Chapter XI (5)

Secret orders to this effect were immediately given to all the chiefs. The _Adipátis_ of _Páti_, _Demák_, and _Kedú_ were at the same time directed to go and make a false attack upon the Chinese at _Tánjung Waláhan_, and afterwards to retreat to _Semárang_, as if beaten, in order that the commander might believe that the _Susúnan_ was determined to assist the Dutch.

The captain and lieutenant of the Chinese at _Semárang_ having been put in confinement by the commandant, all the Chinese at that place joined their countrymen at _Tánjung Waláhan_. The Chinese then moved to _Kárang Anyer_, where they were attacked. The Javans retreated to _Semárang_, and were assisted by the Dutch. The chief, _Síngseh_, in concert with _Mérta Púra_, now laid siege to _Semárang_.

The commander at _Kérta Súra_ requested assistance against the Chinese at _Ambaráwa_, which was granted, with the same instruction to the chiefs as in the former instances. These marched as far as _Salíatga_, where they held secret communication with the Chinese; but the chief, _Aria Pringaláya_, caused ten Chinese to be put to death while both parties were about to meet privately, and sent the ten heads to _Kérta Súra_, which were delivered to the commandant. This at first exasperated the Chinese leader at _Semárang_, but he was soon pacified.

At this time the _Susúnan_ discovered that one of the sons of _Mangkúrat Mas_, _Tépa Sána_, was carrying on an intrigue with the commandant of the fort at _Kérta Súra_, and caused him to be bow-stringed. _Wíra Méja_ and _Ráden Garendi_, the two sons of _Tépa Sána_, with his other relations, joined _Pangéran Wíra Meng'ala_, and quitted _Kérta Súra_: they were well received by the Chinese.

The Chinese, besides laying siege to _Semárang_, had also by this time taken and destroyed _Rémbang_. _Jawána_ and _Demák_ were abandoned by the Dutch troops, and a want of provisions was felt through the country.

Affairs had come to this pass, when the _Susúnan_ resolved to massacre the Dutch garrison at _Kérta Súra_. The Javans were collected under the fort, as by order from the _Susúnan_, in readiness to march against the Chinese, when one of them who had entered within the walls fired a shot. The cry of _amók_ was given, and many lives were lost on both sides; but the plan did not succeed, and it was not till after he was reinforced by the Chinese that he could effect his object. On the renewal of the attack, the garrison was compelled to surrender. The commanding officer and some others were barbarously murdered in cold blood; the rest of the troops, with their wives and children, made prisoners, and distributed among the Javans: the greatest part of the men being circumcised and forced to adopt the Mahomedan religion.

The Dutch authorities, in endeavouring to account for this act, incline to an opinion that the _Susúnan_ was (not without an appearance of probability) immediately impelled to it by many acts of oppression and injustice exercised against his subjects, by a total disregard of all his representations for redress, by an evident intention on the part of the Dutch to become masters of the whole island, and by the harsh and uncivil conduct of the Resident towards the first men of the court, which was the more obnoxious from his being the son of a Javan woman, and for that reason, and the illegitimacy of his birth, much despised by the natives.

When this intelligence reached _Semárang_, the Dutch began to open their eyes. The first step that was taken was to pass a decree, absolving the _Pangéran_ of _Madúra_ from his allegiance to the _Susúnan_. This decree was formally signed by the government of _Semárang_, and accepted by the _Pangéran_, who being married to a sister of the _Susúnan_, returned his wife back to her brother. No sooner had he declared himself the ally of the Dutch, than he ordered all the Chinese on the island of _Madúra_ to be put to death, and embarking his forces immediately, took possession of _Sidáyu_, _Tuban_, _Jípang_, and _Lamúng'an_. At _Grésik_ about four hundred Chinese were put to death.

The Chinese, in the meantime, finding themselves reinforced by the Javans, spread over the whole country without encountering opposition, and laid siege at the same time to nearly all the Company's settlements along the coast, from _Tégál_ to _Pasúruan_.

After many feeble and unskilful attacks on the fort of _Semárang_, and the loss of many lives, the united forces of the Javans and Chinese were compelled to raise the siege.

A negociation was now brought about by means of the _Pangéran_ of _Madúra_, who represented to the Dutch that the attack upon the fort, as well as the subsequent part taken by the Javans, was solely at the instigation of the minister, _Náta Kasúma_, and that the _Susúnan_ himself was personally averse to these measures. The _Susúnan_, according to the Dutch accounts, regretted the precipitate steps he had taken, either as beginning to fear that the Dutch might again, as in former wars, obtain the ascendancy, and make him pay dear for his temerity; or, which appeared to him most likely, apprehending that the Chinese, who, though comparatively few and unused to arms, had hitherto taken the lead in every affair of consequence, and evinced their superiority to the Javans in ability and courage, should become too powerful, and might, in concert with some discontented chiefs, think fit to depose him. From one or other, or both of these motives, the _Susúnan_ desired to renew his alliance with the Dutch.

The Dutch, on their part, considering the precarious state of the time and circumstances, found it advisable to enter into amicable relations, and accordingly concluded a peace, by which were ceded to them the island of _Madúra_, the sea-coast, and _Surabáya_, with all the districts to the eastward, as _Balambáng'an_, and _Rembáng_, _Japára_, and _Semárang_, with all their subordinate posts.

According to the Javan accounts, this treaty was concluded without the knowledge of the minister, _Náta Kasúma_, who with the Javan and Chinese forces still lay encamped not far from _Semárang_: and it was agreed upon by the _Susúnan_, at the request of the Dutch, that the Chinese should be kept in ignorance of what was passing, in order that they might be the more easily massacred by their supposed friends the Javans. _Náta Kasúma_, however, no sooner heard of the conditions on which the peace had been concluded, and of the intention to massacre the Chinese, than he took part with them, and revealed the whole plot. To preserve appearances, however, he made a sham attack on the Chinese, in which the sick alone were sacrificed. The rest moved off unmolested to the eastward, meditating vengeance against the _Susúnan_, by whom they had been thus deserted. Their principal force was now assembled in the districts of _Páti_ and _Jawána_, where they were joined by many of the chiefs who had hitherto been attached to their cause. Here they proclaimed as _Susúnan Ráden Mas Garéndi_, son of _Pangéran Tépa Sána_, who had recently been put to death by the _Susúnan_, and grandson of _Susúnan Mangkurat Mas_, who had died at Ceylon. He assumed the title of _Susúnan Mangkúrat Mas Prábu Kúning_, but is usually distinguished by the name of _Susúnan Kúning_. This prince was about ten years of age, and therefore the transactions which ensued are to be attributed to his ministers, _Mangunónang_ and _Mérta Púra_, and to the Chinese chiefs, _Síngsih_ and _Pánjang_.

