Chapter M: A. S. Salm-Dyck. Monographia generum Aloes et Mesembryanthemi (13)

=A. nitida= (shining).* _fl._ white; racemes terminal. May. _l._
oblong-lanceolate, acute, smooth on both sides and shining above.
_h._ 4ft. Mexico, 1839. An erect half-hardy evergreen.

=A. pungens= (stinging).* _fl._ white; pedicels close; racemes
short, at first terminal, but at length lateral. February. _l._
ovate-oblong, acute, mucronate, rather pungent, quite entire,
coriaceous, clothed with fine down on both surfaces; branchlets
angular, downy. _h._ 1ft. Mexico, 1839. A dwarf, much branched,
half-hardy evergreen shrub.

=A. tomentosa= (tomentose).* _fl._ pure white, campanulately
urceolate, bracteate; peduncles axillary, shorter than the
leaves, somewhat capitately racemose. December. _l._ oval, acute,
sub-cordate at the base, clothed with white tomentum beneath, on
short petioles; branches hispid. _h._ 4ft. North-west America,
1826. Shrubby species; hardy.

=A. Uva-ursi.=* Bearberry. _fl._ flesh-coloured, with a red mouth,
growing in small clusters at the extremities of the branches.
April. _l._ obovate, quite entire, coriaceous, shining. Highlands
of Scotland and Wales. A hardy evergreen procumbent trailer. SYN.
_Arbutus Uva-ursi_.

=ARCTOTHECA= (from _arktos_, a bear, and _theke_, a capsule; so named from the roughness of the fruit). ORD. _Compositæ_. Greenhouse herbaceous perennial, allied to _Arctotis_. Heads radiate; involucral scales imbricate in many rows, the outer linear, herbaceous, inner larger, scariose, very obtuse; receptacle honeycombed, bearing many little fringes; achenes ovate, somewhat four-sided, without wings or pappus. It thrives in a compost of peat, leaf soil, and loam. Propagated by divisions of the plant, or cuttings, in spring. Several species formerly classed in this genus are now included under _Arctotis_.

=A. repens= (creeping). _fl.-heads_ yellow. July. _l._ petioled,
lyrate-pinnatifid, green and mostly smooth above, white-woolly
beneath. Cape of Good Hope, 1793. A stemless, creeping or decumbent
herb.

=ARCTOTIS= (from _arktos_, a bear, and _ous_, an ear; in reference to the shaggy fruit). ORD. _Compositæ_. Mostly half-hardy herbaceous perennials. Involucral bracts numerous, imbricated, scariose on the margin; receptacle pitted, studded with bristles between the florets; achenes grooved, crowned with a pappus of membranous scales. The species of this genus are of easy culture in a compost of loam and leaf soil. Propagated by cuttings at any time of the year; these should be pricked in pots of very sandy soil, and placed in gentle warmth; they must be kept uncovered and moderately dry, or they will rot. The Arctotis are very handsome plants in sunny, dry positions outside during the summer months, but they must be protected during winter.

A. acaulis (stemless).* _fl.-heads_ yellow and red. Summer. _l._
hoary on each side, ternate, lyrate. Stem very short, decumbent.
_h._ 4in. Cape of Good Hope, 1759. Very rarely met with.

=A. arborescens= (tree-like).* _fl.-heads_, ray-florets white
above, pink beneath; disk-florets yellow; disposed in large
circular Daisy-like heads. Summer. _l._ linear-oblong, pinnate;
upper ones amplexicaul; lower ones stalked. _h._ 2ft. Cape of Good
Hope, 1815.

=A. argentea= (silvery). _fl.-heads_ orange. August. _l._
lanceolate-linear, entire, downy. _h._ 1ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1774.

=A. aureola= (golden). Synonymous with _A. grandiflora_.

=A. breviscapa= (short-stalked). Synonymous with _A. speciosa_.

=A. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* _fl.-heads_ orange; outer
scales of involucre reflexed, cuneate, oblong, with a broad short
point, somewhat cobwebbed. July. _l._ pinnatifid, serrulate,
three-nerved. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1710. SYNS. _A.
aureola_ and _A. undulata_.

=A. reptans= (creeping). _fl.-heads_ white, orange. July. _l._
hairy beneath; lower lyrate toothed; upper lanceolate toothed. Stem
ascending. _h._ 8in. Cape of Good Hope, 1795.

=A. rosea= (rosy). _fl.-heads_ pink. Autumn. _l._
spathulate-lanceolate, repand-toothed, hoary. Stem procumbent. Cape
of Good Hope, 1793.

=A. speciosa= (showy).* _fl.-heads_ yellow; outer scales of
involucre linear recurved. July. _l._ lyrate, pinnatifid, hoary
beneath, three-nerved. Plant stemless. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Cape of Good
Hope, 1812. Closely allied to _A. acaulis_. SYN. _A. breviscapa_.

=A. undulata= (wavy). Synonymous with _A. grandiflora_.

=ARCUATE, ARCUATED.= Curved or bent like a bow; forming an arch.

=ARDISIA.= (from _ardis_, a point; in reference to the acute, spear-pointed anthers). SYN. _Pyrgus_. ORD. _Myrsineæ_. An extensive genus of greenhouse or stove, mostly ornamental, evergreen trees and shrubs. Flowers white or rose-coloured, more or less panicled; panicles sometimes many-flowered at the extremities of the branches, and longer than the leaves, sometimes few-flowered and in the axils of the leaves. Leaves alternate, rarely almost opposite, or three in a whorl, dotted. Propagated by cuttings of the half-ripened wood taken from the side shoots of the plant any time from March to September; but, as the points of these side shoots bear the blossoms and fruit, they are not well adapted for making good plants. To obtain the best plants, the largest, ripest, and best-coloured berries should be sown early in spring, as soon as gathered, in a wide-mouthed pot or seed pan, well drained and filled with loam and peat in equal parts, with the addition of some sand, and plunged in bottom heat, the soil being kept moderately moist. The seeds will germinate in a few weeks after sowing, and when about 2in. high, the strongest seedlings should be selected and placed in 3in. pots, the same mixture of soil being used, with the addition of a fourth part well decomposed manure. After potting, the plants must be moistened overhead twice a day with a fine rose or syringe, and be kept in a close atmosphere until the roots have taken to the fresh soil. When the plants begin to grow again, they should be removed to a light situation in the house; and when the pots are well filled with roots, a shift into 6in. pots may be effected, water being given judiciously until well established, and here they may remain to fruit. Until the berries are coloured, clear manure water, given once or twice a week, will be found beneficial. The plants arrive at their best when about 18in. or 2ft. high; after that, they begin to get naked at the bottom. It will then be wise to cut the worst plants down to within 2in. of the pots, in early spring, allowing them to become dry at the roots before this operation is performed. By giving moisture to the roots when the cut has become dry, the plants will soon break into growth again, when some of the worst placed shoots should be rubbed off, leaving only one or two of the strongest and best placed, calculated to develop into a well formed plant. When the shoots have grown 2in. or 3in., the plants should be turned out of their pots, the soil shaken out from the roots, and the long ends of the roots trimmed in a little with a knife; they must then be placed in a pot sufficiently large to hold the roots without squeezing. The plants should now occupy the warmest end of the house in which they are grown, care being taken in watering until new roots are formed, when they may have more air and somewhat liberal supplies of water. As soon as they are sufficiently advanced in growth, they should be transferred to a larger-sized pot. With proper treatment, they will flower and fruit the same season as they are cut down, and form handsome plants. Although most species of this genus are classed as stove plants, they will succeed very well in a temperature that does not fall below 45deg. in winter; and, when so grown, they are not so liable to become infested with large brown scale and other insect pests. This is particularly the case with _A. crenulata_, and cool treatment is also favourable to the ripe berries hanging on the plants for a much longer time than when grown in a stove. Moreover, they do not suffer so much when removed for decorative purposes.

=A. acuminata= (taper-pointed). _fl._ nearly white; petals small,
acute, dotted; panicles terminal and axillary, many-flowered. July.
_l._ entire, glabrous, oblong, acuminated, attenuated at the base.
_h._ 6ft. to 8ft. Guiana, 1803.

