Chapter XI (2)

He immediately sent two armies against them, under the command of _Tumúnggung Wíra Kusúma_, and a battle ensued, in which the Javan chief, with about ten thousand of his followers, were either slain or drowned in the river _Chilúang_. _Tumúnggung Náta Jawána_ coming up afterwards, collected the fugitives, and joining them with his forces surrounded the town. He posted troops on all the roads towards the south and west, at the distance of cannon-shot from the town, at the same time cutting channels to lead off the streams by which the Dutch were supplied. After an unsuccessful attack made by the chiefs _Mandúra Réja_ and _Wíla Tíkta_, for which they were put to death by their commander, a sally was made on the part of the besieged with so much success, that _Tumúnggung Jawána_ determined to break up with his army, and no further attempt against the Dutch was made until the year 1629, A.D.

"In this year a second army from _Matárem_, composed of Javans and Madurese, appeared before Batavia. The siege lasted for a considerable time, and the assaults on the town and fort, as well as the sallies of the besieged, were very bloody. Anxious to know the fate of his army, the sultan dispatched his uncle, _Pangéran Purbáya_, to Batavia, to obtain information. This chief having destroyed the Dutch factory at _Japára_, embarked in a swift sailing _práhu_ of the size of the trunk of the largest teak tree, which when seen at a distance looked like a serpent on the sea. On reaching the bay of Batavia, _Purbáya_ perceived three ships at anchor. Two of them, after firing upon him, were sunk, and notwithstanding the fire from the third he brought his _práhu_ safe up to _Jákatra_, when he was fired upon from the fort. On this _Purbáya_ with three followers landed from the _práhu_, and passing like a shadow to the Dutch fort, which he touched with his hands, proceeded on to the Javan lines, where he informed them that he had come by order of the sultan, to give them a proof how near they might approach the Dutch fort. He then hastened back to _Matárem_ and reported the disastrous state of the war, on which the sultan withdrew his forces to _Kaliwúngu_."

The Dutch sent an ambassador with rich presents, and the war ended in the Javan year 1551.

During the latter part of this prince's reign the country appears to have enjoyed tranquillity, the only two occasions in which it was disturbed being the revolt of the chiefs of _Balambángan_ and _Súmedang_, which may be considered as the extreme points of the _Matárem_ dominion, _Jákatra_ and _Bántam_ having been effectually separated from them.

Sultan _Agung_ is represented, even by the Dutch, as a well informed and enlightened prince. He extended his dominion not only over all Java and _Madúra_, but carried his conquests to _Lándak_ and other states on Borneo. He died in the Javan year 1568, and was succeeded by his son, _Pangéran Aria Prábu_, or _Aria Matárem_, then twenty-six years of age.

This prince, on account of his mother being a princess of _Chéribon_, succeeded, to the prejudice of his elder brother: he held his court at _Pléret_, and is represented as the most severe and tyrannical of Javan sovereigns. During a visit made by the chief of _Chéribon_ to _Matárem_, he received the distinction of _Abdul Ráchman Sakiden_, in addition to the title of _Susúnan Amangkúrat Senapáti Ingalága_, which he had assumed on his accession. On this occasion it is stated, that he again conferred on the sultan of _Chéribon_ all the eastern districts of the island to the westward of _Túgu_, the supposed limit of the _Majapáhit_ empire, that is to say the districts of _Brébes_, _Tegál_, _Pamálang_, _Ulujámi_, _Wiradésa_, _Pakalóng'an_, _Bátang_, _Kendál_, and _Kaliwúngu_. The Dutch had already firmly established their capital at Batavia, and secured an influence in many of the former dependencies of Java, particularly at _Sukadána_ on Borneo and _Palembang_ on Sumatra.

During the troubled reign of this prince, the Dutch appear first to have entered into a written agreement with the acknowledged sovereigns of Java. A treaty was ratified at Batavia in the second year after his accession, on the 24th September 1646, the conditions of which were that the _Susuhúnan_ should be informed annually, by an ambassador, of the nature of the curiosities which had arrived from Europe; that all priests, or other persons, whom he might be desirous of sending to foreign countries, should be conveyed thither in the Company's ships; that all persons who should desert to either country, for the purpose of evading their debts, should be given up; that the Company and the _Susuhúnan_ should assist each other against their common enemies; that the vessels of the _Susuhúnan's_ subjects should be allowed to trade to all places under the Company's authority, except _Ambon_, _Banda_, and _Ternáté_, and that those bound to _Malácca_, or places situated to the northward of that settlement, should be obliged to touch at Batavia and to apply for passes.

A treaty was also entered into on the 10th July 1659, between the Dutch and the sultan of Bantam, through the mediation of the ambassadors of the _Pangéran_ of _Jámbi_, in which it was stipulated, that all prisoners of war and deserters should be mutually restored, with the exception, on the part of the sultan, of those who had embraced the Mahomedan faith more than three months previous to that date, those who had submitted to circumcision since that date to be sent back, or if slaves and unwilling to return, the sultan to pay the value of them to their masters: that the Dutch should, as heretofore, have a permanent residence at Bantam, for which purpose the same building was to be given which they had occupied before the war, free of rent, and this building to be secured, at the sultan's expense, against any hostile attempts: that the river of _Untung Jáwa_ should form the boundary of the Bantam territory.

Certain provisions were made also to prevent illicit trading.

