Chapter M: A. S. Salm-Dyck. Monographia generum Aloes et Mesembryanthemi (29)

=C. ramosissima= (much-branched). _fl._, corolla with a white
base; middle part or base of the lobes pale blue, and the lobes
bluish-violet; peduncles long, naked, glabrous, bearing each an
erect flower at the apex. June. _l._ sessile, glaucous; lower ones
obovate, crenated; middle ones ovate-lanceolate; superior ones
linear, entire. Stem branched. _h._ 6in. to 12in. South Europe,
1824. Annual. SYN. _C. Loreyi_. (B. M. 2581.)

=C. r. flore-albo= (white-flowered) only differs from the type in
having white flowers.

=C. rapunculoides= (Rapunculus-like).* _fl._ drooping, solitary,
disposed in spike-formed racemes, secund, but usually hanging on
all sides in strong garden specimens; corollas bluish-violet,
funnel-shaped, and bearded a little inside. June. _l._ scabrous,
ovate, acuminated; radical ones petiolate, cordate, crenulated;
cauline ones serrulated. Stems glabrous or scabrous, usually
branched in gardens, but simple in the wild state. _h._ 2ft. to
4ft. Europe. Borders. (Sy. En. B. 869.)

=C. r. trachelioides= (Trachelium-like). Stem and leaves, but
particularly the calyx, beset with stiff white hairs.

=C. Rapunculus= (little turnip).* Rampion. _fl._ nearly sessile, or
pedicellate, erect, forming a long raceme, which is branched at the
base; corolla blue or white, funnel-shaped. July. _l._, lower ones
obovate, on short petioles, nearly entire; cauline ones sessile,
linear-lanceolate, entire. Stem simple, but sometimes furnished
with a few branches towards the top. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Europe.
Borders. See Fig. 351. (Sy. En. B. 872.)

=C. rhomboidalis= (rhomboidal). _fl._ usually drooping, few,
disposed in loose racemes, pedunculate; corolla blue, campanulate.
July. _l._ sessile, ovate, acute, serrate. Stem glabrous, or a
little pilose, furnished with flower-bearing branches at top. _h._
1ft. to 2ft. Europe, 1775. Border. SYN. _C. rhomboidea_. (L. B. C.
603.)

=C. rhomboidea= (diamond-leaved). A synonym of _C. rhomboidalis_.

=C. rotundifolia= (round-leaved).* Blue-bell; Hare-bell. _fl._
drooping, solitary, pedunculate, few on each stem; corolla deep
blue, campanulate. June to August. _l._, radical ones petiolate,
cordate roundish, crenately toothed; cauline ones linear or
lanceolate. Stems numerous. _h._ 6in. to 12in. Britain. (Sy. En. B.
870.)

=C. r. alba= (white).* _fl._ white, the same size as those of the
type. Stems much more leafy.

=C. r. Hostii= (Host's).* _fl._ rich blue, much larger than those
of the type, produced on stouter profusely branched stems. July,
August. _l._, radical ones roundish only in a very early state;
cauline ones linear, acuminate, sometimes 3in. to 4in. long. SYN.
_C. Hostii_. See Fig. 339. There is a white-flowered form of this,
not quite so vigorous as the blue-flowered form, but the flowers
are equal in size.

=C. r. soldanellæflora= (Soldanella-flowered).* _fl._, corolla
blue, semi-double, turbinate, with shallow marginal divisions, very
acutely pointed. June. _l._ long, linear, acute, sessile. Stem
simple, slender. _h._ 1ft. 1870. (R. G. 473.) All the forms of
_rotundifolia_ are pretty, and suitable for the front of borders,
or the rockery; rising from the crevices of the latter, with their
slender stems laden with flowers, they are especially beautiful.
See Fig. 352.

=C. sarmatica= (Sarmatian).* _fl._ nutant, usually secund, terminal
and axillary, forming a long, loose, scattered raceme; corolla pale
blue, velvety outside. July. _l._ tomentose; lower ones petiolate,
cordate, rather hastate, crenately toothed; superior ones sessile,
ovate-lanceolate, serrate-toothed. Stems simple, straight, downy.
_h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Caucasus, 1803. Borders. (B. R. 237.) See Fig.
353.

=C. saxatilis= (rock). _fl._ three to five, disposed in a loose
raceme; corolla blue, tubular, nutant. May. _l._ crenated; radical
ones rosulate, somewhat spathulate; cauline ones ovate, acute. Stem
erect. _h._ 6in. Crete, 1768. Rockery. Very rare.

=C. Scheuchzeri= (Scheuchzer's).* _fl._ dark blue, pendent, on
slender stems, broadly bell-shaped. July, August. _l._, lower ones
similar to those of _C. pusilla_; upper ones linear. _h._ 3in. to
6in. South European Alps, 1813. (L. B. C. 485.)

=C. Scouleri= (Scouler's). _fl._ pale blue, paniculate,
bell-shaped. July, August. _l._, lower ones ovate, on long
petioles, coarsely serrated; cauline ones ovate-lanceolate. _h._
1ft. North-west America, 1876. Rockery.

=C. sibirica= (Siberian). _fl._ panicled, numerous, drooping;
corollas bluish-violet, large. July. _l._ crenulated; radical
ones crowded, petiolate, obovate, obtuse; cauline ones sessile,
oblong-lanceolate, undulated, acuminated. Plant beset with
bristle-like hairs. Stem branched. _h._ 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. East
Europe, 1783. Biennial. Borders. (B. M. 659.)

=C. s. divergens= (divergent).* _fl._ violaceous, rather large,
at first erect, but drooping in the expanded state; peduncles
many-flowered, and, like the stem, usually trichotomous. June.
_l._, radical ones sub-spathulate, crenulated, narrowed at
the base; cauline ones sessile, lanceolate, acuminated. Plant
pilose, panicled. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Siberia, 1814. Biennial. SYN. _C.
spathulata_. (S. B. F. G. ii., 256.)

=C. spathulata= (spathulate). A synonym of _C. sibirica divergens_.

=C. speciosa= (beautiful).* _fl._ pedicellate, disposed in a
pyramidal raceme; corolla blue, purple or white, 1in. long, smooth
outside, but often villous inside. June, July. _l._ sessile,
repandly crenated; radical ones rosulate, linear-lanceolate;
cauline ones linear. Stem simple. _h._ 12in. to 18in. South-west
Europe, 1820. Borders. (B. M. 2649.)