_Náta Kasúma_, the minister, still feigning allegiance, returned to _Kérta Súra_; but the part he had taken being discovered, he was sent to _Semárang_ on a false mission, as was customary in such cases, and there entrapped by the Dutch and conveyed to Ceylon.

The Chinese, with their emperor, now marched with great expedition to _Kérta Súra_, in order to attack the _Susúnan_, and met with but little resistance. The troops of the _Susúnan_, under the command of _Ráden Prínga Láya_, were defeated, _Kérta Súra_ was surprised, and the _Susúnan_ was obliged to leave his court, and treasures to the enemy. His queen, sister, and children, on horseback, together with his mother, carried by two Europeans, under the conduct of two Dutch officers, through a back gate of the _dálam_, were pursued and overtaken. The _Susúnan_ and the hereditary prince only were enabled to save themselves by flight.

It was not likely that an alliance between the Chinese and Javans, people so different and hostile to each other, could be of any long duration. While the Chinese became relaxed in their discipline, and indulged in every species of irregularity, the fugitive emperor, being now joined by the Dutch and _Madurese_, received the submission of many of the rebel chiefs, and pardoned them; but he refused to pay attention to the offers of submission made by the Chinese. The prince of _Madúra_, at length, succeeded in making himself master of _Kérta Súra_, from whence the _Susúnan Kuning_ was obliged to fly, after a reign of four months.

The Chinese being afterwards defeated in a pitched battle at _Asém_, retreated to _Brambánan_, and the _Susúnan_ again arrived in his capital. When, however, the prince of _Madúra_, who was by no means well inclined to the _Susúnan_, found himself in possession of _Kérta Súra_, he made an attempt to raise to the throne _Pangéran Angebai_, the _Susúnan's_ brother. The _Susúnan_ was once more obliged to quit his capital, and it was not until after much negociation between the Dutch and the Javans, that he was re-established. Whether this attempt on the part of the Madurese prince was serious, or only intended to render the sovereign more complying to the demands of his allies, is not known. The negociation, however, as was usual in similar cases, turned out highly advantageous to the Dutch interests, a treaty being dictated by them without the walls of the palace, and before the prince was permitted to enter it.

The Chinese, who had meanwhile remained at _Brambánan_ unmolested for two whole months, were now joined by _Páku Nagára_, a man noted among the Javans for his eminent abilities, and distinguished afterwards for the conspicuous part he acted in what is called "the war of Java," and through his means the party were enabled still to make a stand: they were at length, however, defeated by the Dutch troops, and compelled to retreat over the southern hills. A general amnesty being proclaimed, and the Chinese having availed themselves of it, the ex-emperor at length surrendered to the Dutch at _Surabáya_, by whom he was banished to Ceylon, where he died. This event happened in the Javan year 1667, and terminated the Chinese war.

After a few months the _Susúnan_, in conformity with ancient custom, removed the seat of government from _Kérta Súra_ to the village of _Solo_, about six miles distant, where a palace was built. The new capital was called _Súra Kérta_, and is the present residence of the emperors of Java.

On the subsequent accession of Mr. Imhoff to the post of governor-general, he was of opinion that, notwithstanding the favourable terms of the treaties granted by the _Susúnan_, sufficient atonement had not been made to the Dutch nation for the outrage committed against the Christian religion, and the barbarous treatment of the garrison of _Kérta Súra_. He therefore required that the two principal ringleaders should be delivered up and punished; and to ensure compliance, measures were taken for seizing upon the _Susúnan_ and his son, and bestowing the throne on the eldest son of _Pangéran Mángku Nagára_. But the _Susúnan_ thought it prudent to comply, and delivered over two priests to the Dutch; and a new treaty was on this occasion concluded with the _Susúnan_.

Fresh disturbances soon succeeded. The _Pangéran_ of _Madúra_, _Chákra Deníngrat_, a man of a selfish and haughty character, considered himself, in consequence of the part he had taken, so far exalted above the other chiefs, that he neglected to make his annual appearance at court. Of this the _Susúnan_ complained to the Dutch, who interfered, but without effect. The _Pangéran_, who, as before stated, had taken possession of the provinces of _Sidáya_, _Túban_, _Jípang_, and _Lamúng'an_, now refused to restore them either to the _Susúnan_ or the Dutch, to whom they had been ceded, claiming them, as well as all the plunder he had obtained at _Kérta Súra_, as conquered property. Determined to keep them by force, he engaged in his service a number of men from _Báli_, and fortified the island _Menári_, so as to command the harbour of _Surabáya_.

He now commenced open hostilities by attacking a Dutch vessel, and putting to death several European seamen. Two thousand Madúrese entered the district of _Surabáya_, burnt some villages, and laid the country waste; and five thousand _Bálians_ were posted on the frontiers of _Pamakásan_. After having been twice or thrice defeated, the _Pangéran_ made a sudden attack upon _Súmenap_ and _Pamakásan_, and gained a complete victory over the natives fighting under a Dutch commander, who lost six thousand men on the occasion, the chief being obliged to fly the country.

It was not long before the Dutch regained possession of _Súmenap_ and _Pamakásan_, on which occasion a brother-in-law of the _Pangéran_, with two chiefs, submitted to them; but the Dutch troops were no sooner withdrawn, than those provinces again fell under the authority of the _Pangéran_, who laid them waste with fire and sword. The Dutch tried in vain to dislodge him. _Rémbang_ was now besieged by an army of fire thousand Madúrese and Javans. _Lásém_, _Pájang-kungung_, and all the villages as far as _Paradésa_, were in possession of the _Pangéran_, who made himself master also of the fort of _Rémbang_, and of the building yard established there; but his fortune suddenly changed. The prince was, in his turn, defeated in several engagements, and at length compelled to fly from Java; and the Dutch forces landing on _Madúra_, took the capital _Sámpang_, by storm, and in a short time made themselves masters of the whole island.

In this extremity, the prince of _Madúra_ still refused to come to terms, and went with his sons, _Sásra_ and _Rána Deníngrat_, to _Banjermásin_ on Borneo, where he engaged his passage on board an English ship bound to Bencoolen; to which place he had previously, on his affairs taking an unfavourable turn, sent his son, _Ráden Tumúng'gung Wíra Deníngrat_, to request assistance from the English, and procure men and warlike stores. His plan, however, of proceeding to Bencoolen was frustrated; for the sultan of _Banjermásin_, on application from the Dutch, sent him, with his son _Sásra_, to Batavia, whence the father was banished to the Cape of Good Hope, and the son to Ceylon.

