Chapter X (4)

"On his arrival there, _Prabu Silawang'i_ established himself as _Raja_, and having assembled all the _Mantris_, _Peng'gawas_, and other chiefs and officers, together with all the military forces, he caused great rejoicings to be made on the occasion, and each day and night every kind of play was performed to amuse him. _Pakuan Pajajaran_ was crowded with the happy and delighted multitude, and so great and powerful did _Prabu Silawang'i_ become at that time, that all the princes from the river _Chi Pamali_ beyond Java Head (in Bantam) on the west, submitted to him and were subject to _Pakuan Pajajaran_.

"_Prabu Silawang'i_ then built without the _kraton_ (or palace) a hall of audience (_paseban_), which was styled _Sasaka Domas_, or the hall of eight hundred pillars; and in the interior of the _kraton_ another, called _Rarawis Kanchana_ (or that of golden flowers). This was where the _Batutulis_ now is."

The tradition goes on to relate, that _Prabu Silawang'i_ had one hundred and fifty wives, and that his sons-in-law, of whom there were also one hundred and fifty, were made great public officers.

In the course of a little time one of his highness's wives, named _Niai Mantri Manek Mayang Sunda_, the sister of _Ke Marugal Sang Mantri Ayung_, became pregnant, and in due time brought forth a beautiful boy, who was called by his father _Raden Guru Gatangan_, and who was made _Raja Muda_ of _Pakuan Pajajaran_, with the name and title of _Prabu Guru Gantangan_.

Both father and son continued as _Raja Tuah_ and _Raja Muda_ to live in the _kraton of Pakuan Pajajaran_, happy and on good terms with each other; the management and direction of the state being entirely vested in the hands of the _Raja Muda_.

[258] The Javan traditions furnish no information respecting the locality of this state.

[259] Having thus detailed the traditions which exist among the Javans respecting the establishment of foreign colonies in the Eastern Archipelago, and brought down this part of the history to the establishment of the kingdom of _Majapahit_, it may not be amiss to transcribe those which prevail among the _Malayus_, who, it is well known, endeavour to trace their descent from the Macedonian hero, Alexander the Great. The following account is taken from the _Sejara Maláyu_, or Malay annals, a work written in the year 1021 of Hejirat:

"It happened that _Raja Sekander_, the son of _Raja Darub_ of _Rum_, of the race of _Makaduniah_, the name of whose empire was _Zulkarneini_, wished to see the rising of the sun, and for this purpose came to the confines of the land of Hind. There was a Raja in Hindustan, named _Raja Kideh Hindi_, who was very powerful, and whose empire extended over the half of Hindustan. Immediately on the approach of _Raja Sekander_, _Raja Kideh Hindi_ sent his prime minister to collect his forces, and marched out to meet him. The armies engaged, and a battle ensued, as is fully recorded in the history of _Raja Sekander_. _Raja Kideh Hindi_ was defeated and taken prisoner, after which he was sent back to his own country. This _Raja Kideh_ had a daughter: after sending his minister, _Perdana Mantri_, to consult with the minister of _Raja Sekander_, he gave her in marriage to _Raja Sekander_, on condition of receiving three hundred thousand dinars of gold.

"_Raja Sekander_, after tarrying ten days in honour of the ceremony, pursued his journey towards the rising sun, attended by his bride. On their return, however, her father requested her to remain some time with him: _Raja Sekander_ consented and took his leave.

"The princess was already pregnant by _Raja Sekander_, but he was unacquainted with this circumstance; nor was the princess herself aware of it, till a month after her return to her father. At the expiration of her time, the princess was safely delivered of a son, whom _Raja Kideh Hindi_ named _Aristan Shah_.

"_Raja Aristan Shah_ was in course of time married to the daughter of the Raja of _Turkistan_, by whom he had a son, named _Raja Aftus_.

"After an absence of forty-five years, _Raja Sekander_ returned to _Makaduniah_, and _Raja Kideh Hindi_ died, leaving as his successor _Raja Aristan Shah_, who (or rather whose dynasty) reigned three hundred and fifty years. After him reigned the following princes in succession:

_Raja Aftus_, who reigned one hundred and twenty years.

_Raja Askayinat_, do. three years.

_Raja Kasidas_, do. twelve years.

_Raja Amastubusu_, do. thirteen years.

_Raja Zamzeius_, do. seven years.

