Chapter M: A. S. Salm-Dyck. Monographia generum Aloes et Mesembryanthemi (17)

=A. arenarius= (sand-loving).* _fl._ blue; peduncles few-flowered,
rather shorter than the leaves. June. _l._ with linear-obtuse
leaflets; stipules connate, opposite the leaves. Plant diffuse,
tomentose from white adpressed down. _h._ 6in. Denmark, 1800.
Perennial.

=A. austriacus= (Austrian).* _fl._ few; upper petal, or vexillum,
blue, the rest purple; racemes pedunculate, longer than the leaves.
May. _l._, leaflets glabrous, linear, truncately emarginate. Plant
diffusely procumbent. South Europe, 1640. Perennial.

=A. canadensis= (Canadian). _fl._ yellow, disposed in spikes;
peduncles about as long as the leaves. July. _l._ with ten to
twelve pairs of elliptic-oblong, bluntish leaflets. Plant nearly
erect, rather hairy. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. North America, 1732.
Perennial.

=A. Cicer= (Vetch-like). _fl._ pale yellow, disposed in spike-like
heads; peduncles longer than the leaves. July. _l._ with ten
to thirteen pairs of elliptic-oblong mucronate leaflets. Plant
diffusely procumbent. Europe, 1570. Annual.

=A. dahuricus= (Dahurian). _fl._ purple, in dense racemes, which
are longer than the leaves. July. _l._, leaflets, seven to nine
pairs, oblong, mucronate. Plant erect, pilose. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft.
Dahuria to China, 1822. Perennial.

=A. dasyglottis= (thick-tongued).* _fl._ purple, blue, and white
mixed, in capitate spikes; peduncles a little longer than the
leaves. June. _l._, leaflets elliptic-oblong, somewhat emarginate;
stipules connate, opposite the leaves. _h._ 3in. to 4in. Plant
diffuse. Siberia, 1818. A charming little alpine perennial.

=A. falcatus= (hooked). _fl._ greenish yellow, in spikes;
peduncles rather longer than the leaves. June. _l._ with sixteen
to twenty pairs of elliptic-oblong, acute leaflets. Plant erect,
rather hairy. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Siberia (in wet, grassy places).
Perennial. SYN. _A. virescens_.

=A. galegiformis= (Galega-like).* _fl._ pale yellow, pendulous,
racemose; peduncles longer than the leaves. June. _l._ with twelve
to thirteen pairs of elliptic-oblong leaflets. Plant erect,
glabrous. _h._ 3ft. to 5ft. Siberia, 1729. A showy perennial
species.

=A. Glaux= (Milkwort). _fl._ purplish, in dense heads; peduncles
longer than the leaves. June. _l._ with eight to thirteen pairs of
small, oblong, acutish leaflets. Spain, 1596. Procumbent annual,
clothed with whitish hair.

=A. glycyphyllos= (sweet-leaved).* _fl._ sulphur coloured, in
ovate-oblong spikes; peduncles shorter than the leaves. June. _l._
with four, five, to seven pairs of oval, bluntish, smooth leaflets;
stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Britain. A
perennial prostrate trailer.

=A. hypoglottis= (under-tongued).* _fl._ variegated with purplish,
blue and white, disposed in roundish heads; peduncles longer than
the leaves, ascending. June. _l._ with numerous little ovate,
obtuse, dark green leaflets, somewhat emarginate; stipules connate,
ovate. Stems prostrate, rather hairy. _h._ 3in. Britain, &c.
Perennial trailer.

=A. h. alba= (white-flowered).* This resembles the type, except in
the colour of the flowers.

=A. leucophyllus= (hoary-leaved).* _fl._ pale yellow, about 1/2in.
long, in dense racemes; peduncles much longer than the leaves.
July and August. _l._, leaflets in numerous pairs, broadly-linear,
covered with soft, silky pubescence. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. North
America. Perennial.

=A. maximus= (largest).* _fl._ yellow; spike sessile, cylindrical,
nearly terminal. June. _l._ with ovate-lanceolate, pubescent
leaflets; stipules oblong-lanceolate. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Armenia. A
very handsome, erect, perennial species.

=A. monspessulanus= (Montpelier).* _fl._ usually purplish, spicate;
peduncles longer than the leaves. June. _l._, leaflets twenty-one
to forty-one, ovate or lanceolate, outer ones rather the smallest.
Leaves hoary, and plant almost stemless when growing in dry exposed
situations; but in rich earth or moist places the leaves are almost
glabrous, and the stem becomes elongated. South Europe, 1710. This
species is much appreciated, and well deserves a place in all
collections. Evergreen trailer. See Fig. 188.

=A. narbonensis= (Narbonne). _fl._ yellow, disposed in somewhat
globose spikes, on short axillary peduncles. June. _l._ with
oblong-linear leaflets; stipules lanceolate. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft.
Narbonne and Madrid, 1789. An erect hairy perennial.

=A. odoratus= (sweet-scented). _fl._ pale yellow, sweet-scented,
disposed in spikes; peduncles same length as leaves. June. _l._
with eleven to fourteen pairs of oblong acute leaflets; stipules
connate. Plant erect, rather ascending. _h._ 6in. Levant, 1820.
Perennial.

=A. onobrychioides= (Onobrychis-like).* _fl._ beautiful purple,
in capitate spikes on long peduncles. July. _l._ with eight to
ten pairs of elliptic leaflets; stipules connate, opposite the
leaves. Plant rather diffuse, shrubby at the base, clothed with
adpressed hairs. _h._ 9in. to 12in. Iberia, Persia, &c., 1819. A
very handsome perennial species.

=A. Onobrychis= (Onobrychis). _fl._ purple; spikes oblong-ovate,
pedunculate, longer than the leaves. June. _l._ with seven to
sixteen pairs of oblong leaflets. _h._ 1-1/2ft., or procumbent.
Mountains Southern Europe, 1640. This is an elegant perennial, and
ranks among the very best. The varieties, all white flowered, are:
_alpinus_, _major_, _microphyllus_ and _moldavicus_, but only the
first-named is now in cultivation.

=A. pannosus= (woolly).* _fl._ rose-coloured, in compact globose
heads, with peduncles shorter than the leaves. July. _l._ with
four, five, to nine pairs of ovate-lanceolate leaflets, thickly
coated with long white woolly hairs. _h._ 6in. to 9in. Siberia.
Perennial.

=A. ponticus= (Pontic). _fl._ yellow; spikes sessile, almost
globose. July. _l._ oblong, smoothish; stipules lanceolate. Stem
rather hairy. _h._ 2ft. Tauria, 1820. A very showy, erect, border
perennial.

=A. purpureus= (purple). _fl._ purplish blue, disposed in capitate
spikes; peduncles longer than the leaves. June. _l._, leaflets
obovate, bidentate at the apex; stipules connate, opposite the
leaves. Plant diffuse, procumbent, rather hairy. _h._ 3in. to 6in.
Provence, 1820. Perennial.

=A. sulcatus= (furrowed).* _fl._ pale violet, but with a white
keel, tipped with brown; racemes pedunculate, longer than the
leaves. July. _l._ with linear-lanceolate leaflets. Plant erect,
glabrous; stem furrowed. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Siberia, 1783. Perennial.

