Chapter M: A. S. Salm-Dyck. Monographia generum Aloes et Mesembryanthemi (8)

=ALTHÆA= (from _altheo_, to cure; in reference to the medicinal qualities of some of the species). Marsh Mallow. ORD. _Malvaceæ_. Hardy biennials or perennials, closely allied to _Malva_. Outer calyx six to nine-cleft, inner one five-cleft. Most species belonging to this genus are worthy of cultivation, particularly in woods, coppices, and shrubberies; they will thrive in almost any kind of soil. They may be either increased by dividing the plants at the roots, or by seeds; the biennial species must be raised from seed every year, which may be sown in spring where they are intended to remain, or in pans placed in a cold frame, from which the young plants may be removed when large enough.

=A. cannabina= (Hemp-leaved).* _fl._ rose-coloured; peduncles
axillary, many-flowered, loose, longer than the leaves. June. _l._
pubescent, lower ones palmately-parted, upper ones three-parted;
lobes narrow, and grossly toothed. _h._ 5ft. to 6ft. South France,
1597. Perennial.

=A. caribæa= (Caribean).* _fl._ rose coloured, with a yellow
base, solitary, almost sessile. March. _l._ cordate, roundish,
lobed, crenate-serrated. Stem straight, hispid. _h._ 3ft. Caribbee
Islands, 1816. Biennial.

=A. ficifolia= (fig-leaved). Antwerp Hollyhock. _fl._ generally
yellow or orange coloured, in terminal spikes, large, single or
double. June. _l._ divided beyond the middle into seven lobes;
lobes oblong, obtuse, irregularly toothed. _h._ 6ft. Siberia, 1597.
Biennial.

=A. flexuosa= (zigzag).* _fl._ scarlet, axillary, solitary,
stalked; petals obcordate. June. _l._ cordate, somewhat
seven-lobed, obtuse, on long footstalks. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. North
India, 1803. Perennial.

=A. frutex= (shrubby). Synonymous with _Hibiscus syriacus_.

=A. narbonensis= (Narbonne).* _fl._ pale red; peduncles
many-flowered, loose, longer than the leaves. August. _l._
pubescent, lower ones five or seven-lobed, upper ones three-lobed.
_h._ 3ft. to 6ft. France, 1780. Perennial.

=A. officinalis= (officinal). Common Marsh Mallow. _fl._ of a
delicate, uniform blush colour; peduncles axillary, many-flowered,
much shorter than the leaves. July. _l._ clothed with soft, white
tomentum on both surfaces, cordate or ovate, toothed, undivided, or
somewhat five-lobed. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. Marshes, Britain. Perennial.
See Fig. 69.

=A. rosea= (rose).* Hollyhock. _fl._ rose-coloured, large,
axillary, sessile, somewhat spiked at the top. July. _l._ cordate,
with five or seven angles, crenated, rough. Stem straight, hairy.
_h._ 8ft. China, 1573. For special culture and varieties, _see_
=Hollyhock=.

=A. striata= (streaked). _fl._ white, 2-1/2in. in diameter,
solitary, on short pedicels; calyx striped. July. _l._ cordate,
bluntly three-lobed, crenated. Stem puberulous, and somewhat
scabrous. _h._ 5ft. Biennial.

=ALUMINOUS.= Pertaining to, or containing alum, or alumina; as Aluminous soils.

=ALUM-ROOT.= _See_ =Heuchera=.

=ALYSSUM= (from _a_, not, and _lyssa_, rage; in reference to a fable that the plant allayed anger). Madwort. Including _Psilonema_, _Ptilotrichum_, _Schivereckia_. ORD. _Cruciferæ_. Annuals or dwarf, branching, shrubby perennials, often clothed with hoary, stellate hairs. Flowers small, cruciform, white or yellow. Leaves distant, or the radical ones tufted, usually entire. Several of the species are very much alike. They are excellent plants for the rockery, or for the front of borders, growing freely in common but well-drained garden soil. They may be increased by cuttings, by division of the roots, or by seed. The cuttings should be made from young shoots, 2in. to 3in. in length, inserted in sandy loam, early in the season, in a shady place. Seed may be raised outside, or in a frame in pans in sandy soil, most of them germinating in two or three weeks.

=A. alpestre= (alpine).* _fl._ yellow; raceme simple. June. _l._
obovate, hoary. Stem rather shrubby at the base, diffuse, greyish.
_h._ 3in. South Europe, 1777. Perennial. A very neat little tufted
species. _A. argenteum_ (silvery), _A. Bertolonii_ (Bertoloni's),
and _A. murale_ (wall), are larger growing species allied to the
above, but of less cultural merit.

=A. a. obtusifolium= (obtuse-leaved). _fl._ yellow, corymbose.
June. _l._ obovate-spathulate, blunt, silvery on the under surface.
_h._ 3in. Tauria, 1828. A rare alpine.

=A. atlanticum= (Atlantic). _fl._ yellow; raceme simple. June.
_l._ lanceolate, hoary, and pilose. Stems shrubby at the base,
erect. _h._ 6in. to 1ft. S. Europe, 1820. _A. Marschallianum_ is
intermediate between _A. alpestre_ and _A. a. obtusifolium_; but is
seldom met with under cultivation.

=A. gemonense= (German).* _fl._ yellow, in close corymbs. April to
June. _l._ lanceolate, entire, greyish-velvety from stellate down.
Stem shrubby at the base. _h._ 1ft. Italy, 1710. Closely allied to
_A. saxatile_, but not so hardy; it is very desirable for rockeries.

=A. macrocarpum= (large-fruited). _fl._ white, racemose. June. _l._
oblong, blunt, silvery. Stem shrubby, branched, somewhat spiny.
_h._ 8in. South of France, 1828. _A. spinosa_ (thorny), and _A.
halimifolia_ (purslane-leaved), are very like this species. _A.
dasycarpum_ (thick-fruited) is an annual with yellow flowers.

=A. maritimum.= _See_ =Kœniga=.

=A. montanum= (mountain). _fl._ yellow, sweet-scented; raceme
simple. May to July. _l._ somewhat hoary; lower ones obovate;
upper ones oblong. Stems rather herbaceous, diffuse, pubescent.
_h._ 2in. or 3in. Europe, 1713. A distinct and charming species
for the rockery, forming compact tufts of slightly glaucous green.
_A. cuneifolium_ (wedge-leaved), _A. diffusum_ (diffuse), and _A.
Wulfenianum_ (Wulfenius') come close to this species, the latter
being the most desirable.

=A. olympicum= (Olympian). _fl._ deep yellow, small, in roundish
corymbose heads. Summer. _l._ spathulate, sessile, very small,
greyish. _h._ 2in. to 3in. Northern Greece.

=A. orientale= (Oriental).* _fl._ yellow, corymbose. May. _l._
lanceolate, repandly-toothed, waved, downy. Stems suffruticose at
the base. _h._ 1ft. Crete, 1820. There is a variety with variegated
leaves.

=A. saxatile= (rock).* _fl._ yellow, in close corymbose heads.
April. _l._ lanceolate, entire, clothed with hoary tomentum. Stems
shrubby at the base. _h._ 1ft. Eastern Europe, 1710. A very common
and showy spring plant. See Fig. 70.

=A. s. variegatum= (variegated).* A constant and prettily
variegated form, which is even more handsome than the type. On
the rockery it does well, as it requires a sunny, well drained,
position. See Fig. 71.

=A. serpyllifolium= (Thyme-leaved).* _fl._ pale yellow, in simple
racemes. April to June. _l._ very small, 1/4in. to 1/2in. long,
ovate, scabrous, hoary. _h._ 3in. to 4in. Branches spreading,
sub-woody at the base. South Europe, 1822.

=A. tortuosum= (twisted). _fl._ yellow; raceme corymbose. June.
_l._ hoary, somewhat lanceolate. Stem shrubby at the base, twisted,
diffuse. _h._ 6in. Hungary, 1804.