=C. spicata= (spicate). _fl._ sessile, one to three from each
bract; spike long, interrupted at the base; corolla blue,
funnel-shaped. July. _l._ sessile, nearly entire; radical ones
crowded, linear-lanceolate; cauline ones linear, acuminated. Stem
simple. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Europe, 1786. Biennial. Borders. (A. F.
P. 3, 46.)

=C. stricta= (strict). _fl._ almost sessile, few, solitary,
spicate; corolla blue, tubular. July. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, acute,
serrated, pilose. Stem branched, pilose. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Armenia,
1819. Biennial. Borders.

=C. thyrsoidea= (thyrsoid).* _fl._ disposed in a dense pyramidal
spike, sessile; corolla sulphur-coloured, oblong. July. _l._
entire, pilose; lower ones lanceolate, obtuse; cauline ones
linear-lanceolate, acute. Stem simple, covered with leaves and
flowers. Plant pilose. _h._ 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. Alps of Europe, 1785.
Biennial. Rockery. (B. M. 1290.) See Fig. 354.

=C. Tommasiniana= (Tommasini's).* _fl._ pale blue, tubular,
slightly angled, in closely set, several-flowered, axillary cymes.
July, August. _l._ nearly or quite sessile, linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, distinctly serrated, there being no difference between
the lower and upper ones. Stems at first erect, ultimately drooping
through the weight of the flowers. _h._ 9in. to 12in. Italy. A very
handsome alpine species. (B. M. 6590.)

=C. Trachelium= (Throat-wort).* _fl._ drooping a little, one to
four together, terminating the branchlets; corolla variously
coloured, campanulate, bearded inside. July. _l._ scabrous,
acuminated, coarsely and crenately toothed; radical ones petiolate,
cordate. Stem angular, simple or branched. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft.
Europe. Borders. (Sy. En. B. 867.) There are double blue, double
white, and variously shaded single forms of this species.

=C. trichocalycina= (hairy-calyxed). _fl._ disposed in an almost
simple terminal raceme, approximate at the top, one to three rising
from each axil, at the time of flowering erect, but afterwards
drooping; corolla profoundly five-cleft, funnel-shaped. July. _l._
on short petioles, ovate, acute, coarsely serrated. Stem simple.
_h._ 1ft. to 3ft. Europe, 1823. Borders.

=C. Van Houttei= (Van Houtte's).* _fl._ dark blue, bell-shaped,
pendulous, 2in. long, axillary and terminal. July, August. _l._,
lower ones roundish-cordate, crenate on long stalks; cauline ones
oblong-lanceolate, sessile, serrated. _h._ 2ft. This is a very fine
hybrid. Differing from it only in colour and other unimportant
details is _C. Burghalti_, a handsome hybrid, found in gardens; the
flowers are of a pale purple colour, very large, pendent. These are
two of the best border Bell-flowers in cultivation.

=C. versicolor= (various-coloured). _fl._ disposed in long spicate
racemes; corolla of a deep violaceous colour at bottom, pale in
the middle, and the lobes pale violet, companulately rotate. July
to September. _l._ serrated; radical ones petiolate, ovate, acute,
rather cordate; cauline ones on short petioles, ovate-lanceolate,
acuminated. Stems erect. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. Greece, 1788. Borders.
(S. F. G. 207.)

=C. Vidalii= (Vidal's). _fl._ large, racemose; corolla white,
wax-like, between urceolate and campanulate, pendulous; disk
singularly broad, surrounded by a thick bright orange-coloured
annulus. July and August. _l._ thick and fleshy, oblong spathulate,
viscid, coarsely serrated. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Azores, 1851.
Perennial. Cool greenhouse or (during summer) herbaceous border.
(B. M. 4748.)

=C. Waldsteiniana= (Waldstein's).* _fl._ three to four at the
top of each stem, one of which is terminal, and the others
from the axils of the superior leaves, always looking upwards;
corollas violaceous-blue, campanulate. June. _l._ greyish,
sessile, lanceolate, serrated; lower ones obtuse; superior ones
long-acuminated. Stems erect, flexuous, stiff, simple, numerous
from the same root. _h._ 4in. to 6in. Hungary, 1824. See Fig. 355.

=C. Wanneri= (Wanner's). A synonym of _Symphyandra Wanneri_.

=C. Zoysii= (Zoys's).* _fl._ pedicellate, drooping; corolla pale
blue, with five deeper-coloured lines, cylindrical, elongated.
June. _l._ entire; radical ones crowded, petiolate, ovately
obovate, obtuse; cauline ones obovate-lanceolate, and linear. Plant
small, tufted. _h._ 3in. Carniola, 1813. A scarce little alpine
gem, thriving in a sunny chink in rich gritty soil.

=CAMPANULACEÆ.= A large order of herbs or sub-shrubs. Flowers blue or white; corolla regular, bell-shaped, usually five-lobed. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. The genus best known is _Campanula_; other genera are _Adenophora_, _Jasione_, and _Phyteuma_.

=CAMPANULATE.= Bell-shaped.

=CAMPANUMÆA= (altered from _Campanula_). ORD. _Campanulaceæ_. A genus of greenhouse herbaceous, tuberous-rooted, twining perennials. Flowers involucrated, solitary, on axillary and terminal peduncles. Leaves opposite, petiolate, glaucescent beneath. Stems and branches terete. They thrive best in a rich sandy loam, with a little peat. Propagated by seeds and divisions.

=C. gracilis= (graceful). _fl._ pale blue; corolla membranous, with
a tubular base, dilated throat, and slightly expanded, truncated
limb. _l._ on long petioles, ovate, blunt. Himalayas. SYN.
_Codonopsis gracilis_. (C. H. P. t. xvi. A.)

=C. inflata= (inflated). _fl._ yellowish, with brownish veins;
corolla herbaceous, ventricose; peduncles opposite the leaves,
one-flowered. _l._ alternate, ovate-cordate, acute. Himalayas. (C.
H. P. t. xvi. C.)

