxxviii. 1, &c.;
_also for_ =a le=, 51, B. ix. 1;
_and_ =a la=, 133, B. iv. 4, &c.

=aube=, _s._ 27622.

=auci=, _adv._ 90, 1101, B. iv.* 2, =aussi=, 536, so, also, as.

=auctorité=, _s._ 17143.

=auctour=, _s._ 1297, 1676, T. vii. 3, author, authority.

=aucun(s)=, _see_ =ascun(s)=.

=aucunement=, _see_ =ascunement=.

=audience=, _s._ 349.

=audit=, _s._ 1143, hearing.

=auditour=, _s._ 3558, 16662, hearer, auditor (of accounts).

=augst=, =august=, _s._ 10651, 18295, harvest.

=augurre=, _s._ 1476, augury.

=august=, _see_ =augst=.

=Augustin(s)=, 1194, 1784, 4225, 10411, 11044, 13477, 13537, 13549,
15241, 17907, 20547, 20845, 20886.

=aulques=, =aulqes=, _adv._ 899, 12256, somewhat.

=aultier=, _see_ =autier=.

=aultre=, _see_ =autre=.

=aumosnier(s)=, 8411; _f._ =almosnere=, 1077: almoner, almsgiver.

=aun=, _see_ =an=.

=aussi=, _see_ =auci=.

=autier=, =aultier=, _s._ 4463, 20386, =altier=, 20442, altar.

=autre=, _a._ and _s._ 247, D. i. 3, B. xxvi. 2, =aultre=, 7565,
=altre=, 19395, other, second:
=d’autre part=, =d’autrepart=, 616, 937, on the other hand.

=autrecy=, =autreci=, _adv._ 746, 1948, thus, just so.

=autrement=, _adv._ 1727.

=autrepart=, _adv._ 4419, elsewhere;
=d’autrepart=, 616, on the other hand:
_cp._ =autre=.

=autresfoitz=, =autre(s)fois=, _adv._ 7911, 24468, B. vii. 3,
another time, again.

=autretiel=, _a._ 6696, just such;
=autre tal=, 9557, a like thing.

=autri=, =autry=, _pron._ 1107, 1419, T. xviii. 1, others, of others.

=aux=, = =eux=, 7181.

=aval=, _adv._ and _prep._ 712, 2257, B. vii. 2, down.

=avaler=, _v.a._ 8338, 10306, lower, swallow down, bring down:
_v.n._ 558, come down.

=avancé=, _s._ 20232, superior.

=avancement=, _s._ 6713.

=avancer=, _v.a._ 274, 1739, B. xv. 3:
_v.n._ 3099.

=avancié=, _a._ (_pp_). 20269, promoted.

=avant=, _adv._ 114, 3628, 9271, first, in front, onwards, henceforth;
=en avant=, 12, further on;
=si avant=, 655, so far;
=plus avant=, 269, 971, moreover, afterwards:
=puis avant=, 2214, thenceforth:
=avant que=, 8360.

=avant=, _s._ 1740, boast.

=avantage=, _s._ 827, D. i. 1 ff.

=avantance=, _s._ 1731, boasting.

=s’avanter=, 1730 ff., boast.

=avanterie=, 12087, boasting.

=avantgarde=, _s._ 3675.

=avarice=, _s._ 253, T. iv. 2.

=ave=, _interj._ 16974, hail!

=avec=, _see_ =avoec=.

=avenant=, _a._ 1702, 9275, 17261, suitable, agreeable.

=avenement=, _see_ =avienement=.

=avenir=, _v.n._ 917, 8789, B. xviii. 1;
3 _s.pret._ =avint=, =avient=, 8584, T. vi. 2;
_fut._ =avendra=, 3264: happen, be suitable.

=aventer=, _v.n._ 13782, B. xvi. 3, happen, succeed:
_v.a._ 4786, 20101, 21265, follow after.

=aventure=, _s._ 1239, 1853, 5029, B. xii. 1, chance, danger,
uncertainty, strange thing.

=aveoc=, _see_ =avoec=.

=averous=, _a._ 7345, B. l. 1, avaricious.

=avesques=, _see_ =avoec=.

=avienement=, =avenement=, _s._ 9079, 29280 (R), coming.

=avier(s)=, _a._ 15998, 19347, miserly.

=aviler=, _v.a._ 216, 2471, debase, defile.

=avis=, _s._ 188, B. ii. 3, opinion, thought:
=m’est avis=, 824, &c., in my opinion.

=avisé=, _a._ 637, 2190, aware, careful.

=avisement=, _s._ 22772, B. xlix. 4, consideration.

=s’aviser=, _v._ 729, 23181, B. xlv. 2, take thought, consider.

=avisio(u)n=, _s._ 5187, 20466, 28148, dream, vision.

=aviver=, _v.a._ 4638, rouse.

=avoec=, _prep._ 1047, B. xvi. 4, =aveoc=, 2196, =avec=, 18006,
=avesques=, 1339, 2670:
_cp._ =ove=, =ovesque=.

=avoegler=, _v.a._ 1390, blind:
_v.n._ 29683, become blind.

=avoi=, =avoy=, _interj._ 535, 9248, shame!