Shortly after his accession, the chief of _Balambángan_, aided by forces from _Báli_, again revolted, and an army was sent against him. The troops, however, were no sooner set in motion, than a plot was concerted against the prince's life, with the knowledge of his younger brother, _Alit_; but intelligence of it being communicated to the prince, _Aria Salíngsing_, who had been the instigator of the plot, was with his son beheaded, on the spot where a new _kráton_ was erecting. On the intercession of _Pangerán Purbáya_, the prince was disposed to be lenient to his brother, as well on account of his age as a strong affection which he bore towards him. Ascending the royal eminence, the prince ordered the heads of the parties to be brought, and summoning his brother _Alit_ into his presence, placed the heads before him, saying, "behold the reward of those who have attempted to overthrow my authority. Bring before me without delay all your followers." The _Pangéran_ immediately retired, and not knowing what was to be the result, immediately assembled all his adherents and attendants, and informed them of what had passed, when they unanimously agreed to _amók_ the _Susúnan's_ party, urging that, as soon as the _Matárem_ people saw them commence to _amók_, they would join them. The _Pangéran_, who was quite a youth, gave into the plan, and they forthwith proceeded to the _alun alun_, where they were not joined by a single man of the _Matárem_ people. They however commenced _amók_, and the people fled in every direction, until _Pangéran Chákra Níngrat_ of _Madúra_ approached _Alit_, kissed his feet, telling him it was the order of the prince, who was aware of this proceeding, that his person should be seized, but on no account wounded or hurt, and implored him to surrender; but _Alit_, disregarding his proposal, drew his _kris_ and stabbed the _Pangéran_, who died on the spot. The Madurese, who witnessed this scene, immediately fell upon _Alit_, who was soon dispatched. The _Susúnan_ was deeply affected at the loss of his brother, and in the violence of his agitation, on receiving the account of what had passed, wounded himself in the left arm; and from this period, the Javan historians state, "that he never forgave an offence however trifling. When he was unhappy, he always put to death those who were the cause of his unhappiness, and on the slightest occasions was subject to the most violent gusts of anger."

It is related that the prince evinced great sorrow for the loss of his brother, and that when the time of mourning had expired, he wreaked his vengeance on the supposed authors of this calamity, by a massacre unparalleled in the annals of the country. A rigorous investigation was instituted to ascertain the abettors and accomplices in this attack against the prince's life, and for this purpose a commission was appointed under the direction of his favourites. The chiefs of the four quarters of the capital were directed to inscribe the names of all the priests within their respective divisions, under pretext that the prince intended to confer certain marks of distinction upon those who resided at _Matárem_, but in fact to prevent their escape; for no sooner were the registers made than a cannon was fired from the palace, as a signal to commence the slaughter, and within less than half an hour all the priests, whether guilty or innocent, with their wives and children, amounting to upwards of six thousand souls, were inhumanly and indiscriminately butchered.

On the following morning when the _Susúnan_ appeared in public, he seemed much agitated, and remained without saluting his courtiers or uttering a word for the space of an hour. He then addressed himself to his uncle _Purbáya_, saying that the priests, who ought to have set an example to others, had conspired against his life; and to cover the atrocity of the massacre, he brought forward three or four priests, who had been purposely saved from the general slaughter, and from whom it was easy to obtain whatever evidence best suited his purpose.

In the war against _Balambángan_, although the _Matárem_ forces were successful in obtaining possession of the capital, the chief and his principal adherents fled to _Báli_. _Wíra Gúna_ was anxious to follow them; but a serious illness breaking out among the troops, he was obliged to withdraw them, and retreat with the few who had survived, in number not exceeding a thousand. On reaching _Kedíri_, intelligence was sent to _Matárem_ of the failure of the expedition, when the _Susúnan_ immediately ordered the chief, _Wíra Gúna_, with all his family, to be put to death, under the pretext of punishing his want of success, but in reality to satisfy a revenge, which he had long been anxious to gratify against this chief, on account of his having, during the lifetime of his father, preferred a complaint against him for carrying off one of his concubines.

It is said that the father of his first _rátu_ (queen) having a pet fowl, which had been produced from a jungle hen and a domestic cock, brought it as a curiosity into the _kráton_ and gave it to the _Susúnan_. The _Susúnan_ conceiving it to be an omen, that as soon as the _Pangéran Adipáti_ became of age he would quickly obtain the throne, assembled his _pengáwa_ and informed them of his apprehensions. The _Pangéran_ on hearing of it, immediately called all his family together, to the number of sixty persons, who, on the first day that the _Susúnan_ appeared in public, sat themselves down in tears under the _waríngen_ tree. The _Susúnan_ inquiring their object, they called God and the Prophet to witness, that they were innocent of the bare thought of any thing which should alarm the mind of the _Susúnan_, and intreated that, if he anticipated sorrow or misfortune from them, he would put them to death immediately, and avert the apprehended calamity. The _Susúnan_ desired them not to listen to people who told them such stories, and retired. Some time afterwards, the _Pangéran Adipáti_ fell desperately in love with a young woman, who from her infancy had been brought up under an aged _mántri_ for the royal embrace. Becoming dangerously ill on her account, he at length communicated the cause to his grandfather, _Pangéran Pákik_, who prevailed on the _mántri_ to part with her for two thousand rings, one thousand dollars, and a _káti_ of gold. The young pair were immediately married. As soon, however, as the _Susúnan_ became apprized of the transaction, he caused his son, the _Pangéran Adipáti_, to appear before him with his young bride, and then directed him, in his presence, to stab her to death. He afterwards banished his son, and sentenced the _Pangéran Pákik_, with all his family, to capital punishment; and this aged chief, with his wife, _Rátu Pándan_, and his relations, to the number of forty, were accordingly put to death on the _alun alun_.

It is even related, among the atrocities committed by this prince, that he violated his own daughter, _Rátu Bráwa_, who was affianced to the son of _Panambáhan Gíri Láya_ of _Chéribon_, and that on the death of one of his wives, _Rátu Pamálang_, he confined sixty of her attendants in a dark room, and deprived them of food until they all died.