=C. javanica= (Javan). _fl._ yellowish, with brownish veins;
corolla herbaceous, very broadly campanulate, with five spreading
lobes. _l._ variable, opposite and alternate, ovate-cordate,
crenate. Himalayas. (C. H. P. t. xvi. B.)

=CAMPEACHY WOOD=, or =LOGWOOD=. _See_ =Hæmatoxylon campechianum=.

=CAMPHORA= (Camphor, commercial name of its chief product). Camphor-tree. ORD. _Laurineæ_. Cool stove evergreen trees, now referred to _Cinnamomum_. The true Camphor of commerce is a product of the oil procured from the wood, branches, and leaves of this tree, by means of dry distillation. The species thrives in a compost of peat and loam, and may be propagated by cuttings.

=C. officinalis= (officinal). _fl._ greenish-white. March to June.
_l._ triple-nerved, lanceolate, ovate. _h._ 20ft. Japan, 1727. SYN.
_Cinnamomum Camphora_.

=CAMPHOR-TREE.= _See_ =Camphora=.

=CAMPION.= _See_ =Silene=.

=CAMPION, MOSS.= _See_ =Silene acaulis=.

=CAMPION, ROSE.= _See_ =Lychnis=.

=CAMPSIDIUM= (from _kampsis_, a curving). ORD. _Bignoniaceæ_. A small genus, the best-known (perhaps the only) species being a handsome greenhouse climber. For culture, _see_ =Bignonia=.

=C. chilense= (Chilian). Pipil Boqui. _fl._ rich orange colour;
corolla tubular, almost regular; anthers parallel. _l._ pinnate,
dark shining green. _h._ 30ft. to 40ft. Chili. (G. C. 1870, 1182.)

=CAMPTERIA.= Included under =Pteris= (which _see_).

=CAMPTODIUM.= _See_ =Nephrodium=.

=CAMPTOPUS= (from _kamptos_, curved, and _pous_, a foot; the flower-stalk is curved downwardly). ORD. _Rubiaceæ_. A curious shrub, now referred to _Cephaelis_. It requires a most stove temperature. Cuttings will root in sandy loam, under a hand glass, in bottom heat.

=C. Mannii= (Mann's). _fl._ white, numerously produced in
subglobose, compound heads; peduncles stout, scarlet, drooping,
from 12in. to 18in. long. Summer. _l._ large, opposite, obovate
or obovate-lanceolate, glabrous, coriaceous; midrib thick, red
beneath. _h._ 15ft. Fernando Po, 1863. (B. M. 5755.)

=CAMPTOSORUS.= _See_ =Scolopendrium=.

=CAMPYLANTHERA.= A synonym of =Pronaya=.

=CAMPYLIA.= Included under =Pelargonium=.

=CAMPYLOBOTRYS.= _See_ =Hoffmannia=.

=CAMPYLONEURON.= _See_ Polypodium.

=CAMWOOD.= _See_ =Baphia=.

=CANADA BALSAM.= _See_ =Abies balsamea=.

=CANADA RICE.= _See_ =Zizania aquatica=.

=CANADA TEA.= _See_ =Gaultheria procumbens=.

=CANALICULATE.= Channelled, or furrowed.

=CANARINA= (so named from its habitat). SYN. _Pernettya_ (of Scopoli). ORD. _Campanulaceæ_. A beautiful, glaucescent, greenhouse, herbaceous perennial. It thrives in a compost of loam, leaf mould, thoroughly decomposed manure, and sand, in equal parts; ample root space and perfect drainage are essential, and when new growth commences, a little extra heat will considerably accelerate the development of the flowers. Water should be liberally supplied during the growing season. The plant may be propagated by divisions when repotting, in January; or by young cuttings, inserted in sandy soil, in a gentle warmth.

=C. Campanula= (bell-shaped).* _fl._ of a yellowish purple or
orange colour, with red nerves, drooping, solitary, terminating
axillary branchlets; corolla six-lobed at the apex, large,
campanulate. January to March. _l._ opposite, hastately
sub-cordate, irregularly toothed. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. Canary Islands,
1696. (B. M. 444.)

=CANARIUM= (from _Canari_, its vernacular name in the Malay language). ORD. _Burseraceæ_. A rather large genus of stove trees. Flowers small, in axillary panicles; petals usually three, valvate, or slightly imbricate in the bud. Drupe ovoid or ellipsoid, often three-angled. Leaves large, impari-pinnate. For culture, _see_ =Boswellia=.

=C. commune= (common). _fl._ white, glomerate, nearly sessile,
bracteate; panicle terminal. _l._, leaflets seven to nine, on long
stalks, ovate-oblong, bluntly acuminated, entire. India. The fruit
has a thin olive skin, and when the nuts are mature, they contain a
sweet kernel, which does not become rancid, and resembles a Sweet
Chestnut; they are also used for various economic purposes. (B. M.
Pl. 61.)

=CANARY-BIRD FLOWER.= _See_ =Tropæolum peregrinum=.

=CANAVALIA= (from _Canavali_, the name of one of the species in Malabar). ORD. _Leguminosæ_. A genus of elegant twining or climbing stove herbs or subshrubs. Flowers in racemes, produced from the axils of the leaves; calyx bell-shaped, two-lipped; corolla papilionaceous. Leaves trifoliate. They are well adapted for training up the rafters in a stove or warm greenhouse. For culture, _see_ =Dolichos=.

=C. bonariensis= (Buenos Ayrean). _fl._ purple; racemes drooping,
longer than the leaves. July and August. _l._, leaflets ovate,
obtuse, coriaceous, glabrous. Buenos Ayres, 1824. (B. R. 1199.)

=C. ensiformis= (ensiform).* _fl._ white, red, pendulous; racemes
longer than the leaves. June. _l._, leaflets ovate, acute. India,
1790. SYN. _C. gladiata_. (B. M. 4027.)

=C. gladiata= (sword-podded). Synonymous with _C. ensiformis_.

=C. obtusifolia= (obtuse-leaved). _fl._ purple. July, August. _l._,
leaflets ovate obtuse. Malabar, 1820.

=CANBIA= (named in honour of W. M. Canby, of Wilmington, Delaware). ORD. _Papaveraceæ_. A monotypic genus, remarkable for its persistent (not caducous) corolla. Sepals three, caducous; petals six, barely 1/6in. in length; stamens six to nine.