=A. Wiersbeckii= (Wiersbeck's).* _fl._ deep yellow, in close
corymbose heads, about 1-1/2in. across. Summer. _l._ 2in. long,
oval-oblong-pointed, sessile, attenuated at the base, roughish and
hairy. Stems erect, scabrous, simple, rigid. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Asia
Minor.

=AMARANTHACEÆ.= An extensive order of herbs or (rarely) shrubs, with opposite or alternate leaves, and inconspicuous apetalous flowers, which are spicately or capitately disposed. The majority of this order are weeds; well-known exceptions being many species of _Amaranthus_.

=AMARANTH, GLOBE.= _See_ =Gomphrena=.

=AMARANTHUS= (from _a_, not, and _maraino_, to wither; in reference to the length of time some of the flowers retain their colour). ORD. _Amaranthaceæ_. Hardy or half-hardy annuals, with alternate entire leaves and small green or red flowers in large bracteate clustered spikes. Flowers polygamous, furnished with three bracts at the base of a three or five-lobed glabrous perianth. Stamens four or five. Of very easy culture; they thrive best in rich loamy soil, and are largely employed for sub-tropical and other bedding, for vases and conservatory decorations, being very ornamental. The seed should be sown in April in a hotbed, and the plants thinned out in the same situation when about 1/2in. high. About the end of May, they can be transplanted out of doors in their permanent situations. They are also very handsome when grown in pots. The young plants should be potted off early, and freely encouraged, allowing plenty of pot-room and moisture, and be kept near the glass, to bring out their brightest colouring. To develop their full beauty, plenty of room is required. There are about twelve species (indigenous to warm and tropical countries).

=A. bicolor= (two-coloured). _l._ green, variously streaked with
light yellow. _h._ 2ft. India, 1802. This species is rather
delicate, and must have a warm sunny situation.

=A. b. ruber= (red).* _l._ brilliant glistening scarlet, merging
into a dark violet red, mixed with green. Hardier than the type.

=A. caudatus= (caudate).* Love Lies Bleeding. _fl._ dark
purplish, collected in numerous whorls, which are disposed in
handsome drooping spikes. August. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. India, 1596.
A very common and vigorous growing hardy annual. There is a
yellowish-flowered variety, which, though less ornamental, is an
effective contrast. See Fig. 72.

=A. cruentus= (dark bloody). Synonymous with _A. hypochondriacus_.

=A. Henderi= (Hender's). _l._ lanceolate, undulated, intense rosy
carmine, varying with orange buff, golden yellow, and olive green.
_h._ 3ft. A garden hybrid, closely allied to _A. salicifolius_.
Pyramidal habit.

=A. hypochondriacus= (hypochondriac).* Prince's Feather. _fl._
deep crimson, on densely packed, erect spikes. July. _l._ purplish
beneath. _h._ 4ft. to 5ft. Asiatic, 1684. SYN. _A. cruentus_. See
Fig. 73.

=A. h. atropurpureus= (dark purple).* An improved variety of above.

=A. melancholicus ruber= (melancholy-red).* _h._ about 1ft. Japan.
A compact growing variety, with large shaded crimson leaves.
Largely used for bedding purposes.

=A. salicifolius= (willow-leaved).* _l._ 7in. to 15in. long,
willow-shaped, linear, and wavy, which, by their drooping outline,
present a very elegant and effective appearance. When fully grown,
the leaves are brilliantly banded and tipped with orange, carmine,
and bronze. _h._ 3ft. Philippine Isles, 1871.

=A. s. Princess of Wales.=* _l._ carmine, orange green, and bright
yellow, beautifully blended. _h._ 3ft. A garden hybrid.

=A. sanguineus= (bloody). _fl._ purple, disposed partly in small
heads in the axils of the upper leaves, and partly in slender,
flexible spikes, which form a more or less branching panicle. July.
_l._ blood red. _h._ 3ft. Bahama, 1775.

=A. speciosus= (showy).* _fl._ dark crimson purple, disposed in
large erect spikes, forming a fine plumy panicle. July. _l._
suffused with a reddish tinge, which disappears at the time of
flowering. _h._ 3ft. to 5ft. Nepaul, 1819.

=A. s. aureus= (golden). _fl._ of a fine brownish-golden hue. Very
effective when grown in masses.

=A. tricolor= (three-coloured).* _l._ of a fine, transparent,
purplish-red or dark carmine from the base to the middle; a large
spot of bright yellow occupies the greater part of the upper end of
the leaf; point generally green; leafstalks yellow. _h._ 1-1/2ft.
East Indies, 1548. See Fig. 74. There are several garden varieties
of this species, requiring a somewhat warmer situation.

=AMARYLLIDEÆ.= A large and important order of usually bulbous plants, sometimes with a stem. Flowers solitary, umbellate, or paniculate; perianth superior, six-lobed, often with a corona at the top of the tube. Leaves ensiform or linear. This order contains many very beautiful genera, including _Agave_, _Amaryllis_, _Crinum_, _Hæmanthus_, _Hippeastrum_, _Narcissus_, _Pancratium_, and several others.

=AMARYLLIS= (from _Amaryllis_, the name of a country-woman mentioned by Theocritus and Virgil). ORD. _Amaryllideæ_. Half-hardy or hardy, deciduous, bulbous plants. Flowers large, sweet-scented, pedicelled; spathe two-leaved; umbels few-flowered; perianth with a very short tube, funnel-shaped, six-parted, sub-regular or irregular; segments many-nerved, broad, undulate, spreading somewhat at the apices; stamens at the summit of the tube, unequal, declined; anthers fixed by the middle, incumbent, curved into a circular arch after bursting; style declined; stigma thickened, sub-three-lobed; scape tall, solid, compressed. Capsule obovate; seeds globose, fleshy. Leaves appearing at a different season from the scapes, numerous, strap-shaped. The following genera are sometimes arranged hereunder, but in this work are treated separately: _Brunsvigia_, _Crinum_, _Hippeastrum_, _Nerine_, _Sprekelia_, _Sternbergia_, _Vallota_, _Zephyranthes_. Warm, dry, and well-drained positions in front of hothouses, or at the base of south or south-west walls, are the most suitable sites for _A. Belladonna_ and its varieties. The soil should be composed of good, fibrous loam, leaf mould, and sand, in equal parts. Insert the bulbs 6in. to 8in. deep, and surround with sand, after which they may be covered with the compost, which should be pressed firmly about them; they should not be again disturbed for years, when they will ultimately establish themselves, and produce grand masses of blossom. The best time to plant a fresh stock is June or July, when they commence root-action, before the flower-stems are sent up. In their growing season, and in dry weather, an occasional soaking of clear water, or liquid manure, will be greatly beneficial. The extremely ornamental plants now largely grown, and frequently classed as _Amaryllis_ in nurserymen's catalogues, belong to the genus _Hippeastrum_. For pot-culture of the Belladonna Lily, _see_ =Hippeastrum=.

=A. Belladonna.=* Belladonna Lily. This splendid species is very
variable, both in the size and colour of the flowers, frequently
producing variously-shaded flowers, from almost white to a reddish
or purplish hue. Autumn. West Indies, 1712. See Fig. 75. The leaves
and flowers are not produced together. In Fig. 76 they are both
shown in the same illustration for economy of space.

=A. B. pallida= (pale).* A pale-coloured variety. _h._ 2ft.

=AMASONIA= (named in honour of Thomas Amason, one of the earlier American travellers). SYN. _Taligalea_. ORD. _Verbenaceæ_. A genus comprising six species (which may be reduced to four) of stove sub-shrubs, natives of tropical America. Flowers yellow or sulphur-coloured, racemose or panicled; calyx five-cleft; corolla five-cleft, sub-bilabiate. Leaves alternate, toothed or rarely entire. For culture of the only species introduced, _see_ =Clerodendron=.

=A. punicea= (reddish-brown). _fl._ yellow, with pretty, brownish
bracts; peduncles once or twice trifid, cymose or one-flowered.
May and June. _l._ slender, 3in. to 2in. long, oblong- or
elliptic-lanceolate, shortly acuminate, unequally toothed. Stem
erect, simple or slightly branched. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Brazil, 1884.