=A. Tragacantha= (great goat's thorn).* Gum Tragacanth. _fl._ pale
violet, two to five together, axillary, sessile. June. _l._ with
eight to nine pairs of linear hispid leaflets; young stipules
connate, clothed with silky hairs; adult ones glabrous; petioles
permanent, at length becoming hardened spines. _h._ 1-1/2ft. to
3ft. Levant, 1640. Evergreen shrub. Tragacanth, a partially soluble
gum, was formerly supposed to be furnished by this plant. It is,
however, now known that _A. Tragacantha_ yields none. Several
species from mountainous regions in Asia Minor, &c., furnish the
gum.

=A. vaginatus= (sheathed-stipuled). _fl._ rosy-purple, with
white-tipped wings; calyx rather inflated, covered with soft white
and black hairs; spikes dense. Summer. _l._ impari-pinnate, with
seven or eight pairs of elongated-oblong leaflets, both surfaces
covered with short silvery hairs. _h._ 1ft. Siberia. Perennial.

=A. vesicarius= (bladdery). _fl._, upper petal purple, the wings
yellow, and the keel white, tipped with yellow; calyx clothed with
black adpressed down and long white spreading hairs; peduncles
longer than the leaves. July. _l._ with five to seven pairs of
elliptic leaflets. Plant diffusely procumbent, hoary from adpressed
silky down. _h._ 6in. to 9in. France, 1737. Perennial trailer.

=A viminens= (twiggy). _fl._, upper petal purplish rose, much
longer than the pure white wings; calyx clothed with black hairs;
spikes somewhat capitate, pedunculate, longer than the leaves.
June. _l._ with four to six pairs of lanceolate acute leaflets,
beset with adpressed hairs. _h._ 6in. to 1ft. Siberia, 1816. A
handsome perennial.

=A. virescens= (greenish). Synonymous with _A. falcata_.

=A. vulpinus= (fox).* _fl._ pale yellow; spikes nearly globose, on
very short peduncles. June. _l._ with obovate, obtuse, emarginate,
rather velvety leaflets. Plant erect; stem glabrous. _h._ 2ft. to
3ft. Caucasus, 1815. A handsome border perennial.

=ASTRANTIA= (from _astron_, a star, and _anti_, in composition signifying comparison; in reference to the appearance of the umbels of flowers). ORD. _Umbelliferæ_. Ornamental, hardy, herbaceous perennials, natives of Europe and Caucasus. Universal umbels irregular, of few rays, surrounded by variable involucre; partial umbels regular, and containing many flowers, surrounded by many-leaved involucels. Radical leaves petiolate, palmately lobed; cauline ones few, sessile. Roots blackish. These are suited for borders, banks, and woodlands, growing well in any ordinary garden soil, but preferring a damp position. Easily increased by root divisions in autumn or spring.

=A. carniolica= (Carniolan).* _fl._ white. May. _l._ of involucre
twelve to thirteen, quite entire, white, with a green line running
along the middle of each, tinged with red; radical ones palmate;
lobes five to seven, oblong, acuminated, unequally serrated. _h._
6in. to 12in. Carniola, 1812. A pretty species.

=A. helleborifolia= (Hellebore-leaved).* _fl._ (and involucre)
pink, pedicellate. June. _l._ of involucre twelve to thirteen,
ovate-lanceolate, exceeding the umbel a little, bristly; radical
ones palmate; lobes three, ovate-lanceolate, unequally serrated.
_h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Eastern Caucasus, 1804. SYN. _A. maxima_.

=A. major= (greater).* _fl._ pinkish, pedicellate. May. _l._ of
involucre fifteen to twenty, linear-lanceolate, quite entire,
hardly longer than the umbel; radical ones palmate; lobes five,
ovate-lanceolate, acute, rather trifid, toothed. _h._ 1ft to 2ft.
Europe, 1596. Very distinct and ornamental.

=A. maxima= (greatest). Synonymous with _A. helleborifolia_.

=ASTRAPÆA= (from _astrape_, lightning; alluding to the brightness of the flowers). ORD. _Sterculiaceæ_. Elegant stove evergreen trees. Peduncles axillary, long, bearing on their apex an umbel of large sessile flowers, enclosed in a leafy involucre. Leaves alternate, stalked, cordate, three to five-lobed. They thrive well in a mixture of loam and peat, and require a plentiful supply of water; but the best results accrue if the bottom of the pot can be stood in a saucer or tub of water. Propagated by cuttings of young wood, made in April, placed in a compost of loam and peat, or sand, under a bell glass, in heat.

=A. tiliæflora= (Lime-tree leaved). _fl._ pink. _h._ 20ft. Isle of
Bourbon, 1824.

=A. viscosa= (clammy). _fl._ pink. _h._ 20ft. Madagascar, 1823.

=A. Wallichii= (Wallich's).* _fl._ scarlet; umbels drooping.
July. _l._ large, cordate, angularly lobed; stipulas leafy,
ovate-acuminated; peduncles long, hairy. _h._ 30ft. Madagascar,
1820. This splendid species has often been described as being one
of the finest plants ever introduced into this country; and, when
in full flower, nothing can exceed it in beauty and grandeur.

=ASTROCARYUM= (from _astron_, a star, and _karyon_, a nut; referring to the disposition of the fruit). SYN. _Phœnico-phorum_. ORD. _Palmaceæ_. Very ornamental stove palms, allied to _Cocos_, having the trunk (when present), foliage, fruit-stalks, spathes, and sometimes the fruit, covered with spines. The flowers develop from the axils of the old decayed leaves. Drupes oval, one-seeded, orange or yellow, in some species fragrant. Leaves pinnate, with linear segments, dark green above, and often of a silvery white below. The species thrive in a compost of two-thirds rich loam and one-third vegetable mould; water may be given copiously. Propagation may be effected by seeds, which should be sown in spring in a hotbed; or by suckers, if they are to be obtained.

=A. acaule= (stemless). _l._ pinnate, 3ft. to 10ft. long, slender
and spreading; pinnæ narrow, arranged in clusters, pendent. Spines
very numerous, long, flat, black. _h._ 10ft. Brazil, 1820.

=A. aculeatum= (prickly). _h._ 40ft. Guiana, 1824.

=A. argenteum= (silvery).* _l._ arching, wedge-shaped, pinnate,
distinctly plicate, bright green on the upper surface, the under
surface, as well as the stalks, covered with a fine white scurf,
which gives them a silvered appearance. Columbia, 1875. One of the
best of silver palms.

=A. filare= (thready).* _l._ erect, narrowly cuneate, with
two divergent lobes; petioles covered with white scurf, both
on the upper and under surfaces. Distinct and elegant, with a
comparatively small and slender growth. Columbia, 1875.

=A. granatense= (New Grenadan). _l._ pinnate, with oblong-acuminate
segments; the rachis is spiny, like the petiole, both on the upper
and lower surfaces; leafstalks brownish, armed with numerous
scattered needle-shaped dark-coloured spines. Columbia, 1876.

=A. mexicanum= (Mexican). Mexico, 1864.

=A. Muru-Muru= (Murumuru). _l._ pinnate, 10ft. to 12ft. long;
leaflets lanceolate, sub-falcate, dark green above, silvery white
below. Stem 12ft. to 15ft. high, densely clothed with strong
reflexed black spines, over 6in. long. _h._ 40ft. Brazil, 1825.