=B. candida= (glossy white). _fl._ white, solitary, on little
scapes. _l._ alternate, linear, entire. _h._ about 1in. Discovered
in sandy soil in South-east California, in 1876. See Fig. 356.

=CANCELLATE.= Latticed; resembling lattice-work.

=CANDELABRUM= or =CHANDELIER TREE=. _See_ =Pandanus candelabrum=.

=CANDLEBERRY MYRTLE.= _See_ =Myrica cereifera=.

=CANDLEBERRY-TREE.= _See_ =Aleurites triloba=.

=CANDLE-TREE.= _See_ =Parmentiera cerifera=.

=CANDOLLEA= (named after Augustus Pyramus De Candolle, formerly Professor of Botany, at Geneva, and author of numerous botanical works). ORD. _Dilleniaceæ_. A genus of very ornamental greenhouse evergreen shrubs, natives of Australia. Flowers yellow, sub-solitary, at the tips of the branches; sepals five, oval, mucronate; petals obovate or obcordate. They thrive in a compost of equal parts loam and peat, with which sufficient sand may be mixed to render the whole porous. Cuttings will root, if placed in a similar compost, under a hand glass; seeds are also sometimes obtainable.

=C. cuneiformis= (wedge-shaped).* _fl._ yellow. July. _l._ smooth,
obovately cuneated, blunt at the top, entire. Branches cinerous.
_h._ 7ft. 1824. See Fig. 357. (B. M. 2711.)

=C. Huegelii= (Huegel's). _fl._ at tops of the branches, among the
leaves, on short pedicels; sepals acuminate, hoary outside, longer
than the petals. May. _l._ linear, quite entire, villous when
young. _h._ 6ft. 1837.

=C. tetrandra= (four-stamened). _fl._ yellow, solitary; petals
emarginate. June. _l._ oblong, cuneate, toothed. _h._ 7ft. 1842.
(B. R. 1843, 50.)

=CANDYTUFT.= _See_ =Iberis=.

=CANE-BRAKE.= A common name for different species of _Arundinaria_.

=CANELLA= (a diminutive of _canna_, a reed; in allusion to the rolled bark, like cinnamon). ORD. _Canellaceæ_. The best-known species of this genus is a very ornamental and economically valuable stove evergreen tree, which thrives in a mixture of loam and sand. Well-ripened cuttings, taken off at a joint, will root in sand, under a hand glass, with bottom heat, in April or May; but care should be taken not to deprive them of any of their leaves. Sweet says that large old cuttings are best.

=C. alba= (white).* _fl._ violet-colour, small, growing at the tops
of branches in cluster, but upon divided peduncles. _l._ alternate,
obovate, cuneated at the base, white, or glaucous beneath, somewhat
coriaceous, sometimes full of pellucid dots. _h._ 15ft. The
whole tree is very aromatic, and, when in blossom, perfumes the
neighbourhood. The flowers dried, and softened again in warm water,
have a fragrant odour, nearly approaching to that of Musk. The
leaves have a strong smell of Laurel. West Indies, &c., 1735. (T.
L. S. i., 8.)

=CANELLACEÆ.= A small order of tropical American aromatic shrubs, allied to _Bixineæ_, from which it differs only in having the albumen firmer, and with a smaller embryo. The genera are _Canella_ and _Cinnamodendron_.

=CANESCENT.= Hoary, approaching to white.

=CANICIDIA.= A synonym of =Rourea= (which _see_).

=CANISTRUM= (from _canistrum_, a basket; in allusion to the inflorescence resembling a basket of flowers). ORD. _Bromeliaceæ_. Stove epiphytes, with showy inflorescence, and requiring similar culture to =Billbergia= (which _see_).

=C. aurantiacum= (orange).* _fl._ orange-yellow, in a cup-shaped
involucre of orange-red bracts; scapes erect. June to September.
_l._ ligulate-lorate denticulate, deflexed. Brazil, 1873. See Fig.
358. (B. H. 1873, 15.)

=C. eburneum= (ivory).* _fl._ white, green, disposed in a depressed
head, the white ovaries of which give an appearance as of eggs in a
basket. May. _l._ tufted, mottled, the central ones cream-coloured,
surrounding the flower-heads. _h._ 2ft. SYNS. _Guzmannia fragrans_
and _Nidularium Lindeni_. Brazil, 1876. (B. H. 1879, 13, 14.)

=C. roseum= (rose-coloured). _fl._ white, green; bracts rosy. 1879.

=C. viride= (green). _fl._ green. _l._ green, canaliculate,
acuminate, irregularly toothed. Brazil, 1875. SYN. _Nidularium
latifolium_. (B. H. 1874, 16.)

=CANKER.= This is a disease presenting very serious difficulties, principally in the cultivation of Apples and Pears. Both the trees and fruits, especially of some varieties, are, in many localities, so far injured as not to be worth cultivating. What causes the disease is not at all times known; indeed, it is, in most cases, but imperfectly understood. Were the causes better known, the remedy might generally be much easier found. Some of the primary causes are cold and undrained soil, severe and careless pruning, extreme variations of temperature, and excessive growth, made late in the season, when it has not sufficient time to get well ripened. Trees that are badly Cankered may often be improved by lifting, and replanting in improved or better-drained soil. Immediately the disease is detected in young trees, by the cracking of the bark or the skin of the fruits, measures should be taken to find the cause, if possible, and avert its progress. Some Pear-trees, in various localities, will not produce fruit without Canker in the open garden, but they will do so when planted against a wall; and as such may be the very best varieties, trees should be placed in the latter position. The removal of large branches, late in spring, will sometimes produce Canker, at the point where mutilation has taken place; and it may be caused by severe late pruning, which induces the growth of soft shoots that are almost certain to be injured by severe frosts. The difference in the seasons, as regards the amount of moisture, is one that can scarcely be provided against. One spring may be favourable to rapid growth, and the following may be most unfavourable, thereby arresting the natural flow of the sap until the latter part of the summer, when excessive growth will probably take place. Such checks invariably produce Canker. At times, the disease seems caused by the punctures of insects, in an early stage, on the stems or branches. In such instances, a thorough cleansing, and a smearing of quicklime, made into a wash, often proves successful. Strong tobacco water will destroy insects, and a weak solution of sulphuric acid is also fatal to lichens and mosses, which should never be allowed to obtain a footing. The chief preventatives, therefore, are: Planting in well-drained soil; avoiding the use of any rank manure, to cause excessive growth; changing the old, or adding new, soil to injured trees; careful pruning, and the encouragement of early growth in spring, and subsequent well ripening in autumn.