The injustice and severity of the _Susúnan_ became still greater as he advanced in years. His fits of anger became more frequent, and the day and night were employed in barbarous executions. Life enjoyed no security: every one was upon his guard, and fears and apprehensions wrought among people of the highest and the lowest rank. At length the attention of the chiefs having been directed to the _Pangéran Adipáti_, who had evinced a kind disposition in the presents he was continually making to the poor, they implored him to assume the government; and the young prince, entering into their views, formed an agreement with the celebrated chief, _Trúna Jáya_, who was the nephew of the _Bopáti_ of _Madúra_, _Chákra Níngrat_. It was by these means arranged, that while _Chákra Níngrat_ was at _Matárem_, _Trúna Jáya_ should forthwith proceed to _Madúra_, and there heading the Madurese and the people of the eastern provinces, first rear the standard of rebellion, while the young prince himself, to preserve appearances, should remain at the court of his father, in seeming ignorance of what was going on. No sooner had _Trúna Jáya_, in prosecution of this plan, declared the independence of _Madúra_, than there arrived at _Pasúruan_ a considerable force from _Makásar_, headed by _Dáin Galéngsong_ and _Dáin Manápok_. An army sent against them from _Matárem_ was repulsed, and the provinces of _Pásúruan_, _Probolíngo_, _Wirasába_, and _Jápan_, submitted to their arms.

The first establishment of the Makásars in Java, appears to have taken place A.D. 1675, when a chief from _Celebes_, named _Kráin Monte-maráni_, with numerous followers, left his country in discontent and settled in Java, to the eastward of _Surabáya_, near _Besúki_, where he collected all the vagabonds of the country, and committed great depredations by sea and land.

In this dilemma, and finding himself unequal either to dislodge the Makásar establishment or to reduce the Madurese to submission, the _Susúnan_ dispatched his son, _Pangérán Púgar_, to the Dutch, A.D. 1676, with various presents, soliciting their aid.

A second army was immediately assembled, and directed to proceed by the route of _Japára_, where, according to the Javan accounts, the chiefs had instructions to ask the assistance of all the white people who had factories there, Dutch, French, and Portuguese, and in case of refusal, to drive them from the country. On this occasion the Dutch commandant at _Japára_ is represented as having said, "that this application on the part of the _Susúnan_, was what the Dutch had been long anxious for, and that he was ready to obey his orders and sacrifice his life in his service."

This army was not more successful than the former in reducing the revolted provinces to submission; but by the aid of the Dutch, who had embarked a considerable force from _Japára_, the Makásar chief was driven from his post: all the wounded were brought to _Japára_. They also saved the body of their chief, _Pra Wira Trúna_, who was killed on the occasion, and sent it to _Matárem_.

It appears that the assistance sent by the Dutch on this occasion, consisted of four ships and several smaller vessels with troops, which were reinforced at _Japára_ by the _Susúnan's_ troops and vessels. "Having arrived to the northward of _Madúra_, they landed the troops, during the night, in the forest, and in the morning sent a present to the Makásar chief, requesting his permission to take in fresh water, of which they stood in need, alleging it to be their intention to depart immediately. This request being granted, the guns were landed, and batteries thrown up behind the water-casks. An attack was then made upon the enemy's works, and in a few days the whole were demolished, the chief, _Krain Monte-maráni_ killed, and numerous prisoners taken."

On this intelligence reaching _Matárem_, the _Susúnan_ assembled all his family and chiefs, and directed another attack to be made upon the hostile forces. A third army was soon assembled at _Japára_, where the Dutch were ready to join them: in the mean time, however, _Trúna Jáya_ formed an alliance with the Makásars.

The _Pangéran Adipáti_, who was appointed to a command in this army, had charge of the rear division, which he had so arranged as to be able to act as emergency might require: but he was soon released from his doubts, for _Trúna Jáya_ forgetting the agreement which he had entered into with this prince, no sooner saw himself thus successful in the eastern provinces, than he assumed the sovereignty himself, and caused himself to be installed, under the title of _Prábu Máduréta Senapáti Ingalága_, and confirmed his alliance with the Makásars by giving his daughter in marriage to their chief, _Dáin Galéngsong_.

The conditions of this alliance are said to have been, that _Trúna Jáya_ should be placed on the throne of _Matárem_, _Dain Galéngsong_ appointed chief of _Surabáya_ and _Pasúruan_, _Dain Manápok_, chief of the eastern and western districts of _Balambángan_, and _Sheik Kajúran_, a crafty Arab chief of _Madúra_.

After a desperate engagement, the forces of _Trúna Jáya_ were again successful. As a last effort, therefore, the venerable _Pangéran Purbáyá_, uncle of the _Susúnan_ and nearly eighty years of age, summoned all the chiefs to follow him, and going himself into the field of battle, performed extraordinary feats of valour, till his horse having been shot under him, and having himself for some time fought on foot, he was overpowered, and his scattered forces compelled to retreat towards _Matárem_.

_Trúna Jáya_ being now in full possession of _Surabáya_ and the eastern districts, pursued his success as far as _Japára_. Here, however, he was effectually resisted by the chief, _Angébái Wángsa-dípa_ and the Dutch, and obliged to retreat.