In effecting a settlement of the country, the Dutch were compelled to appoint another son of this prince, _Súra Diníngrat_, to succeed as chief of _Madúra_, under the name of _Sécha Deníngrat_. In the year 1758, this chief was also appointed _Widána_, or chief, of several of the eastern districts.

But, however these successes on the part of the Dutch might tend to the immediate tranquillity of the country, the authority of the _Susúnan_ had been seriously shaken. The prince possessed neither the esteem nor attachment of his subjects. To his evil star it was attributed that the empire had not only lost much of its ancient grandeur, but was brought to the brink of ruin. The chiefs no longer placed any confidence in him; they despised the man who had granted such humiliating terms to the Dutch, and who, to obtain their temporary aid, had thus sacrificed the permanent integrity of the empire: they, therefore, were inclined to make an effort to regain what had been lost.

The principal character and prime mover in this rebellion was the _Pangéran Mungkubúmi_, a younger brother of the _Susúnan_. During the Chinese war he had obtained considerable experience, and was distinguished for boldness and enterprize of character. On the Chinese being driven from _Kérta Súra_, he had thrown himself on the protection of the Dutch, and was now residing with his brother at _Kérta Súra_. Next to _Mangkubúmi_, the most prominent character in the war of Java was _Páku Nagára_, who was also called _Mas Sáyed_ but perhaps better known as the grandfather of _Práng Widóno_. After the defeat of the Chinese at _Brambánan_, this prince had also returned to court; but being coldly received, again reared the standard of revolt, and escaping into the southern mountains assumed the title of _Susúnan Adi Prakúsa_.

_Mangunónang_, the minister of _Susúnan Kúning_, and _Mérta Púra_, had established themselves in the province of _Sukawáti_, refusing to come into any terms. They invited _Mangkabúmi_ to come over to them, and promised their assistance in raising him to the throne. _Mangkubúmi_ accepted their invitation; but finding himself deceived by them, he, by his own exertions and those of the son of _Mérta Púra_, obtained possession of that province, and established himself under the title of _Pangéran Adipáti_ of _Sukawáti_. He was, however, afterwards induced to listen to terms offered him by the _Susúnan_, who again received him into favour, and conferred upon him the independent government of _Sukawáti_. But these terms were not granted by the emperor without exciting the jealousy and apprehensions of the minister _Prínga Láya_, who easily availed himself of an early opportunity, when the Governor-General, Van Imhoff, was on a visit to _Súra Kértá_, to represent the danger arising from any subject possessing so independent and extensive authority, as that recently granted by the _Susúnan_ to _Mangkubúmi_.

It was accordingly determined to deprive _Mangkubúmi_ of this tract of country, and the resolution was personally communicated to him in the hall of audience. The chief feigned obedience; but in the course of the night, secretly quitted the capital, and assembling his party proceeded to _Sukawáti_, where he again reared the standard of rebellion. From the flight of this prince is dated what is usually termed the war of Java, which took place in the Javan year 1671.

The Dutch now took an active part in the war, but found that they had enemies to contend with who possessed considerable ability and enterprize, and who in the past disturbances of the country had gained much experience. _Páku Nagára_ was, in the first instance, defeated, and fled for protection to _Mangkubúmi_, who received him kindly, gave him his daughter, _Rátu Bandára_, in marriage, and appointed him his _Pateh_, or minister. The united forces of these two chiefs resisted the attacks of the Dutch for about twelve months, when _Mangkubúmi_ assumed the title of _Susúnan Matárem_; but a dispute arising between him and _Páku Nagára_, who demanded his own nomination as presumptive successor, _Mangkubúmi_ took back his daughter, and the chiefs parted in enmity.

While _Mangkubúmi_ lay with his forces at _Bunáran_, a village on the south coast, and distant about ten miles from the present _Yúgya Kérta_, intelligence was received of the death of the _Susúnan_; and such was the extensive power of _Mangkubúmi_ at the time, that the body of the deceased could not be removed to the consecrated burial place at _Megíri_ in the southern hills, on account of his forces, and was in consequence interred near the tomb of _Jáka Tíngker_, sultan of _Pájang_, at _Lawian_, near _Súra Kérta_, whence this prince received the appellation of _Susúnan Séda Lawigan_.

_Mangkubúmi_ had evinced a desire to come to terms, and gave assurances to the governor of his attachment to the Dutch, but demanded that his son should be proclaimed _Pangéran Adipáti Matárem_ (heir apparent); a condition to which the Dutch would not listen.

The reduced state of the _Susúnan's_ authority before his death, and the distracted condition of affairs, afforded an opportunity too favourable to be overlooked by the Dutch, of at once attaining the grand object of all their political interference, the sovereignty of the country. A weak prince on his death-bed was, under existing circumstances, easily brought to any terms, in the hope of continuing even the nominal succession in his family. He was compelled, by a formal official deed, "to abdicate for himself and his heirs, the sovereignty of the country, conferring the same on the Dutch East India Company, and leaving it to them to dispose of it, in future, to any person they might think competent to govern it for the benefit of the Company and of Java." After recommending his children, and especially the heir apparent, to the protection of the governor, the unfortunate monarch expired. This singular and important deed was dated on the 11th December, 1749.[278]

From this deed is derived the right by which the Dutch East India Company subsequently granted in _fee_ to the native princes, the administration of those provinces which still continued under native government.

On the death of this unfortunate prince, _Mangkubúmi_ caused himself to be formally proclaimed _Susúnan Pakubúana Senapáti Matárem_, in the presence of a more numerous assemblage of the princes and chiefs than attended the investiture of the new _Susúnan_ raised by the Dutch. He sent ambassadors to the Dutch governor with many assurances of attachment and fidelity, requesting to be acknowledged as sovereign, and soliciting that the body of the deceased might be delivered to him, for the purpose of solemn interment.

The son of the deceased _Susúnan_, however, was preferred, and at the age of nine years was raised to the throne, under the title of _Pakubúana_ the third.

