Chapter M: A. S. Salm-Dyck. Monographia generum Aloes et Mesembryanthemi (1)

Bonnæ, 1836-63. 4to.

N. Burbidge (F. W.). The Narcissus: Its History and
Culture. With a Scientific Review of the
Genus by J. G. Baker, F.L.S. London, 1875. 8vo.

N. S. Nuttall (T.). North American Sylva.... Philadelphia,
1865. 3 vols. 8vo.

P. F. G. _See_ L. & P. F. G.

P. M. B. Paxton (J). Magazine of Botany. London, 1834-49.
16 vols. 8vo.

Ref. B. Saunders (W. W.) Refugium botanicum....
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R. G. Regel (E.). Gartenflora. 1852, &c.*

R. H. Revue Horticole.... Paris, 1852.*

R. S. H. Hooker (J. D.). The Rhododendrons of Sikkim-Himalaya.
London, 1849-51. Fol.

R. X. O. Reichenbach, _fil._ (H. G.). Xenia orchidacea. Leipzig,
1858. 4to.*

S. B. F. G. Sweet (R.). British Flower Garden. London,
1823-9. 3 vols. 8vo.
Second Series. London, 1831-8. 4 vols. 8vo.

S. C. Sweet (R.). Cistineæ. London, 1825-30. 8vo.

S. E. B. Smith (J. E.). Exotic Botany.... London, 1804-5.
2 vols. 8vo.

S. F. A. Sweet (R.). Flora australasica.... London, 1827-8.
8vo.

S. F. d. J. Siebold (P. F. de) and Vriese (W. H. de). Flore des
Jardins du Royaume des Pays-Bas. Leide,
1858-62. 5 vols. 8vo.

S. F. G. Sibthorp (J.). Flora græca.... London, 1806-40.
10 vols. Fol.

S. H. Ivy Hibberd (Shirley). The Ivy: a Monograph. London,
1872. 8vo.

Sw. Ger. Sweet (Robert). Geraniaceæ, the natural order of
Gerania. 1828-1830.

Sy. En. B. Syme (J. T. B.), _now_ Boswell. English Botany....
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S. Z. F. J. Siebold (P. F. von) and Zuccarini (J. G.). Flora
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T. H. S. Transactions of the Horticultural Society. London,
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T. L. S. Transactions of the Linnæan Society. London,
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W. D. B. Watson (P. W.). Dendrologia Britannica. London.
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W. F. A. _See_ G. W. F. A.

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W. & F. Woods and Forests. 1883-4. 1 vol. 4to.

* Is still in course of publication.

THE

DICTIONARY OF GARDENING,

An Encyclopædia of Horticulture.

The following are the Abbreviations used:--_fl._ flowers; _fr._
fruit; _l._ leaves; _h._ height; _deg._ degrees; _rhiz._ rhizomes;
_cau._ caudex; _sti._ stipes.

The Asterisks (*) indicate plants that are especially good or
distinct.

=A.= In compound words from the Greek the initial _a_ has usually a privative meaning; as _aphyllus_, without leaves; _acaulis_, without a stem, &c.

=AARON'S BEARD.= _See_ =Hypericum calycinum= and =Saxifraga sarmentosa=.

=AARON'S ROD.= _See_ =Verbascum Thapsus=.

=ABELE TREE.= White Poplar. _See_ =Populus alba=.

=ABELIA= (named after Dr. Clarke Abel, Physician to Lord Amherst's Embassy to China, in 1817, and author of a "Narrative of a Journey to China" (1818); died 1826). ORD. _Caprifoliaceæ_. Very ornamental shrubs. Corolla tubular, funnel-shaped, five-lobed. Leaves petiolate, dentately crenated. Well suited for the cold greenhouse, either as trellis or pot plants; free-flowering when well grown, and of easy culture. May be treated in sheltered and warm climates as hardy; and can be grown out of doors during summer in less favoured spots. They thrive in a compost of peat and loam in equal parts, to which a small quantity of silver sand may be added. Increased by cuttings in summer, and by layers in spring, under a frame. Only two species, _floribunda_ and _rupestris_, are much grown in England.

=A. floribunda= (many-flowered).* _fl._ rosy-purple, about 2in.
long, in axillary clusters. March. _l._ opposite, oblong. _h._ 3ft.
Mexico, 1842. The best and freest flowering evergreen species.

=A. rupestris= (rock).* _fl._ sweet-scented, small, pink, in
pairs at the ends of the branches; sepals of leafy texture, with
a reddish tinge. September. _l._ small, oblong. _h._ 5ft. China,
1844. A deciduous, branching, hairy shrub.

=A. serrata= (serrate-leaved). _fl._ pretty pale red,
sweet-scented, very large, in one-flowered terminal peduncles;
sepals leafy. March. _h._ 3ft. China, 1844. A fine evergreen
species.