=AMATEUR.= This term is usually meant to refer to one who has a taste for a particular pursuit, and who is, in a pecuniary point of view, independent of it. An Amateur gardener is one who rears and grows his plants, and cultivates his garden, for his own amusement--for mere love of horticulture.

=AMBER, SWEET.= _See_ =Hypericum Androsæmum=.

=AMBER-TREE.= _See_ =Anthospermum=.

=AMBROSINIA= (commemorative of Professor Giacinti Ambrosini, of Bologna). ORD. _Aroideæ_ (_Araceæ_). A curious, half-hardy, tuberous perennial, thriving in any light soil, with protection in winter. Increased by seeds, and by divisions. The former should be sown, as soon as ripe, in a cool house; and the latter should be made just previous to new growth in spring.

=A. Bassii= (Bass's).* _fl._, spathes prolonged into a long tail,
and a tongue-shaped spadix, with the male flowers on one side, and
so placed as to preclude the access of pollen to the stigma on
the other side of the spathe, save by insect agency. _l._ oblong,
stalked. _h._ 4in. Corsica, Sardinia, 1879.

=AMBURY=, or =ANBURY=. The name given to galls of small Weevils (_Ceuthorhynchus sulcicollis_) which appear on the roots of Cabbages and Turnips, as well as of the Wild Mustard, and of other weeds belonging to the genus _Brassica_. The galls form swellings individually about the size of split peas, but often two or more are joined to form considerable masses. In each is a space inclosing a white grub. Anbury is usually not very hurtful. It is quite distinct from Clubbing. The galled roots should be collected, before the grubs emerge, and burned.

=AMELANCHIER= (Savoy name of the Medlar, to which this genus is closely allied). TRIBE _Pomaceæ_ of ORD. _Rosaceæ_. Hardy, deciduous shrubs or small trees, with racemes of white flowers, and simple, serrated leaves; bracteas linear-lanceolate. Pome, when mature, three to five-celled. They are of easy cultivation, in a somewhat rich, loamy soil, and are propagated by layers or cuttings, in autumn, in sheltered situations; by seeds, and by grafting, in early spring, on the Hawthorn or the Quince, or the weaker on the stronger-growing species.

=A. canadensis= (Canadian).* Grape Pear. _fl._ white. April. Pome
purple. _l._ oblong-elliptic, cuspidate, when young rather villous,
but at length glabrous. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft. Canada, 1746. A very
ornamental tree, having a profusion of flowers in early spring, and
rich autumnal foliage. SYN. _Pyrus Botryapium_.

=A. c. florida= (flowery).* _fl._ white, numerous, in upright
racemes. May. Pome purple. _l._ oblong, obtuse at both ends,
coarsely serrate in the terminal portion, glabrous in every state.
_h._ 10ft. to 20ft. North America, 1826.

=A. c. ovalis= (oval-leaved). _fl._ white; racemes pressed
together. April. _l._ roundish-elliptic, acute when rather young,
velvety beneath, glabrous when mature. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft. North
America, 1800.

=A. c. parvifolia= (small-leaved). This has a dwarfer habit, and
shorter leaves, than the type.

=A. sanguinea=, (bloody). _fl._ white; racemes capitate. April.
Pome blackish-purple. _l._ oblong, rounded at both ends, sharply
serrated, always naked. _h._ 4ft. to 8ft. North America, 1800. This
form differs principally from _A. canadensis_ in the fewer flowers,
much shorter raceme, and shorter, broader, and more ovate petals.

=A. vulgaris= (common).* _fl._ white. April. Pome darkish-purple.
_l._ roundish-oval, bluntish, pubescent beneath, at length
glabrous. _h._ 3ft. to 9ft. Europe, 1596. A desirable shrub,
producing an abundance of flowers. SYN. _Mespilus Amelanchier_.

=AMELLUS= (a name employed by Virgil for a blue, Aster-looking plant growing on the banks of the river Mella). ORD. _Compositæ_. Pretty, branched, ascending or diffuse, perennial herbs. Flowers in solitary heads. Leaves hairy, lower ones opposite, upper alternate. Of very easy culture, in ordinary garden soil. Increased by divisions, or cuttings, inserted under glass, in spring.

=A. Lychnitis= (Lychnitis). _fl.-heads_ violet, solitary, terminal,
and lateral. June. _l._ linear, lanceolate, entire, hoary. _h._
6in. Cape of Good Hope. Evergreen, greenhouse trailer.

=AMENTUM.= A catkin. A deciduous spike of unisexual, apetalous flowers.

=AMERICAN ALMOND.= _See_ =Brabejum=.

=AMERICAN ALOE.= _See_ =Agave americana=.

=AMERICAN BLIGHT=, or =WOOLLY APHIS= (_Schizoneura lanuginosa_). The white, cottony-looking matter which is found upon the bark of the Apple and other trees of a similar nature, belongs to a species of Aphis, which has short legs: the females are wingless, while the males are winged; the latter appear in July and August. The insects belong to a group of Aphides unprovided with honey tubes on the hinder part of the body, and in which the third vein of the front wing shows only one fork The woolly coating also distinguishes them from true Aphides. The Blight is said to have been imported from America in 1787, but this is uncertain.

As these insects get into the cracks and under the bark of trees, they are hard to dislodge. The injury inflicted is not apparent for some time; but, in process of time, large, cankerous wounds are produced, which gradually (with the aid of the insects) destroy the branches, and render the tree useless. If young trees are attacked, they are rendered valueless in a very short time. The insects hide in crevices of the bark of the trees each autumn, and remain dormant during the winter, ascending to their old quarters as the weather becomes warm. Trees which are covered with moss and lichens probably serve as places for hybernation; hence, it is desirable to remove such hiding-places, as well as all pieces of dead bark. To their being left may be frequently attributed the severe attacks of Blight experienced where they exist on trees. So soon as the cottony substance makes its appearance, one of the following remedies should be applied, and, if persisted in for a few seasons, the trees will be quite cleared.

_Brushing and Scraping._ In winter, the trees should be thoroughly cleaned; and, so long as there is a chance of the insects being in the bark, all loose pieces, moss, &c., should be brushed off, and the parts affected should be thoroughly saturated with a strong solution of soft soap or of soft soap and lime-water, applied with a stiff brush, so as to enter all the crevices.

_Gas Liquor._ This is the ammoniacal liquor from gas works. It must be diluted with from eight to twelve times its bulk of water, or it is dangerous to the trees; in fact, after dilution, it is advisable to test it, previous to using to any great extent. As the woolly covering of the insects resists water, it is desirable that the liquor be applied with a brush, and forced amongst the Blight.

_Infusion of Tobacco Leaves_ (1/2lb. to 1 gallon) kills the insects on shoots dipped into it.

_Paraffin or Petroleum._ This is a simple and useful remedy. Obtain a painter's half-worn sash-tool, free from paint, and just moisten it in the oil. Then brush out each infested place as often as the Blight appears, and in one season the trees will be cleared.

_Spent Tan._ Collect spent tan into a heap a month or two before it is to be used, and if it has heated well and rotted, so much the better. In winter, clear away all leaves, rubbish, grass, &c., and spread the tan at the rate of about thirty loads to the acre, taking care that it surrounds the base of each tree infested with Blight. Practical proof of its utility has been given.

_Turpentine and other Spirits._ The mode of applying these is the same as for paraffin, but they frequently injure the bark, and sometimes kill young trees.

To kill insects on the roots, it is well to clear away the soil as far as possible from them, and to saturate the place with soapsuds or ammoniacal solutions; soot, quicklime, or other applications to the soil would also prove useful.

Other remedies that have been suggested are the drainings of stables, and grafting-clay plastered over the bark.

=AMERICAN CENTAURY.= _See_ =Sabbatia=.

=AMERICAN CHINA ROOT.= _See_ =Smilax=.

=AMERICAN COWSLIP.= _See_ =Dodecatheon=.