=A. crenulata= (round-notched-leaved).* _fl._ reddish violet;
panicles terminal; pedicels umbellate. June. Berries numerous,
bright coral-like. _l._ lanceolate-ovate, tapering at both ends,
repandly crenulated, pilose. _h._ 3ft. to 6ft. Mexico, 1809.
When grown in a cool atmosphere, as previously alluded to, it is
quite common for one crop of berries to hang on the plants until
another crop is ripe. This is a splendid plant, superior even to
the red-berried Solanums for decorative purposes, for which it is
largely grown. See Fig. 146.

=A. crispa= (curled). _fl._ small, drooping, red; cymes terminal,
usually solitary, often compound; pedicels smooth, finely veined,
umbellate, drooping. July. Berries red, size of peas. _l._
bluntish, oblong-lanceolate, attenuated at both ends, with repandly
crenulated glandular edges, glabrous. _h._ 4ft. India, 1809.

=A. humilis= (humble). _fl._ rose-coloured; peduncles solitary,
bearing each a simple racemose umbel of many pretty, large,
drooping flowers; petals lanceolate, first recurved, afterwards
revolute. June. Berries size of peas, shining, black, juicy. _l._
oblong-lanceolate, acuminated at both ends, glabrous, veined,
shining. _h._ 4ft. India, 1820.

=A. japonica= (Japanese).* _fl._ white; pedicels red,
sub-umbellate, secund, drooping; racemes simple, axillary. June.
_l._ nearly opposite, or three to five in a whorl, on short
petioles, cuneate-oblong, acute, glabrous, serrated; 4in. long.
_h._ 1ft. Japan. Perhaps the hardiest of all the species.

=A. macrocarpa= (large-fruited).* _fl._ flesh-coloured, dotted;
petals ovate, obtuse; racemes terminal, corymbose, almost
sessile, slightly hairy. Berries vermilion coloured, as large as
gooseberries. _l._ oblong, acute, tapering downwards, glandularly
crenated, dotted, close together, leathery, 6in. to 8in. long,
paler beneath, veinless. _h._ 5ft. to 6ft. Nepaul, 1824. A
beautiful shrub.

=A. Oliveri= (Oliver's).* _fl._ rose pink, white eye: corolla
rotate, 1/2in. across; lobes obtuse; heads terminal, consisting of
a number of stalked, many-flowered corymbs; pedicels about twice as
long as the flower. July. _l._ nearly sessile, entire, glabrous,
6in. to 8in. long, by 2in. in the broadest portion; oblanceolate,
acuminate, tapering towards the base. Costa Rica, 1876.

=A. paniculata= (panicled).* _fl._ rose-coloured; panicles
terminal, composed of many alternate compound branches, large and
elegant; petals and sepals ovate. July. Berries red, smooth, size
of a pea, juicy. _l._ glabrous, cuneate-oblong, almost sessile,
reflexed, 6in. to 20in. long, and from 3in. to 5in. broad, crowded
at the ends of the branches. _h._ 8ft. to 10ft. India, 1818.

=A. punctata= (dotted). _fl._ greyish white, sub-campanulate,
secund, beset with dark dots, and the pedicels with dark lines;
peduncles umbellate, terminal, and axillary; umbels involucrated
by deciduous bracts. June. _l._ glabrous, lanceolate, leathery,
repandly crenated, tapering to the base. _h._ 6ft. to 10ft. China,
1822.

=A. serrulata= (finely serrated).* _fl._ deep red; petals ciliated;
calyces and pedicels coloured; panicles terminal; pedicels
umbellate. July. _l._ glabrous, lanceolate, acuminated, wrinkled,
serrulated, beset with rusty dots beneath; branches downy. _h._
2ft. to 3ft. China, 1820.

=A. villosa= (hairy). _fl._ whitish, umbels axillary and terminal,
very villous. October. Berries villous. _l._ lanceolate,
acuminated, villous beneath, crenulated, 5in. to 7in. long,
tapering to the base, copiously dotted. China. All the upper parts
of the plant are densely beset with hairs.

=A. v. mollis= (soft).* This variety has very fine red berries, and
is superior to the type.

=A. Wallichii= (Wallich's). _fl._ red, in loose racemes; peduncles
axillary, one-half shorter than the leaves, and are, as well as the
pedicels, pilose. July. _l._ obovate, acute, or obtuse, narrowed
into the marginate petioles, repandly crenulated, 4in. to 5in.
long, and 2in. broad, thickish. _h._ 2ft. India.

=ARDUINA= (in honour of P. Arduini, curator of the Economical Garden of Padua, in the time of Linnæus). ORD. _Apocynaceæ_. A singular and pretty greenhouse evergreen shrub, of easy culture in carefully drained pots of peat and loam, mixed in equal proportions. Propagated by cuttings in sand, under a glass. The winter temperature should not be allowed to fall below 40deg.

=A. bispinosa= (two-spined). _fl._ small, white, sweet-scented,
terminal, corymbose. March to August. Berry red. _l._
cordate-ovate, mucronate, nearly sessile, dark green, larger than
those of Box. Spines twin, simple, but usually bifid; in this last
case, one of the clefts points downwards, and the other upwards.
_h._ 3ft. to 5ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1760. SYN. _Carissa Arduina_.

=ARECA= (_Areec_ is its name in Malabar, when an old tree). The Cabbage Palm. ORD. _Palmeæ_. This genus is now broken up into several, and many species formerly here arranged are now found under _Acanthophœnix_, _Euterpe_, _Hyophorbe_, _Kentia_, _Oncosperma_, _Phænicophorum_. Very ornamental and graceful stove palms, with a branching spadix, and double spathe, which incloses the flowers. Flowers unisexual, borne upon the same spike; female flowers having six rudimentary stamens, and male flowers a six-cleft perianth. Fruit one-seeded. They thrive in a compost of loam, peat, and leaf soil, in equal parts, with a liberal addition of sand; but when they are fully grown, loam should preponderate to the extent of about two-thirds, and some rotten cow-manure may be added. Propagated from seeds, which should be sown in a compost similar to above, and placed in a moist gentle heat. They are employed, when young, with much success for the decoration of drawing rooms and dinner tables.

=A. Aliciæ= (Princess Alice's). _l._ pinnatisect; segments sessile.
North Australia. A very handsome species, with a comparatively
dwarf habit; it is a valuable decorative plant.

=A. Catechu= (Catechu). _l._ pinnate, from 3ft. to 6ft. long;
leaflets 12in. to 24in. in length, and about 2in. broad, light
green; petioles broadly sheathed at the base. _h._ 30ft. India,
1690. One of the best and oldest species in cultivation, very
effective, in a young state, for dinner table decoration. It
produces the Betel nut, of which enormous quantities are used in
India.

=A. concinna= (neat). _l._ pinnatisect, sub-glabrous; segments
sickle-shaped, much acuminated. Stem green, 8ft. to 12ft. high,
1in. to 2in. in diameter. Ceylon. The Cingalese chew the albumen of
the seeds with their Betel.

=A. gigantea= (gigantic). A synonym of _Pinanga ternatensis_.

=A. glandiformis= (gland-formed). _l._ pinnatisect, 9ft. to 12ft.
long when fully grown. _h._ 30ft. Moluccas. A handsome stove palm,
of bold aspect, and very suitable, when young, for decorative
purposes.

=A. Normanbyi= (Normanby's). A synonym of _Ptychosperma Normanbyi_.

=A. triandra= (three-stamened). _l._ pinnate, like those of _A.
Catechu_ in size, &c. _h._ 20ft. India, introduced to Britain about
1810.

=ARENARIA= (from _arena_, sand; in which most of the species are found). Sandwort. ORD. _Caryophyllaceæ_. TRIBE _Alsineæ_. A very large genus of hardy herbaceous plants, consisting of about 150 species. It is distinguished by having generally three styles. The perennials only are worth growing; these are extremely pretty little alpine plants, and will thrive in any ordinary soil in exposed places; the rarer species may be grown in small pots, well drained, in a mixture of sand, loam, and leaf soil, or in well-drained crannies of the rockery. They may be increased by either division, seeds, or cuttings; the latter, placed under a hand-glass, will root freely. The best time to divide the plants is early spring, or July and August. Seeds should be sown in spring in a cold frame.