_Raja Khuras Khainat_ do. thirty years.

_Raja Ahat Sakayinat_.

_Raja Kuda Zuguhan_, son of _Amastubusu_.

_Raja Nikubus_, who reigned forty years.

_Raja Ardasir Migan_, who married the daughter of _Raja Nushirwan Adel_, sovereign of the west, by whom he had a son, named _Raja Derm Nus_.

_Raja Tarsia Burdaras_, son of _Raja Zamarut_.

The last of these princes married the daughter of _Raja Sulan_ of _Amdan Nagara_. This _Raja Sulan_ was the mightiest prince of the land of Hind, and of all the Rajas under the wind. By the princess, his daughter, _Raja Narsa_ had three sons:

_Raja Herian_, who reigned in the country of Hindostan:

_Raja Suren_, whom _Raja Sulan_ appointed in his own place; and

_Raja Panden_, who reigned in _Turkestan_.

"After a short time _Raja Sulan_ died, and his grandson, _Raja Suren_, reigned in his place in _Amdan Nagara_, with still greater authority than his predecessors, and all the lands of the East and West, except China, acknowledged him.

"Then _Raja Suren_ formed the design of subjugating China, and for this purpose marched towards that country. Two months he marched on without any obstruction, and every country submitted, till he approached the country of _Gang'ga Nagara_, the Raja of which was named _Gang'gi Shah Juana_. Here an engagement took place, in which _Raja Suren_ smote off the head of _Raja Gang'gi Shah Juana_, whose subjects having lost their chief submitted to _Raja Suren_, who married _Patri Gang'ga_, the sister of the deceased Raja. From _Gang'ga Nagara, Raja Suren_ advanced to the country of _Klang Kins_, which in former times was a great country, possessing a fort of black stone (supposed to be up the river _Johor_). The name of the Raja of this country was _Chulen_, who was superior to all the Rajas of the country lying under the wind. Here another desperate engagement took place, in which _Raja Chulen_ also was killed, and the country submitted to _Suren_. Then _Raja Suren_ married the daughter of the deceased monarch, and advanced to _Tamarak_. He returned, however, to the land of _Kling_ without proceeding on to China. On the return of _Raja Suren_ he founded a city of great size, the fame of which became renowned, and the name of which was _Bisnagur_ (a well known and celebrated city of the south of India), which even at the present time is a great city in the land of _Kling_.

"_Raja Suren_ had by the daughter of _Raja Chulen_ a daughter, named _Chandu Wani Wasias_, and by _Putri Gang'ga_ he had three sons, one of them named _Bichitram Shah_, another _Palidutani_, and the third _Nilumanam_.

"_Palidutani_ succeeded to the government of _Amden Nagara_, and _Nilumanam_ was appointed to the government of _Chandukani_: but on the eldest son, _Bichitram Shah_, was only conferred a territory of small extent, which so displeased the young prince, that he resolved to abandon the country. He accordingly embarked with twenty vessels, fitted out with all the appurtenances of war, determining to conquer all the maritime countries; but his fleet was dispersed by a storm, and part of them returned to their country.

"_Bichitram Shah_ is then represented as arriving in the country now called _Palembang_, where _Demang Lebar Daon_, great grandson of _Raja Chulen_, was chief. Here marrying the daughter of the Raja, he assumed the government, under the title of _Sang Sapurba Trimurti Tribuna_, and had by her four children; two daughters, named _Chandra Dewi_ and _Putra Sri Dewi_, and two sons, named _Sang Mutiaga_ and _Sang Nila Utama_.

"After some years _Sang Sapurba_ was seized with a desire to view the ocean, and went in search of a good situation for a new settlement, leaving the younger brother of _Demang Lebar Daon_ in the government of _Palembang_; and the fleet being prepared, they set sail from the river of _Palembang_, and after steering six days and nights towards the south, arrived at _Tanj'ung pura_, where _Sang Sapurba_ was very honourably received by the Raja, and a thousand chiefs introduced him into the country, seated him on the throne, and honoured him like a prince. As soon as the news of his arrival reached _Majapáhit_, the _Bitara_, who was very powerful, came to make him a visit. _Sang Sapurba_ received him very graciously, and gave him in marriage his daughter _Chandra Dewi_. After this ceremony the _Bitara_ of _Majapáhit_ returned to his capital; and it is from this marriage (say the Malayan traditions) that the rajas of _Majapáhit_ are descended.