=AMERICAN CRANBERRY.= _See_ =Oxycoccus macrocarpus=.

=AMERICAN CRESS.= _See_ =Barbarea=.

=AMERICAN DEWBERRY.= _see_ =Rubus canadensis=.

=AMERICAN GOOSEBERRY.= _See_ =Pereskia aculeata=.

=AMERICAN GREAT LAUREL.= _See_ =Rhododendron maximum=.

=AMERICAN HIGH BLACKBERRY.= A common name for =Rubus villosus= (which _see_).

=AMERICAN MANDRAKE.= _See_ =Podophyllum peltatum=.

=AMERICAN MOUNTAIN ASH.= _See_ =Pyrus americana=.

=AMERICAN PLANTS=. This term includes _Rhododendron_, _Azalea_, and several others of similar habit and constitution; indeed, any hardy, flowering shrubs requiring a moist peat border.

=AMERICAN SPANISH OAK.= _See_ =Quercus falcata=.

=AMERICAN SWAMP LILY.= _See_ =Saururus cernuus=.

=AMERICAN WHITE OAK.= _See_ =Quercus alba=.

=AMERICAN WILD BLACK CURRANT.= _See_ =Ribes floridum=.

=AMERICAN WILD RED RASPBERRY.= _See_ =Rubus strigosus=.

=AMERIMNON= (from _a_, privative, and _merinna_, care; in allusion to the little attention the plant requires; name originally applied to the House-leek). SYN. _Amerimnum_. ORD. _Leguminosæ_. Ornamental, evergreen, stove shrubs, with alternate, stalked, ovate, somewhat cordate, simple leaves. For culture, _see_ =Anona=.

=A. Brownei= (Browne's).* _fl._ white, sweet-scented; peduncles
axillary, ten-flowered, glabrous or puberulous. May. _l._ ovate,
somewhat cordate, acute, glabrous. _h._ 6ft. to 10ft. Jamaica,
1793. Requires a trellis or other support.

=A. strigulosum= (strigulose). _fl._ white; racemes axillary,
solitary, three times longer than the petioles. May. _l._ ovate,
rather cordate, obtuse, clothed with adpressed hairs on both
surfaces; branches and petioles clothed with light brown, dense,
short hairs. _h._ 6ft. to 10ft. Trinidad, 1817.

=AMERIMNUM.= A synonym of =Amerimnon= (which _see_).

=AMHERSTIA= (commemorative of Countess Amherst, a zealous promoter of natural history, particularly botany). ORD. _Leguminosæ_. A stove, evergreen tree of almost unsurpassed magnificence and brilliancy, requiring a very high and moist temperature. It delights in a rich, strong loam, and may be propagated by cuttings of the half-ripened wood, inserted in sand, under a glass in bottom heat of about 80deg.; also by seeds.

=A. nobilis= (noble).* _fl._ of a fine vermilion colour,
diversified with yellow spots, large; racemes long, pendulous,
axillary. May. _l._ large, impari-pinnate, bearing six to eight
pairs of leaflets. _h._ 30ft. to 40ft. India, 1837. The flowers
are, unfortunately, somewhat ephemeral, lasting but a few days in
perfection, during which period, however, no object in the whole
range of the vegetable kingdom presents a more striking aspect than
this tree.

=AMICIA= (commemorative of J. B. Amici, a celebrated French physician). ORD. _Leguminosæ_. A pretty, greenhouse or half-hardy perennial, succeeding in any warm, sheltered spot. Young cuttings will root in sand, under a hand glass, in heat.

=A. Zygomeris= (two-jointed-podded).* _fl._ yellow, splashed with
purple on the keel; peduncles axillary, five or six-flowered.
Autumn. Legumes with two joints. _l._ abruptly pinnate, with two
pairs of cuneate-obcordate, mucronate leaflets, which are full of
pellucid dots; branches and petioles pubescent. _h._ 8ft. Mexico,
1826.

=AMMOBIUM= (from _ammos_, sand, and _bio_, to live; in reference to the sandy soil in which it is found). ORD. _Compositæ_. This well-known everlasting is closely allied to _Gnaphalium_, from which it differs principally in habit. Receptacle with oblong, pointed, toothed, chaffy scales; involucre of imbricated leaflets. It may be treated as a half-hardy annual, or as a biennial, if seeds are sown in September and kept in a cool greenhouse during the winter, and this is the best way to grow it. Any moderately good soil suits it.

=A. alatum= (winged). _fl.-heads_ about 1in. across, of a silvery
whiteness, with the exception of the yellow disk florets, very
numerous, in loose, corymbose panicles. May to September. _l._
oblong-lanceolate; radical ones in a tufted rosette. Stems
winged--hence the specific name. _h._ 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. New Holland,
1822. See Fig. 77.

=A. a. grandiflorum= (large-flowered).* _fl.-heads_ purer white,
nearly twice the size of those in the type. This variety, which
comes true from seed, is a great acquisition.

=AMMOCHARIS.= _See_ =Brunsvigia=.

=AMMODENDRON= (from _ammos_, sand, and _dendron_, a tree; in reference to its natural habitat). SYN. _Sophora_. ORD. _Leguminosæ_. A small, neat, hardy evergreen, silky shrub, having the petioles hardening into spines; an excellent subject for shrubberies. It thrives in an ordinary soil, with good drainage, and is propagated by layers and seeds.

=A. Sieversii= (Sievers').* _fl._ purple, disposed in racemes.
June. _l._ bifoliolate; leaflets lanceolate, silky-white on both
surfaces. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. Siberia, 1837.

=AMMYRSINE.= _See_ =Leiophyllum=.

=AMOMOPHYLLUM.= _See_ =Spathiphyllum=.

=AMOMUM= (from _a_, not, and _momos_, impurity; in reference to the quality of counteracting poison). ORD. _Zingiberaceæ_. Stove, deciduous, herbaceous perennials, chiefly aromatic, formerly used in embalming. Flowers produced close to the ground, in spikes or clusters, bracteate. Leaves distichous, sheathing at the base, lanceolate, entire. For culture, _see_ =Alpinia=.

=A. angustifolium= (narrow-leaved).* _fl._ sometimes of a uniform
chrome-yellow, sometimes crimson, with the labellum of a yellow
colour, more or less pale, and sometimes entirely crimson; scape
naked, from 3in. to 8in. in length; spike capitate. July. _l._
linear-lanceolate. _h._ 8ft. Madagascar.

=A. Cardamomum= (Cardamom).* _fl._ brownish; lip three-lobed,
spurred; scape compound, flexuous, procumbent. August. _h._ 8ft.
East Indies, 1823.

=A. Danielli= (Daniel's). _fl._ 4in. across; outer sepals fine red;
the spreading labellum whitish, tinged with rose and yellow; scape
short, arising from the bottom of the stem. _l._ oblong-lanceolate,
9in. long. _h._ 2-1/2ft. Western Africa.

=A. grandiflorum= (large-flowered). _fl._ white, numerous, close;
spike short. June. _l._ elliptic-lanceolate, pointed. _h._ 3ft.
Sierra Leone, 1795.

=A. Granum Paradisi.=* Grains of Paradise. _fl._ white, tinged with
yellow and rose. _l._ elliptic-lanceolate, long-pointed. Stems very
red at base, and dull purplish-red above from the long, sheathing
leafstalks. _h._ 3ft. West Africa.

=A. Melegueta= (Melegueta).* Grains of Paradise. _fl._ pale pink,
solitary, with an orbicular, irregularly toothed lip. May. _l._
narrow, linear-elliptic, distichous, sessile. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft.
Sierra Leone, 1869. Habit creeping.

=A. sceptrum= (sceptre). _fl._ bright rose purple, large,
sub-erect; the most conspicuous portion is the lip, which is
2-1/2in. in diameter; flower-scapes 6in. high. January. _l._
narrow, oblong-lanceolate. _h._ 5ft. to 6ft. Old Calabar, 1863.