The enmity of the rebellious chiefs to each other soon vented itself in open hostility, and a pitched battle ensued, in which _Mangkubúmi_ was defeated and driven to the westward. Soon, however, recruiting his forces, he returned, and had two successful engagements with the Dutch, one at _Jánar_, a village in _Báglen_, the other at _Tídar_, a hill in _Kedú_. In the battle of _Jánár_ the Javan forces allowed the brunt of the action to fall upon the Dutch, who were completely routed: of those who had escaped the sword many were drowned in an adjoining marsh, and the rest were murdered in great numbers by the country people. The affair of _Tídar_ was of less importance. The forces of _Mangkubúmi_ were sometimes reduced to a few hundred, and at other times amounted to as many thousands, the chiefs and people deserting him in his distress, and flocking to him in his prosperity. After three victories obtained over the Dutch, he marched towards the northern coast, fell upon _Pakalóng'an_, and plundered the place.

_Mangkubúmi_ now carried all before him, and was once at the gates of _Sólo_, which capital the Javans represent to have been saved from plunder by the superstitious veneration for the gun _niái stómi_, which the rebels no sooner descried on the _alun-alun_ than they sounded a retreat. The Dutch, in the hope of allaying his displeasure, had given the _Susúnan_ the choice of his officers of state, and prohibited the resident from taking his seat on the throne with him (an indelicate assumption which had previously given the greatest disgust to the Javans); but after nine years of harassing warfare it was still found impracticable to reduce the rebellious chiefs, or to restore the country to order. The Dutch, therefore, availing himself of the abdication in their favour executed by the deceased _Susúnan_, listened to the proposals of _Mangkubúmi_, who offered peace, on condition that one half of Java should be ceded to him. A meeting took place at _Gingánti_, a village not far distant from _Súra-kérta_, at which were present the _Susúnan_, _Mangkubúmi_, and the governor of the north-east coast of Java, when a treaty was signed.

One of the conditions of this treaty was, that _Mangkubúmi_ should use his utmost exertions to subdue _Páku Nagára_. In conformity with this condition he immediately proceeded against him; but _Páku Nagára_ making his appearance with his whole force, obliged him to retreat and conceal himself in a cavern, while his troops, flying in every direction, allowed his camp to be burned. _Mangkubúmi_, however, soon collected his forces again. The Dutch offered a reward for the head of _Páku Nagára_, who was obliged to proceed to the eastward, being pursued and his whole force finally overthrown. He still refused to submit, and the celebrity of his name and exploits was sufficient to recruit his ranks.

In the year A.D. 1755, _Mangkubúmi_ was solemnly proclaimed by the Dutch Governor, under the title of _Súltan Amangkubuána Sénapáti Ingalága Abdul Ráchman Sahédin Panatagáma Kulifatólah_.

The united forces of the _Susúnan_ and _Sultan_ now resumed the attack upon _Páku Nagára_; several of his chiefs were forced to submit, and he himself, after having prolonged the war for upwards of two years, seeing no _favourable_ chance or hope of ultimate success, at last sent his brother to the _Susúnan_, requesting that certain districts and the southern mountains might be granted to him for his support, promising on that condition to lead a quiet and peaceable life for the future. In reply to this he was informed, that the partition of the lands had already taken place; that part of these lands might, however, be granted, but that it was first necessary he should make his appearance at court. To this he assented; and it being stipulated that the _Susúnan_ should pay him the compliment of receiving him at the distance of half an hour's walk from _Sura-kérta_, he came in, and throwing himself at the feet of the _Susúnan_ was kindly raised again, desired to sit on the bench, and assured that he had nothing to apprehend.

Peace was then concluded, on the conditions that _Páku Nagára_, commonly called _Mas Sáyed_, should assume the rank and title of _Pangéran Adipáti Mangku Nágara_, with an assignment of land to the extent of four thousand _cháchas_, in the districts of _Kadwang_, _Malésa_, and the southern mountains.

Thus ended, in the year 1758, a war which had lasted twelve years, in which the finest provinces of the island were laid waste, thousands slain on both sides, and the independence of the empire finally annihilated. The expenses incurred by the Dutch on account of the war, from the year 1746 until the peace, amounted to 4,286,006. 12. 8. florins; but, in the result, they acquired, if not the acknowledged sovereignty of the whole island, at least an effectual control over its future administration.

The _Susúnan_, on his death, was succeeded, in the Javan year 1714, by his son, the present _Susúnan_, under the title of _Susúnan Pakubuána_ the fourth.

The sultan established his capital a few miles distant from the ancient capital of _Matárem_, at _Yúgya-kérta_ (_Djocjo Carta_) the present residence of his successors. He died, after a long reign, in the Javan year 1718, and was succeeded by his eldest surviving son, under the title of _Amangkubuána_ the second. This prince was deposed by the British government in the year 1812, and succeeded by his son, _Amangkubuána_ the third, who dying, was again succeeded, in 1815, by his son, a child of nine years of age, the present sultan, _Amangkubuána_ the fourth.

_Pangéran Prang Widóno_, still residing at _Súra Kérta_, is the grandson of _Pangéran Adipáti Mángku Nagára_, and continues to enjoy the independent administration of the lands assigned to him at the settlement in 1758.

By the final settlement of the country in 1758 the Dutch reserved to themselves the direct administration of all the provinces lying on the northern sea-coast, from _Chéribon_ to the eastern extremity of the island of _Madúra_; but the inland and southern provinces stretching from the islands of _Chéribon_ to _Málang_, were restored to the native princes, between whom the lands were divided in nearly equal portions by _cháchas_, according to the population and the peculiar usage of the country, four thousand _cháchas_ from the share of the _Susúnan_ being set apart for _Mangku Nagára_.

The terms on which the successors of these princes were permitted to exercise the sovereignty, suffered no material alteration until the year 1808, when Marshal Daendels officially declared that the clauses of the existing treaties, by which those princes held their territory in fee from the Dutch, were void, and that in future he should consider them as independent princes, having no other relation to the European government than such as must of necessity exist between a weaker and stronger state in the immediate neighbourhood of each other. At this time the court of _Yúgya Kérta_, sensible of owing its establishment chiefly to the military success of its founder, and the weakness of the Dutch and the _Susúnan_, and that it never fully submitted to the terms of the treaty of 1755 (which it is even stated were imposed upon the sovereign by a false translation in the Javan language) evinced a desire of independence and an appearance of internal strength, which called for the immediate interference of the European authority. Marshal Daendels, therefore, marched to _Yúgya Kérta_ with a considerable force, and a negociation being opened, a treaty was entered into, by which the reigning sultan consented to resign the administration of the country into the hands of his son, who was appointed to exercise the same under the title of regent, and to cede certain provinces.

But the stipulations of this treaty, thus entered into, had not been carried into effect, when in the month of August, 1811, the British forces arrived in Java. The sultan, it is true, had ostensibly resigned the administration to his son, but he still took his usual place on the throne, and not one of the districts ceded by treaty to the Dutch had then been actually transferred.