As another division of his army, under _Ráden Dánang Wichána_, rapidly approached _Matárem_, the _Susúnan_ again applied to the Dutch, who sent one of the members of government, Admiral Speelman, to assist him with a considerable force by land and sea. The admiral left Batavia in December, 1676, A.D., and shortly appeared before _Chéribon_, reducing to submission the coast districts from thence to _Japára_. The fruit of this success, on the part of the Dutch, was the contract of February 1677, of which the chief stipulations were:--that the _Susúnan_ and Dutch should assist each other against their common enemies, on condition that the expenses of the war should be repaid by the party assisted: that the Dutch jurisdiction at Batavia should extend to the _Kráwang_ river, and the Javans living to the westward of a line drawn from that river to the southern shore, should be considered on the Dutch territory: that the Dutch should be allowed to export and import all species of goods and merchandize duty free, and to establish a factory on any spot which they might deem convenient: that Makásars, Maláyus, and Moormen, who had not Dutch passes, should not be permitted to trade or settle in the states of the _Susúnan_: that the _Susúnan_ should engage to reimburse the Dutch for the expense incurred in assisting him against the Makásars and Madurese, amounting to two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, and three thousand lasts of rice, deliverable at Batavia: that in the event of a peace being concluded between his highness and his enemies, through the mediation of the Dutch, his highness should abide by their decision; but, that if no accommodation was effected by the 30th July following, he should pay to the Dutch monthly the sum of twenty thousand reals, for the expenses of the war: that the Dutch should station an adequate force on _Japára_ hill, in order to preserve that place for the _Susúnan_, which force was also to be maintained at the expense of his highness.

Admiral Speelman was invested by the _Susúnan_ with full powers to act against the Madurese and Makásars, and to conclude such treaties with them as he should deem proper, without any restriction whatsoever, and all the _Susúnan's_ subjects were commanded to join the standard of the admiral wherever he might arrive.

In May following the allied forces of the Dutch and the _Susúnan_ gained a victory over _Trúna Jáya_, who was obliged to fly to _Kedíri_, leaving behind him upwards of a hundred pieces of cannon.

At length, the enemy being still in possession of all the central provinces, and the trifling force which it was in the power of the _Susúnan_ to raise being defeated in every skirmish, fear and dismay struck the remnant of the _Matárem_ forces; and the invading army having subdued _Pájang_, were entering _Matárem_, when the _Susúnan_, seeing no hope for safety except in flight, assembled his family in the dead of the night, and collecting the regalia, quitted his capital with his four sons, and mounted on an elephant, took a westerly direction. This was in the Javan year 1600.

On the next day June 1677 the hostile troops entered _Matárem_, when a force was immediately detached in pursuit of the fugitive prince, who had pushed on to the _Kéndang_ hills, and halted at _Kájinar_, with an intention of making a stand. Hearing of the strength of the pursuing force, however, he left his family at that place, and proceeded with only his son, the _Pangéran Adípáti_, to the village _Pasiráman_, where being seized with a mortal complaint he soon died. On his death-bed, informing his son that he felt his end approaching, he thus addressed him: "You must assume the sovereignty of Java, which has descended to you from your forefathers. Make friends with the Dutch, and by their assistance you may be enabled to reduce the eastern provinces to submission. I deliver over to you part of the sacred _pusáka_ and regalia of the country; and now let my body be carried to a spot where the earth is fragrant, and there let it be buried."

In conformity with the wish of the deceased his body was carried across the country towards _Tegál_, in search of a spot where the earth was sweet-scented, and deposited a few miles inland from the town. The tomb is still held in high veneration; and it is from this circumstance that this prince is distinguished by the appellation of _Susúnan Tegál-wáng'i_, or _Tegál-árum_; _árum_ and _wáng'i_ signifying fragrant.

The rebel forces had, in the mean time, taken possession of _Matárem_, and found among the articles of plunder the crown of _Majapáhit_, with several other parts of the regalia, which had been left behind in the hasty departure of the prince, together with two of his daughters, named _Keletíng Wúng'u_ and _Keletíng Kúning_. The plunder was immediately dispatched to _Kedíri_, where the rebel chiefs had established their head quarters, and equally divided between _Trúng Jáya_ and _Dain Galéngsong_, with the exception of the regalia and of the daughters of the _Susúnan_, whom _Trúna Jáya_ espoused.

The loss on the side of the _Matárem_ people is estimated at fifteen thousand killed, and on the side of the eastern people at somewhat less.

It is said in some accounts that the late _Susúnan_ having failed to persuade his son, _Pangéran Adipáti_, to assume the government, gave to another of his sons, _Pangéran Púgar_, the _pusáka kris_, _máisa núlar_, and the spear _kiái paléret_, in consequence of which _Pangéran Púgar_, with his brothers, returned to _Bágelen_, where, assuming the title of _Susúnan Senapáti Ingalága Abdul Ráchmen Sahídin Panatagáma_, he assembled a considerable force, and proceeding to _Matárem_ regained possession of it.

After the interment of the deceased _Susúnan_ at _Tegál_, _Márta Láya_, the chief of that province, urged the _Pangéran Adipáti_ to assume the government, and first to establish himself at _Tegál_, until he had collected a sufficient force to attack the eastern people, offering his services to collect for him as many people as would be required; but the prince still declined, not having the courage to attempt the recovery of the authority that belonged to his family, and requested _Márta Láya_ to procure for him a vessel, in which he might proceed to _Mecca_, being resolved to relinquish for ever the cares of government, and to become a _Háji_. _Márta Láya_, although he had vessels at his disposal, evaded a compliance with the prince's request, in the hope that he might alter his resolution, and still be induced to assume the government. The prince retired to _Bányumas_, and performed a penance in one of the mosques. He is said on the seventh day to have fallen asleep, and to have dreamt, "that the roof of the mosque opened, as if it were carried up in the air, when a full and bright moon appeared, which diffused its lustre over all Java, after which it approached and entered his breast." Encouraged by this omen, the prince changed his determination, and recollecting the words of his father, bethought himself of obtaining the assistance of the Dutch. He in consequence dispatched two messengers to Batavia for aid.