"After a long residence at _Tanj'ung pura, Sang Sapurba_ set out again in search of some other country; but he first married his son, _Sang Mutiaga_, to the daughter of the Raja _Tanj'ung pura_, and established him on the throne of that country, giving him a superb crown. After leaving _Tanj'ung pura_ he traversed the sea until he arrived in the strait of _Sambor_, in view of the hills of _Ling'ga_ (Lingen.) The news quickly reached _Bentan_, at this time under the sway of a queen, named _Pramiswari Sehander Shah_. _Sang Nita Utama_, the younger son of _Sang Sapurba_, was married to her daughter, named _Wan Sri Bini_, and afterwards became raja of the country.

"_Sang Sapurba_ then left _Bentan_, and having sailed for a day and a night, arrived at _Ruko_, whence he proceeded to the point of _Balang_, and ascended the river _Buantan_, where it was reported the country was extremely populous. When he had ascended far up the river he arrived at _Menangkabau_: all the _Menangkabaus_ were surprized at his appearance, and the splendour of his diadem, and they all came to inquire whence he came. As soon as they heard of his adventures, and that he was a descendant of Sultan _Sekander Zulkarneiné_, all the chief men of _Menangkabau_ consulted about appointing him Raja, since they had none; and after he had, as a condition, succeeded in destroying an immense snake which harassed the country, he was unanimously elected Raja by the people of _Buantan_, and of him are descended all the generations of the Rajas of _Pagaruyang_.

"_Sang Nila Utama_ afterwards quitted _Bentan_, and founded the city of _Singa pura_, situated on the southern extremity of the Malayan peninsula. This event is supposed to have taken place A.D. 1160.

"The successors of _Sang Nila Utama_ were _Paduka Sri Wikrama_, _Sri Rama Wikrama_, and _Sekander Shah_, who, being driven out of _Singa pura_ by the _Majapáhit_ forces, afterwards established the city of _Malaca_. His successor, _Mahomed Shah_, first embraced Mahomedanism, in the year 1276."--_Malayan Annals._

[260] The long graves which are still pointed out near _Léran_.

[261] Her tomb is still preserved.

[262] The occasion, of the war with _Báli_ is thus related:--"At this period the royal family of _Báli_ consisted of three brothers; the eldest of whom was named _Maya Dináwa_; the second, _Dewa Machuwel_, who was the chief; and the youngest, _Kabu Wihaha_. _Kabu Wihaha_ is said to have been of extraordinary size, and to have had a head like a hog, devouring the flesh of that animal in great quantity. He was, moreover, very wicked and destructive, regardless of the rights or property of any one. On this account the people became dissatisfied with his sway, and his brothers, desirous of getting rid of him, advised him to proceed to _Majapáhit_, in order to obtain in marriage _Loro Jongrang_, of the family of _Browijaya_, a lady whom they represented as of a stature similar to his own. The Raja of _Báli_, as a further inducement to him to go, sent an embassy to make the request; but _Browijaya_, considering it as the forerunner of war, made his preparations accordingly. He sent for a celebrated painter, named _Sung'ing adi Warna_, and putting down the dimensions of a large woman, such as had been requested, desired him to paint the figure of a most beautiful woman of the same size, and when it was done dismissed the ambassadors, accompanied by _Aria Damar_, who had especial instructions to make observations of every thing in _Báli_, to that the way might be clear for hostilities, should the same become necessary."

[263] _Súnan_, in the Javan language, means the ridge pole of the roof; and _tíang_ the pillars or supports of a house. The former is the term adopted by the sovereign! the latter is applied to the common people or men in general.

[264] The following account of this great capital, and of the country in general, is given by the _Chinese_; it was furnished by _Han-Cham-pit_, a Chinese, whose family have for many generations been settled on Java, and translated into English by Mr. Crawfurd, when Resident of Surabaya.

* * * * *

"_Extract from a Chinese book called_ Bun-kyan-tong-ko, _printed at_ Pekin _one hundred and five years ago, in the reign of the Emperor_ Bang-he, _and compiled under the direction of his ministers_, Tyn-eng, Ong-un-Chin, Ong-Tam, Tyn-yong-twan, _and others_.

* * * * *

"There is a country called _Jaw-wa_, formerly called _Cha-po_; on the sea-coast of it there is a country called _Po-kya-lung_, by which is the entrance into the country.