FOOTNOTES:

[272] A Dutch officer is accused of having purloined it.

[273] From the circumstance of this installation having taken place at _Semárang_, two _wóringen_ trees are allowed to distinguish the _alun alun_ of the regent.

[274] Contract with M. de Wilde.

[275] The native writers relate a strange proceeding of the Dutch commandant in this war.

"As soon as the Dutch commander arrived at _Pasúruan_ he assembled the people, and offered a reward of one thousand dollars to any one who would bring him the body of the deceased chief _Sarapáti_. The body was accordingly brought in a perfect state of preservation, on which the commandant ordered it to be placed upright in a chair, as if still living. He then approached it, took it by the hand, and made his obeisance to it as to a living person: all the officers and men followed the example. After this they burnt the body, and having mixed the ashes with gunpowder, fired a salute with it in honour of the victory."

[276] A village in the vicinity of Batavia.

[277] Meaning, "ability was now inclined to move or shake mankind."

[278] During the reign of this prince, on the 9th of September 1738, a contract was entered into between the Dutch and the sultan of Bantam, of which the following were the chief articles.

1st. The Dutch having deemed it necessary to send a detachment to _Lampung Túlang Báwang_, in order to save that province from total ruin, the sultan promised to cause a fort, or _páger_, to be erected at his expense, on the spot which should be deemed most eligible for that purpose, either on the _Palembang_ river, or any where else.

2d. That the sultan should keep this fort in constant repair at his own expense.

3d. That the sultan should repay to the Dutch the expense of maintaining a small establishment, consisting of a resident, a commandant, one sergeant, two corporals, twenty-four privates, one drummer, and three artillery men.

4th. That the ground on which the fort was to be built, should be ceded to the Dutch, with an extent of one hundred roods in every direction. This ground to revert back to the sultan, in the event of the Dutch establishment breaking up, in the same manner as had taken place in regard to _Lampung Samángka_.

6th. With a view to hold out due encouragement to the industry of the _Lampung_ people, it was agreed that, previously to exporting their pepper to _Bantam_, they should state the quantity to the Company's resident, who should furnish them with a certificate, enabling them to obtain early payment, pursuant to the existing contracts.

7th. The Company's servants at _Bantam_ and _Lampung Túlang Báwang_, were authorized to confiscate any quantity of pepper which was exported from the latter place, unprovided with a certificate from the resident.

LINE OF THE MAHOMEDAN SOVEREIGNS OF JAVA,

_Who have ruled subsequently to the Destruction of the Hindu Government of Majapáhit down to the Javan Year 1742, corresponding with the Christian Year 1815._

SEAT OF GOVERNMENT.

Began to Reign.
A.J. A.D. _At Demák, from A.J. 1400 to 1503._

1403 1477 Ráden Pátah Adipáti Jimbun.

1455 1519 Pangérang Sábrang Lor.

1457 1533 Súltan Bintára, or Trang'gána, often called
Sultan Demák.

_At Pájang, from 1503 to 1540._

1503 1577 Jáka Tíngkir, Sultan Pajang.

1532 1606 Adipáti Demák.

_At Matárem, from 1540 to 1600._

1540 1614 Panambáhan Senapáti.

1550 1624 Súltan Séda Krápiah.

1562 1636 Ráden Ránsang, also called Súltan Agung, or
Súltan Kérta.

1585 1659 Mangkúrat, commonly called Séda Tegál-árum.

_At Kérta Súra, from 1603 to 1675._

1603 1677 Susúnan Mangkúrat the second.

1627 1701 Susúnan Mangkúrat Mas.

1630 1704 Pangéran Púgar, usually called Susúnan Pakubúana
the first.

1643 1717 Susúnan Prabu Amangkúrat.

1672 1746 Susúnan Séda Langkúnan, also called Susúnan
Pakubúana the second.

Susúnan Pakubúana the second removed the
seat of government to Sura Kerta in 1675.

_At Sura Kérta, in 1675._

Susúnan Pakubúana second (continued.)

1675 1742 Susúnan Pakubúana third, in whose reign the
empire was divided into the two kingdoms of
_Súra Kérta_ and _Yúgya Kérta_.

_At Súra Kérta._ | _At Yúgya Kérta._
|
| A.J. A.D.
|
Susúnan Pakúbuan | 1612 1756 Sultan Amangkubúana
third (continued.) | first.
|
A.J. A.D. | ---- ---- Sultan Amangkubúana
| second.
1714 1788 Susúnan Pakubúana |
the fourth and | ---- ---- Sultan Amangkubúana
present Susúnan. | third.
|
| 1741 1815 Sultan Amangkubúana
| fourth, and present
| sultan.

Sovereigns of Demák 4
of Pajang 2
of Matárem 4
of Kérta Súra 4
of Súra Kérta 4

The present Susúnan is consequently the eighteenth in succession from the first Mahomedan sovereign, and not perhaps less than the fortieth from the first Hindu prince. The average reign during the Mahomedan government is nineteen years. Taking the same average for the period of the Hindu government, its origin would be four hundred and eighteen years anterior to the destruction of _Majapáhit_, A. J. 1400, and may be referred to the close of the tenth century of the Javan era, or the middle of the eleventh century of the Christian era.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF EVENTS,

_Which have occurred in Java (from the Traditions and Records of the Javans.)_

1 Arrival of _Aji Sáka_ in Java.

10 The date of (or probable _Núsa Bárong_.
establishment at)

-- _Núsa Tambíni_.

-- _Bawéan_.

33 The mountain _Múria_.

39 The great mountain of _Tegat_.

50 The mountain _Brómo_.

-- The mountain _Semíru_.

70 The mountain _Súmbing_.

-- The mountain _Hála Húla_.

94 The mountain _Láwu_.

118 The mountain _Bénkok_.

131 On the southern mountains.

152 The mountain _Wílis_.

175 The mountain _Pendam_.

193 The mountain _Prawáta_.

--- The mountain _Arjúna_.

195 The mountain _Ingel_.

211 Building of _Chándi Máling_.

297 The introduction of maize or Indian corn into Java.

308 The date of (or probable establishment at) The mountain
_Merápi_.

343 The date of (or probable establishment at) The mountain
_Anyer_.

551 Building of _Singa-sári_.

752 Death of _Niái Súka Wáti_.

808 Burning of the temples at _Gúnung Wédi_.

924 Construction of buildings in the western mountains.

It is related, that in former times the islands of Sumatra,
Java, _Báli_ and _Sumbáwa_, were united, and afterwards
separated into nine different parts; and it is also said,
that when three thousand rainy seasons have passed
away, they will be reunited.