=A. balearica= (Balearic).* _fl._ white, sepals erect; peduncles
elongated, one-flowered. March to August. _l._ very small, ovate,
shining, rather fleshy, ciliated. _h._ 3in. Corsica, 1787. A pretty
little creeper, one of the best plants for covering damp borders of
the rockwork.

=A. cæspitosa= (tufted). Synonymous with _A. verna cæspitosa_.

=A. ciliata= (ciliated). _fl._ white, usually solitary; sepals
ovate, acute, five to seven ribbed; petals obovate, twice as long
as the sepals. July. _l._ ovate, or obovate, roughish, with a
few hairs, one-nerved, and ciliated. Ireland. _h._ 6in. A thick,
tufted, spreading, procumbent plant.

=A. graminifolia= (grass-leaved).* _fl._ white; panicle
three-forked, hairy, loose; sepals very blunt, much shorter than
the obovate petals. June. _l._ long, awl-shaped, filiform, scabrous
on the margins from serratures. Stem erect, simple. _h._ 6in. to
9in. Caucasus, 1817.

=A. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* _fl._ white, usually solitary;
peduncles very long, pubescent; sepals ovate, awned, three-nerved,
smaller than the petals. June. _l._ awl-shaped, broadish, flat,
three-nerved, ciliated, radical ones crowded. _h._ 3in. to 6in.
France, 1783. _A. g. biflora_ is a two-flowered, and _A. g.
triflora_ a three-flowered, variety.

=A. laricifolia= (Larch-leaved).* _fl._ white; sepals bluntish,
triple nerved, hairy; petals twice as long as the sepals; stems
ascending, one, three, or six flowered, somewhat scabrous; calyx
cylindrical. June. _l._ awl-shaped, denticulately ciliated. _h._
6in. Switzerland, 1816.

=A. longifolia= (long-leaved). _fl._ white; sepals ovate, obtuse,
not half the length of the obovate petals; panicle three-forked,
glabrous, crowded. June. _l._ awl-shaped, filiform, serrulated.
Stem erect, simple. _h._ 6in. to 9in. Siberia, 1823.

=A. montana= (mountain). _fl._ large, white; peduncles terminal,
very long, one-flowered; sepals lanceolate, acuminated, much
shorter than the corolla. April. _l._ lanceolate-linear; sterile
stems very long, procumbent. _h._ 3in. France and Spain, 1800.

=A. peploides= (Peplis-like). _fl._ white; sepals ovate, shorter
than the oblong petals. May to July. _l._ ovate, light green,
rather fleshy; branches procumbent, fleshy, deciduous. _h._ 3in. to
4in. Sea shores of Britain. SYN. _Honckenya peploides_.

=A. purpurascens= (purplish).* _fl._ purplish; pedicels tomentose,
scarcely exceeding the leaves; sepals lanceolate, smooth, with
shrivelled margins, longer than the corolla; branches two to
three-flowered. May. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, acuminated, glabrous.
Plant tufted, decumbent. _h._ 6in. Higher Pyrenees.

=A. rotundifolia= (round-leaved).* _fl._ white, solitary; petals
roundish-ovate, longer than the sepals. July and August. _l._ about
1/4in. across, roundish, ciliated, on spreading tufted branches.
_h._ 4in. to 6in. Siberia.

=A. tetraquetra= (four-angled). _fl._ white, somewhat capitate;
sepals stiff, acute, keeled, ciliated, almost equal in length
to the corolla. August. _l._ ovate, keeled, recurved, edged,
imbricated in four rows. Stem straight, pubescent. _h._ 3in. to
6in. France, 1731.

=A. verna= (spring-flowering). _fl._ small, white; sepals ovate,
lanceolate, acuminated, with three remote equal ribs, longer than
the obovate petals. May. _l._ awl-shaped, bluntish. Stems panicled,
elongated. _h._ about 3in.

=A. v. cæspitosa= (turfy). A variety having very leafy stems.
Calyces and peduncles smoothish. Europe. SYN. _A. cæspitosa_.

=ARENGA= (name of doubtful origin). SYN. _Saguerus_. ORD. _Palmæ_. An extremely useful and interesting palm. The medulla of the trunk is used as sago, and the saccharine juice forms excellent sugar. It requires a strong heat and rich mould. Propagated by seeds only.

=A. saccharifera= (sugar-bearing). _fl._ striped. June. _h._ 40ft.
Moluccas, 1829.

=AREOLATE.= Divided into distinct angular spaces, or areolæ.

=ARETHUSA= (mythological: named after a nymph of Diana's, who was changed into a fountain; in allusion to the habit of the plants). ORD. _Orchideæ_. A small genus of very pretty, but rare, terrestrial orchids. They require a moist shady spot with a northern aspect, and thrive best in a compost of well-rotted manure and sphagnum. A mulching in winter, by way of protection, is needed.

=A. bulbosa= (bulbous).* _fl._ large, bright rose purple, solitary,
sweet-scented, terminal; lip dilated, recurved, spreading towards
the summit, bearded-crested down the face; scape one-leaved. May.
_l._ linear, nerved. _h._ 8in. Carolina.

=ARETIA.= _See_ =Androsace=.

=ARGANIA= (from _argam_, its aboriginal name). ORD. _Sapotaceæ_. A very fine greenhouse evergreen tree, said by Don to flourish against a south wall, out of doors, with the protection of a mat in severe weather. It will thrive in ordinary garden soil. Increased by layers and cuttings in autumn and spring, the latter requiring a bell glass covering; both operations must be performed in a moderately heated greenhouse.

=A. Sideroxylon= (Iron-wood). _fl._, corolla greenish yellow,
cup-shaped, five-parted, with ovate-lanceolate, sub-emarginate
segments; lateral and axillary, scattered, crowded, sessile. _fr._
dotted with white, size of a plum, full of white, milky juice.
July. _l._ lanceolate, entire, bluntish, glabrous, paler beneath;
branches terminated by strong spines. _h._ 15ft. to 20ft. Morocco,
1711. As the specific name implies, the wood is excessively close
and hard, so much so that it sinks in water. SYNS. _Elæodendron
Argan_, _Sideroxylon spinosum_.

=ARGEMONE= (from _argema_, cataract of the eye; in allusion to some real or fancied medicinal properties). ORD. _Papaveraceæ_. Very handsome annuals and perennials, abounding with yellow juice, and covered with stiff prickles. Sepals two to three, concave, mucronate; petals four to eight; peduncles axillary, always erect. Leaves sessile, repand-sinuated, usually spotted with white; recesses spiny-toothed. The species will thrive in almost any garden soil in the open border. Seed may be sown out of doors about the end of March; those of the rarer species on a hotbed, and planted out about the end of June.

=A. albiflora= (white-flowered).* _fl._ white; petals usually
three. July and August. _l._ sessile, feather-nerved. _h._ 1ft.
Georgia, 1820. Hardy annual.

=A. grandiflora= (great-flowered).* _fl._ large, panicled, white
with yellow anthers. July. _l._ sinuated, smooth, glaucous,
spiny-toothed; nerves unarmed. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Mexico, 1827. This
species, when raised from seed, does not flower until October; but
when the roots have existed through the winter, the plants produce
flowers early in the summer. Hardy perennial. See Fig. 147.

=A. hirsuta= (hairy).* _fl._ pure white, 3in. to 5in. in diameter.
September. _l._ pinnatifid, bristly. _h._ 2ft. California, 1879. A
very beautiful hardy annual.

=A. mexicana= (Mexican). Devil's Fig. _fl._ solitary, yellow;
petals four to six. June. _l._ profoundly repand-sinuated, spiny,
blotched with white. _h._ 2ft. Mexico, 1592. Hardy annual.

=A. ochroleuca= (yellowish-white).* _fl._ pale yellow, solitary;
petals six. August. _l._ profoundly sinuated or pinnatifid,
glaucescent nerves with prickly bristles, blotched with white. Stem
prickly. Mexico, 1827. Hardy annual.

=ARGENTEUS.= Silvery. A pale colour resembling silver.