"In the reign of the Emperor _Hut-pit-lyat_, of the family of _Gívan Jaw-wa_, it was described as being bounded in the following manner: to the east by _Ko-li-gin_, to the west by _Sam-bu-che_, to the north by _Ko-ta-sit_, and to the south by _Cham-Sya_.

"Subject to this country of _Cha-po_ are _Sokit-tan_, _Ta-pan_, _Ta-kong_, _Te-but_, and other countries.

"In coming from _Chwan-cha_ (_Emwi_) by sea one first makes _Cham-Sya_.

"The people of that country are of a strange appearance, and exceedingly ugly.

"In genius, habits, and language, they are entirely different from the Chinese.

"_Jaw-wa_ became first known to the sovereigns of _China_ in the reign of _Saow-Gil-yang_, of the dynasty _Song_[268]. The intercourse was, however, afterwards interrupted.

"After this, in the reign of _Tyo-kong-in_, of the family of _Tyo_[269], the king of _Jaw-wa_, whose name was _Bak-lo-cha_, sent an embassy with gifts to the Emperor of China.

"The intercourse was again renewed in the reign of _Tyo-kyat_, of the same family, when the Javans sent a mission with gifts to _China_.

"Afterwards, in the reign of the Emperor _Hut-pit-lyat_, and in the thirteenth year of his reign, soldiers were sent from _China_, but the Javan subjects were very numerous, and they could not succeed[270].

"The water of that country is called _pa-chak-an_. Here is the mouth of a river. This is the place to invade the country. It was here that _Su-pit_ and _Rohin_, the generals of _Hut-pit-lyat_, fought the people of the country.

"The country of _Jaw-wa_ is divided between two kings, one to the west, and one to the east. In the reign of the Emperor _Chee-Te_, of the dynasty of _Beng_, when that prince had sat five years on the throne, the western prince, whose name was _Fo-wan-pan_, made war on the prince of the eastern half of the island, and overthrew his kingdom.

"In the reign of the same Chinese prince, and in the sixteenth year of his reign, the western king of _Jaw-wa_, whose name now was _Yang-wi-see-sa_, sent a mission to China, with a present of a white parrot.

"Half a day's journey to the south-west of the river is the king's palace, close to a tank. Within this are two or three hundred houses. Seven or eight persons wait on the king, clothed in silk of various colours.

"The king's palace is built of bricks. In height the wall is thirty feet. Its circumference is about 30,000 paces. The hair on the king's head is in appearance like growing grass; he wears a cap ornamented at top with gold fashioned like leaves. A piece of silk is wrapped over his bosom; round his waist he has a piece of embroidered silk; he wears a short weapon; his feet are bare. Sometimes he rides on an elephant, and sometimes on a bullock.

"With respect to the people, the hair of the men has the appearance of growing grass. The women tie it in a knot at the top of the head; they wear a coat and a long cloth. The men invariably wear a short weapon at the waist, which is of exquisite workmanship.

"Their laws never punish by corporal infliction. They take no account of the measure of a man's offences; the criminal, in all cases, is secured with rattans, and then put to death by stabbing him.

"In their traffic they use the money of China, but of a coinage older than the present times. These coins bear a value double of what they do in China.

"The inhabitants of the country have names, but no surnames. They are of a quarrelsome disposition. In their persons they are ill-favoured and filthy. Their colour is a blueish black. Their heads are like those of large monkeys, and they go bare-legged. They believe in evil spirits. In sitting and sleeping they neither use chairs nor beds: in eating they use neither spoons nor _chop-sticks_. With respect to food, they do not reject snakes, caterpillars, worms, and insects. They do not scruple to eat and sleep with their dogs.

"In their marriage ceremonies it is the practice for the man to go to the house of the woman, where he stays five days; at the end of this time the bride is received with music and noise at the house of the bridegroom. The bride wears no coat, her hair is loose, her feet are bare, and she wears a piece of silk round her bosom. Sometimes she wears ornaments of gold, pearls, and precious stones.

"With respect to the dead, some are thrown into the water, some burnt, and some buried; all this according to the will of the person expressed before his death. The exports of the country are gold, silver, pearls, rhinoceros' horns, elephants' teeth, tortoise-shell, beetle-nut, black pepper, sapan wood, garu wood, kanglong, cotton, Sundit birds, green pigeons, and doves of various colours, parrots of various colours, red, green, and white, with white deer and white monkeys."