1018 or 1188 Building of the _Chándi Séwú_, or thousand
temples, at _Brambánan_.

1055 Date of _Telága Páser_ in _Banyumas_.

1067 _Randu Kuning_ in ditto.

1114 Separation of the lands of _Palémbang_ and Java.

1124 In the island of _Báli_.

1164 Appearance of _Pulo Mengaré_ (near _Surabáya_) above
the sea.

1204 Separation of the lands of _Báli_ and _Balambángan_ in
Java.

1217 Date of (or probable establishment at) _Pagunúngun_.

1218 Building of the temples at _Káli Bening_ near _Brambánan_.

1260 Separation of the lands of _Giling Trawángan_ and _Báli_.

1273 The fall of stones from a mountain.

1280 Separation of the island of _Séla Párang_ (also called
_Lumbok_ or _Sasak_) from _Sumbáwa_.

1300 Establishment of the court of _Pajajúran_.

---- Erection of a stone temple at _Salatíga_.

1308 Construction of the tank at _Peng'ging_ near _Ambaráwa_.

1352 Date of _Telága Mengémbel_.

1360 Building of the temples at _Bóro Bódo_ in _Kedú_.

1400 Destruction of _Majapáhit_.

1403 Establishment of the court at _Demák_.

1419 Establishment of _Gegélang_.

1421 Establishment of _Surabáya_.

1423 The fall of _Bányu píndah_.

1427 The burning of _Pálok_ by women.

1432 Era of _Kaníten_.

1433 Era of the Prince of _Páti_.

1439 Destruction of _Pánjer_ by fire.

1440 Death of _Kayubrálit_.

1441 _Kajóran_ surrounded.

1443 Death of the three princes.

1448 Conquest of _Kedírí_ by _Susúnan Ingalága_.

1449 ---- of _Túban_.

1450 ---- of _Wirosári_.

1451 ---- of _Gegeláng_.

1452 ---- of _Mendáng kúngan_.

1454 The site of _Surabáya_ changed.

1455 Conquest of _Pasúruan_.

1462 ---- of _Panarúkan_.

1464 Defeat of the sons of the chiefs of _Lamúng'an_, _Blítar_,
and _Wirasába_.

1465 Conquest of _Panangúngan_.

1466 ---- of _Pamenáng_.

1467 ---- of _Sing'ga_.

1468 ---- of _Balambáng'an_ and _Banyuwángi_.

1469 Conquest and burning of _Sing'ara_, a dependency of
_Balambáng'an_.

1470 Conquest of _Jápan_.

1471 Arrival of the prince of _Gíri_, in the district of _Kedíri_.

1494 Foundation of the gardens of _Pungkúran_ at the foot of
the mountains.

1473 Destruction by fire of _Dahá_, and the disappearance of
the prince called _Prawáta_, at that place.

1474 The elevation of another prince.

1475 War of _Surowári_.

---- _Kiai Wírasóma_ proceeds to _Jípang_.

1476 The falling down of _Banyu píndah_.

1478 Conquest of the district of _Blóra_.

---- ---- of _Baléga_ in _Madúra_.

1499 Disappearance of the _Adipáti_ of _Kedíri_ and his princess,
after embracing the Mahomedan religion.

1500 Conquest of _Katujan_, _Wírasába_, and _Pranarága_.

1502 Swords and javelins first made use of.

1503 The establishment of the court at _Pájang_.

1506 Occurrence of a great earthquake.

1509 First destruction of _Pájang_.

1510 Destruction of _Demák_, when the chiefs and people betook
themselves to their vessels, and put to sea.

1512 _Dahá_ conquered by _Senapáti_.

1513 The people of _Jipáng_ carried into captivity after the
battle of _Kalidádung_; actions in _Pasúruan_ and
_Pranarága_.

1515 Construction of _Kótah Batu Púteh_ (or White-walled
Castle) at _Matárem_.

1517 Battles of _Jatasári_, &c. fought by _Senapáti_.

1521 Death of _Panambáhan Senapáti_, at _Jenar_ (_Matárem_).

---- The palace at _Kérta_ being burnt, the seat of government
is removed to _Púra_.

---- The _Panambáhan_ of _Chéribon_ comes to _Matárem_.

1522 The _Adipáti_ of _Pugar_, son of the _Senapáti_, removed to
_Demák_, where he ascended the throne. After remaining
there a year, there happened an eclipse of
the sun.

1525 Sultan _Krápeak_ surrounds and attacks _Demák_.

---- While the war was carrying on at _Grésik_, Sultan _Krápeak_
died at _Matárem_.

1526 Battle of _Kaliránan_.

1532 Death of _Adipáti Mérta Láya_.

1536 The people of _Matárem_ attack _Málang_, under Sultan
_Kérta_.

1540 The election of _Panambáhan Senapáti_ at _Matárem_ as
Sultan.

1541 The age of _Sínga Pádu_.

1545 The Madurese war.

1547 A great sickness at _Matárem_, and the erection of the
throne of _Matárem_.

1552 The war of _Páti_, and the erection of the _Matárem_
tower.

1553 The first Batavian war.

1555 The measuring of time, and the second Batavian war.

1560 The people of the eastern districts assembled at _Matárem_
to perform required services.

1561 Conquest of _Balambángan_, and submission of _Ráden
Kámbar_.

1562 The Sultan removes to _Tumbáyat_, and a great granary
of corn is destroyed by fire at _Gáding_.

1564 The _Chéribon_ war, and the first appearance of the
_Prin'gí_ people (Europeans) at the court of _Matarem_.

1565 The anger of the prince towards the minister of _Palémbang_,
and the appearance of the _Bánjar_ (Masin)
people at the court of _Matárem_.

1566 The second great sickness appears at _Matárem_, and
the construction of the large gun, called _Kiaí Gúntur
Agni_. An artificial lake made at _Pléret_.

1568 Death of Sultan _Kérta_, and succession of his son.

1569 The march of the _Matárem_ people to _Báli_ and _Balambángan_,
and the submission of those people.

1571 The construction of the mosque, and the marriage of
the Sultan with the princess _Kránon_. The _Kálang_
move to the east of the _Sólo_ river.

1572 The establishment of the court at _Pléret_, and the _Susúnan's_
desire for maidens. The chiefs of all ranks,
the soldiers, the natives of the coast, and the inhabitants
of the country, were each ordered to marry
two wives.