=A. vitellinum= (yolk-of-egg-coloured). _fl._ yellow; lip oblong,
obtuse, toothed; spike oblong, sessile, rather loose. April. _l._
oval. _h._ 2ft. East Indies, 1846. Plant stemless, glabrous.

=AMORPHA= (from _a_, not, and _morphe_, form; incomplete formation of the flowers). Bastard Indigo. ORD. _Leguminosæ_. A handsome genus of hardy deciduous shrubs with very graceful impari-pinnate leaves, and many pairs of leaflets, which are full of pellucid dots. Racemes spicate, elongated, usually in fascicles at the tops of the branches; corolla without wings and keel; vexillum or standard ovate, concave. They are well adapted for small shrubberies, requiring a sheltered situation, and thrive well in common garden soil. Increased by layers, or cuttings, taken off at a joint, and planted in a sheltered situation early in autumn; these should be allowed to remain undisturbed till the following autumn. Amorphas produce an abundance of suckers, from which they may be readily propagated.

=A. canescens= (hoary).* The Lead Plant. _fl._ dark blue. July.
_l._, leaflets ovate-elliptic, mucronate. _h._ 3ft. Missouri, 1812.
Whole plant clothed with hoary hairs.

=A. fruticosa= (shrubby).* The False Indigo. _fl._ very dark bluish
purple. June. _l._, leaflets elliptic-oblong; lower ones distant
from the stem. _h._ 6ft. Carolina, 1724. Shrub glabrous, or a
little villous. There are several varieties, having mucronate,
emarginate, or narrower leaflets, but all with purple flowers. A
host of names, representing the merest forms of _A. fruticosa_,
are to be found in nurserymen's catalogues. Amongst them are:
_caroliniana_, _crocea_, _crocea-lanata_, _dealbata_, _fragrans_,
_glabra_, _herbacea_, _nana_, _pubescens_, &c. These differ so
slightly from the type and from each other, that it is impossible
to distinguish them.

=AMORPHOPHALLUS= (from _amorphos_, deformed, and _phallos_, a mace; alluding to the inflorescence). SYN. _Pythion_. Including _Proteinophallus_. ORD. _Aroideæ (Araceæ)_. A very remarkable genus, closely allied to _Arum_, but distinguished therefrom by "their spreading, not convolute, spathes; by their anthers opening by pores, not by longitudinal slits; by the numerous cells to the ovary; and by the solitary, erect ovules, those of _Arum_ being horizontal." A soil consisting of two-thirds good rich loam, with the additional third of sweet manure, thoroughly rotted, suits them well. Other essentials are plenty of pot room, a genial atmosphere, and a temperature ranging from 55deg. to 65deg., or even 70deg. They require to be kept dry, and warm in winter, as nothing is more fatal to them than cold or damp. Beneath a shelf or stage in the stove is an excellent spot for them, or they may be stored in sand, and kept free from frost. They are difficult to increase; the corms of most of them are of great size, and rarely make offsets. Efforts should consequently be made to induce the plants to seed whenever practicable. All the species are strikingly effective in sub-tropical bedding. For fertilising and growth of seedlings, _see_ =Arum=.

=A. campanulatus= (bell-shaped).* Similar to _A. Rivieri_, but the
flowers are brown, red, and black, and the scape is neither so
stout nor so tall. _h._ 2ft. India, 1817. SYN. _Arum campanulatum_.

=A. grandis= (large). _fl._, spathe green, white inside; spadix
purplish. _h._ 3ft. Java, 1865. Stove species.

=A. Lacourii= (Lacour's).* _l._ pedatisect, the ultimate segments
lanceolate, yellow-spotted; petioles transversely mottled with
yellow markings. Cochin China, 1879. Greenhouse. The correct name
of this species is _Pseudodracontium Lacourii_.

=A. nivosus.= _See_ =Dracontium asperum=.

=A. Rivieri= (Rivier's).* _fl._, spadix, spathe, and scape,
reaching 3ft. or more in height, appearing before the leaves; scape
stout and strong, of a deep green colour, speckled or dotted with
rose; spadix projecting, deep red; spathe of a rosy-green colour.
March to May. _l._ solitary, decompound, 40in. to 50in. across,
on tall marbled petioles. Cochin China. Perhaps the most useful
species. SYN. _Proteinophallus Rivieri_. See Fig. 78.

=A. Titanum= (Titan's).* _fl._, spadix 5ft. high, black purple;
spathe nearly 3ft. in diameter, campanulate in shape, with patent
and deeply toothed edges. The deeper portion of the interior is
pale greenish, but the limb is of a bright black purple hue; the
outside is pale green, smooth in the lower portion, but thickly
corrugated and crisp above; scape about 1-1/2ft. long, green,
marked with small whitish orbicular spots. _l._ the divided blade
covers an area of 45ft. in circumference. West Sumatra, 1878.
As will be seen from the above, this extraordinary plant is of
gigantic proportions, and, in size of the flowers, eclipsing nearly
all others in the vegetable kingdom. SYN. _Conophallus Titanum_.

=AMORPHOUS.= Without definite form.

=AMPELOPSIS= (from _ampelos_, a vine, and _opsis_, resemblance; resembling the Grape Vine in habit, and to which it is closely allied). SYN. _Quinaria_. ORD. _Ampelideæ_. A genus nearly allied to _Vitis_. Calyx slightly five toothed; petals concave, thick, expanding before they fall; disk none. Fast growing and ornamental climbing, hardy deciduous shrubs, of very easy culture in common garden soil. Cuttings, having a good eye, may be taken in September, and pricked either under handlights in sandy soil on the open border, or in pots stood on the stage or shelf in a greenhouse; they root readily, and will be fit for transplanting early in the spring. Or cuttings made from the young soft wood, expressly grown for the purpose, in spring, root freely in gentle heat. This applies especially to _A. tricuspidata_. They are also easily increased by layers. Most of the species will thrive with equal vigour in almost any position, however exposed.

=A. aconitifolia= (Aconite-leaved).* _l._ palmisect, with
pinnatifid segments. China, 1868. A slender and very elegant
free-growing species, with long reddish branches. There are two or
more varieties. SYNS. _A. lucida_, _A. triloba_, _A. tripartita_,
and _Vitis dissecta_. See Fig. 79.

=A. bipinnata= (bipinnate). _fl._ green, small; raceme stalked,
twice bifid. Berries globose. June. _l._ bipinnate, smooth;
leaflets deeply lobed. _h._ 10ft. Virginia, 1700.

=A. hederacea= (Ivy-leaved). Synonymous with _A. quinquefolia_.

=A. japonica= (Japanese). Synonymous with _A. tricuspidata_.

=A. lucida= (shining). Synonymous with _A. aconitifolia_.

=A. napiformis= (turnip-like).* Greenish. China, 1870. See Fig. 80.

=A. quinquefolia= (five-leaved).* Virginian Creeper. _fl._
greenish-purple; raceme corymbose. June. _l._ palmate, with three
and five leaflets, smooth on both surfaces; leaflets stalked,
oblong-acuminated, mucronately toothed; autumnal tint red. North
America, 1629. SYN. _A. hederacea_.

=A. q. hirsuta= (hairy). _l._ downy on both surfaces.

=A. serjaniæfolia= (Serjania-leaved).* _l._ green, palmately
five-parted, or the upper ones three-parted, the intermediate
division being often ternate or pinnate; leaflets obovate acute,
and incisely toothed or sublobate; the rachis is articulately
winged. Japan, 1867. SYNS. _A. tuberosa_, _Cissus viticifolia_.
Roots tuberous; see Fig. 81.

=A. tricuspidata= (three-pointed).* _l._ very variable in shape;
younger ones almost entire; older ones larger, roundish-cordate,
divided to the middle into three deltoid lobes, which run into
little tails, and are coarsely toothed at the margin. Japan, 1868.
SYNS. _A. Veitchii_, _Vitis japonica_ (of gardens).

=A. triloba= (three-lobed). A synonym of _A. aconitifolia_.

=A. tripartita= (three-parted). A synonym of _A. aconitifolia_.