=CANNA= (derivation uncertain; according to some, from _cana_, the Celtic name for cane, or reed). Indian Shot. ORD. _Scitamineæ_. A large genus of stove herbaceous perennials, very extensively employed in sub-tropical and other methods of summer gardening. Flowers spathaceous; anther attached to the edge of the petal-like filament. Leaves very ornamental. Few plants are more easily grown, or more quickly propagated. Seeds of many of the finer sorts may be bought cheaply from respectable seedsmen. These should be sown in heat, in February or March. A warm house or cucumber pit is the best place for sowing the seeds, which are very hard. If soaked in tepid water for twenty-four hours, germination will be materially stimulated. A mixture of sand and leaf mould is best for them, and a covering of 1-1/2in. or 2in. of earth is not excessive. They should be sown thinly, in pans. As Cannas are gross, and have somewhat brittle roots in a young state, it is a good plan to sow the seed singly in small pots. This method preserves all the roots intact, and prevents any check in potting off or dividing the plants out of seed pans or boxes. When this is not done, the plants must be potted off singly, as soon as they have formed two leaves, 3in. pots being used for the first shift. The soil can hardly be too rich and porous. Equal parts rotted dung, loam, and sand, with a little peat, form a capital mixture for them. The plants must be kept in a growing temperature of 60deg. or so, during their earlier stages, and shifted as required into larger pots. Under proper management, the roots will fill 6in. pots by the middle or end of May. They ought not to be planted out till the end of May or the first week in June. Should fairly rich soil and a sheltered place be selected for them, they will not only grow, but flower freely during the late summer and autumn months. Cannas are also very effective indoors, either for greenhouse or room decoration. For these purposes they may be grown on in 8in., 10in., or even 12in., pots, with rich soil, and placed either in a stove, intermediate house, warm or cool conservatory, window, or room. Liberal supplies of manure water will be of very great benefit. Propagation is also effected by means of divisions; they form a root-stock very like some of the commoner and more free-growing Irises, each portion of which, with bud and roots attached, may be converted into an independent plant. The best mode of procedure is to divide the root-stock in early spring, when the pieces may be placed in 4in. pots at once; and, if plunged in a bottom heat of 60deg. or so, they will quickly resume root action and grow rapidly. They may also be propagated by division without bottom heat. Those who grow large quantities seldom put their plants in pots at all. Stored in pots or boxes for the winter, they are divided and placed singly in similar positions in the spring, and transferred from such vessels into the open air. The best open site for Cannas is in a sheltered spot, with a good depth of rich soil, and plenty of moisture. In such a position, their noble leaves are not so much injured by rough winds. After flowering, or at the end of the season, they may be lifted and stored away in boxes, or in pots of earth, in dry, frost-proof sheds, or under greenhouse stages during winter. In warm, sheltered situations, with dry bottoms, they winter safely in the open, provided their crowns are covered with 1ft. of litter or cocoa fibre refuse. But where the soil is wet and cold, or the situation bleak and unprotected, they should be lifted and stored away, as already described.

=C. Achiras variegata= (variegated Achiras).* _fl._ dark red.
August. _l._ bright green, striped with white and yellow. Better
adapted for indoor culture than out.

=C. Annæi= (M. Année's).* _fl._ salmon-colour, large, well formed.
June. _l._ large, green, glaucescent, ovate-acute, 2ft. long by
10in. wide. Stems vigorous, stiff, sea-green. _h._ 6ft. (R. H.
1861, 470.) Of this there are many forms, the best of which are:

=C. A. discolor= (two-coloured).* _fl._ rosy-yellow, few, small.
Late summer. _l._ lanceolate, erect, light red, 2-1/2ft. long,
10in. wide. Stems dark red. _h._ 3ft. to 5ft.

=C. A. fulgida= (red).* _fl._ orange-red, large, well-opened. _l._
20in. long, 6in. wide, deep purple, erect. Stems small, dark red.
_h._ 3ft. to 5ft.

=C. A. rosea= (rose).* _fl._ carmine-rose colour, small, few. Late
summer. _l._ 2ft. long, very narrow, pointed, erect. Stems dark
green, with a reddish base, numerous. _h._ 5ft.

=C. Auguste Ferrier= (A. Ferrier's).* _fl._ orange-red,
medium-sized. _l._ very large, oval, erect, pointed, deep green,
with narrow stripes and margins of dark purplish-red. Stem green,
very thick, downy. _h._ 10ft.

=C. aurantiaca= (orange). _fl._, segments of perianth rose-coloured
outside, reddish inside; upper lip orange, lower one yellow, dotted
with orange. _l._ large, broadly lanceolate, pale green; margins
slightly undulated. _h._ 6-1/2ft. Brazil, 1824.

=C. Bihorelli= (Bihorell's).* _fl._ deep crimson, produced upon
branching spikes in great abundance. _l._ red when young, changing
to deep bronze with age. _h._ 6ft. to 7ft. One of the best.

=C. Daniel Hooibrenk.= _fl._ bright orange, large, freely produced.
_l._ large, glaucous-green, acuminate, with bronzy margin. Stalks
strong, green. _h._ 6ft.

=C. Depute Henon.=* _fl._ pure canary-colour, with a yellowish
base, large; spikes numerous, rising gracefully above the foliage
to a height of 1-1/2ft. _l._ ovate-acute, erect. _h._ 4ft.

=C. discolor= (two-coloured).* _fl._ red. _l._ very large, broad,
ovate-oblong; lower ones tinged with a blood-red hue; upper ones
streaked with purple. Stems stout, reddish. _h._ 6ft. South
America, 1872. (B. R. 1231.)

=C. edulis= (edible). _fl._ large, with purple outer segments,
inner ones yellowish. _l._ broadly ovate-lanceolate, green, tinged
with maroon. Stems deep purple tinged. _h._ 6ft. to 7ft. Peru,
1820. (B. R. 775.)