=A. rostratum= (beak-sheathed). _l._ irregularly pinnate, 3ft. to
8ft. long; pinnæ 12in. to 18in. long; terminal lobe much larger
and bifid, dark green above, silvery white below; petioles broadly
sheathing at the base, densely armed with black spines, sometimes
2in. long. Stem slender, densely clothed with long black spines. A
slow grower, ultimately becoming 30ft. high. Brazil, 1854.

=A. vulgare= (common). _h._ 30ft. Brazil, 1825.

=ASTROLOBIUM.= _See_ =Ornithopus=.

=ASTROLOMA= (from _astron_, a star, and _loma_, a fringe; in reference to the bearded limb of the corolla). ORD. _Epacridaceæ_. Very handsome, little, diffuse, greenhouse, evergreen shrubs. Flowers solitary, axillary; corolla tubular, distended above the middle, and with five bundles of hairs in the inside, near its base. Leaves crowded, alternate, linear, or obovate-lanceolate and mucronate. They thrive best in an equal mixture of sand, loam, and peat, with thorough drainage. Propagated by young cuttings, which root readily in sandy soil, under a bell glass, in a cool house.

=A. denticulatum= (finely-toothed). _fl._ axillary, erect; corolla
pale red, with a ventricose tube. May to July. _l._ scattered,
lanceolate, ciliated, usually procumbent, but sometimes slightly
erect. _h._ 1ft. New Holland, 1824.

=A. humifusum= (trailing). _fl._ scarlet, similar to the foregoing.
May and June. _l._ lanceolate-linear, rather convex above, with
ciliated edges. Shrub prostrate, much branched. _h._ 1ft. New
Holland, 1807.

=ASTROPHYTUM MYRIOSTIGMA.= _See_ =Echinocactus myriostigma=.

=ASYSTASIA= (meaning not clear). ORD. _Acanthaceæ_. Stove evergreen shrubs. Flowers disposed in axillary or terminal clusters; corolla somewhat funnel-shaped, five-lobed; calyx five-lobed, regular. Branches slender. They require a compost of peat and loam, with a little sand, and, to induce a vigorous growth, a little dry cow-dung may be applied. Propagated by cuttings of young shoots, placed in sandy soil, under a bell glass, in April, with a brisk bottom heat.

=A. chelonioides= (Chelonia-like).* _fl._ in terminal racemes,
reddish purple, the border white. _l._ opposite, ovate-acute. _h._
34ft. India, 1871. A pretty dwarf sub-shrub.

=A. coromandeliana= (Coromandel). _fl._ deep lilac; racemes
axillary, elongated, secund, strict. July. _l._ opposite,
cordate-ovate; branches diffuse. _h._ 4ft. India, 1845. SYN.
_Justicia gangetica_.

=A. macrophylla= (large-leaved).* _fl._ bilabiate, bell-shaped,
rosy purple outside, and almost pure white within; spikes terminal,
erect, 1ft. long. June. _l._ very large, obovate-lanceolate. _h._
8ft. to 20ft. Fernando Po, 1867.

=A. scandens= (climbing).* _fl._ cream-coloured; tube of corolla
widened and recurved above, lobes of limb crenately curved; racemes
terminal, compact, thyrse-formed. July. _l._ obovate or ovate
acute, glabrous. _h._ 6ft. Sierra Leone, 1845. This handsome stove
climber requires a high, moist temperature after shifting. SYN.
_Henfreya scandens_.

=A. violacea= (violet).* _fl._ violet purple, striped with white,
in terminal racemes. _l._ shortly-stalked, ovate-acuminate, deep
green, minutely hairy on both surfaces. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. India,
1870. A pretty dwarf plant.

=ATACCIA CRISTATA.= _See_ =Tacca integrifolia=.

=ATALANTIA= (mythological: Atalanta, the daughter of Schœneus). ORD. _Rutaceæ_. A genus of ornamental stove evergreen shrubs, having the eight stamens united below into a tube, and with undivided leaves. It comprises about ten species. They thrive well in a mixture of loam and peat. Propagated by means of ripened cuttings, which will root readily if planted in sand under a hand glass, in heat.

=A. monophylla= (one-leaved). _fl._ small, white, in axillary
racemes. _fr._ golden yellow, about the size of a nutmeg. June.
_l._ simple, ovate-oblong, emarginate at the apex. Spines small,
simple. _h._ 8ft. India, 1777. A thorny shrub.

=ATAMASCO LILY.= _See_ =Zephyranthes Atamasco=.

=ATHAMANTA= (named from Mount Athamas, in Sicily, where some species are found). ORD. _Umbelliferæ_. A genus of greenhouse or hardy herbaceous plants, usually velvety from villi on the stem, leaves, and fruit. Flowers white; involucra of one or few leaves; involucel of many leaves. The undermentioned is the only species in cultivation, and is a very graceful perennial, with Fennel-like foliage. It thrives well in any ordinary soil. Increased by divisions, or by seeds sown in spring.

=A. Matthioli= (Matthioli's). _fl._ white, twelve to twenty-five
to an umbel. Summer. _l._ three or four ternate; leaflets
linear-filiform, elongated, divaricate. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Alps of
Carinthia, 1802.

=ATHANASIA= (from _a_, not, and _thanatos_, death; alluding to the length of time which the flowers last). ORD. _Compositæ_. Rather ornamental greenhouse evergreen shrubs with yellow flowers, from the Cape of Good Hope. They grow well in a soil consisting of three parts loam and one part peat. Propagation is effected by cuttings, taken from half-ripened wood in spring, and placed in sand, under a hand glass.

=A. capitata= (headed).* _fl.-heads_ yellow. March. _l._
pinnati-partite; younger hoary, older smooth. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Cape of
Good Hope, 1774.

=A. pubescens= (downy). _fl.-heads_ yellow. July. _l._ oblong,
entire (or tridentate), softly hairy on both sides; when old,
sub-glabrous. _h._ 6ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1768.

=ATHEROSPERMA= (from _ather_, an awn, and _sperma_, seed; seeds awned). ORD. _Monimiaceæ_. A beautiful greenhouse evergreen tree, with the aspect of a stately conifer. Flowers panicled, diœcious; perianth five to eight-fid. Leaves opposite, aromatic. A compost of loam and peat, in about equal proportions, is necessary. It can be readily propagated by cuttings.

=A. moschata= (Musk-scented). Plume Nutmeg. _fl._ white. June. _h._
40ft. New Holland, 1824.

=ATHEROSPERMEÆ.= _See_ =Monimiaceæ=.

=ATHRIXIA= (from _a_, not, and _thrix_, a hair; the receptacle being destitute of hairs). ORD. _Compositæ_. A greenhouse evergreen shrub. It succeeds best in turfy loam, peat, and sand, and requires to be potted firmly. Propagated by cuttings of young wood, placed under a bell glass in sandy soil, and treated like _Ericas_ (which _see_).

=A. capensis= (Cape).* _fl.-heads_ bright crimson, solitary,
terminal. April. _l._ narrow, lanceolate, alternate, entire. _h._
3ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1821.