=ARGOLASIA.= _See_ =Lanaria=.

=ARGIYREIA= (from _argyreios_, silvery; in reference to the silvery undersides of the leaves). Silver-weed. ORD. _Convolvulaceæ_. An elegant genus of greenhouse and stove climbers. Sepals five; corolla campanulate. Shrubs for the most part silvery, but sometimes silky and tomentose. The greater number of the species are robust, extensive twiners or climbers, usually requiring plenty of room to run, before they will flower. _A. cuneata_, and one or two others, are of dwarf habit, and produce their splendid blossoms in abundance. All the species grow well in light rich soil, or a mixture of peat, loam, and sand. Cuttings root readily if planted in sand, with a hand glass placed over them, in a little bottom heat.

=A. capitata= (headed). _fl._, corolla 1in. to 2in. long, rose
coloured or purple, hairy outside; peduncles exceeding the
petioles. July. _l._ cordate-ovate, acuminated, 2in. to 5in, long,
and 1in. to 3in. broad, hairy on both surfaces; hairs glandular at
the base. Plant clothed with strigose hairs. Silhet, 1823.

=A. cuneata= (wedge-leaved).* _fl._, corolla large, of a beautiful
deep bright purple; peduncles downy, shorter than the leaves,
three to six-flowered. July. _l._ obovate-cuneate, emarginate,
glabrous above, but beset with short, crowded hairs beneath, hardly
petiolate. Stem clothed with powdery down at top. _h._ 2ft. to 5ft.
India, 1822.

=A. cymosa= (cyme-flowered).* _fl._, corolla pale pink, tubularly
funnel-shaped, villous outside; peduncles as long or longer
than the leaves, leafy at top, and cymosely many-flowered. _l._
roundish-cordate, or reniformly-cordate, obtuse, terminated by a
very short prickle, glabrous on both surfaces, or clothed with
pruinose down. Malabar (mountains), 1823.

=A. malabarica= (Malabar). _fl._ rather small; bottom of the bell
deep purple; throat pink, with the edges paler, almost white, and
slightly ten-lobed; peduncles as long or longer than the leaves,
many-flowered at the apex. June. _l._ roundish-cordate, acute,
glabrous, or furnished with a few scattered hairs on both surfaces.
Coromandel, 1823.

=A. pomacea= (Apple-fruited). _fl._ large, rose coloured; peduncles
villous, exceeding the petioles a little, cymose, many-flowered.
Berry size of a cherry, yellow. _l._ ovate-elliptic, obtuse,
clothed with cinerous, velvety down on both surfaces, but
especially beneath, sometimes sub-emarginate at apex. Mysore, 1818.

=A. speciosa= (showy).* _fl._, corolla nearly 2in. long, of a deep
rose colour; peduncles about equal in length to the petioles,
umbellately capitate. July. _l._ 3in. to 12in. long, and 2in. to
4in. broad, cordate, acute, glabrous above, or rarely villous,
thickly nerved beneath, and clothed with silky, silvery down.
India, 1818.

=A. splendens= (splendid).* _fl._, corolla tubularly campanulate,
1-1/2in. long, rather villous outside, pale red; peduncles
exceeding the (hoary) petioles, corymbosely many-flowered.
November. _l._ ovate-oblong or ovate-elliptic, entire or
pandurately sinuated, sometimes somewhat three-lobed, smooth
above, but clothed with silvery, silky down beneath, 6in. long,
acuminated. India, 1820.

=ARGYROCHÆTA.= A synonym of =Parthenium= (which _see_).

=ARGYROXYPHIUM= (from _argyros_, silver, and _xyphion_, a corn-flag; in allusion to the leaves). ORD. _Compositæ_. An ornamental greenhouse perennial herb. Involucre campanulate; receptacle conical; heads pedunculate, racemose, or in thyrsoid panicles. Leaves alternate; lower ones close, elongated, thick, on both sides silver-lined. Stems simple or slightly branched. It thrives well in rich sandy loam and leaf mould. Propagated by seed-heads.

=C. sandwicense= (Sandwich Islands). _fl.-heads_ purplish. _l._
linear lanceolate, imbricate, clothed, like the stems, with silvery
hairs. _h._ 3ft. Sandwich islands, 1872. SYN. _Argyrophyton
Douglasii_.

=ARIA.= _See_ =Pyrus Aria=.

=ARISÆMA= (from _aron_, Arum, and _sana_, a standard; in reference to the close alliance to _Arum_). ORD. _Aroideæ_. Small tuberous rooted greenhouse (except where stated otherwise) herbaceous plants. Spathe rolled round the spadix at the base; spadix bearing unisexual flowers below. and rudimentary flowers in the upper part. Leaves peltate, pedate, palmate, or simple. For culture, &c., _see_ =Arum=.

=A. concinna= (neat).* _fl._, spathe convolute, tubular at the
base; upper portion bent over at the mouth, and gradually narrowed
into a tail-like appendage about 3in. long; spathe of the female
plant longitudinally barred with white and green, the latter colour
being replaced with blue-purple in the male. June. _l._ solitary,
sheathing at the base, and made up of ten or twelve lanceolate,
entire, light green leaflets, which radiate from the top of the
petiole, the latter being 1ft. to 2ft. high. Sikkim, 1871.

=A. curvatum= (curved).* _fl._ crowning a scape which overtops
the foliage; tube of spathe cylindrical, green, obscurely striped
with white; the elliptic blade arches forward, green on the inner
surface, and brownish-red on the outer; spadix produced into a
purplish-red tail, about 1ft. long. April. _l._ pedate. The large
bracts, which sheath the base of the stem, are beautifully marbled
with dark olive green, red, and light green. _h._ 4ft. Himalayas,
1871. SYN. _A. helleborifolium_.

=A. galeata= (helmeted).* _fl._, spathe about 4in long; tube and
cylindrical side of spathe green, tinted purplish at base, with
many longitudinal white lines; inside of the tube purple. July.
_l._ solitary, trifoliate; middle leaflet 6in. long by 3-3/4in.
broad; lateral ones 7in. long and nearly 4in. broad. _h._ 1ft.
Himalayas, Sikkim, 1879.

=A. Griffithi= (Griffith's).* _fl._, spathe large, hood-like,
brown-violet, with green veins; spadix brown-violet, and the barren
end at the base above the flowers has a disk-like projection, while
its free extremity is prolonged into a long thread-like appendage.
Spring. _l._ with bold roundish leaflets. _h._ 1ft. to 1-1/2ft.
Sikkim, 1879. Hardy; very handsome. SYN. _A. Hookerianum_.

=A. helleborifolium= (Hellebore-leaved). A synonym of _A. curvatum_.

=A. Hookerianum= (Hooker's). A synonym of _A. Griffithi_.

=A. nepenthoides= (Nepenthes-like).* _fl._, spathe above the
tubular portion extended into two decided auricles, which serve
to distinguish it from other species, ochre, brown, green; spadix
yellowish Spring. _l._ pedate, of five lanceolate or oblanceolate
leaflets; central one 6in. long, the others shorter. _h._ 2ft.
Himalayas, 1879.

=A. præcox= (early). A synonym of _A. ringens_.

=A. ringens= (gaping).* _fl._, spathe striped green and white,
erect and cylindrical below, then arching suddenly over, and again
contracting into a rather small deep purple orifice, with broad,
reflexed margins; spadix erect, pale yellow-green. Spring. _l._,
leaflets three, ovate-oblong, acuminate, and produced into a
filiform point; peduncle short. Japan. Hardy. SYNS. _A. præcox_ and
_A. Sieboldi_.

=A. Sieboldi= (Siebold's). A. synonym of _A. ringens_.

=A. speciosa= (showy).* _fl._, spadix deep glossy purple,
greenish and white, with a long flexuous prolongation, sometimes
nearly 20in. in length; spathe also terminating with a filiform
elongation. March. _l._ solitary, trifoliate; leaflets petioled,
dark green, conspicuously edged with blood red; petioles long,
mottled with white. _h._ 2ft. Temperate Himalayas, 1872.