=avoir=, _v.a._ 25, B. xiv. 3;
1 _s.p._ =ay=, 122, =ai=, 9721, D. i. 4;
3 _s._ =ad=, 109, D. i. 1, &c., =a=, 7109, &c.;
_imp._ =avoie=, 6620;
3 _s.pret._ =ot=, 61, B. xxx. 2, =out=, 18217;
3 _s.fut._ =avra=, 6, =avera=, 18535, B. ix. 5, T. i. 3, =ara=,
3696;
2 _pl.imper._ =eietz=, 446;
1 _s.p.subj._ =eie=, 18503;
3 _s._ =ait=, 1821, B. vi. 2;
3 _pl._ =eiont=, 2703;
3 _s.pret.subj._ =eust=, 181, B. viii. 2, =ust=, 505, 3238;
2 _pl._ =ussetz=, 3759, =eussetz=, 29774;
3 _pl._ =ussent=, 19380, =ussont=, 29778, =eussont=, 29782;
_pres.part._ =eiant=, 1468;
_pp._ =eeu=, 182.

=avoir=, _s._ 473, B. v. 2, property, goods:
=avoir du pois=, 25263, wares (of a bulky kind).

=s’avoler=, _v._ 13673, fly away.

=avolterie=, =avoulterie=, _s._ 8748 (R), 8759, T. vi. 2, adultery.

=avo(u)ltier(s)=, _s._ 8828, T. ix. 1, xii. 3;
_f._ =avoultiere=, 8953: adulterer, adulteress.

=avoltre=, _s._ 19108, adultery.

=avouer=, _v.a._ 29303, promise.

=aymy=, =ay my=, _interj._ 11225, 29144, alas!

=ayue=, _see_ =aïe=.

=B=

=Babilant=, =Babiloyne=, =Babiloine=, =Babyloyne=, =Babyloine=,
=Babyloigne=, =Babiloigne=, =Babilon=, 1084, 1889, 2666, 2858,
4004, 7189, 7196, 8054, 10247, 15712, 17991.

=Babilonien=, _s._ 11020.

=bacheler=, _s._ 23688, young knight.

=Bachus=, 970, 20694.

=baigner=, _v.n._ 6756;
_refl._ 24474: bathe.

=baille=, _s._ 4211, charge.

=bailler=, _v.a._ 104, 15543, deliver up, give.

=baillie=, _s._ 2616, T. xi. 3, charge, government.

=baillif=, _s._, _pl._ baillis, 20976, 24949 ff., 25158, overseer,
reeve.

=baisant=, _s._ 3500, kissing.

=baiser=, _v.a._ 3513.

=baiser=, _s._ 4373.

=balade=, _s._ D. i. 3, B. v. 4.

=balance=, _s._ 4960, 10308, B. xiii. 1, balance, weight, measure,
danger.

=balancer=, _v._ 13302.

=baler=, _v.n._ 17611, dance.

=balsme=, _s._ 12845, balm.

=Baltazar=, 7183, 10340.

=Banaa=, 4898.

=bando(u)n=, _s._ 7050, 14183, B. xxi. 1, T. xvi. 2; =a bandoun=,
promptly;
=a sa bandon=, =en lour bandoun=, in his (her, their) absolute
power.

=ban(i)ere=, _s._ 5664, 9820, B. xxvii. 2, banner.

=banir=, _v.a._ 10037, T. x. 3, banish.

=baptesme=, _s._ 3117.

=baptist=, =baptistre=, _s._ 27986, 28430.

=baptizer=, _v.a._ 12209.

=baptizere=, _s._ 26661, baptiser.

=baraign=, =barein=, =baraine=, =baraigne=, _a._ 5578, 12226, 25449,
27953, barren.

=baraigner=, _v._ 20621, make barren.

=barat=, _s._ 543, 4446, trick, quarrel.

=baratier=, _s._ 20689, 20779, cheater, quareller.

=baratour=, _s._ 23319.

=baratter=, _v.a._ 543, deceive, cheat.

=barbe=, _s._ 3719.

=barein=, _see_ =baraign=.

=bargaign=, =barg(u)ain=, =bargein=, _s._ 3301, 3303, 21395,
T. xvii. 1, bargain, business.

=bargaignement=, _s._ 6284.

=bargai(g)ner=, =bargeiner=, _v.n._ and _a._, 3368, 7432, 7451, 9483:
bargain, traffic; bargain for, traffic in.

=barnage=, _s._ 22051, barons.

=baro(u)n=, _s._ 417, 8811, 10266, lord, husband.

=Baruch=, 1286, 3145, 3416, 3601, 3997, 6877, 10335.

=bas=, _see_ =bass=.

=basilisque=, _s._ 3747.

=bass=, =bas=, _a._ 69, 320, 18429, B. ix. 3, xvii. 3;
=de halt en bass=, 3183:
_adv._ 563.

=bastarde=, _s._ 11616.

=bastir=, _v.a._ 4688, 9858, B. xxxviii. 4, build, establish, make.

=basto(u)n=, _s._ 4100, 4115.

=batail(l)e=, _s._ 1472, T. vii. 1.

=batailler=, _v.n._ 22929, fight.

=bataillous=, _a._ T. xi. 1, warlike.

=baterie=,_s._ 4647, beating, fighting.

=batre=, _v.a._ 2946, 8899.

=baucan=, _s._ 903.

=baud=, _a._ 8887, bold.

=bauldour=, _s._ 13341, confidence.

=beal(s)=, =beau=, =bel(l)=, _f._ =bel(l)e=, 248, 307, 635, 1182,
3493, D. i. 1, B. i. 4, iii. 2, v. 3.