=ATHROTAXIS= (from _athros_, crowded together, and _taxis_, arrangement; in reference to the disposition of the scales of the cones). ORD. _Coniferæ_. A small genus of Tasmanian evergreen diœcious trees or shrubs, with small scale-like leaves, and small globular cones of many imbricated scales, with from three to six carpels under each scale. In very sheltered situations they will probably prove hardy; but, otherwise, they are only suitable for botanical collections. Increased by cuttings. This genus is almost universally misspelt _Arthrotaxis_.

=A. cupressoides= (Cypress-like). _l._ small, thick, leathery,
spirally arranged, closely imbricated, deep glossy green. _h._
30ft. A small, erect, and very slow growing tree, with numerous
slender branchlets.

=A. Doniana= (Don's). A synonym of _A. laxifolia_.

=A. imbricata= (imbricated). A garden synonym of _A. selaginoides_.

=A. laxifolia= (loose-leaved). Differing from _A. cupressoides_
in having longer, more pointed, open, and spreading leaves, which
stand out from the stem in a Juniper-like fashion. Its lateral
growths are rather pendulous. _h._ 20ft. to 25ft. SYN. _A. Doniana_.

=A. selaginoides= (Selago-like). _l._ glossy green, scale-like,
spirally disposed, closely appressed to the shoots, branches and
their ramifications very numerous. _h._ variable, up to 40ft. Very
interesting, and quite distinct. SYN. _A. imbricata_ (of gardens).

=ATHYRIUM.= _See_ =Asplenium=.

=ATRAGENE= (a name originally given to _Clematis Vitalba_ by Theophrastus). ORD. _Ranunculaceæ_. A genus of ornamental, hardy, climbing, deciduous shrubs, closely allied to _Clematis_, from which they differ in having numerous petals. They are increased by cuttings, which should be pricked in light sandy soil and placed under a hand glass; also by layering in the autumn. Both methods are slow; the layers should not be separated for about a year, when they will be vigorous plants. Seeds must be sown in early spring, in gentle heat; when the seedlings are large enough to handle, they should be pricked off and grown on in pots till they are strong plants.

=A. alpina= (alpine).* _fl._ blue, varying to white; petals ten
to twelve, linear at the base, but dilated at the apex; peduncles
one-flowered, longer than the leaves. May. _l._ biternate; leaflets
ovate-lanceolate, acuminated, serrate. Mountainous parts of Europe,
1792. The white-flowered variety, named _alba_, is in cultivation.
SYNS. _A. austriaca_ and _A. sibirica_. See Fig. 189.

=A. americana= (American).* _fl._ large, purplish-blue; petals
acute; peduncles one-flowered. May. _l._ whorled, in fours,
leaflets stalked, cordate, lanceolate, acuminated, entire or
somewhat lobed, or serrated. North America, 1797. SYN. _Clematis
verticillaris_.

=A. austriaca= (Austrian). Synonymous with _A. alpina_.

=A. macropetala= (large-petaled).* _fl._ blue. Manchuria, 1870.

=A. sibirica= (Siberian). Synonymous with _A. alpina_.

=ATRIPLEX= (from _a_, not, and _traphein_, to nourish). Orach. ORD. _Chenopodiaceæ_. A genus of, for the most part, uninteresting weeds, of very variable form and habit, and having the calyx, which encloses the fruit, enlarging after flowering. For culture, _see_ =Orach=.

=A. hortensis= (garden). An annual species from Tartary, of no
value as an ornamental plant, but considered a very desirable
substitute for spinach. The leaves must be gathered for use when
young. The variety _A. h. atro-sanguinea_ is a very pretty form,
having handsome crimson leaves, and growing to a height of about
4ft. It is well worth growing with such plants as _Amaranthus_, &c.

=ATROPA= (name of mythological origin). Belladonna; Dwale. ORD. _Solanaceæ_. A small genus, having a campanulate regular corolla, and a leafy persistent calyx. The berries of this native herbaceous perennial are exceedingly poisonous. The plant is of no horticultural value.

=A. Belladonna.= _fl._ green and purple, solitary, pedunculate,
drooping. Summer. Berries about the size of a small cherry. _l._
ovate, acuminate, 4in. to 8in. long _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. Britain. See
Fig. 190.

=ATTALEA= (from _attalus_, magnificent; referring to the beauty of the genus). ORD. _Palmaceæ_. A genus of handsome stove palm trees, distinguished from other genera in having the pinnæ arranged vertically, and not horizontally. The leaves spring up almost perpendicularly at the base, but in the upper part arch over. The pinnæ stand at right angles to the rachis--which is very narrow in proportion to its thickness--and while those of the lower side of the arch hang straight down, those of the upper side point straight up. They thrive well in a mixture of peat and loam in equal quantities, and enjoy a copious supply of water. Summer temperature, 65deg. to 80deg.; winter, 55deg. to 60deg. All the species are robust trees; but, although several have been introduced, few appear to be generally grown.

=A. amygdalina= (Almond-fruited).* _l._ pinnate, 3ft. to 6ft. long;
pinnæ 12in. to 18in. long, and about 1in. broad; terminal lobe
broad and bifid, rich dark green. Stem slender. New Grenada. One of
the best. SYN. _A. nucifera_.

=A. Cohune= (Cohune).* _l._ erect, ultimately spreading, pinnate,
furnished with from three to four dozen dark green pinnæ, sometimes
18in. in length; petioles rounded, and dark brown below, flat and
green upon the upper side. Plant unarmed. _h._ 50ft. or more in its
native habitat. Honduras.

=A. compta= (decked). _h._ 22ft. Brazil, 1820.

=A. excelsa= (tall).* _h._ 70ft. Brazil, 1826.

=A. funifera= (rope-bearing). The Piassaba Palm. _l._ vivid deep
green, very ornamental, and of economic value in Brazil. 1824. The
sheathing bases of the leafstalks separate into a coarse black
fringe, which is collected and exported to Europe, being used in
the manufacture of brooms, brushes, &c.

=A. nucifera= (nut-bearing). A synonym of _A. amygdalina_.

=A. speciosa= (showy).* _h._ 70ft. Brazil, 1825.

=A. spectabilis= (remarkable). _h._ 70ft. Brazil, 1824.

=ATTENUATED.= Tapering gradually to a point.

=AUBERGINE=, or =EGG PLANT= (_Solanum melongena_, variety _ovigerum_). These plants, besides being useful for culinary purposes, are very ornamental, and present an attractive appearance on walls or trellises, or in the flower garden; and, as they do well in any ordinary rich garden soil, if the position is warm, they give a good variation to the general run of plants used for decorative effects. The Black-fruited kind is particularly suited for this purpose. Sow the seeds in a gentle heat, in the middle of April. As soon as the seedlings are large enough to handle, prick off into 4in. pots, replacing in heat till they root out freely. Gradually harden off by June, and then transfer to the positions where they are to grow. Let the plants be at least 2ft. apart, and place a strong stick to each one to support the fruit when it comes. For trellises, select the more moderate-sized varieties. In hot, dry weather, the application of liberal supplies of liquid manure tends to increase the size of the fruit, and also to make the foliage more vigorous and handsome. Where very large fruit are needed for show or other purposes, it is well to remove all but the best one on the plant, and, by careful feeding with liquid manure, specimens of from 10lb. to 12lb. weight can be had. The foliage should not be pinched, as this would prevent the free swelling of the fruit. Aubergines are not so much grown in England for culinary purposes as in France and Italy, where they are largely used in stews and soups. The following are the most desirable varieties: New York Purple, the largest kind grown, and although not as ornamental as the next, is quite as useful; Black-fruited, large black fruit, with blackish violet leaves; and White-fruited, the sort most generally cultivated. See Figs. 191 and 192.