1573 The appearance of the _Chéribon_ minister with a
present of an elephant; also that of the minister of
_Jámbi_ (on Sumatra), bringing accounts of the death of
the Sultan. The first embassy from the Hollanders
arrived at _Matárem_, bringing a present of four pieces
of artillery.

1574 The second embassy from the Hollanders, with various
presents.

1575 Great inundation at _Matárem_, and the appearance of a
comet.

1576 The subjection of the _Sukadána_ people (on Borneo).

1577 The subjection of the _Siam_ people, and a present from
the Company (the Dutch) of a horse of large size.

1579 The marriage of the _Pangéran Adipáti_ with the
daughter of _Mángun Jáya_.

1580 The _Rámpok_ of an elephant.

1581 Death of _Pangéran Purbáya_.

1582 The introduction of copper _píchis_ (a small coin).

1584 Death of _Ráden Tápa Sána_.

1585 Death of the _Chéribon_ prince in _Matárem_, and the
murder of _Mérta Náta_.

1586 The appearance of a comet.

1587 The banishment of the _Pangéran Adipáti_ to _Lipúra_,
to convert himself and do penance.

1588 Death of the _Rátu_.

1592 Order of the _Susúnan_ to _Aria Purbáya_ to kill _Wíra
Mang'gala_.

---- Explosion of the powder magazine, by which the
sentries were killed in a shocking manner.

---- The period when Europeans came to _Matárem_ with a
present of two horses.

1594 The _Susúnan's_ desire for maidens.

---- An uncommon eruption from a volcano, throwing out a
great quantity of fire with sand and stones.

1595 The arrival of the _Búgis_ people at _Demóng_ and the
march of the _Matárem_ forces joined with those of
_Manchanagara_ and the sea-coast.

1596 The return of them, with the separation of _Madura_,
_Sumenap_, and _Grésik_ from the _Matárem_ obedience.
They join the rebel _Truna Jaya_.

1600 They join together and attack _Matárem_ and destroy it,
the _Susúnan_ leaving the court with the _Rátu_ and
family, after having burnt the same; death of the
_Susúnan_ at _Tegál Wángi_, and election of his son
_Mangkúrat_.

1601 _Mangkúrat_ marches over _Japára_ to _Kediri_, to exterminate
the rebel _Truna Jáya_, with the assistance of
the Company.

1602 _Kedíri_ taken and _Trúna Jáya_ surrenders.

1603 _Trúna Jáya_ killed. The _Susúnan_ goes to _Pájang_ and
establishes his court at _Kerta Sura_. _Pangéran
Pugar_ rebels against him, but is defeated and flies to
_Baglen_.

1604 Insurrection of the rebel _Raju Námrúd_ at _Salingo_, and
the destruction of the _kráton_ by fire. The subjection
of _Pangéran Púgar_ to the _Susúnan_.

1605 The arrival of ambassadors from _Johór_ and _Palémbang_
at _Kérta Súra_ with a present of an elephant.

1606 Marriage of the _Susúnan_ with a princess of _Gíri_.

1607 Age of _Wána Kasúma_.

1608 Circumcision of the _Pangéran Adipáti_, and preparations
made for a great chase at _Kérta Súra_.

1609 Death of Captain Tak and other Europeans, and the
rebellion of the eastern people, who join _Surapátí_.
Several personal combats on the _Paseban_ to divert
the _Susúnan_.

1612 The deplorable state of the court of _Kérta Súra_.

1613 Fire in the mosque at _Kérta Súra_.

1614 Excursion of the _Susúnan_ to _Manchíngan_.

1610 March of the _Balambángan_ people coming from the
south across _Kedíri_, where they assassinate men and
women.

1620 The _Balambángan_ people march to _Pasúruan_, but are
attacked at _Pachatan_ and repulsed, with a loss of one
thousand men.

---- The court at _Kérta Súra_ surrounded with a wall of
stone.

1621 The conquest of _Pranarága_.

1622 Death of _Ráden Súkra_ and the illness of the _Susúnan_.

1623 _Kamagetan_ attacked by the people of _Báli_.

1624 Personal combat between the Javans _Téka_ and _Janála_,
who were both killed.

1625 March of the _Susúnan_ to _Matárem_, and embassy sent
by the _Susúnan_ to _Mecca_, in order to obtain the rank
of _Haji_.

1626 Death of _Susúnan Mangkúrat_.

1628 His son succeeds, and _Ráden Súria Kasúma_ usurps
the rank and title. The latter is defeated by the people
of _Kérta Súra_ and taken prisoner. _Pangéran Púgar_
is arrested, and afterwards released. Being offended
he proceeds to _Semárang_.

1630 The people of the western sea-coast conquer _Kérta Súra_
and expel the _Susúnan_ from his _dálam_, who goes to
the east, where he joins _Surapáti_ with a thousand
followers.

1630 Arrival of the Europeans at _Kérta Súra_, who upon
finding it deserted, appointed _Pangéran Púgar_ as
_Susúnan_.

1631 The court of the exiled _Susúnan_ held at _Kedíri_.

1633 _Pangéran Purbáya_ marches against the exiled _Susúnan_
and conquers him. _Surapáti_ is killed. He marches
with the Admiral towards _Pasúruan_, where he is
again victorious. The exiled _Susúnan_ delivers himself
up to the Admiral, who sends him to _Surabáya_,
from whence he is sent with his _Rátu_ and minister,
_Jaeng Rána_, to Batavia.

1634 Appointment of _Jáya Puspíta_ as _Adipáti_ of _Surabáya_.

1635 Appointment of _Tumúng'gung Chákra Jáya_ as minister,
who is sent to Batavia in the following year.

1637 Journey of the _Susúnan_ to _Matárem_.

1641 Journey of the _Susúnan_ to _Gáding_.

1642 First expedition of the Commodore to _Surabáya_. Conquest
of _Surabáya_, in which the Admiral, Van der
Lee, is killed. Appointment of Brinkman as Admiral.

1643 Death of the _Susúnan Pakubuána_ the first, and the
succession of his eldest son.

1644 Rebellion of _Pangéran Blítar_ in _Matárem_, and the expedition
of Admiral Brinkman against him, wherein
the Admiral gained a complete victory.

1645 Flight of _Pangéran Blítar_ to _Kamagétan_. His death,
and the transport of his body to _Kérta Súra_.

1648 Arrest of _Pangéran Purbáya Aría_, _Dípa Nagára_, and
_Surapáti_, who were all sent to Batavia, from whence
_Pangéran Aría_ was afterwards recalled.