The prince then sent orders to _Márta Láya_ at _Tegál_ to collect as many forces as possible; he likewise dispatched trusty people to the _Désa Dúnan_, in search of the flower called _wijáya mála_, there being a superstitious notion among the Javans that if in their distress they are able to obtain this flower, whatever they undertake will prosper.

_Márta Láya_ immediately exerted himself with great zeal and effect to assemble his adherents, in the hope that by shewing a large force he might induce the prince to relinquish his idea of receiving succour from the Dutch. On the arrival of this succour at _Tegál_ he addressed him publicly as follows:--"Sire, I have felt excessive shame in hearing that your highness is desirous of soliciting aid from the Hollanders, as if you were yourself in want of men. I am now ready, with numerous followers, to perform whatever you please, if you will only confer upon me the necessary authority. Give me but your orders and I will myself extirpate your enemies." The prince replied, "What signifies your shame, _Márta Láya_? I have requested assistance from the Dutch, because it is always agreeable to rely on one's friends; and it was foretold by my great grandfather, _Sultan Agung_, that the Dutch would assist his descendants." _Márta Láya_ was silent. The messengers now returned with the _wíjaya_ flowers, on which the prince assumed the title of _Susúnan Amangkúrat Senapáti Ingalága_, &c.; and soon afterwards the Dutch agreed to give him the assistance required.

When the Dutch force was landed, the _Susúnan_ received the visit of the admiral and officers in state. The Dutch officers being introduced, stood in a row with their hats in their hands; but _Márta Láya_, considering it disrespectful that any one should stand in the presence of the sovereign, ordered them immediately to sit down in the manner of the Javans, and was proceeding to compel the admiral to do so, when the _Susúnan_, seeing the confusion in which all were thrown, applied to his late ambassador to the Dutch for an explanation. When he learnt that they shewed respect by bowing their heads only, he was satisfied, and desired _Márta Láya_ not to interfere with them.

"The _Susúnan_ then inquired the name of the commander, who after informing him that he had the rank of admiral, approached him, saying, that he was ordered by the government of Batavia to proceed to _Tegál_, with a force of Europeans, Makásars, &c., and to afford him every assistance he might require in the establishment of his authority. There were landed valuable presents for the prince, among which was very splendid apparel as worn by the Hollanders, to which the prince took such a liking that he immediately clothed himself in it. The Dutch force was then divided, and the admiral embarked with one division for _Japára_, while the other accompanied the prince, who proceded by land to _Pakalóngan_, and afterwards with his followers by sea to _Japára_."

"On the arrival of the admiral at _Japára_, he inquired of _Wángsa Dípa_, the chief of that place, who had rendered assistance in repelling the rebels, at the time they attacked _Japára_? To which the latter replied, 'The successful resistance was principally owing to the conduct of the French, English, and Dutch factories.' The admiral then consulted with his officers, and observing that the English and French seemed to be preferred to the Dutch, or at any rate considered on the same footing, he called the chiefs of the French and English factories, and presenting them with twenty thousand dollars, said it was the gift of the _Susúnan_, who directed that they would quit _Japára_. The chiefs of the two factories took the money, but did not wish to depart, alleging that there were no vessels to convey them away; to which the admiral replied, that in that case he had the further orders of the _Susúnan_ to provide them with a vessel. The people belonging to the two factories were then, with all their property, public and private, embarked on board a Dutch transport. The vessel sailed, but nothing more was ever heard of the English and French who were embarked in her. The Dutch then repaired their instruments of war."

Another account is as follows: "When the admiral arrived at _Japára_, he found there two foreign vessels, an English and a French ship, the officers of which said they had put in there in distress, and could not proceed further on account of the bad state of their ships. They also represented that they had assisted the Dutch when the rebels attacked _Japára_. The admiral thanked them for the service they had rendered, and presented them with ten thousand dollars, and ordered them to proceed to their own country in one of his vessels."

"On the arrival of the _Susúnan_ at _Japára_, he was joined by a considerable force from _Tegál_ and _Demák_; and among those who were most active in the support of the _Susúnan's_ authority was _Márta Láya_, whose aversion to the Dutch still continued. The admiral, apprized of his sentiments, applied to the _Susúnan_ for his destruction, supporting his application by a written request to the same effect from the government of the capital, and threatening an immediate departure to Batavia in case of non-compliance.

"To accomplish this end, the _Susúnan_ first attempted to send him to _Kedíri_ against _Trúna Jáya_; but _Márta Láya_ obtaining information of the demand made by the Dutch for his life, refused to attend the summons, on the pretence of sickness. His disobedience so enraged the _Susúnan_, that he ordered his instant death, which was effected in the following manner. _Márta Púra_ having received the orders of the prince to put _Márta Láya_ to death, went to his house, accompanied by two hundred followers. _Márta Láya_ having been apprized of the _Susúnan's_ anger, he collected an equal number of men.

"When _Márta Púra_ approached him he was seated on a yellow carpet with a drawn _kris_ in his hand, and being informed that he was to be put to death by order of the _Susúnan_, _Márta Láya_ replied, 'If it is the wish of the prince that it should be so, do your duty, I am prepared.' _Márta Púra_ then drew his _kris_ and stabbed _Márta Láya_ in the belly; but while he did so his neck received in return the _kris_ of _Márta Láya_, which separating the throat in two, killed him on the spot. The two chiefs were no sooner wounded than the followers of both parties rushed on each other, and a most bloody and obstinate engagement ensued, which lasted till the bodies of nearly the whole lay weltering round those of the chiefs."