=AUBRIETIA= (named after M. Aubriet, a famous French botanical draughtsman). ORD. _Cruciferæ_. A small genus of hardy evergreen trailers. Racemes opposite the leaves, and terminal, lax, few-flowered. Leaves ovate or oblong, entire or angularly toothed, hairy. They make excellent rock plants, and will thrive in a deep rich loam anywhere, excepting under the shelter of trees. Cuttings struck, or seeds sown, during April or May generally make fine, dense, cushion-like growths, if transplanted on to a somewhat cool or shaded border, and carefully lifted in the autumn; the cuttings are best "drawn," or grown until they are soft, in a frame before they are removed. Where a stock of old plants exist, layer the long slender branches any time after flowering, and cover with a mixture of sand and leaf soil; they will then root freely and establish themselves in time for spring blooming, for which purpose, when grown _en masse_, they are most useful. After flowering, they may be divided and transplanted.

=A. deltoidea= (deltoid).* _fl._ purple; petals twice the length of
the calyx; pedicels short, filiform; racemes opposite the leaves
and terminal, lax, few-flowered. Early spring. _l._ with one or two
large teeth on each side (therefore they are rhomboidal, not truly
deltoid), scabrous, with short branchy stellate hairs. _h._ 2in.
to 4in. Naples, &c., 1710. There are several garden varieties, the
best of which are described below; most of them are regarded as
distinct species. See Fig. 193. (S. F. G. 628.)

=A. d. Bouganvillei= (Bouganville's).* _fl._ light violet purple,
with very even imbricated petals. Habit very dwarf and compact,
with short peduncles. A pretty form.

=A. d. Campbelli= (Campbell's).* Larger deep violet blue flowers,
and of far more vigorous constitution than the typical form.
_Grandiflora_ comes very near this. SYN. _A. Hendersonii_.

=A. d. Eyrei= (Eyre's).* A very fine variety, with a free branching
habit, and large flowers of a rich violet-purple colour, rather
longer than broad. _A. olympica_ is very near, if not identical
with this.

=A. d. græca= (Grecian).* _fl._ light purple. _h._ 4in. Greece,
1872. One of the best and largest flowered forms; very vigorous
grower, with neat compact habit. A variety of this, named
_superba_, has rather deeper-coloured flowers, produced over a very
extended period. (R. G. 697.)

=A. d. purpurea= (purple).* Larger flowers and more erect habit
than the type. _l._ broader, with two to five teeth. Stems more
leafy. There is a variegated form, which is very pleasing and
effective, useful for carpeting or edging small beds. See Fig. 194.

=A. d. violacea= (violet).* This is a hybrid form, even finer than
_Campbelli_, with large deep violet-purple flowers, fading to
reddish-violet, and is more effective than any of the others.

=A. Hendersonii= (Henderson's). A synonym of _A. d. Campbelli_.

=AUCUBA= (the Japanese name of the shrub). ORD. _Cornaceæ_. A genus of hardy evergreen shrubs, thriving better than any other in the smoky atmosphere of dense cities. They grow in ordinary well-drained garden soil, and require no special culture. If grown in pots, they should be planted firmly in rather sandy yellow loam, with plenty of drainage. They should not be allowed too large pots, or an unfruitful growth is likely to result. During the growing season, an abundance of water is needed, which must be lessened when the plants are fully developed. If cultivated in the greenhouse or conservatory, they should be plunged out of doors during summer. To insure a good supply of the very ornamental berries, which are produced on the female plant, careful fertilising is necessary. The time for applying the pollen is when the pistil exudes a slightly gummy substance, and otherwise shows signs of maturity. When it happens, as is sometimes the case, that the male blooms are open and the pollen mature before the female blooms are ready, the pollen should be collected on a dry camel-hair pencil, transferred to a piece of glass, and covered over by another piece, both of which must also be dry. It may be applied afterwards when wanted, as it retains its power for some weeks. Propagated by cuttings, inserted in any light sandy soil, with or without a covering, in spring or autumn; or readily increased from seeds, sown as soon as ripe.

=A. himalaica= (Himalayan).* _l._ lanceolate, or lanceolate
acuminate; branches of the panicle very pilose. Berries spherical,
not oblong. Himalaya. (F. d. S. 12, 1271.)

=A. japonica= (Japanese).* _l._ opposite, petiolate, broad,
ovate-lanceolate, acuminated, toothed, leathery, glabrous, shining,
pale green, beautifully spotted with yellow, having the midrib
rather prominent, the rest of the leaf reticulately veined. _h._
6ft. to 10ft. Japan, 1783. The numerous varieties, both of the male
and female forms, among which will be found many of great beauty,
all differ, more or less, in the variegation of their leaves.
They are in very general cultivation, and nearly every nurseryman
has an assortment. Among the best of them are the following:
_albo-variegata_, _aurea_, _bicolor_, _latimaculata_, _limbata_,
_longifolia_, _macrophylla_, _ovata_, _pygmæa_, and _pygmæa
sulphurea_.

=AUDOUINIA= (in honour of V. Audouin, a profound entomologist). ORD. _Bruniaceæ_. An ornamental greenhouse evergreen shrub, thriving in a mixture of peat and sandy loam. Propagated by cuttings of half-ripened wood, inserted in sand, under a bell glass, in gentle heat.

=A. capitata= (headed). _fl._ purple, crowded into oblong,
spike-like, terminal heads. May. _l._ spirally inserted, a little
keeled. Branches erect. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1790.

=AULACOSPERMUM.= A synonym of =Pleurospermum= (which _see_).

=AULAX= (from _aulax_, a furrow; the under surface of the leaves of the original species being furrowed). ORD. _Proteaceæ_. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of Good Hope, thriving best in a compost of fibrous loam, leaf soil, and sharp sand, with thorough drainage. Ripened cuttings, taken off at a joint, and inserted in pots of sandy soil, will root readily under a hand glass, in a cool house.

=A. pinifolia= (Pine-leaved). _fl._ yellow, racemose. July. _l._
filiform, channelled. _h._ 2ft. 1780.

=A. umbellata= (umbelled). _fl._ yellow. June. _l._ flat,
spathulate*-linear. _h._ 2ft. 1774. (B. R. 12, 1015.)

=AURANTIACEÆ.= An order of trees or shrubs, including the Orange and Lemon trees. Flowers fragrant. Fruit fleshy, edible. Leaves alternate, articulated above the stem, filled with transparent oil cysts, giving them a dotted appearance. Well-known genera are _Citrus_ and _Limonia_.

=AURICULA= (_Primula Auricula_). This favourite spring flower (see Fig. 195) was, at one time, almost universally cultivated, but has of late years fallen into much neglect; it is now, however, happily regaining enthusiastic admirers. Although its culture is not nearly so difficult as is generally understood, a few special items of treatment are nevertheless necessary to grow it successfully.