=C. expansa-rubra= (red-expanded).* _fl._ large, with rounded
bright purple segments. _l._ very large, sometimes over 4ft. long,
and nearly 2ft. broad, ovate, obtuse, spreading horizontally, dark
red. Stems numerous, very thick. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft.

=C. flaccida= (flaccid). _fl._ yellow, very large, not very unlike
those of the native _Iris pseudo-acorus_. _l._ ovate-lanceolate,
erect. _h._ 2-1/2ft. South America, 1788. (L. B. C. 562.)

=C. gigantea= (gigantic).* _fl._ large, very ornamental, with
orange-red outer, and deep purple red inner segments. Summer. _l._
about 2ft. long; petioles covered with a velvety down. _h._ 6ft.
South America, 1788. (B. R. 206.)

=C. indica= (Indian).* Indian Reed. _fl._ rather large, irregular;
spikes erect, with light yellow and carmine-red divisions. Summer.
_l._ large, alternate, ovate-lanceolate. _h._ 3ft. to 6ft. West
Indies, 1570. See Fig. 359. (B. M. 454.)

=C. insignis= (magnificent). _fl._ orange-red, few, small. _l._
ovate, spreading horizontally, green, rayed and margined with
purplish-red. Stems violet, downy. _h._ 3ft. to 5ft.

=C. iridiflora= (Iris-flowered). _fl._ rose, with a yellow spot on
the lip; spikes slightly drooping, several emanating from the same
spathe. Summer. _l._ broadly ovate-acuminate. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft.
Peru, 1816. (B. R. 609.)

=C. i. hybrida= (hybrid). _fl._ blood-red, very large, only
properly developed when grown in a greenhouse. _l._ green, very
large. Stem green, downy, somewhat reddish. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft.

=C. limbata= (bordered).* _fl._ yellowish-red, disposed in long
loose spikes; spathes glaucous. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, acute. _h._
3ft. Native country uncertain, 1818. (B. R. 771.)

=C. l. major= (larger-bordered). _fl._ orange-red, large. _l._
large, lanceolate, 2-1/2ft. long, 8in. wide, spreading, deep green.
Stems downy. _h._ 5ft. to 6-1/2ft.

=C. nigricans= (blackish).* _l._ coppery-red, lanceolate,
acuminate, erect, 2-1/2ft. long, 10in. to 12in. broad. Stems
purplish-red. _h._ 4-1/2ft. to 8ft. One of the finest kinds. _C.
atro-nigricans_ has leaves of a purplish shade, passing into dark
red, of a deeper hue than those of _C. nigricans_.

=C. Premices de Nice.= _fl._ bright yellow, very large. Stems and
leaves like those of _C. Annæi_.

=C. Rendatleri= (Rendatler's).* _fl._ salmon-red, numerous,
large. _l._ much pointed, deep green, tinged with dark red. Stems
purplish-red. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft.

=C. speciosa= (showy).* _fl._ sessile, in pairs; petals two, erect,
bifid; lip spotted, revolute. August. _l._ lanceolate. _h._ 3ft.
Nepaul, 1820. See Fig. 360. (B. M. 2317.)

=C. Van-Houttei= (Van Houtte's).* _fl._ bright scarlet, large,
very abundantly produced. _l._ lanceolate, 2ft. to 2-1/2ft. long,
acuminated, green, rayed and margined with dark purplish-red.

=C. Warscewiczii= (Warscewicz's).* _fl._ with brilliant scarlet
inner, and purplish outer segments. _l._ ovate-elliptic, narrowed
at both ends, deeply tinged with dark purple. _h._ 3ft. Costa Rica,
1849. (B. H. 2, 48.) There are several varieties of this species,
the best two are: _Chatei_, with very large dark red leaves, and
_nobilis_, with deep green leaves, rayed and margined with dark red.

=C. zebrina= (zebra-striped).* _fl._ orange, small. _l._ very
large, ovate, erect, deep green, passing into dark red, rayed with
violet-purple. Stems dark violet-red. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft.

=CANNABINACEÆ.= This order, of which the genus _Cannabis_ (Hemp) is the type, is now merged into _Urticaceæ_.

=CANNABIS= (from the Greek word _kannabis_, used by Dioscorides, and that from Sanskrit _canam_). Hemp. ORD. _Urticaceæ_. A small genus, of but little ornamental value. Flowers racemose, diœcious. Nut two-valved, within the closed calyx. The undermentioned species is a hardy annual, of easy culture in ordinary garden soil. Propagated by seeds, sown in spring.

=C. sativa= (cultivated). _fl._ greenish. June. _l._ on long
stalks; leaflets from five to seven, long, lanceolate, acuminated;
margins serrated. _h._ 4ft. to 10ft., or even 20ft. India, &c. This
plant is cultivated very extensively for the sake of its valuable
fibre. Well-grown plants have rather an ornamental appearance
during the summer months. See Fig. 361.

=CANNON-BALL TREE.= A common name for =Couroupita guianensis= (which _see_).

=CANSCORA= (from _Kansgan-Cora_, the Malabar name of _C. perfoliata_, as yet unintroduced). SYN. _Pladera_. Including _Phyllocyclus_. ORD. _Gentianeæ_. Small, erect, simple or branched, stove or greenhouse annuals. Flowers stalked or sub-sessile. Leaves opposite, sessile or amplexicaul. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a four-cleft, unequal limb; the two outer segments equal, two lower ones combined a greater distance. Stems tetragonal. _C. Parishii_ requires similar treatment to =Balsam=, and grows best in a soil to which chalk or limestone débris is added.

=C. Parishii= (Parish's). _fl._ white. _l._ opposite, perfectly
connate, so that the united two apparently form an exactly
orbicular leaf. _h._ 2ft. Moulmein, 1864. Greenhouse. (B. M. 5429.)

=CANTERBURY BELLS.= _See_ =Campanula Medium=.

=CANTHARELLUS CIBARIUS.= _See_ =Chantarelle=.

=CANTHIUM.= A synonym of =Plectronia=.