Measures had already been taken for the dispersion of the rebel forces in _Kedíri_. A Makásar chief, named _Kráin Kadádrang_, in the service of the Dutch, discovered his relationship to the Makásar chief _Galéngsong_, and offered to bring him to terms. He was in consequence dispatched secretly to _Kedíri_, where he had an interview with the _Makásar_ chief, who was his brother. On the part of the Dutch, he promised that they would assist him on Celebes. He hesitated to come over immediately, lest he should betray _Trúna Jáya_, but promised to join the allied forces when they should arrive and attack _Trúna Jáya_.

Having thus secured an interest with the Makásars, one division of the Dutch forces, under the admiral, embarked for _Surabáya_, and the other, with the _Susúnan_, commenced their march by land. A decisive battle took place at _Kedíri_; on the evening previous to which, it is asserted the Dutch had a communication with _Dain Galéngsong_, to know his intentions, when the latter told them, "Attack me to-morrow, and I will make arrangements for the flight of my forces." Accordingly the next morning, before the daylight, the Dutch troops marched to the hostile camp, where they found no preparations for resistance. _Dain Galéngsong_ immediately ordered a retreat, and fled himself the first, leaving behind him all the plunder that had been taken at _Matárem_, and among other things the crown of _Majapáhit_.

The siege of _Kedíri_, according to the Dutch accounts, lasted fifty days, and it was at last taken by assault, _Trúna Jáya_ making his escape. Great riches were found in the interior of the palace, and many chests of Spanish dollars, besides ingots of gold and the most valuable part of the regalia. The _Susúnan_ claimed nothing but the crown of _Majapáhit_, leaving the remainder to be distributed among the troops.

When the crown was delivered to him, it appeared that its most splendid ornament, the large centre diamond, was missing. This the _Susúnan_ immediately noticed, and inquiries were set on foot; but to the great affliction of the _Susúnan_ and all the Javan chiefs, the jewel was never recovered.[272]

Nine Makásar chiefs afterwards surrendered to the Dutch on the 9th December, when they received pardon, and a promise that they should be sent to Makásar.

After this _Trúna Jáya_ collected all his forces, and marshalled them upon the plain, as if to receive the enemy; but on the approach of the Dutch troops from the left and the Javans from the right, his army was panic struck and fled in various directions, he himself with his two wives escaping to Antang. The _Susúnan_ allowed the Dutch soldiers to plunder and possess themselves of every thing left by the rebels.

_Chákra Níngrat_ having quitted his place of banishment and joined the _Susúnan_, was sent to urge the submission of his half-brother, _Trúna Jáya_. _Chákra Níngrat_ accordingly went in search of _Trúna Jáya_, accompanied by a very few followers, and having found him at _Antang_ he addressed him as follows. "Brother! what are you doing and whither would you fly? Depend upon it, if you persist in your resistance to the will of the _Susúnan_, he will disappoint your expectations, and if you compel him to send people to arrest you, you will excite his implacable displeasure. I have come to you as quickly as possible, for my heart yearns towards you, and I dread lest you should come to any misfortune. If you wish it, I will go and meet the _Susúnan_. Bring your two wives, who are both the sisters of the _Susúnan_, throw yourselves together at his feet, ask forgiveness for any offence you have committed, and perhaps he will be merciful towards you and grant you pardon. If you come alone in that way, the _Susúnan_ cannot act against you, for are you not married to his sisters?" _Trúna Jáya_ reflected upon what _Chákra Níngrat_ said, and was inclined to follow his advice, saying, "I return abundant thanks to you for your kindness towards me. Your advice is good and I will follow it: I will follow you, accompanied by my wives." _Trúna Jáya_ with his wives afterwards accompanied _Chákra Níngrat_ to _Kedíri_.

_Chákra Níngrat_ then led _Trúna Jáya_ with his wives to the hall of audience, where the _Susúnan_ was seated with the admiral and numerous Dutch officers. _Trúna Jáya_ on this occasion did not wear his _kris_, but rolled a _chíndi_ cloth round his body, as if he were a prisoner.

They fell at the feet of the _Susúnan_, imploring forgiveness for the offence of _Trúna Jáya_, on which the _Susúnan_ said, 'It is well! _Trúna Jáya_, for this time I forgive you. Go without and clothe yourself in becoming apparel, and then return to me, when I will present you with a _kris_, and instal you as my minister, in the presence of all assembled.' The _Susúnan_ then gave orders that he should be served with apparel. The heart of _Trúna Jáya_ became highly elated: he went out and received the apparel from the _Susúnan's_ people, and then returned into the presence, but without wearing a _kris_, as the _Susúnan_ had intimated his intention to present him with one.

"As he approached, the _Susúnan_ desired his women to bring him the _kris_ named _Kiái belábar_, which was still unsheathed. As soon as it was delivered into the hands of the _Susúnan_, he said to _Trúna Jáya_, 'Know, _Trúna Jáya_, that I have given my word that I would never sheathe this _kris_ except in your body: receive now your death from it in punishment of your offence.' _Trúna Jáya_ was silent, while the _Susúnan_ standing up approached and stabbed him with his _kris_ in the breast. Returning then to his throne he seated himself, and ordered his people who were assembled to finish the work which he had begun, whereupon they all fell upon _Trúna Jáya_, the unfortunate wretch, stabbing him in a thousand places and cutting his body to pieces. They then severed the head from the trunk, rolled it in the mud, made a mat of it, and at last cast it into a ditch by the express order of the _Susúnan_. The admiral and all the Dutch officers and party were present at this execution; but though they appeared astonished at the conduct of the _Susúnan_, they remained quiet spectators of it."