1651 Embassy of _Tumúny'gung Níti Nágara_ to Batavia,
and the death of _Pangéran Purbáya_.

1652 Journey of the _Kiái Adipáti_ to _Semárang_, to pay the
debt of the _Susúnan_ to the Company.

1653 Arrest of _Pangéran Aria Mángku Nagára_, and his
being delivered up to the Company.

1655 Death of _Pangéran Mángkubúmi_, and the arrival of
the Commodore at _Kérta Súra_.

1656 The _Kiái Adipáti_ dispatched to _Semárang_.

1657 An eruption from a volcanic mountain which emitted
flame for three days.

1658 The _Kiái Adipáti_ sent to _Semárang_, where he is
arrested in the Dutch fort. Arrival of the Commodore
at _Kérta Súra_.

1659 _Raden Adipáti Nata Kasúma_ sent to Batavia.

1662 The _Raden Adipáti_ sent to Batavia, and arrival of the
Commodore at _Kérta Súra_.

1664 Journey of the _Susúnan_ to _Matárem_.

1667 Conquest of _Kérta Súra_.

1668 Conquest of _Prándu Láwang_.

1670 Removal of the court of _Súra Kérta_ to _Sólo_, which
place is since called _Súra Kérta Diníngrat_.

1671 Arrival of General Imhoff at _Súra Kérta_.

1675 Death of _Súsunan Pakubúana_ the second, and the time
when _Pangéran Aria Mangkubmi_ proclaimed himself
_Susúnan_.

1676 Battle of _Mangkubumi_ at _Jenar_. Conquest of _Pakálongan_
by him.

1682 Interview between the _Susúnan_ and _Pangéran Mangkubumi_.
Peace established. The lands divided, and
the _Pangéran_ made Sultan of _Yúgya Kérta Adiníngrat_.

1685 Rebellion of _Pangéran Aria Mánku Nagára_ at _Súra
Kérta_. The _Susúnan_ occupies his new palace.

1686 Arrival of _Pangéran Juru_ at _Súra Kérta_, and flight of
_Pangéran Anom_.

1688 Dissolution of the marriage of the _Susúnan_ with the
_Rátu_ of _Madúra_, and the death of _Rátu Madúra
Rétna_ and _Ráden Radméja_. The journey of the
_Rátu_ of _Madúra_ to _Madúra_. _Ráden Kúlon_ made
_Rátu_.

1690 The _Susúnan_ assists in the erection of the triumphal
pillars of the mosque.

1692 The _dálam_ is surrounded by a stone wall.

ACCOUNT OF THE SEVERAL PRINCIPAL DIVISIONS OF JAVA AND MADURA.

In several parts of this work, and in particular when treating of agriculture and revenue, reference has been made to the changes introduced by the British government in the internal management of the country, and to the information of a statistical nature which was collected with regard to its resources.

It may not be uninteresting to the reader to possess, in a compressed form, the result of the surveys and inquiries which were then set on foot, as far as the same were completed at the close of the British administration on Java. The Appendix L. contains a copy of the proclamation and of the general instructions issued by the government; the latter will sufficiently explain the principle on which the tables for the eastern districts were compiled.

BANTAM.

Bantam, once rich in its pepper plantations and the emporium of the Archipelago, had, in consequence of the restrictions of the Dutch company and the vicinity of Batavia, lost all its trade and importance, long before the arrival of the British.

The succession of the throne of Bantam was generally disposed of by the influence of the Dutch government: but the administration of the country and the collection of the port duties were till very lately entirely entrusted to him. This European influence, though strongly resisted in the first instance, had been long acquiesced in, till an attempt of the Dutch government, in the year 1808, to draw additional benefit from this province, gave occasion to an insurrection. The successive measures of introducing the cultivation of coffee into that part of the island, of opening the communication by means of new roads, and of constructing a new harbour, first at _Mew_ Bay, and afterwards at _Merak_ Bay, imposed new and unusual burthens on the people; and so many deserted from the public works that an order was issued to the Resident, requiring him to inform the sultan that his first minister should be held responsible for the due execution of the public task assigned to the sultan's subjects. The desertion still continuing, an order still more peremptory was issued to the Resident, requiring him to call upon the sultan to deliver up his first minister immediately. In carrying these orders into execution, the Resident having imprudently risked his person, was murdered. This fatal accident was the occasion of sending a considerable military force to Bantam, by which an immediate and thorough change in the native government was effected. The reigning sultan was removed from the throne and banished to Amboina, and a relative was raised to the sovereign power.

This prince was placed under regulations dictated by the Dutch; for so fallen had the sovereigns of this once flourishing and powerful kingdom now become, that the form and solemnity of a treaty was not deemed necessary. The sultan ceded part of his territories to the westward, adjacent to the environs of Batavia, the bad administration of which had frequently given occasion to disturbances in the Batavian districts. The new sultan was allowed to administer the rest of his dominions under the superior rule of the Dutch government.

The public works to be carried on in Bantam, and the unusual burthens they imposed on the people, continued however to excite, from time to time, disturbances and insurrections. On one occasion a detachment, consisting of a lieutenant and eighteen dragoons, were surprised and murdered by the inhabitants. Several native _Pangérans_ and chiefs fell victims to the same spirit of discontent and revenge, and another change in the person of the sultan was thought advisable; the new sultan was in consequence allured on board a vessel, and conveyed to Batavia, and in his place another chief was installed sultan of the high lands of Bantam, the Dutch reserving to themselves the direct administration of the low lands.

The country, however, remaining still in a disturbed state, the _Pangéran Akmet_ united under his banner the discontented people of all descriptions, in a more regular opposition to the European authority. From this time an extraordinary military force was constantly kept in Bantam: all attempts, however, to arrest the person of _Akmet_ failed. His influence increased so much that proposals were made to him of a cession of part of the country: these, however, not being listened to, it was determined to abandon the interior to his depredations, until the inhabitants themselves, wearied of his arbitrary proceedings, might seek refuge with the European government.

The Dutch force being withdrawn from Bantam, _Akmet_ availed himself of the presence of the British cruizers, during the blockade in 1811, to strengthen his influence by an intercourse with them, which he easily effected by furnishing them with supplies plundered by him from the inhabitants. By the cruizers he was considered as an unfortunate prince, maintaining his independence against the Dutch; and when the British troops landed, the sultan was his prisoner, and all Bantam under his controul.

At the conquest of Java by the British forces the extensive tracts of this fertile province were thus in the hands of a lawless rebel, the inhabitants were in a state of revolt, and universal anarchy and distrust had prevailed for several years. All idea of raising a revenue on account of government had been abandoned; and the general settlement of the country under European controul, was the most that could be hoped for.