=A. tuberosa= (tuberous). A synonym of _A. serjaniæfolia_.

=A. Veitchii= (Veitch's). A synonym of _A. tricuspidata_.

=AMPHIBLEMMA CYMOSUM.= _See_ =Melastoma corymbosum=.

=AMPHIBLESTRA.= Included under =Pteris= (which _see_).

=AMPHICARPÆA= (from _amphi_, both, and _karpos_, a fruit; in allusion to the two kinds of pods--those of the upper flowers being scimitar-shaped, three or four-seeded; those of the lower, pear-shaped, fleshy, usually ripening but one seed; these lower pods bury themselves in the ground after fertilisation). ORD. _Leguminosæ_. A genus of ornamental annuals, with herbaceous, twining stems, and sometimes apetalous flowers, allied to _Wistaria_. The species are of easy culture. Seeds should be sown in the open border, in spring, in a sunny situation.

=A. monoica= (monœcious). Hog Pea-nut. _fl._ with a pale violet
vexillum, and white keel and wings; racemes axillary, pendulous.
June to August. _l._ pinnately-trifoliate; leaflets ovate,
glabrous. North America. 1781.

=AMPHICOME= (from _amphi_, on both sides, and _kome_, a head of hair; in reference to the seeds being furnished with a tuft of hairs at both ends). ORD. _Bignoniaceæ_. Flowers axillary or terminal. Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate. Very ornamental greenhouse or half-hardy rock herbaceous plants. If planted outside, they must be protected during the winter from wet and severe frosts. A mixture of loam, sand, and leaf soil suits them well. Increased by striking the young shoots in spring in sandy soil in gentle heat; or by seed, which should be sown in early spring, in pots of sandy soil placed in a greenhouse.

=A. arguta= (finely-cut).* _fl._ red, drooping; racemes axillary,
terminal; corolla tubular near the base, ventricose above. August.
_l._ alternate, impari-pinnate; leaflets opposite, on short
petioles, three to four pairs, lanceolate, acuminated, deeply
serrated. _h._ 3ft. Himalaya, 1837.

=A. Emodi= (Emodian).* _fl._ rose and orange, erect; racemes
axillary; corolla 1-1/2in. to 2in. long, bell-shaped, slightly
tubular below. August to October. _l._ impari-pinnate, with
numerous leaflets. _h._ 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. India, at high altitudes,
1852. A very beautiful plant.

=AMPHILOPHIUM= (from _amphilophos_, crested on all sides; limb of corolla much curled). SYN. _Amphilobium_. ORD. _Bignoniaceæ_. A handsome stove evergreen climber. Corolla somewhat coriaceous, with a short tube, and a large ventricose throat. Loam and peat, well mixed, suits it best; cuttings from young shoots root readily in sand, under a hand glass, with bottom heat, during the spring months.

=A. paniculatum= (panicled).* _fl._ rose-coloured; panicle
terminal, composed of three-flowered peduncles. June. _l._
joined by pairs, opposite; leaflets ovate-roundish, acuminated,
sub-cordate. West Indies, 1738.

=AMPLEXICAULIS.= Embracing the stem; usually applied to leaves.

=AMPULLACEOUS.= Resembling a bladder or flask.

=AMSONIA= (in honour of Charles Amson, a scientific traveller in America). ORD. _Apocynaceæ_. Very pretty hardy, herbaceous perennials, with alternate leaves, and terminal panicles of pale blue flowers; corolla with linear lobes, and a narrow funnel-shaped tube. They thrive in half shady positions in borders, or the edges of shrubberies, where they will not need to be frequently transplanted. Propagated by cuttings during the summer months, or by divisions of the roots in spring.

=A. latifolia= (broad-leaved). Synonymous with _A. Tabernæmontana_.

=A. salicifolia= (willow-leaved).* _fl._ light blue, in terminal
corymbose cymes; corolla small, funnel-shaped, with a rounded tube;
throat whitish, bearded. Summer. _l._ lanceolate, smooth, acute.
_h._ 1-1/2ft. to 2-1/2ft. North America, 1812. Habit less erect
than the following species. See Fig. 82.

=A. Tabernæmontana= (Tabernæmontanus).* _fl._ pale blue, in cymes;
petals lanceolate, acute, slightly hairy on the outside; sepals
also lanceolate, acute. Summer. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, acute,
shortly stalked. _h._ 1-1/2ft. to 2-1/2ft. North America, 1759.
SYNS. _A. latifolia_, _Tabernæmontana Amsonia_.

=AMYGDALUS= (from _amysso_, to lacerate; fissured channels in the stone of the fruit). Almond. ORD. _Rosaceæ_. TRIBE _Drupaceæ_. Well known, ornamental, deciduous spring flowering shrubs. Drupe clothed with velvety pubescence, with a fibrous dry rind, separating irregularly, having the stone of the fruit pitted or smooth. The larger-growing species are very excellent for shrubberies, or as specimen trees; being in blossom before most other trees, they make a fine appearance in early spring. The dwarfer kinds are also well fitted for small shrubberies or the fronts of large ones. For greenhouse culture they should be obtained in a small pyramidal shape; they are not, however, suited to a small house, as the plants, to bloom well and be effective, ought to be at least 2ft. or 3ft. high, and proportionately wide. Plenty of root room is essential. After potting, water thoroughly, and place the trees in an orchard house for a few weeks, when they may be removed to their permanent station. A temperature of about 50deg. or 55deg. is sufficient to hasten the flowering; a higher temperature is apt to frustrate the object in view. After flowering, gradually harden off the plants until about the end of May, when they may be plunged out of doors for the season. Repotting should be done as soon as the leaves fall. Increased by budding upon seedling plum-stocks in summer. The Almond is grown on the Continent for its fruit. _See also_ =Prunus=.

=A. argentea= (silvery). A synonym of _A. orientalis_.

=A. Besseriana= (Besser's). A synonym of _A. nana_.

=A. cochinchinensis= (Cochin China). _fl._ white; racemes small,
sub-terminal. _fr._ ovate, ventricose, acute at the apex. March.
_l._ oval, quite entire. _h._ 30ft. to 40ft. Cochin China, 1825.
Greenhouse.

=A. communis= (common).* Common Almond. _fl._ white or rose
coloured, solitary. March. _fr._ compressed, egg-shaped, tomentose.
_l._ oblong lanceolate, serrulated. _h._ 10ft. to 30ft. Barbary,
1548. See Fig. 83.

=A. c. amara= (bitter).* Bitter Almond. _fl._ larger, white, but
rose coloured at the base. April. Seeds bitter.

=A. c. dulcis= (sweet). Sweet Almond. _fl._ red, earlier; fruit
ovate, compressed, acuminated. Seeds sweet. _l._ of a greyish green
colour.

=A. c. flore-pleno= (double-blossomed).* _fl._ flesh colour, full
double, rosy in the bud. _l._ oval-elliptic, acuminate.

=A. c. fragilis= (brittle). _fl._ pale rose coloured, rising with
the leaves; petals broader, deeply emarginate. _l._ shorter than
those of the type.

=A. c. macrocarpa= (large-fruited).* _fl._ whitish rose colour,
large, rising before the leaves, with broadly obcordate undulated
petals. _fr._ larger than that of the type, umbilicate at the base,
but acuminated at the apex. _l._ broader than the type, acuminated.
There are also numerous other varieties.

=A. incana= (hoary).* _fl._ red, solitary. April. Drupe compressed,
pubescent. _l._ obovate, serrated, clothed with white tomentum
beneath. _h._ 2ft. A handsome dwarf shrub. Caucasus, 1815.

=A. nana= (dwarf).* _fl._ rose coloured, solitary. March. _fr._
of the same form as that of _A. communis_, but much smaller. _l._
oblong-linear, attenuated at the base, serrated, quite glabrous.
_h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Tartary, 1683. SYN. _A. Besseriana_.