Such is the account given by the Javans, without reference to the share which the Dutch had in the transaction; but from the Dutch accounts it appears that _Trúna Jáya_ delivered himself up under a stipulation with the Dutch that his life should be spared. A young officer of the name of _Jengker_, who had been placed by the General (Cooper) in charge of the _Susúnan's_ guard, was sent by the _Susúnan_ to treat with _Trúna Jáya_, without any communication with or authority from his commanding officer. Valentyn says positively, that _Jengkér_ promised him pardon, and assured him of his life; but Cooper, annoyed that the credit of taking this chief should thus have been wrested from him by a junior officer acting without authority, exasperated the _Susúnan_ against _Trúna Jáya_, and threw that unfortunate chief in his way at a moment when his passion was at its height. This catastrophe, says Valentyn, is to be ascribed to no one but the jealous Cooper, who brought it about, in order that his bad conduct, oppressions, and extortions, which were well known to _Trúna Jáya_, and which he had intended to complain of, should remain concealed.

_Trúna Jáya_, at the time of his surrender, was dressed in a Portuguese jacket, and wore on his head a black turban edged with lace. He gave short and pertinent answers to the questions put to him. On his coming before _Jengker_ he fell at his feet, saying, that in his youth it had been predicted that, however great his fortune might be, still he should, at one time of his life, be taken prisoner, and that since this was his destiny, he rejoiced in having fallen into the hands of a person so well known for his humanity. He then presented to him his _krís_ with a golden bow, requesting _Jengker_ to keep them in token of his esteem. _Jengker_ lifted him up, promised that his life should be spared, and further, that all his influence with the Dutch government and the _Susúnan_ should be used in his behalf. It is alleged in the Dutch accounts, that the immediate cause of the _Susúnan's_ conduct on this occasion, was the irreconcilable hatred which _Trúna Jáya_ still evinced towards that prince, who, he said, had in his youth encouraged him to the steps he had taken, and afterwards abandoned him.

_Trúna Jáya_ surrendered on the 25th December, 1679, A.D., and general tranquillity ensued, which however was not of long duration. The _Panambáhan Gíri_ having in his possession the _kris_ deposited in the tomb of the first _Súnan_, it was demanded of him by the _Susúnan_ as royal property; but the _Panambáhan_ not being inclined to part with it, and disapproving of the conduct of the _Susúnan_, who was guided by Dutch councils, and had even adopted their dress, replied, that he did not wish to know any thing of the _Susúnan_, or to be acquainted with him; that he wished to wear the _kris_, _kálam múning_, himself, and that he preferred his own dignity to that of such a chief. The _Susúnan_, enraged at this answer, proceeded to _Gíri_ with his Dutch allies, where an engagement took place and the _Gíri_ people were obliged to fly: the _Panambáhan_ was taken and put to death. In this affair, a cousin of the _Súnan Káli Jága_ of _Adilángo_, who had followed the _Susúnan_, distinguished himself in destroying the brother of the _Punambáhan Pangéran Sínga Sári_, who was running _amók_, and doing much mischief; as a reward for which service the _Súnan_, in the presence of the Dutch commander, declared that, for ever after that, the descendants of that chief should be permitted to reside at _Adiláng'o_, and not be called upon to perform any duties of the state.

The whole of the eastern provinces having now submitted, the _Susúnan_ returned to _Semárang_, where when he had made acknowledgments to the Dutch for the assistance they had rendered him, the commander requested that he would give them a small piece of ground at _Semárang_ to build a fort upon, which would not only be convenient for the protection of their trade, but would enable them to come to the assistance of the _Susúnan_, if necessary, at a shorter notice.

The admiral having promised that he would station a suitable force at _Semárang_, which the _Susúnan_ might at any time employ as he thought proper, obtained the permission he applied for.

The Javans have a superstitious belief, that when once misfortune has fallen on a place so generally as to extend to the common people (which was the case at _Matárem_), it will never afterwards prosper; it was therefore determined by the _Susúnan_ to change the seat of empire, and some were for fixing it at _Semárang_, but at last it was determined to erect it in the wood _Wána Kérta_, in the district of _Pájang_, which was good land but uninhabited.

The new capital was called _Kérta-súra_, the walls of which are still to be seen on the road to _Súra-kérta_, the present capital of the _Susúnan_.

During all these transactions _Pangéran Pugar_ remained at _Matárem_. The _Susúnan_ now, for the first time, sent him information of his establishment, and required his attendance at court. The _Pangéran_, who having heard that the _Susúnan_ was in the constant habit of dressing after the Dutch fashion, had been strengthening himself as much as possible, under an impression, that the _Susúnan_ supported by the Dutch was not his brother, but a foreigner, whom they had raised to answer their own purposes, received this intimation with great surprise, and sent two of his family to ascertain the truth. The messengers, who were interested in upholding the separate authority of their master, determined to encourage his mistake, and they represented the _Susúnan_ as a foreigner from _Sábrang_, elevated by the Dutch. Upon this report the _Pangéran_ informed the _Susúnan_ that he could not proceed to _Kérta Súra_, as he preferred remaining at _Matárem_, where he was established as the legal sovereign. A force, consisting of Dutch and Javan troops, was in consequence marched against _Matárem_; at first the troops of _Kérta-súra_ were defeated, but in a second attack they were more successful, and the _Pangéran_ was obliged to take to flight.

By means of the _Adipáti_, the _Pangéran_ was afterwards assured of the _Susúnan_ being his brother, when he agreed to go to _Kérta-súra_, provided the _Susúnan_ would throw off his Dutch dress and appear in his native costume. To this the sovereign consented, and publicly received his brother with the greatest demonstrations of joy and affection.

The authority of the _Susúnan_ was now firmly established, and general tranquillity prevailed for some years.