=A. triphylla= (three-leaved).* _fl._, spathe 4in. to 6in. long,
striped with broad lines of purplish-brown, with about 1in. of
green in the middle; spadix 3in. long, spotted with brown. June to
July. _l._ on long stout petioles, trifoliate; leaflets entire,
equal, acuminated. _h._ 9in. to 1ft. North America, 1664. This is
quite hardy. SYNS. _A. zebrina_ and _Arum triphyllum_. See Fig. 148.

=A. zebrina= (zebra). A synonym of _A. triphylla_.

=ARISARUM= (name of Greek origin). ORD. _Aroideæ_. A small genus of half-hardy herbaceous plants, possessing but little horticultural interest, and allied to _Arisæma_. Flowers unisexual, spadix having no rudimentary flowers. Leaves on long stalks, heart-shaped or spear-shaped. The only species in cultivation thrives in a sand, loam, and peat compost. Propagated by seeds or divisions of the root in spring.

=A. vulgate= (common). _fl._, spathe livid purple. May. _h._ 1ft.
South Europe, 1596.

=ARISTATE.= Having a beard or awn, as the glumes of barley.

=ARISTEA= (from _arista_, a point or beard; in reference to the rigid points of the leaves). ORD. _Iridaceæ_. A genus of greenhouse herbaceous perennials from the Cape of Good Hope. Flowers blue; perianth rotate, six-parted, twisted after flowering; scape two-edged, rigid, often branched. Leaves narrow, sword-shaped. The species are more interesting than ornamental, and may be grown in a compost of three parts turfy peat, and one of loam. Easily propagated by divisions and seeds. They vary in height from 3in. to 3ft., and flower generally in summer.

=A. capitata= (headed). _fl._ blue. July. _h._ 3ft. Cape of Good
Hope, 1790.

=A. cyanea= (bright blue). _fl._ blue. June. _h._ 6in. Cape of Good
Hope, 1759.

=ARISTOLOCHIA= (from _aristos_, best, and _locheia_, parturition; in reference to its supposed medicinal character). Birthwort. ORD. _Aristolochiaceæ_. A very large genus of stove, greenhouse, or hardy, evergreen or deciduous, climbing or erect shrubs. Flowers axillary, clustered, or solitary, pendulous, of most extraordinary forms; perianth tubular, curved, or straight, with an oblique, cordate limb; stamens six, rarely four, or numerous, adhering to the stigma; capsule six-valved. Leaves cordate entire or lobed. Good loam, with a small proportion of decayed manure and a slight addition of sharp sand to secure efficient drainage, is a good compost for the whole. They will thrive when planted out in the conservatory more satisfactorily than elsewhere; for as they usually grow a considerable height before flowering, they require very long trellises in pots, and have to be trained up and down; or, better still, round a pillar of uniform circumference, a pyramid form being useless. The best way is to train them round, close down to the pot, and keep on about 2in. from one turn to the next. Some of the larger sorts will require more room. Cuttings root freely in sand under a bell glass with bottom heat.

=A. anguicida= (snake-killing). _fl._ white, spotted brown; tube
of perianth inflated at base, dilated and oblique at the mouth;
peduncles axillary, solitary, one-flowered. December. _l._ on short
petioles, cordate acuminate; stipules cordate-roundish. _h._ 10ft.
New Grenada, 1845. An evergreen stove twiner.

=A. barbata= (bearded). _fl._ purple, axillary, 2-1/2in. long;
perianth straight; limb spreading; lip spathulate, bearded at the
end. July. _l._ cordate, oblong. _h._ 10ft. Caraccas, 1796. Stove
evergreen.

=A. caudata= (tailed).* _fl._ lurid; perianth cylindrical
ventricose, and six-spurred at the base; lip cordate, cuspidate;
the cusp twisted, filiform. June. _l._, lower ones reniform, lobed;
upper ones three partite. _h._ 5ft. Brazil, 1828. Deciduous stove
twiner.

=A. ciliosa= (fringed).* _fl._ purple-yellow; tube of perianth
obliquely ventricose at base, stretched out, from the middle to the
apex cylindrical, fringed; peduncles one-flowered. September. _l._
cordate reniform. Plant glabrous. _h._ 6ft. Brazil, 1829.

=A. Clematitis= (Clematis-like). _fl._ pale yellow, upright; lip
oblong, shortly acuminate. July. _l._ cordate. Stem erect. _h._
2ft. A hardy herbaceous perennial, naturalised here and there in
Britain.

=A. clypeata= (shielded). _fl._ axillary; tube yellowish,
cylindrical; limb elliptic, white, blotched with purple, long and
large, funnel-shaped. _l._ subcordate-ovate, acuminate. Columbia,
1871.

=A. cordiflora= (cordate-flowered). _fl._ axillary, very large,
with broad cordiform limb, creamy yellow, with blotchy purple
veining. May. _l._ cordate acuminate. _h._ 30ft. Mexico, 1860.

=A. deltoidea variegata= (deltoid variegated variety). _l._
variegated with white. _h._ 6ft. Columbia, 1870.

=A. Duchartrei= (Duchartre's).* _fl._ racemose; tube brown; limb
cream colour, with purple blotches. January. _l._ reniform-cordate,
acuminate. Upper Amazons, 1868. _h._ 5ft. This stove species
flowers from the old wood. SYN. _A. Ruiziana_.

=A. floribunda= (free-flowering).* _fl._ numerous; limb
purplish-red, with yellow veins, centre yellow. July. _l._ cordate
ovate, acuminate. _h._ 10ft. Brazil, 1868. Stove species.

=A. galeata= (helmeted). _fl._ creamy, with reticulated veins.
August. _l._ cordate, with broad open sinus. _h._ 20ft. New
Grenada, 1873.

=A. gigas= (giant). _fl._ purple; perianth large, cordate ribbed
outside, reticulated, downy; tube inflated, contracted in the
middle; limb large, cordate ovate, with a long tail. June. _l._
downy, cordate, acuminate; peduncles solitary, bracteate. _h._
10ft. Guatemala, 1841.

=A. Goldieana= (Goldie's).* _fl._ greenish outside, deep yellow
with chocolate veins inside, bent into two unequal portions,
the lower portion surmounting the ovary about 8in. in length,
somewhat cylindrical, terminating in a club-shaped curved knob; the
upper portion, commencing from this knob, is about a foot long,
funnel-shaped, ribbed, dilated above into a somewhat three-lobed
limb. Stamens twenty-four--a very unusual number in the whole
family. The enormous flowers are 26in. long by 11in. in diameter.
July. _l._ ovate, or triangular-cordate, acuminated. Old Calabar
River, 1867. This noble climber should be repotted in fresh soil
in February or March. But little water will be necessary until the
young shoots have made about 6in. of growth; the quantity should
then be increased with moderation until early in September, when
the old stem dies down within a few inches of the surface of the
pot--at this period, and during winter, water must be entirely
withheld. This species blooms freely in a temperature of 65deg. to
70deg.

=A. indica= (Indian). _fl._ purple; perianth erect; peduncle
many-flowered. July. _l._ elliptical, blunt, somewhat emarginate,
slightly cordate. _h._ 10ft. India, 1780. Stove evergreen.

=A. labiosa= (great-lipped).* _fl._ greenish; perianth incurved
at base, saccate, two-lipped in the middle. July. _l._ reniform,
roundish cordate, amplexicaul. _h._ 20ft. Brazil, 1821. Stove
evergreen.

=A. leuconeura= (white-veined). _fl._ purple brown. September. _l._
cordate, acuminate. _h._ 12ft. Magdalena, 1858. Stove species.

=A. odoratissima= (sweetest-scented).* _fl._ purple, sweet-scented;
peduncles one-flowered, longer than the leaf; lip cordate
lanceolate, longer than the perianth. July. _l._ cordate, ovate,
evergreen. Stem twining. _h._ 10ft. Jamaica, 1737. Stove evergreen.

=A. ornithocephala= (bird's-head).* _fl._ purple, very large, and
extremely singular. To render any description at all lucid, this
species may be said to have the head of a hawk and the beak of a
heron, with the wattles of a Spanish fowl, which, however, are
grey, netted with brown; head of the same colour, veined; and the
beak grey. _l._ between cordate and reniform, obtuse. October. _h._
20ft. Brazil, 1838. Stove species.