_Frames_ for the reception of Auriculas should be prepared, with a good bottom drainage, and an inside staging, similar to the back stage of a lean-to greenhouse, arranged as near the glass as possible. If the frames are about 4ft. wide, they will be very convenient; 1ft. deep in the front, and about 3ft. at the back. This will allow for a good stage arrangement. Of course, it is not necessary to construct an expensive staging, as common boards can be laid upon pots of various heights, the same results being practically secured. These frames should face north from May to October, and south in winter, during which latter time it will be necessary to well cover the sides with straw or brake. When frosty, the lights must also be mated; but, unless there is absolute fear of frost, the glass should not be covered, as the more light the plants receive the better. On all suitable occasions, both during summer and winter, air must be freely admitted, and a good look-out kept during showery weather; hence it may be necessary to tilt the lights with blocks rather than remove them entirely. The latter plan should be adopted whenever practicable, especially during early spring, and after they are well established in their fresh pots in summer. This will greatly assist to ripen the crown, and produce hard, stout foliage, which will endure the winter much better than if grown with less air. Many cultivators prefer small span or lean-to houses to frames; and it must be admitted that these are better, more convenient, and in every way more beneficial. Simple, inexpensive structures, no higher than is absolutely necessary for convenience, with top and side ventilation, will meet all requirements; and if a 2in. hot-water pipe is arranged next the eaves inside, it will be a decided advantage during very severe weather.

_Soil._ The best compost that can be prepared for Auriculas is as follows: Four parts good fibrous loam, one part well-rotted cow manure, one part good leaf soil, and one part coarse river or silver sand, with a little charcoal or pounded oyster-shells added. Carefully mix the whole together before using. The loam should be stored about twelve months previous to being used, and it should be selected from districts with a fine atmosphere; the turf should be cut about 3in. thick. Cow manure that has lain for a year or so, and been subjected to sharp frosts, is most suitable, as insect life, which it very probably contains, is thereby destroyed, and the whole materially sweetened.

_Potting._ This operation requires to be carefully done as soon after flowering as possible, unless it is desired to save seed, when it must be deferred until the seed is ripened. May and June are the best months for general potting, and whatever the size of the pots used, they should be carefully and thoroughly drained. After a good layer of potsherds, place some charcoal, leaf mould, or spent hops. Many good growers use the last very advantageously. For good flowering plants, 48-sized pots are used, many cultivators preferring glazed pots to the unglazed; but such are not absolutely necessary to ensure success. Before repotting, remove most of the old soil, and with a sharp knife cut off any bruised or cankered portion of roots; the stout tap-root may also be cut away if devoid of fresh rootlets. Do not pot very firmly. Remove the plants to their summer quarters, withholding water for a few days, and keep the frames close. About a week after potting, water may be advantageously given, the plants will then soon resume root-action, and air may be admitted afterwards on all suitable occasions. The collar or neck of the plant must be left well above the surface of the soil.

_Watering_ is a point that requires careful attention, as neglect in this matter will result in failure. During the growing season, Auriculas require an abundance of water; in fact, they must never be allowed to get dry. In the winter, they must only be watered when they are really dry, especially during a severe season. Care must be taken to avoid watering the leaves, particularly in early spring, as this tends to spoil the effect of the charming farinose foliage. Above all, water must not be allowed to stand in the heart of the plant, as such will inevitably cause incipient decay. Hence it is necessary to keep a sharp lookout for drippings from the glass, and to maintain tightly-glazed frames. On all occasions, decaying leaves must be removed, and especially during winter.

_Top-dressing._ About the middle or end of February, when the plants commence new growth, the surface soil should be removed about an inch or so deep, and the pots re-filled with a rich compost made up of the following: Two parts of turfy loam, one of rotten cow or hen manure, and one of leaf soil; if a little Standen's Manure is added, the compost will be improved. After this top-dressing, the plants may be watered freely.

_Propagation by Offsets._ When top-dressing, any offsets with roots should be removed, and as soon after as possible the remaining ones should be taken off, as it is much more desirable to do so early than later on, when repotting; for, when making the first growth, they are the more likely to root better, and stand a greater chance of making good plants before the season is over. Fill well-drained 3in. pots with sandy soil, and arrange about four offsets round the sides; place under a bell glass, or in a close handlight, watering very sparingly so as to prevent them damping off. They will soon establish themselves, after which air may be admitted, and the plants may ultimately be potted off singly. To induce choice varieties to make offsets, the top of the old plant should be removed and treated like the others, when, as a rule, several shoots will be produced, which in due time may be removed. By this means, a nice stock of the rarer kinds may be obtained; whereas, if such a course were not adopted, the rate of increase would be extremely slow.

_Flowering._ During the flowering period, watering, as already stated, must be carefully attended to, for if the plants are allowed to get dry, the flowers will quickly shrivel. They must also be kept well shaded from sunshine, which quickly destroys the delicate blossoms. As the trusses are developing, particular attention must be given to night protection. It is, perhaps, better to cover every night than to run the risk of exposing the unexpanded flowers to frost, as the effect is very prejudicial; in fact, if subject to frost, smooth even flowers may not be expected.

_Seed Saving and Sowing._ The only way to obtain new varieties is by seed; hence the value of careful seed-saving will be apparent. Severe discrimination must be exercised in the selection of parents, and the flowers must be very carefully crossed. The anthers should be removed from the pistillate parent, if possible, before expansion, so as to prevent any possibility of self-fertilisation; and, when the stigma is ready, the pollen must be conveyed by means of a small camel's-hair brush, care being taken not to mistake the brushes used in different classes. It has been observed in Auriculas that the issue from crossbred seed favours the pollen more than the pistillate parent; hence the necessity of selecting good pollen parents. It is best to confine hybridisation to separate classes--_i.e._, cross a Self with a Self, and a Green-edged variety with another of the same class. The importance of selecting the best in each class scarcely needs suggestion, having regard to constitution as well as the quality of the flowers. The seed should be sown as soon as ripe, or early in March, in well-drained pots, filled with sandy soil, which must be well watered previous to sowing. When this operation is completed, the seed must be lightly covered with coarse sand, a sheet of glass placed over the pot, and the latter stood in the hand glass, where the offsets are rooted. Some of the seedlings will appear in a month, but the bulk from that sown when ripe will not be seen until the following spring; while others will germinate even during the ensuing summer. The late comers should be particularly cared for, as they frequently produce the best varieties. When the seedlings are large enough, they must be pricked off in pots of sandy soil; and, when well established, potted off singly into small thumb pots, and afterwards encouraged as judgment suggests. Some growers allow the seedlings to remain in the store pots till they flower, when the best are kept, and those not required disposed of.

_Insect Pests._ Green fly are often very troublesome, and should be exterminated as speedily as possible, by tobacco fumigation, or by dipping the plants in a solution of Gishurst's Compound, or carefully prepared Fir-tree Oil, all of which are effectual. Many authorities denounce fumigation, while others advocate it. The roots are also attacked by a mealy louse, named _Trama auriculæ_, which clusters about the roots and collar of the plants, sucking nutriment therefrom; and although, provided they do not attack the collar, they have no greatly prejudicial effect on the plant, yet it is desirable to exterminate them. The only effectual way of accomplishing this is to remove all soil, and thoroughly cleanse the roots and collar in a solution of soft soap, with a little Fir-tree Oil added. Of course, this is most easily managed when repotting; and, unless the plants are very badly infested, it would not be advisable to run the risk of root washing later in the year.