[265] Various stories are related of this kris.

[266] Known by the name of _Kemándang_.

[267] The _Bedui_ are to be found at three different places in Bantam. At _Gunung Perahiáng_, where the chief is called _Girang Pohon_, there are twelve families; at _Gunung Párangkujang_, where the chief's name is _Wanklang_, there are forty men and women; and at _Gunang Bungbang_, where the chief is called _Kiang_, there are twelve families. In the _Rawayans_, the name given to the place in which they respectively reside, this exact number is constantly preserved, by the removal of any increase that may occur, and by supplying any deficiency from those without who have not embraced the Mahomedan faith.

The history of these people, who consider themselves as descendants of _Prabu Seda_, the last chief of _Pajajaran_, is intimately connected with the period of which we are now treating, and with the establishment of Mahomedanism in the western districts. The origin of the _Bedui_ is thus related:--

"During the reign of _Prabu Seda_, the last prince of _Pajajaran_, he was informed that a certain recluse, named _Seda Sakti_, had an incestuous intercourse with his sister, and determined to punish him for thus bringing disgrace upon the country; the man pleaded his innocence to no purpose, and was put to death by being pressed between two large logs of wood, previously making a stipulation, which was deemed reasonable enough, and which obtained the concurrence of all present, _viz._ that if he had actually been guilty of the crime laid to his charge, his descendants might lose their religion and live in the low lands; if not, that _Prabu Seda_, with his nobles and court, might lose their religion and place of residence, and become for ever slaves: and as a sign that this stipulation was approved and ratified from on high, immediately the sun was eclipsed, the rain descended in torrents, the thunder roared, the earth shook, and under the mountains were heard sounds like the discharge of great guns.

"_Pachukaman_, son of _Prabu Seda_, who resided with his people at _Gunung Pulusari_, at the period when the Mahomedan religion was about to be introduced, apprehended the consequences of the stipulation made with _Seda Sakti_, and determining not to change his ancient faith on any account, he quitted the place in secret, leaving his people, of whom eight hundred, who were holy men, went in search of him in vain, and only returned to deplore his loss."

_Hasen-u-din_ subsequently fell in with these eight hundred _recluses_ and converted them. He afterwards invaded _Pajajaran_. On his return to _Pulusari_, he was accustomed to come down to _Sirang_ twice in seven days to sell fruit, and in the course of time he became acquainted with every thing relative to the people of Bantam. He afterwards subdued _Girang_, the ancient capital, situated a few miles inland of _Sirang_, of which the ruins are still visible, more by means of conversion than by arms, and when firmly established, _Prabu Seda_ and his children, who refused to become converts, were there put to the sword.

The _Bedui_ are the descendants of those who on the fall of _Pajajaran_ escaped into the woods, and who refused to change their religion, remaining firmly attached to that of _Prabu Seda_. There is a tomb of one of them which they hold sacred, and which they will not allow any one but themselves to approach, even to this day. In after times, when the _Bedui_ submitted to the Sultan of Bantam, and shewed no disposition to oppose the Mahomedans, they were exempted from the necessity of becoming converts, upon the condition, at the time they yielded, that the number in each _Rawayan_ allowed to profess the ancient worship should be limited[271].

When the Mahomedan religion became more generally established, it was declared that all those people who should not have embraced the faith before a certain day, should, with their descendants, be considered as outcasts or slaves. This is the origin of the people termed _Abdi_, and who are quite distinct from the _Bedui_.

The name, however, given in the _Sunda_ traditions to the last chief of _Pajajaran_, is _Sila Wangi_; and it is from some of his original adherents, who became converts to Mahomedanism, that the present regents of the _Sunda_ districts are descended. One of them, _Guru Gantang'an_, with many followers, is said to have retired to the forests on the mountain _Gedé_, since called _Recha Domas_ (eight hundred images), where many rude idols are still to be found. There it is said they afterwards became extinct, and according to the notion of the _Sundas_, the term _Per-hiang'an_, still retained by the descendants from _Nga-hiang_, signifying annihilated, is derived from the fate of this people.

[268] "Thirteen hundred and ninety-four years ago."

[269] "Eight hundred and fifty-one years ago."

[270] "Four hundred and fourteen years ago."

[271] For a further account of these people, see vol. i. page 372.