=A. ringens= (gaping).* _fl._ extremely grotesque, 7in. to 10in.
long, pale green, marbled and reticulated with black purple. The
perianth has an obovoid ventricose sac, or cup, 2-1/2in. long,
which is woolly inside; tube ascending obliquely from the sac,
terete, dividing into two very long lips, the upper of which
(lower as the flower hangs) is oblong-lanceolate, recurved, and
hairy inside below the middle, while the lower one is shorter,
with recurved margins, and expanding into an orbicular or almost
reniform limb. Unlike many other species, the flowers are
produced on the young shoots. July. _l._ bright green, glabrous,
roundish-reniform. _h._ 20ft. Brazil, 1820. Stove evergreen.

=A. Ruiziana= (Ruiz's). A synonym of _A. Duchartrei_.

=A. saccata= (pouch-flowered). _fl._ purplish-red, forming a large
pouch; throat circular, vertical. September. _l._ 12in. to 15in.
long, and 4in. broad, scattered, ovate-cordate, narrowed at apex,
slightly waved and sinuated, entire, more silky beneath than above.
_h._ 20ft. Sylhet, 1829. Stove evergreen.

=A. sempervirens= (evergreen). _fl._ purple; perianth incurved.
May. _l._ cordate, oblong, acuminate. Stem prostrate, flexuous,
somewhat climbing. _h._ 4ft. Candia, 1727. Greenhouse species.

=A. Sipho= (tube-bearing).* _fl._ yellowish-brown; corolla
ascending; limb in three equal portions, not expanding, flat,
brown; bracts of the peduncle large, ovate. May and June. _l._
cordate, acute. Stem twining. _h._ 15ft. to 30ft. North America,
1763. This hardy, climbing, deciduous shrub grows freely in a deep,
free, rather dry soil. See Fig. 149.

=A. Thwaitesii= (Thwaites'). _fl._ yellow. March. _h._ 3ft. Old
Calabar, 1854. Stove species.

=A. tomentosa= (tomentose).* _fl._ purple; perianth with its tube
twisted back, and much more deeply divided than in _A. Sipho_,
expanding, flat, and yellow, with the mouth of the tube of a deep
purple; peduncle solitary, without a bract. July. _l._ cordate,
downy beneath. _h._ 20ft. North America, 1799. Hardy.

=A. tricandata= (three-tailed).* _fl._ dark purple-brown, solitary,
split into three subulate tails. August. _l._ oblong acuminate,
rugose, 5in. to 8in. long. Mexico, 1866. A curious, but pretty,
stove shrub.

=A. trilobata= (three-lobed). _fl._ purple; perianth cylindrical,
broken saccate at base; lip cordate cuspidate. June. _l._
three-lobed. Stem twining. _h._ 8ft. South America, 1775. Stove
evergreen.

=A. ungulifolia= (claw-leaved). _fl._ racemose; perianth
brownish-purple, stipitate at base, above which it is swollen out
in a globose or oblong form, with two thickened projections near
the end; upper end of tube contracted, somewhat curved, terminating
in a two-lipped limb, one lip large, ovate, the other minute. June.
_l._ 6in. to 7in. long, cordate, and pedately five-nerved at the
base, three-lobed below the middle, with broad sinuses, the two
lateral lobes arcuate, and blunt at the apex. Labuan, 1880. Stove
species.

=ARISTOLOCHIACEÆ.= An order of very curious plants, with singularly inflated flowers, consisting of a calyx only, of a dull, dingy colour. It is popularly known as the Birthwort family, and has an English representative in _Aristolochia clematitis_.

=ARISTOTELIA= (said to be named in honour of Aristotle, the Greek philosopher). ORD. _Tiliaceæ_. A hardy evergreen shrub. Calyx campanulate; petals five, inserted in the base of the calyx, and alternating with its lobes. Easily grown, in ordinary garden soil, in the shrubbery. Propagated by ripened cuttings, which root freely if placed under a hand glass; or by layers.

=A. Macqui= (Macqui's).* _fl._ small, greenish, axillary. May. _l._
nearly opposite, stalked, oblong, acute, smooth, shining, dentate,
permanent. _h._ 6ft. Chili, 1733. A shrub esteemed for its handsome
foliage. The berries are about the size of a pea, very dark purple,
at length becoming black. The variegated form is not so hardy as
the type, but much more ornamental.

=ARMENIACA= (from Armenia, the native country of the Apricot). Apricot. ORD. _Rosaceæ_. TRIBE _Drupaceæ_. Small, hardy, deciduous trees. Flowers appearing before the leaves from scaly buds, solitary, or few together, almost sessile. Leaves, when young, convolute. Drupe ovate-globose, fleshy, covered with velvety skin, containing a nut, or stone, which is acute at one end and blunt at the other, with a furrow on both sides; the rest smooth, not wrinkled. For culture, &c., _see_ =Apricot= and =Prunus=.

=A. brigantiaca= (Brigancon).* _fl._ white or pink, glomerate,
almost sessile. March. _l._ somewhat cordate, acuminated, sharply
toothed; the teeth numerous, and lapping over each other. _h._ 6ft.
to 8ft. South Europe, 1819.

=A. dasycarpa= (thick-fruited).* _fl._ white, pedicellate; pedicels
filiform. March. _l._ ovate, acuminate, serrated; petioles
glandular. _h._ 10ft. to 15ft. China, 1800.

=A. sibirica= (Siberian). _fl._ rose-coloured. April. _l._ ovate,
acuminate; petioles glandless. _h._ 8ft. to 20ft. Dahuria, 1788.

=A. vulgaris= (common).* Common Apricot. _fl._ pinkish-white,
sessile. February. _l._ ovate, or cordate, glabrous, glandularly
serrated. _h._ 15ft. Levant, 1548. Of this species numerous
varieties, differing in the foliar outline, &c., are sometimes met
with. _See_ =Apricot=.

=ARMERIA.= (from _Flos Armeriæ_, Latin name for the flowers of a species of Pink). Thrift; Sea Pink. ORD. _Plumbagineæ_. A very interesting and pretty group of hardy alpine tufted perennials. Flowers pedicellate, collected in dense solitary heads; involucre scarious, sheathing the scape and turned downwards; petals cohering at the base, persistent; flower scapes leafless. Leaves linear, radical. As the majority of the species differ in mere technical details, we have given a representative group only. They are easily cultivated in a sandy loam and leaf soil, and are increased by seeds and division, separate pieces being planted as cuttings under hand glasses; or the rarer kinds should be potted and placed in a frame. The seed should be sown in spring, in pots of sandy soil, and placed in a cold frame. Although best grown as rock plants, most of them do well in pots and borders. _A. vulgaris_ makes one of the best of edging plants.

=A. cephalotes= (round-headed).* _fl._ deep rose or crimson,
in a large roundish head on erect stalk. Autumn. _l._ broadly
lanceolate, glabrous, acute; petioles channelled, sheathing at the
base. _h._ 12in. to 18in. South Europe, 1800. This is perhaps the
finest species, and is best raised from an annual sowing of seed,
as it is somewhat difficult to increase by divisions. SYNS. _A.
formosa_, _A. latifolia_, _A. mauritanica_, and _A. pseudo-armeria_.

=A. dianthoides= (Pink-like).* _fl._ light pink, in close heads
about 6in. high. May and June. _l._ spreading, flattened, nerved,
slightly downy. South Europe, 1810.

=A. formosa= (handsome). Synonymous with _A. cephalotes_.

=A. juncea= (rush-like).* _fl._ rose pink, in small heads about
3in. high. June. _l._ small, erect, roundish, pointed, deep green.
South Europe. A very pretty little alpine species.

=A. juniperifolia= (Juniper-leaved).* _fl._ deep rose, in small
densely packed heads. May and June. _l._ short, stiff, erect,
Juniper-like. _h._ 6in., with a dense tufted habit. Spain, 1818.
Plant in a warm well-drained portion of the rockery in very sandy
soil, with some nodules of sandstone intermixed.

=A. latifolia= (broad-leaved). Synonymous with _A. cephalotes_.

=A. leucantha= (white-flowered). A white-flowered variety of _A.
plantaginea_.