=A. orientalis= (Oriental). _fl._ rose coloured. March. _fr._
mucronate. _l._ lanceolate, quite entire, almost permanent, clothed
with silvery tomentum, as well as the branches. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft.
Levant, 1756. SYN. _A. argentea_.

=AMYLACEOUS.= Starch-like.

=AMYRIDACEÆ.= _See_ =Burseraceæ=.

=AMYRIS= (from _a_, intensive, and _myron_, balm; the whole of the trees in this genus smell strongly of balm or myrrh). ORD. _Burseraceæ_. Ornamental stove evergreen trees, abounding in a resinous fluid. Flowers white, disposed in panicles. Leaves unequally pinnate. They thrive well in a mixture of loam and peat; and cuttings root freely in sand, under a hand glass with bottom heat, during the spring months.

=A. balsamifera= (balsam-bearing). Synonymous with _A. toxifera_.

=A. braziliensis= (Brazilian).* _fl._ white; panicles axillary,
shorter than the leaves. August. _l._ with one to three pairs of
opposite leaflets; leaflets lanceolate, tapering to the base,
rounded at the apex, mucronate, quite entire, veiny, shining above,
discoloured beneath. _h._ 20ft. Brazil, 1823.

=A. heptaphylla= (seven-leaved). _fl._ whitish yellow;
panicles branched, axillary, and terminal. _l._ with three to
four pairs of alternate, simple leaflets, which are stalked,
obliquely-lanceolate, acuminated, entire. _h._ 16ft. India, 1823.

=A. Plumieri= (Plumier's).* Gum Elemi Tree. _fl._ white; panicles
branched, terminal. The fruit of this species is the shape and size
of an olive, but red, having an odoriferous pulp within it. _l._
leaflets three to five, all stalked, somewhat serrated, ovate,
acuminate, villous beneath. _h._ 20ft. West Indies, 1820.

=A. toxifera= (poison-bearing).* _fl._ white; racemes simple, about
the length of the petioles. _fr._ the shape of a pear, and of a
purple colour, hanging in bunches. _l._, leaflets five to seven,
stalked, ovate, somewhat cordate, acuminated. _h._ 50ft. West
Indies, 1818. The wood, known as Rhodes Wood, bears a fine polish,
and has a pleasant smell. SYN. _A. balsamifera_.

=ANACAMPSEROS= (from _anakampto_, to cause return, and _eros_, love). SYN. _Rulingia_. ORD. _Portulacaceæ_. Very dwarf greenhouse succulent herbs or sub-shrubs, natives of the Cape of Good Hope. Flowers large, expanding only in the heat of the sun; petals five, very fugacious; sepals five, opposite, oblong, rather concrete at the base; pedicels one-flowered, short or elongated, disposed in racemes. Leaves ovate, fleshy. They grow freely in sandy loam, mixed with some lime rubbish; but little water is needed. Cuttings root freely if laid to dry a few days before planting. Leaves taken off close to the plants, and also left to dry for a short time before being planted, will take root. Seed, when obtainable, should be sown in the spring.

=A. arachnoides= (cobwebbed).* _fl._ white; petals lanceolate;
racemes simple. July. _l._ ovate, acuminated, difformed, green,
shining, cobwebbed. _h._ 6in. to 9in. 1790.

=A. filamentosa= (thready). _fl._ reddish, or deep rose coloured;
petals oblong. August. _l._ ovate-globose, gibbous on both sides,
and cobwebbed, rather rugged above. _h._ 6in. to 1ft. 1795.

=A. intermedia= (intermediate). Very like _A. filamentosa_, but has
broader and more numerous leaves.

=A. rubens= (reddish).* _fl._ red; racemes simple. July. _l._
ovate, difformed, shining, dark green, somewhat reflexed at the
apex. _h._ 6in. to 9in. 1796.

=A. rufescens= (rusty-coloured). _fl._ reddish, similarly disposed
to _A. varians_. July. _l._ crowded, expanded and recurved, ovate,
acute, thick, green, usually dark purple beneath. _h._ 6in. 1818.

=A. Telephiastrum= (Telephium-like). Synonymous with _A. varians_.

=A. varians= (varying).* _fl._ reddish; racemes few-flowered,
sub-panicled. July. _l._ ovate, difformed, glabrous. _h._ 3in.
1813. SYN. _A. Telephiastrum_.

=ANACAMPTIS.= _See_ =Orchis=.

=ANACARDIACEÆ.= A rather large order of trees or shrubs, with a resinous, milky juice. Flowers inconspicuous. Leaves generally dotless. Ovary containing a single ovule. This order contains, among other genera, _Anacardium_, _Mangifera_, and _Rhus_.

=ANACARDIUM= (origin doubtful; probably from _ana_, like, and _kardia_, the heart; in reference to the form of the nut). ORD. _Anacardiaceæ_. An ornamental stove evergreen tree with entire, feather-nerved leaves and terminal panicles of flowers; nut reniform, umbilicated, seated laterally on a fleshy, wide, pear-shaped peduncle. It requires a light loamy soil. Ripened cuttings, with their leaves left on, root freely in sand under a hand glass, in heat.

=A. occidentale= (Western). Cashew Nut. _fl._ reddish, small,
very sweet scented, succeeded by an edible pome-like fruit of a
yellow or red colour. _l._ oval, cuneated, very blunt, somewhat
emarginate, obovate-oblong, entire, smooth. _h._ 16ft. West Indies,
1699.

=ANADENIA.= _See_ =Grevillea=.

=ANAGALLIS= (from _anagelas_, to laugh; removing despondency: meaning doubtful). Pimpernel. ORD. _Primulaceæ_. Annual or perennial trailers with angular stems, opposite or verticillate leaves, and solitary pedunculate flowers; corolla rotate or funnel-shaped, deeply five-cleft. All are very pretty and free flowering plants, of easy culture. The annuals are raised from seed sown in a sunny spot in spring; the perennials are increased by striking cuttings of the young shoots, or division, at any time, either under a hand glass or in a close frame. Keep in the shade until well established, and gradually harden off. Plant outside in light rich soil for summer flowering, and each year secure a stock in frames during the winter. They require, if left out of doors, a protection during the winter, except _A. tenella_.

=A. fruticosa= (shrubby).* _fl._ axillary, large, vermilion, with a
dark throat. May to August. _l._ verticillate, four in each whorl.
_h._ 2ft. Morocco, 1803. A biennial.

=A. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* _fl._ very variable, but
intense blue and deep vermilion red are predominant. May to autumn.
_h._ 4in. Habit very compact and neat, and very floriferous. There
are several varieties. Annual.

=A. indica= (Indian). _fl._ deep blue, small. July. _h._ 1ft.
Nepaul, 1824. Annual; trailing.

=A. linifolia= (flax-leaved).* _fl._ brilliant blue, large, about
1/2in. in diameter. July. _l._ opposite. _h._ 9in. to 12in.
Portugal, 1796. Perennial. There are many varieties, the best of
which are the following. SYN. _A. Monelli_. See Fig. 84.

=A. l. Brewerii= (Brewer's).* _fl._ red. June. _h._ 9in. Known also
as _Phillipsii_.

=A. l. Eugenie= (Eugenie's).* _fl._ blue, margined with white.

=A. l. lilacina= (lilac-flowered). _fl._ lilac. May. _h._ 1ft.

=A. l. Napoleon III.= (Napoleon's).* _fl._ crimson maroon, distinct
and pretty.

=A. l. Parksii= (Parks'). _fl._ red, large.

=A. l. phœnicea= (Phœnician).* _fl._ scarlet. May. Morocco, 1803.

=A. l. sanguinea= (bloody). _fl._ bright ruby colour.

=A. l. Wilmoreana= (Wilmore's).* _fl._ bright blue purple, with
yellow eye. _h._ 6in.

=A. Monelli= (Monell's). A synonym of _A. linifolia_.

=A. tenella= (delicate).* _fl._ delicate pink, with deeper veins;
corolla bell-shaped. Summer. _l._ roundish, very small, opposite.
A beautiful little native bog trailer, and one of the prettiest in
the whole genus. Requires a boggy and wet soil.