=CANTUA= (from _Cantu_, the Peruvian name of one of the species). SYN. _Periphragmos_. ORD. _Polemoniaceæ_. Very pretty erect, branched greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Flowers in corymbs, at the termination of the branches, rarely solitary and axillary. Leaves entire or almost pinnatifid, alternate, petiolate, elliptic, acuminated, or cuneate-oblong, glabrous, or downy on both surfaces when young. They are of easy culture in a compost of turfy loam, leaf-mould, and sand, if good drainage is allowed. Propagated by cuttings, placed in sand, under a hand glass. In the western parts of England, these plants--particularly _C. buxifolia_--thrive remarkably well in sheltered situations.

=C. bicolor= (two-coloured). _fl._ solitary; corolla with a short
yellow tube and scarlet limb. May. _h._ 4ft. Peru, 1846. (B. M.
4729.)

=C. buxifolia= (Box-leaved).* _fl._, corolla pale red, straight,
funnel-shaped, with a very long tube; corymbs few-flowered;
peduncles tomentose. April. _l._ cuneate-oblong, mucronulate, quite
entire. _h._ 4ft. Peruvian Andes, 1849. An elegant plant, having
the tops of branches, calyces, and young leaves, downy. SYN. _C.
dependens_. See Fig. 362. (B. M. 4582.)

=C. dependens= (hanging). Synonymous with _C. buxifolia_.

=C. pyrifolia= (Pyrus-leaved).* _fl._, corolla yellowish-white,
curved; stamens twice as long as the corolla; corymbs terminal,
dense-flowered. March. _l._ elliptic or obovate acute, entire or
sinuate-dentate. _h._ 3ft. Peru, 1846. (B. M. 4386.)

=CAOUTCHOUC.= The elastic gummy substance known as indiarubber, which is the inspissated juice of various plants growing in tropical climates in different parts of the world; such as _Castilloa_, _Ficus elastica_, _Hevea_, various species of _Landolphia_, _Manihot_, &c., &c.

=CAPE EVERLASTING.= _See_ =Helichrysum=.

=CAPE GOOSEBERRY.= _See_ =Physalis peruviana=.

=CAPE GUM.= The gum of _Acacia Karroo_ or _A. capensis_.

=CAPE JESSAMINE.= _See_ =Gardenia florida=.

=CAPER-TREE.= _See_ =Capparis=.

=CAPILLARY.= Very slender; resembling a hair.

=CAPITATE.= Growing in a head.

=CAPITULATE.= Growing in small heads.

=CAPITULUM.= A close head of flowers; the inflorescence of Composites.

=CAPPARIDEÆ.= An order of herbs or shrubs, rarely trees. Flowers clustered, or solitary; sepals four to eight, imbricate or valvate; petals four, arranged crosswise, sometimes, but rarely, five, or eight, rarely absent. Leaves alternate, very rarely opposite, stipulate or exstipulate. The order is distributed throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of both hemispheres, the frutescent species being largely represented in America. There are about twenty-three genera--the best-known being _Capparis_, _Cleome_, and _Cratæva_--and about 300 species.

=CAPPARIS= (_kapparis_, old Greek name used by Dioscorides, from Persian _kabar_, Capers). Caper-tree. ORD. _Capparideæ_. Greenhouse or stove evergreen shrubs, of considerable beauty. Calyx four-parted; petals four; stamens numerous; succeeded by a berry. They thrive best in a compost of well-drained sandy loam. Cuttings of ripe shoots will root in sand, under a hand glass, in moist heat. This genus contains about 120 species, but it is very doubtful if more than six are to be found under cultivation in this country.

=C. amygdalina= (Almond-like).* _fl._ white; peduncles axillary,
compressed, corymbiferous. _l._ elliptical-oblong, narrowed towards
both ends, with a callous point; upper surface smooth; under
surface, as well as the branches, covered with silvery scaly dots.
_h._ 6ft. West Indies, 1818. Stove.

=C. cynophallophora= (Dog-phallus bearing). _fl._ white, large,
fragrant; peduncles few-flowered, shorter than the leaves. _l._
smooth, leathery, oblong, on short petiole. _h._ 8ft. to 25ft. West
Indies, 1752. Stove. (R. G. 1862, 351.)

=C. odoratissima= (sweetest-scented).* _fl._ violet, sweet-scented,
about the size of Myrtle, with yellow anthers; peduncles
racemiferous at the top. _l._ oblong, acuminate, on long
footstalks; upper surface smooth; under surface covered with little
hard scales. _h._ 6ft. Caraccas, 1814. Stove.

=C. spinosa= (spiny).* Common Caper. _fl._ white, tinged with red
on the outside; pedicels solitary, one-flowered. June. _l._ ovate,
roundish, deciduous. _h._ 3ft. South Europe, 1596. This is an
excellent greenhouse shrub, and one which we have found perfectly
hardy in the southern counties of England. See Fig. 363. (B. M.
291.)

=CAPRIFOLIACEÆ.= A rather large order of shrubs or herbs, often twining. Flowers terminal, corymbose, or axillary; corolla superior, regular or irregular. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Well-known genera are: _Linnæa_, _Lonicera_, _Sambucus_, and _Viburnum_.

=CAPRIFOLIUM.= _See_ =Lonicera=.

=CAPSICUM= (from _kapto_, to bite; on account of the biting heat of the seeds and pericarp). ORD. _Solanaceæ_. Shrubs or sub-shrubs, rarely herbs. Peduncles extra-axillary, one-flowered. Leaves scattered, solitary, or twin, and quite entire. Many of the species, although possessing considerable beauty, are but rarely grown, either for decoration or for the use of their fruit; consequently, we confine our specific enumeration to the Common Capsicum, the Bird Pepper or Chili, and the Bell Pepper. The first two of these have long been in cultivation, for use either in a green state for pickles and for making Chili vinegar, or ripened and ground as Cayenne Pepper. Some sorts are exceedingly ornamental for greenhouse decoration in winter, if plants are well grown in rather small pots, and the fruit ripened under glass. The varieties producing small pods are the hottest, and consequently best suited for making Cayenne Pepper. These are generally called Chilies. All other varieties of Capsicum have a more or less pungent flavour, and those bearing larger pods are more profitable for use in a green state. The fruits of all are either red or yellow when ripe, and are of various sizes and shapes. Some are produced and stand erect on the upper side of the branches; others hang underneath. Fig. 364 represents hanging fruits of Long and Round Capsicums, the shapes of which are produced by both red and yellow varieties.