_Classes._ Auriculas are now arranged in five classes, four of which constitute what are known as "show or stage Auriculas," while the other is known by the name of "Alpines." Each class is characterised by special points of distinction, which, in the opinion of the strict "florists" school, it is of the utmost importance to observe; and as there is room for systematists in this, as well as in any other branch of floriculture, we will follow the arrangement usually adopted, and describe the distinguishing features of, and enumerate some of the best varieties in, each class, with their raisers' names attached:

=Green-edged.= Outer edge green, or but sparingly dusted with
powder; next, a zone of colour known as the body colour, which
varies, the darkest being most esteemed; both edges of this zone
should be even, especially the inner one, but there are few flowers
perfect in this respect. Next to the body-colour is the paste,
which occupies the space between the inner circle of the latter
and the throat, this should be pure and dense, with a distinctly
circular outline at the throat; the throat and tube should be
bright yellow. Of course, this ideal standard has not yet been
reached, as there are supposed defects in all or some sections of
the flowers at present known. _Leading Varieties_: ADMIRAL NAPIER
(Campbell), ALDERMAN WISBEY (Headley), APOLLO (Beeston), CHAMPION
(Page), COLONEL TAYLOR (Leigh), DUKE OF WELLINGTON (Dickson),
FREEDOM (Booth), GENERAL NEILL (Traill), HIGHLAND BOY (Pollitt),
IMPERATOR (Litton), LADY ANN WILBRAHAM (Oliver), LORD PALMERSTON
(Campbell), LOVELY ANN (Oliver), LYCURGUS (Smith), PRINCE OF GREENS
(Traill), PRINCE OF WALES (Ashton).

=Grey-edged.= Edge heavily dusted with powder, so as almost
to hide the normal green colour; other points same as the
Green-edged varieties. _Leading varieties_: ALEXANDER MEIKLEJOHN
(Kay), CHAS. E. BROWN (Headley), COMPLETE (Sykes), CONQUEROR OF
EUROPE (Waterhouse), DR. HORNER (Read), F. D. HORNER (Simonite),
GENERAL BOLIVAR (Smith), GEORGE LEVICK (Walker), GEORGE
LIGHTBODY (Headley), JOHN WATERSTON (Cunningham), LANCASHIRE
HERO (Lancashire), RICHARD HEADLEY (Lightbody), ROBERT TRAILL
(Lightbody).

=White-edged.= Edge so heavily dusted with farina as to completely
hide the green and give it a white appearance; the powder
frequently as dense as on the paste portion; other points like
the first. _Leading varieties_: ACME (Read), ANNE SMITH (Smith),
ARABELLA (Headley), BEAUTY (Traill), BRIGHT VENUS (Lee), CATHERINA
(Summerscales), CONSERVATIVE (Douglas), COUNTESS OF WILTON
(Cheetham), EARL GROSVENOR (Lee), FAVORITE (Taylor), FRANK SIMONITE
(Simonite), GLORY (Taylor), JOHN SIMONITE (Walker), NE PLUS
ULTRA (Smith), REGULAR (Ashworth), SMILING BEAUTY (Heap), SYLVIA
(Douglas), TRUE BRITON (Hepworth).

=Selfs.= Tube bright yellow, and circular at the top; paste
dense, pure, with an even edge; all the rest of the flower of one
colour, without shades or edging; any colour holds good. _Leading
varieties_: APOLLO (Hay), BLACKBIRD (Spalding), C. J. PERRY
(Turner), DUKE OF ARGYLE (Campbell), FORMOSA (Smith), GARIBALDI
(Pohlman), HELEN LANCASTER (Pohlman), LORD OF LORNE (Campbell),
MAZINNA (Pohlman), METEOR FLAG (Lightbody), METROPOLITAN
(Spalding), MRS. DOUGLAS (Simonite), MRS. STURROCK (Martin),
OTHELLO (Netherwood), PIZARRO (Campbell), TOPSY (Kaye).

=Alpines.= Centre golden yellow, or white, and destitute of powder;
body colour various; edge one-coloured, shading off paler towards
the margin. These are much hardier than any of the other classes,
and will do well outside in most places. _Leading varieties_: A. F.
BARRON (Turner), BEATRICE (Turner), BLACK PRINCE (Turner), BRONZE
QUEEN (Turner), COLONEL SCOTT (Turner), DIADEM (Gorton), DUCHESS
OF CONNAUGHT (Turner), EVENING STAR (Turner), GEORGE LIGHTBODY
(Turner), JOHN LEECH (Turner), MRS. BALL (Turner), MRS. DODWELL
(Turner), MRS. LLEWELLYN (Turner), MRS. MEIKLEJOHN (Meiklejohn),
MRS. THOMSON (Turner), QUEEN VICTORIA (Turner), RUBENS (Turner),
SAILOR PRINCE (Turner), SELINA (Turner), SPANGLE (Turner), SYDNEY
(Turner), TRIUMPHANT (Turner).

=AURICULATE.= Having ear-like appendages.

=AUSTRIAN ROSE.= _See_ =Rosa lutea=.

=AVENA= (derivation obscure). The Oat. ORD. _Gramineæ_. A genus of grasses with loose panicles and compressed spikelets. Of agricultural importance only, with the following exception, which is an annual of easy culture in ordinary garden soil. Propagated by seeds, sown in spring or autumn.

=A. sterilis= (barren). The Animated Oat. _fl._ in drooping
panicles of large spikelets. _h._ 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. Barbary, 1640.
An elegant plant.

=AVENS.= _See_ =Geum=.

=AVENUES.= In forming an Avenue, the plan must neither be tortuous nor of a "tedious sameness," but a gradually winding line should, above all, be obtained, which must in no way interfere with the view from the house. About 12ft. is the width usually allowed for the road, but this depends upon individual taste or idea--this remark applies to planting in double rows, the trees forming a series of triangles, or in single rows. The distance across the road from one row of trees to those opposite should be at least 24ft. The Lime is extensively used for Avenues on account of its regular growth and the shade it affords. The Cedar of Lebanon is one of the best and most suitable evergreens. The Dutch Elm is used because of its rapid growth, and forms one of the best deciduous trees for this purpose. The well-known Horse Chestnut, in sheltered spots, is very ornamental, as is also the Spanish Chestnut; the latter spreads rapidly. Where immediate effect is required, nothing gives more satisfaction than the White Poplar; it grows in a wet soil better than anything else. Deodars, Araucarias, Douglas Pine, the Mexican, Chinese, and Japanese Cypresses, and many others, are eminently suited for Avenue planting. Shrubs and herbaceous plants should be introduced between the trees, and so remove any bareness that may occur. _Diervilla rosea_, and its variegated form, _Aucubas_, _Rhododendrons_, _Hypericums_, and many others, could be mentioned to serve this purpose. A moderately good soil will be found to answer generally.

=AVERRHOA= (in honour of Averrhoes, of Cordova, a celebrated Arabian physician, who resided in Spain during the domination of the Moors, about the middle of the twelfth century; he translated Aristotle into Arabic). ORD. _Geraniaceæ_. Ornamental stove trees, thriving in loam and peat. Half-ripened cuttings will strike in sand, under a hand glass, about April, with bottom heat. The leaves of the first-named species are irritable to the touch.