A new character now appears on the stage, under the title of _Surapáti_. This man, whose name was _Sí Untung_, had been the slave boy of a Dutchman at Batavia, of the name of Mor, who is represented to have been of low origin, but to have been advanced to the highest dignities, even a seat in the high regency, by means of the riches and influence he had acquired through the services of this slave, to whom he became, in consequence, much attached. Mor, however, discovering an improper intimacy between _Untung_ and his natural daughter, chastised him severely, and afterwards had him confined in the public block or stocks. _Untung_ contrived to effect his escape from them during the night, and to release his fellow prisoners. They then fell upon the guard which came to mount at daylight, and taking them unawares massacred the whole. Being thus committed, _Untung_ bent his course to the high lands, and afterwards to _Chéribon_. While in the high lands he formed a connection with a formidable party from Bantam, where a civil war had been excited, in consequence of the Dutch having elevated to the throne a son of the deceased king, contrary to the express directions of the father. One of the brothers, _Pangéran Purbáya_, was prevailed upon to join a certain _Abidin_, a fanatic rebel, who had raised about two thousand followers, and with him passed through _Jasíngá_ and the _Jákatra_ and _Preángan_ highlands, increasing their numbers as they went.

_Abidin_ having proposed to proceed by that route to _Matárem_, there to stir up the _Susúnan_ against the Dutch, the _Pangéran_ being tired of the journey surrendered to the Dutch force sent against them; but _Abidin_ stood a severe engagement, and was only induced to surrender by means of an artifice practiced upon him. An European officer belonging to the Dutch troops disguised himself as an Arab, and being well versed in the Arabic and Malayu languages, obtained an interview with _Abidin_, to whom he represented, that having himself been once taken prisoner by the Dutch he had been so well treated that he would advise him to go and surrender himself. The unfortunate man took his advice, and was conveyed to the commanding officer, then at _Chikálong_, who immediately forwarded him to Batavia, whence he was sent to the Cape of Good Hope for the rest of his life.

The party of runaway slaves under _Untung_, who had now assumed the name of _Santána_ being surprized by the Dutch force, were by special orders from Batavia allowed to remain undisturbed for the present. The chief appears to have been useful to the Dutch, and to have been employed, in order the better to secure the surrender of _Pangéran Purbáya_. When the Dutch officer went with a small party to receive the submission of this chief, he found that he had already tied his spears together (the sign of surrender) and kept no arms but his _kris_. Ignorant of the customs of the country, the officer demanded that the _Pangéran_ should also deliver this weapon and his personal ornaments. The demand created the utmost astonishment in the _Pangéran_, who instantly asked if it was not sufficient humiliation to a prince of the royal blood that he and his people had given up their arms. _Santána_ entreated of the Dutch officer not to urge the delivery of the _kris_, and to consider "that the bird, although caught, was not yet in the cage," but to no purpose: the officer persisted in his demand, and insulted _Santána_ in presence of all who were there assembled. The _Pangéran_ seeing that resistance was now vain, promised compliance next morning; but during the night, to the inexpressible mortification of the officer, he effected his escape. The rage of the officer now fell so violently upon _Santána_, that a quarrel ensued. _Santána_ and his followers fell upon the Dutch party and killed many of them; the officer however escaped. _Santána_ then moved towards _Chéribon_, where he had an affair with a chief, named _Ráden Surapáti_, which being reported to the sultan, that chief was put to death, and his title of _Surapáti_ conferred upon _Untung_. _Surapáti_ then proceeded towards _Kérta-súra_ to beg assistance against the Dutch, leaving several of his followers in _Bányumas_, under the direction of two chiefs, who soon became dreaded as noted _kramans_ or rebels. At _Kérta-súra_ he found protection from the prime minister, to whom he related all the particulars of the story, with the exception of that part which related to the establishment he had formed in _Bányumas_. This district being now declared in a state of revolt, he offered to bring it to submission, and was employed by the _Susúnan_ for that purpose; he accordingly proceeded secretly to _Bányumas_, where, aided by the plan he had before laid, he caused the heads of the two _krámans_ to be secretly cut off in the night, and the rebels to disperse; when returning to _Kérta-súra_ and producing the heads, he was received into the highest favour by the _Susúnan_.

The Dutch hearing of his fortune, demanded from the _Susúnan_ that his person should be given up; but the reply of the _Susúnan_ was, "that _Surapáti_ having thrown himself on his protection and performed a signal service to the empire, he could not give him up; but that if the Dutch wished that he should be arrested, they were at perfect liberty to arrest him in any part of his dominions."

The Dutch, accordingly sent a force, consisting of four hundred Europeans and six hundred islanders, under the orders of one Tak, an officer who had incurred the suspicion of having purloined the centre diamond from the _Majapáhit_ crown, and on whom, according to the impression which pervades the Dutch accounts, the _Susúnan_ had determined to be revenged.

On the approach of the Dutch troops, the _Susúnan_, alarmed lest they should succeed in arresting _Surapáti_, determined to afford him every assistance, and for that purpose directed, that when they arrived, the _Ráden Adipáti_ (prime minister), who had given his daughter in marriage to _Surapáti_, should openly espouse his cause, and proceed, in the first instance, to attack the lines of the _Adipátis_ of _Madúra_ and _Surabáya_, who after a skirmish should retreat to the _alun alun_ in confusion, exhibiting all the appearance of a defeat, while the united party of the _Ráden Adipáti_, and _Sarapáti_ should appear to threaten the _kráton_. The _Pangéran Púgar_ being strongly attached to _Surapáti_, received orders, that if, in the affair with the Dutch, the party of _Surapáti_ and the minister should be worsted, he should render them assistance, by sending his people to them clothed in white, the distinction adopted by _Surapáti_.