=A. Webbiana= (Webb's). _fl._ blue; petals with their tops slightly
denticulated. June to August. _l._ several, verticillate. _h._ 4in.
Portugal, 1828.

=ANAGYRIS= (from _ana_, backwards, and _gyros_, a circle; the pods are curved backwards at their extremities). ORD. _Leguminosæ_. An ornamental greenhouse or half-hardy shrub, having the two stipules placed opposite the leaves. It thrives in a mixture of loam, sand, and peat in equal proportions. Young cuttings should be planted in July in a pot of sand, and placed under a hand glass.

=A. fœtida= (fœtid). _fl._ yellow, hairy, like those of the
Laburnum; racemes short. May. _l._ trifoliate; leaflets lanceolate,
acute, entire. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft. South Europe, 1750. This shrub is
fœtid in every part when bruised.

=ANALOGY.= Resembling a thing in form but not in function; or _vice versâ_. Corresponding with a thing in many points, but differing in more, or in points of more importance.

=ANANAS= (from _nanas_, the South American name for the Pine Apple). SYN. _Ananassa_. Pine Apple. ORD. _Bromeliaceæ_. Stove herbaceous perennials, having the berries collected with the bracts into a compound fruit. Leaves rigid; edges spiny. The variegated form is a useful plant for decorative purposes, and may be employed without the usual harmful consequences attending stove plants generally, but it must not be subjected to cold draughts. The soil should consist of two parts fibrous loam, one of peat, one of dung and leaf mould, and another of sand. Those propagated from suckers, which should be laid by a day or two and then inserted in a strong heat, have, as a rule, longer and lighter-coloured leaves. Offsets are often produced at the base of the fruit, and make stout plants, with high-coloured foliage. When the plants are potted in spring, plunge them in bottom heat, to hasten their growth; but this is not absolutely necessary. Should it be desired to fruit the variegated form, the plants may be submitted to the same process of culture as detailed under =Pine Apple= (which _see_).

=A. bracamorensis= (Bracamora). Brazil, 1879.

=A. bracteata= (bracted). _fl._ crimson. April. _h._ 3ft. Brazil,
1820.

=A. lucida= (shining). _fl._ pink. April. _h._ 3ft. South America,
1820.

=A. macrodonta= (large-toothed).* _fl._ reddish, tinted buff; spike
elongate-ovoid, with imbricating dentate bracts. _fr._ conical,
about 8in. long and 4in. wide, with conspicuous bracts, and highly
perfumed. _l._ with conspicuous teeth. 1878. SYN. _Bromelia
undulata_.

=A. Mordilona= (Mordilona; native name). _fr._ large, with a fine
aroma. _l._ distinguished in being without spines. Columbia, 1869.

=A. Porteana= (Porter's).* _l._ armed on the margins with sharp
spines, deep olive green, with a broad band of pale yellow running
down the centre from base to apex. This species has a somewhat
erect habit of growth. Philippines, 1866.

=A. sativa= (cultivated). Pine Apple. For culture, _see_ =Pine
Apple=.

=A. s. variegata= (variegated).* _l._ rosulate, finely arched,
2ft. or 3ft. long, serrated on the edges; centre bright green,
sometimes with a few lines of white, broadly margined with rich
creamy-yellow, tinged with red towards the margins. A very elegant
variegated plant for vases, &c.

=ANANASSA.= _See_ =Ananas=.

=ANANTHERIX= (from _a_, without, and _antherix_, an awn; there are no horn-formed processes from the base of the leaflets of the corona, as in _Asclepias_, to which it is closely allied). ORD. _Asclepiadeæ_. A small genus of pretty, hardy herbs. _A. viridis_ is of easy culture in an open situation, and light soil. Increased by division of the root; or by seeds, which ripen in abundance.

=A. viridis= (green). _fl._ purplish-green, large; corolla
sub-campanulate, five-cleft; umbels proceeding from the stem,
sub-panicled, few-flowered. August. _l._ opposite, sessile,
obovate-oblong, pointed, smoothish. _h._ 1ft. North America, 1812.

=ANAPELTIS.= Included under _Polypodium_.

=ANARRHINUM= (from _a_, without, and _rhin_, a snout; the corolla being without a spur, or furnished with a very short one). ORD. _Scrophularineæ_. Elegant little half-hardy biennials or perennials allied to _Antirrhinum_. Flowers small, drooping, in long spike-formed, twiggy, and interrupted racemes. Radical leaves usually in a rosette; stem and branch leaves palmate-parted, or toothed at the apex; superior ones quite entire. They are of easy culture in ordinary garden soil; seed may be sown outside in spring, or they can be increased by growing cuttings, but they require protection during severe weather.

=A. bellidifolium= (Daisy-leaved).* _fl._ white, or pale blue;
racemes slender, elongated. June. _l._ radical ones spathulate or
obovate-lanceolate, deeply toothed; branch leaves deeply three to
seven-parted. _h._ 2ft. South Europe, 1629.

=A. Duriminium= (Douro). A synonym of _A. hirsutum_.

=A. fruticosum= (shrubby). _fl._ white, without a spur. July. _l._
lower ones mostly tridentate at the apex; superior ones oblong,
quite entire. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. South Europe, 1826. Shrubby.

=A. hirsutum= (hairy). _fl._ whitish, a little larger than those of
_A. bellidifolium_, of which it is, perhaps, only a downy variety.
_h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Portugal, 1818. SYN. _A. Duriminium_.

=ANASTATICA= (from _anastasis_, resurrection; plant recovering its original form, however dry it may be, on immersion in water). ORD. _Cruciferæ_. A very curious and interesting little annual, the leaves of which fall off from the plant after flowering, the branches and branchlets then become dry, hard, and ligneous, and rise upwards and bend inwards at their points. This plant has the remarkable property of resuming vitality on being placed in water, after being kept in a dry state for many years. Seeds should be sown in heat, in the spring, and the plants afterwards potted off and plunged again in heat to hasten their growth, which cannot otherwise be fully developed with our precarious and sunless summers.

=A. Hierochuntina.= Rose of Jericho. _fl._ small, white, sessile,
disposed in spikes along the branches; petals obovate. July. _fr._,
or silicle, ventricose, with the valves bearing each an appendage
on the outer side at the end. _l._ obovate, with stellate hairs;
lower ones entire, upper ones slightly toothed. Branches crowded
lattice-wise into a globular form. _h._ 6in. Syria, &c., 1597.
Supposed by some commentators to be the "_rolling thing_ before the
whirlwind" mentioned by Isaiah. See Figs. 85 and 86.

=ANASTOMOSE.= Branching of one vein into another.

=ANBURY.= _See_ =Ambury=.

=ANCEPS.= Two-edged; as the stem of an Iris.

=ANCHIETEA= (named in honour of P. Anchietea, a celebrated Brazilian writer on plants). SYNS. _Lucinæa_, _Noisettia_. ORD. _Violarieæ_. An ornamental, stove, evergreen climber. Petals five, very unequal, two upper ones smallest, two intermediate ones longer, lowest one largest, with a spur at the base. The species thrives in a mixture of loam, sand, and peat. Young cuttings root freely under a bell glass if planted in sand, and placed in a moderate heat.

=A. pyrifolia= (pear-leaved). _fl._ whitish, veined with red at
the base, in axillary fascicles; lower petal obovate. July. _l._
alternate, stalked, stipulate, ovate, acute, crenated. Brazil, 1826.

=ANCHOMANES= (name of doubtful origin). ORD. _Aroideæ_. A remarkable and beautiful stove tuberous-rooted perennial aroid, allied to _Amorphophallus_, and requiring somewhat similar treatment. As soon as the leaves die down, the plants should be repotted in rich sandy loam and leaf mould, with ample drainage. They will need scarce any water or attention until growth commences the following spring, when they must have an abundance of water, and a moist atmosphere. Summer temperature, 60deg. to 85deg.; winter, 55deg. to 60deg. Propagated by seeds and offsets.