_Cultivation._ Being natives of tropical countries, Capsicums cannot always be depended upon to thoroughly ripen in the open air; but a good crop of green fruits may generally be obtained by preparing the plants early in the season, and planting out in a warm situation.

Sow the seeds in February or early in March, in pots or pans, placing them in heat; and so soon as the plants are large enough, pot off singly into 3in. pots, still keeping them in heat until well rooted. Place them into 6in. or 7in. pots before they become starved; and gradually harden off and plant out about 2ft. asunder, in June. The fruits ripen better if the plants are placed against a south wall and tacked on to it. The safest plan to obtain a crop of ripe fruits is to cultivate under glass. Pots of 7in. diameter are large enough. Rich soil must be used, and any spare frames are suitable in summer. Plenty of water and frequent syringings should be applied, as the plants are very liable to injury from red spider and other insects if this is in any way neglected. The fruits will keep some time after being ripe, but are never better than when fresh gathered; they may, however, be kept on the plants for a considerable period.

_Sorts._ Chili, Long Red, Long Yellow, Small Red Cayenne, Round Red, and Round Yellow. Good ornamental varieties are: Little Gem, a very dwarf variety, of comparatively recent introduction, covered with small, erect, red pods; and Prince of Wales, free fruiting, with hanging bright yellow pods.

=C. annuum= (annual). Common Capsicum. _fl._ white, solitary. June.
Petioles glabrous. _fr._ oblong, pendulous, and erect, red or
yellow, variable in shape. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. South America, 1548.

=C. baccatum.= Bird Pepper or Chili. _fl._ greenish; peduncles
twin. June. _fr._ small, erect, almost globose. _l._ oblong,
glabrous, as well as the petiole. Branches angular, striated. _h._
2ft. to 4ft. Tropical America, 1731. Greenhouse shrub.

=C. grossum= (large). Bell Pepper. _fl._ white. July. India, 1759.

=CAPSULAR.= Like a capsule.

=CAPSULE.= A dry dehiscent seed vessel or fruit.

=CARAGANA= (_Caragan_ is the name of _C. arborescens_ among the Monguls). Siberian Pea-tree. ORD. _Leguminosæ_. Very ornamental hardy deciduous trees or shrubs. Flowers usually yellow, axillary, either solitary or crowded, but always single on thin stalks. Leaves abruptly pinnate, the midrib ending in a bristle or spine; leaflets mucronate. They are well adapted for shrubberies, and are of the easiest culture in sandy soil. Propagated by cuttings, made of the roots, or by seeds; the low-growing shrubs by seeds and layers. Caraganas are generally increased by grafting on _C. arborescens_, which is easily raised from seed, sown when ripe or in spring.

=C. Altagana= (Altagana). _fl._ yellow; pedicels solitary. April to
July. _l._ with six to eight pairs of glabrous, obovate-roundish,
retuse leaflets; petiole unarmed. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Dahuria, 1789.
Shrub.

=C. arborescens= (tree-like).* _fl._ pale or bright yellow;
pedicels in fascicles. April, May. _l._ with four to six pairs of
oval-oblong villous leaflets; petiole unarmed. Stipules spinescent.
_h._ 15ft. to 20ft. Siberia, 1752. Tree. (B. M. 1886.)

=C. Chamlagu= (Chamlagu). _fl._ yellow, at length becoming reddish,
large, pendulous; pedicels solitary. May. _l._ with two pairs of
distant, oval, or obovate glabrous leaflets; stipules spreading,
and, as well as the petioles, spinose. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. China,
1773. Shrub.

=C. frutescens= (woody).* _fl._ yellow, resupinate; pedicels
solitary. April. _l._ with two pairs of leaflets, approximating
the top of the petiole, obovate-cuneated; stipules membranous;
petiole furnished with a short spine at the apex. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft.
Siberia, 1752. Shrub. (S. B. F. G. 3, 227.) There are one or two
varieties of this species.

=C. jubata= (bearded).* _fl._ white, suffused with red, few;
pedicels solitary, very short. April. _l._ with four or five pairs
of oblong-lanceolate, lanuginously-ciliated leaflets; stipules
setaceous; petioles somewhat spinose. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Siberia,
1796. Shrub. SYN. _Robinia jubata_. (L. B. C. 522.)

* * * * *

+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Transcriber notes: |
| |
| P. 14. 't rminal' under Aciotis, changed to 'terminal'. |
| P. 21. 'Ternstroemiaceoe' changed to 'Ternstroemiaceæ' |
| P. 27. 'producing fronds', fronds is usually in italics. Changed. |
| P. 27. 'A synonymn of A. venustum.', changed 'synonymn' |
| to 'synonym'. |
| P. 41. 'deeply chanelled', changed 'chanelled' to 'channelled'. |
| P. 41. 'A. Wislizeni ... which is under 2ft. broad'; should 'broad'|
| be 'long'? Left as a query. |
| P. 49. A. Scorodoprasum. 'Europ' changed to 'Europe'. |
| P. 53. A. ageratoides. 'receptable" changed to 'receptacle'. |
| P. 87. 'surface is punctuate', changed 'punctuate' to 'punctuated'.|
| P. 87. 'of less than than', taken out one 'than'. |
| P. 134. A. umbrosum. 'laceolate' changed to 'lanceolate'. |
| P. 162. 'Caraccas', changed to 'Caracas'. |
| P. 171. 'browish when matured.', changed 'browish' to 'brownish'. |
| P. 174. 'numerous arge round', changed 'arge' to 'large'. |
| P. 190. 'part the day' changed to 'part of the day'. |
| P. 190. 'Rio Janeiro, 1825.' changed to 'Rio de Janeiro, 1825.' |
| P. 210. 'Caraccas', changed to 'Caracas'. |
| P. 213. 'Syn. B Joinvillei, B. pitcairniæfolia.', changed 'Syn.' |
| to 'Syns.' |
| P. 222. 'There is a is a variety', removed extra 'is a'. |
| P. 235. 'petioles sheating' changed to 'petioles sheathing'. |
| P. 259. 'CAPSIDIUM' is 'CAMPSIDIUM' in another volume. Changed. |
| Fixed various punctuation. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+