=A. maritima= (sea). Synonymous with _A. vulgaris_.

=A. mauritanica= (Mediterranean). Synonymous with _A. cephalotes_.

=A. plantaginea= (Plantain-leaved).* _fl._ bright rose; scapes
taller than in _A. vulgaris_. _l._ broader, three to five-nerved,
and with a stouter growing habit than the common species. _h._ 1ft.
South Europe, 1818. A very pretty species. SYNS. _A. leucantha_,
which is frequently called _A. p. alba_, and _A. scorzoneræfolia_.

=A. pseudo-armeria= (false-Armeria). Synonymous with _A.
cephalotes_.

=A. scorzoneræfolia= (Scorzonera-leaved). Synonymous with _A.
plantaginea_.

=A. setacea= (bristly).* _fl._ light rose, in small heads about
2in. high, very freely produced from the axils of the leaves. April
to June. _l._ in dense rosettes, erect, or nearly so, narrow,
acute, the tufts having a bristly appearance. _h._ 3in. South
Europe. Plant in a semi-perpendicular cranny of the rockery, with
a sunny position.

=A. vulgaris= (common).* Common Thrift; Sea Pink. _fl._ pink,
rosy red, lilac, or white (the latter known as _A. v. alba_),
collected into a rounded head on the top of the simple scape. June
to August. _l._ all radical, numerous, linear, usually one-nerved,
more or less pubescent. _h._ 6in. to 12in. Britain, on the sea
coasts. _A. v. alpina_ is a dwarf alpine form of this species. The
white-flowered variety is very handsome. _A. v. Laucheana_ is also
a pretty form, with deep pink flowers in dense heads about 6in.
high, and a very tufted habit. _Crimson Gem_, of garden origin,
is stronger growing, with stems about 9in. high, carrying heads
of bright crimson pink flowers, also of tufted habit. SYNS. _A.
maritima_, _Statice Armeria_.

=ARNEBIA= (its Arabian name). ORD. _Boraginaceæ_. Handsome hardy herbaceous perennials or annuals, allied to _Lithospermum_. Cuttings should be removed with a heel in autumn, dibbled in sandy soil in small pots, and placed in a cool house, where they will ultimately, though slowly, root; they should then be gradually hardened off, and finally planted out. _A. echioides_ is also easily increased by making cuttings of the strong roots, which should be dibbled in pots of sandy soil, and placed in gentle heat; it is also raised from seed.

=A. echioides= (Echium-like).* _fl._ bright primrose yellow, with
a purplish spot in the sinuses between the lobes of the corolla,
which gradually disappears in a few days; spikes terminal, large,
solitary, secund. May. _l._ sessile, alternate; margins-as well
as the stems-ciliated. _h._ 9in. to 12in. Armenia. One of the
showiest of hardy perennials for the border or rockery.

=A. Griffithii= (Griffith's). This differs from above in having
narrower leaves, rather smaller flowers, which are of a more
decided yellow, a differently shaped calyx, and a longer corolla.
_h._ 9in. North-west India. Equally desirable, were it a perennial;
but, being an annual, it must be constantly raised from seed.

=ARNICA= (from _arnakis_, lambskin; in reference to the texture of the leaves). ORD. _Compositæ_. Hardy, dwarf, herbaceous perennials, allied to _Senecio_. They thrive best in loam, peat, and sand; the plants are best divided in spring. Seeds should be procured when possible, and sown in a cold frame, in spring. The only species worth growing are described below.

=A. Aronicum.= Synonymous of _A. scorpioides_.

=A. Chamissonis= (Chamisso's).* _fl.-heads_ yellow, 1-1/2in.
to 2in. across, arranged in a corymb. July to September. _l._
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or acute, tomentose, tapering to the
base. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. North America. A rather scarce, showy
species.

=A. Clusii= (Clusius's). _fl.-heads_ yellow, solitary, terminal;
stalks long, thickened towards the top, and covered with long
hairs. Summer. _l._ soft, radical ones entire, or nearly so,
oblong, obtuse, attenuated into the petiole; cauline ones sessile,
half stem-clasping, lanceolate, toothed in the lower part. _h._
1ft. Switzerland, 1819. SYN. _Doronicum Clusii_.

=A. foliosa= (leafy).* _fl.-heads_ pale yellow, about 1in. across,
from three to seven in a corymb. August. _l._ lanceolate, stalked,
acute, denticulate, smooth. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Stems springing from
slender rhizome-like shoots. United States. Closely allied to _A.
montana_. It requires a damp situation.

=A. montana= (mountain).* Mountain Tobacco. _fl.-heads_ yellow,
three or four together, about 2in. in diameter; ray florets
numerous. July. _l._ radical, except a few on the scape,
oblong-lanceo-late, entire, smooth. Habit tufted. _h._ 1ft.
Europe. 1731. A very handsome but rare plant; excellent for a
rockery. It is slowly increased. See Fig. 150.

=A. scorpioides= (scorpion-like).* _fl.-heads_ yellow, large,
solitary; scape one to three-flowered. Summer. _l._ pale green,
denticulated; radical ones on long petioles, broadly ovate; the
lower stem leaves shortly stalked, amplexicaul; the upper ones
sessile. _h._ 6in. to 12in. South Europe, 1710. Border. SYNS. _A.
Aronicum_, _Aronicum scorpioides_.

=ARNOPOGON.= _See_ =Urospermum=.

=AROIDEÆ.= _See_ =Araceæ=.

=ARONIA.= _See_ =Cratægus Aronia= and =Pyrus=.

=ARONICUM.= _See_ =Arnica scorpioides= and =Doronicum=.

=ARPOPHYLLUM= (from _arpe_, a scimitar, and _phyllon_, a leaf; the leaf is sword-shaped). ORD. _Orchideæ_. Distinct evergreen epiphytes. There are about six species known, and the genus belongs to the _Epidendreæ_ division of orchidaceous plants; their general characters are: Flowers small, numerous, in closely packed cylindrical spikes; anther-bed broad, shorter than the broad extension of the upper edge of the stigma; pollinia eight. Stems rather long, with white sheaths. They thrive well in fibrous peat, one-third turfy loam, freely interspersed with lumps of fresh charcoal and an abundance of crocks. When growing, a liberal supply of water at the roots is essential, as is also a situation near the light, where they will blossom much more profusely than if in any way shaded. The flowers last in perfection about four weeks.

=A. cardinale= (cardinal). _fl._, sepals and petals light rose; lip
deep red, on upright spikes about 1ft. high. Summer. New Grenada.

=A. giganteum= (gigantic).* _fl._ dark purple and rose, densely and
symmetrically arranged on the cylindrical spikes, which are from
12in. to 14in. long. April and May. _l._ dark green, about 2ft.
long, borne on slender pseudo-bulbs. Mexico.

=A. spicatum= (spike-flowered).* _fl._ dark red, on an upright
spike about 1ft. long. During winter. Guatemala, 1839.

=ARRACACHA= (its Spanish name in South America). ORD. _Umbelliferæ_. A half-hardy tuberous perennial, highly esteemed as an esculent in South America, where it yields a food, which is prepared in the same manner as potatoes, and is said to be grateful to the palate and extremely easy of digestion. It thrives best in rich loam, and is increased by divisions of the roots.

=A. esculenta= (edible). _fl._ white; umbels opposite the leaves
or terminal; involucre wanting. July. _l._ pinnate; leaflets
broadly ovate, acuminated, deeply pinnatifid, profoundly serrated;
the two lower leaflets petiolate, sub-ternate. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft.
Mountainous districts of Northern South America, 1823. SYN. _Conium
Arracacha_.

=ARRHOSTOXYLUM.= Included under =Ruellia= (which _see_).

=ARROW ARUM.= _See_ =Peltandra virginica=.

=ARROWGRASS.= _See_ =Triglochin=.

=ARROW-HEAD.= _See_ =Sagittaria=.

=ARROWROOT.= _See_ =Maranta=.