=A. Bilimbi= (Bilimbi-tree). _fl._ reddish purple, disposed in
racemes, rising from the trunk. May. _fr._ oblong, somewhat
resembling a small cucumber, with a thin, smooth, green rind,
filled with a grateful acid juice, and the substance and seeds not
unlike that of a cucumber. _l._ alternate, with from five to ten
pairs of ovate-lanceolate, entire, smooth leaflets on short stalks.
_h._ 8ft. to 15ft. Native country unknown, 1791. (B. F. S. 117.)

=A. Carambola.= Carambola-tree. _fl._ red, scattered, disposed
in short racemes, usually rising from the smaller branches, but
sometimes from the larger ones, and even the trunk. _fr._ the
size of a hen's egg, acutely five-cornered, with a thin, yellow
rind, and a clear watery pulp. _l._ alternate, with about four to
five pairs of ovate, acuminated, entire, stalked leaflets, the
outer ones largest. _h._ 14ft. to 20ft. 1793. This, as well as the
first-named species, is cultivated throughout the hotter parts of
India, but where it occurs truly wild is not known.

=AVOCADO PEAR.= _See_ =Persea gratissima=.

=AWL-SHAPED.= Narrow-pointed, resembling an awl.

=AWLWORT.= _See_ =Subularia=.

=AXIL.= Literally the armpit; in plants applied to the angle formed by union of the leaf and stem.

=AXILLARIA.= _See_ =Polygonatum=.

=AXILLARY.= Growing in the axil of anything.

=AYRSHIRE ROSE.= _See_ =Rosa repens capreolata=.

=AZALEA= (from _azaleos_, dry, arid; in allusion to the habitat of the plant). ORD. _Ericaceæ_. A genus of very popular and beautiful hardy or greenhouse plants. The species enumerated were included under _Rhododendron_ by Don, Loudon, and others, contrary to the classification of Linnæus, but the distinctive characters are not consistent. In this genus, the stamens are usually five, but in _Rhododendron_ ten is the typical number.

_Ghent_ or _American Azaleas_. These are extremely popular hardy deciduous shrubs. When plants are grown in the open, artificial crossing will be unnecessary; but this method must be employed upon those grown in the cool greenhouse, if well fertilised seeds are required. The seed should be gathered and sown when ripe in a large shallow frame containing from 2in. to 3in. of peat, over which more peat must be laid very level by means of a fine sieve; or they may be kept until early the following spring. No covering will be necessary, but a thorough watering with a fine-rosed water-pot must be given. The lights should be darkened, and the frames kept close until the young seedlings begin to appear, when they must have air (carefully admitted), shade, and a daily sprinkling of water. By the autumn, they will be large enough to transplant in small clumps into boxes of peat and coarse sand, and to place in other frames, or in the open. In each case, they will need watering, shading, and to be kept close until growth commences. The hardier the plants are before winter commences, the better; but a protection of mats or similar material will prevent the probability of their being killed by severe frosts. During the following season, they will only require water during dry weather, and no protection need be afforded this winter. The next spring, they should be planted out singly in beds, sufficiently wide apart to allow the development of two years growth. If an upright growth is being made, the leading shoot must be shortened, in order to secure dwarf, well-branched plants. The same methods should be employed on a smaller scale where but a few are wanted. Grafting is largely practised to increase the stock of named varieties or choice seedlings, the stock employed being _A. pontica_. This process, of course, ensures the quicker production of flowering plants. Layering in March, encasing the part buried with moss, is also some times practised; but the layer must be left two years before separating. Cuttings of the last year's wood, 2in. or 3in. long, taken with a heel, root readily in sand; about the end of August is the best time for so doing. If they are pricked off in pots or pans of sandy soil, and kept in a cool frame until they are calloused, and afterwards introduced into a slight bottom heat, they root quicker, but this is not absolutely essential. When placed outside, they should be covered with a handlight for about two months, and, at the end of this time, air should be gradually given and increased. Ghent Azaleas are now forced extensively for the market as well as in private gardens; and, by judicious culture, they can be had in full blossom by Christmas. With this end in view, they should be grown in pots, and have the growth prematurely completed soon after flowering with the aid of a little artificial heat; after which they may be placed outside. During very hot and dry weather, the north side of a wall is necessary, to prevent their flowering in the autumn. The same plants must only be forced every alternate year. Commence to place the plants in heat in October, and keep up a succession until the following March. The best plants for forcing purposes are obtained from the Continent, where they are grown in enormous quantities. When grown permanently out of doors, the most suitable soil is peat and rough sand mixed. Failing this, leaf mould, maiden loam, and sand, will be found satisfactory. In many cases, we have known them to flourish in ordinary garden soil.

The following varieties of Ghent Azaleas are distinct, and all
worth growing; ADMIRAL DE RUYTER, deep red-scarlet, very fine;
ALTACLERENSIS, bright yellow; AMŒNA, light pink; CARNEA ELEGANS,
pale pink, shaded sulphur; COCCINEA MAJOR, dark scarlet, very fine;
CUPREA SPLENDENS, rich pink, shaded yellow; DECORATA, lovely pink;
DIRECTEUR CHARLES BAUMANN, rich vermilion, spotted yellow; ELECTOR,
rich orange-scarlet; GEANT DES BATAILLES, deep crimson, very fine;
MADAME JOSEPH BAUMANN, bright pink, very free and good; MARIA
VERSCHAFFELT, shaded pink and yellow; MIRABILIS, very lovely pink;
MORTERI, rich yellow, shaded rosy-red; PONTICA MACRANTHA, rich deep
sulphur, very large and fine; PRINCESSE D'ORANGE, salmon-pink, very
fine; SANGUINEA, deep crimson; VISCOSA FLORIBUNDA, pure white, very
fragrant.

=A. arborescens= (tree-like).* _fl._ large, reddish, not clammy,
leafy; tube of corolla longer than the segments; calyx leafy, with
the segments oblong and acute. May. _l._, of the flower buds large,
yellowish-brown, surrounded with a fringed white border, obovate,
rather obtuse, smooth on both surfaces, glaucous beneath, ciliated
on the margins, and having the midrib almost smooth. _h._ 10ft. to
20ft. Pennsylvania, 1818. Deciduous species.

=A. balsaminæflora= (Balsam-flowered).* _fl._ bright salmony
red, finely double and rosette-like, the segments regularly
imbricated, much resembling in general appearance the blooms of
a Camellia-flowered Balsam. Japan. It is a distinct species,
and remains in bloom for a considerable period; the flowers are
invaluable for bouquets. See Fig. 196, for which we are indebted to
Mr. Bull.

=A. calendulacea= (Marigold-like).* _fl._ yellow, red, orange, and
copper coloured, large, not clammy, rather naked; tube of corolla
hairy, shorter than the segments. May. _l._ oblong, pubescent on
both surfaces, at length hairy. _h._ 2ft. to 6ft. Pennsylvania to
Carolina, 1806. This is said to be the handsomest shrub in North
America. There are several varieties of it in cultivation. Hardy;
deciduous. (B. M. 1721, 2143.)