=ARTABOTRYS= (from _artao_, to suspend or support, and _botrys_, grapes; in reference to the way the fruit is supported by the curious tendril). ORD. _Anonaceæ_. A handsome stove evergreen shrub, thriving in a good sandy loam and peat, to which a little rotten dung may be added. Propagated by cuttings made of ripened wood, insert in sand under a bell glass, with bottom heat, in early spring. Seed, when procurable, should be sown as soon after receipt as possible.

=A. odoratissimus= (sweetest-scented).* _fl._ reddish brown,
extremely fragrant; peduncles opposite the leaves, hooked beneath
the middle. June and July. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, acuminated,
smooth, shining. _h._ 6ft. Malayan Islands, 1758. In Java, the
leaves are held to be invaluable as a preventive of cholera.

=ARTANEMA= (from _artao_, to support, and _nema_, a filament; in reference to a tooth-like process growing on the longer filaments). ORD. _Scrophularineæ_. An interesting and handsome greenhouse evergreen shrub, allied to _Torenia_. Flowers disposed in terminal racemes, and on short pedicels. Leaves opposite, sub-serrated. It may be treated as hardy during summer, for which purpose seeds should be sown in spring; but it requires the protection of a greenhouse during winter. Artanema grows freely in light rich soil, and is readily increased by cuttings and seeds.

=A. fimbriatum= (fringed). _fl._, corolla blue, large, tubularly
funnel-shaped, clothed with minute glandular pubescence
outside; lobes unequally serrated; racemes terminal, four to
sixteen-flowered. June, November. _l._ lanceolate, acute, serrated,
rough to the touch from numerous elevated dots. Stem smooth,
glossy. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. New Holland (on the banks of the Brisbane
River at Moreton Bay), 1830.

=ARTANTHE.= _See_ =Piper=.

=ARTEMISIA= (from Artemis, one of the names of Diana). Mugwort; Southernwood; Wormwood. ORD. _Compositæ_. A very large genus of mostly hardy herbaceous perennials, few of which, comparatively speaking, are worth growing. Flower-heads disposed in spikes, or racemes, and these are usually arranged in panicles; pappus none; involucre few-flowered, ovate or rounded, imbricated; florets of the disk all tubular; of the ray, if any, slender, awl-shaped. Leaves alternate, variously lobed. All the species are of the easiest possible culture in any dry soil. The shrubby kinds are best propagated by cuttings; the herbaceous ones, by dividing at the root; and the annuals, by seeds.

=A. Abrotanum= (aromatic herb).* Southernwood. _fl.-heads_
yellowish. August to October. _l._, lower ones bipinnate; upper
ones pinnate, with the segments hair-like. Stem straight. _h._
2ft. to 4ft. Europe, 1548. A deciduous shrub; well known for its
fragrance.

=A. A. humile= (low). A low spreading variety. _h._ 1-1/2ft.

=A. A. tobolskianum= (Tobolskian). A much more vigorous growing
variety than the last, and larger in all its parts than the type.

=A. alpina= (alpine).* _fl.-heads_ yellow, solitary, on long
slender stalks; scales of involucre lanceolate. Summer. _l._
pinnate, covered with whitish silky hairs; lobes linear, entire.
_h._ 6in. to 10in. Caucasus, 1804. Dwarf, with a very tufted habit.

=A. anethifolia= (Anethum-leaved). _fl.-heads_ yellowish-green,
small; panicle very large, densely packed, nearly 2ft. long.
Autumn. _l._ chiefly cauline, much divided into thread-like
segments, greyish-green. Stem shrubby at the base, nearly glabrous,
branching at the top. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. Siberia, 1816.

=A. argentea= (silvery).* _fl.-heads_ pale yellow, roundish,
closely packed. July. _l._ ovate-oblong, very freely divided,
densely clothed with soft silvery hairs. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Madeira,
1777. A very pretty species, requiring a warm sunny position on the
rockery.

=A. cana= (hoary).* _fl.-heads_ yellow, small, uninteresting,
ovate, in a close spiky panicle. August. _l._ silky, hoary;
lower ones wedge-shaped, sharply three-cleft; cauline ones
linear-lanceolate, three-nerved. Stem ascending; branches erect.
_h._ 2ft. to 3ft. North America, 1800. This is a very distinct
species, and its silvery leaves and stems render it well worthy of
cultivation.

=A. cœrulescens= (bluish).* _fl.-heads_ bluish, erect, cylindrical.
August. _l._ hoary, most of them lanceolate, entire, tapering at
the base; lower ones variously divided. _h._ 2ft. South Europe. An
ornamental evergreen shrub.

=A. Dracunculus.=* Tarragon. _fl.-heads_ whitish green; racemes
panicled; heads sub-globose. July. _l._, radical ones three-fid;
cauline ones sessile, linear or linear-oblong, acute, entire,
toothed. _h._ 2ft. South Europe, 1548. _See_ =Tarragon=.

=A. frigida= (frigid). _fl.-heads_ yellow, uninteresting, small,
roundish, racemosely panicled. August. _l._ pinnate; segments
narrow, silvery. _h._ 1ft. Siberia, 1826. A pretty creeping,
herbaceous plant.

=A. maritima= (maritime). _fl.-heads_ brown; racemes oblong, erect
or drooping. August and September. _l._ downy, bipinnatifid,
oblong; segments linear. Britain. A much branched, erect, or
decumbent plant, excellent for rough rockwork or very dry banks,
etc.

=A. Mutellina= (Mutellina).* _fl.-heads_ yellowish-green; lower
ones stalked, upper ones sessile. July. _l._ all palmate, multifid,
white. Stem quite simple. _h._ 6in. European Alps, 1815.

=A. pontica= (Pontine). _fl.-heads_ yellow, roundish, stalked,
nodding. September. _l._ downy beneath; cauline ones bipinnate;
leaflets linear. _h._ 3ft. Austria, 1570.

=A. rupestris= (rock). _fl.-heads_ brown, globose, stalked,
nodding. August. _l._ sub-pubescent; cauline ones pinnatifid;
leaflets linear, acute. _h._ 6in. Norway, &c., 1748.

=A. scoparia= (twiggy-branched). _fl.-heads_ small, whitish;
panicle broad, densely packed, about 1-1/2ft. long. Autumn. _l._
much divided; segments hair-like; lower branches very slender. _h._
3ft. to 5ft. East Europe.

=A. spicata= (spicate). _fl.-heads_ brown, spicate. June and
July. _l._ hoary; radical ones palmate multifid; cauline ones
pinnatifid; upper linear, entire, blunt. Stem quite simple. _h._
1ft. Switzerland, 1790.

=A. Stelleriana= (Steller's).* _fl.-heads_ yellow, uninteresting,
round, somewhat erect. Summer. _l._, lower ones spathulate-incised;
upper ones obtusely lobed; end lobes often confluent, about 2in.
long, silvery white. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Siberia.

=A. tanacetifolia= (Tanacetum-leaved). _fl.-heads_ brownish;
racemes simple, terminal. Summer. _l._ bipinnate; lobes linear
sub-lanceolate, entire, acuminated, rather downy. Stem sometimes
branching at the base, herbaceous. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Siberia, 1768.

=A. vulgaris= (common).* Mugwort. _fl.-heads_ yellow, somewhat
racemed, ovate. August. _l._ pinnatifid; segments white, and downy
beneath. Stems 3ft. to 4ft. high, furrowed. Britain. The variegated
form of this species exhibits a very pleasing contrast. There is
also a pretty variety with golden leaves.

=ARTHROPHYLLUM MADAGASCARIENSE.= _See_ =Phyllarthron Bojeriana=.

=ARTHROPODIUM= (from _arthron_, a joint, and _pous_, a foot; the footstalks of the flowers being jointed). ORD. _Liliaceæ_. Very pretty greenhouse herbaceous perennials, allied to _Anthericum_. Flowers purplish or white, in loose racemes. Leaves grass-like, radical. They thrive well in a compost of sandy loam and peat, and may be increased freely by divisions or seeds.

=A. cirratum= (curled). _fl._ white; racemes divided; bracteas
leafy. May. _l._ lanceolate, ensiform, spreading, 1ft. long. _h._
3ft. New Zealand, 1821.

=A. fimbriatum= (fringed). _fl._ white. July. _h._ 1-1/2ft. New
Holland, 1822.