=A. triflora= (three-flowered).* _fl._ pale yellow, tinged with
pink, small, arranged in threes at the ends of the branches; sepals
long and linear, clothed with long hairs. September. _l._ small,
lanceolate. _h._ 5ft. Hindostan, 1847. A small evergreen branching
shrub.

=ABERRANT.= Deviating from the natural or direct way; applied, in natural history, to species or genera that deviate from the usual characters of their allies.

=ABIES= (from _abeo_, to rise; alluding to the aspiring habit of growth of the tree; or, according to some, from _apios_, a Pear-tree, in allusion to the form of the fruit). Spruce Fir. The synonymy of this genus is much confused, plants belonging to several genera being frequently referred to _Abies_ in nurserymen's catalogues and gardening periodicals. ORD. _Coniferæ_. A genus of about twenty-five species, widely distributed over the mountainous regions of the Northern hemisphere. Cones cylindrical, or but slightly tapering, erect; catkins generally solitary; the carpels not thickened at the tip; and the leaves solitary, partially scattered in insertion, and more or less two-ranked in direction. Scales deciduous, falling off as soon as the seed is ripe, leaving the axis on the tree. All the species bear seeds at a comparatively early age; most are hardy. For culture, _see_ =Pinus=.

=A. amabilis= (lovely).* _shoots_ rather rigid, furrowed with
elongated cushions, covered with numerous small dark hairs.
_l._ scattered, crowded, 1-1/2in. to 2in. long; linear obtuse,
dark green above, silvery beneath. The cones are described as
cylindrical, and about 6in. long. _h._ 180ft. California, 1831. A
magnificent conifer, very massive in appearance.

=A. baborensis.=* _l._ linear, dark green, silvery on the under
surface, very numerous, those of the larger branches shortly
pointed, and those of the branchlets more obtuse and pointless,
1/2in. to 1in. long. _cones_ erect, cylindrical, usually in
clusters of four or five, 5in. to 8in. long, and about 2in. in
diameter; scales reniform, greyish-brown, inclosing a thin, dry,
and shrivelled bract. _h._ 40ft. to 60ft. Algiers, 1864. This is a
very beautiful medium-sized tree. SYN. _A. Numidica_.

=A. balsamea= (Balm of Gilead or Balsam Fir).* _l._ silvery
beneath, apex emarginate or entire, somewhat recurved and
spreading, 3/4in. long. _cones_ cylindrical, violet-coloured,
pointing upwards, 4in. to 5in. long, and 1/2in. broad; scales
3/4in. broad, and the same in length. _h._ 40ft. to 60ft. United
States and Canada, &c., 1696. A medium-sized slender tree.

=A. bifida= (bifid). Identical with _A. firma_.

=A. brachyphylla= (short-leaved).* _l._ linear, spirally inserted
round the branchlets, but pointing laterally in two directions,
3/4in. to 1-1/2in. in length; lower ones longest, obtusely pointed
or emarginate, bright green above, with two silvery lines beneath.
_cones_ 3in. to 4in. long, purple. _h._ 120ft. Japan, 1870. A
recently introduced magnificent fir, with an erect stem, regularly
whorled horizontal branches.

=A. bracteata= (bracted).* _l._ rigid, linear, flat, distichous,
2in. to 3in. long, bright glossy green above, and glaucous beneath.
_cones_ about 4in. long, with the bracts developed into long rigid
leaf-like linear spines, 2in. long, and slightly curved inwards.
_h._ 25ft. Southern California, 1853. A very handsome tall slender
tree, but, owing to its very early growth of new shoots, it is much
injured by the spring frosts.

=A. Brunoniana= (Brown's). Synonymous with _Tsuga Brunoniana_.

=A. canadensis= (Canadian). A synonym of _Tsuga canadensis_.

=A. cephalonica= (Cephalonian).* _l._ subulate, flat, dark green
above, and silvery beneath, acute. _cones_ erect, cylindrical,
green when young, afterwards reddish, and brown when ripe, 5in. to
6in. in length, and about 1-1/2in. in diameter; scales broad, thin,
and rounded, shorter than the bracts. _h._ 50ft. to 60ft. Mountains
of Greece, 1824. A very desirable tree for growing in exposed
situations.

=A. cilicica= (Cilician). _l._ linear, slightly curved or straight,
1in. to 1-1/2in. long, dark green above, and glaucous beneath,
crowded, in two ranks. _cones_ cylindrical, 6in. to 8in. long;
scales broad, thin, entire, coriaceous. _h._ 40ft. to 60ft. Mount
Taurus, in Asia Minor. This species seldom produces a good specimen
tree in England, and cannot, therefore, be recommended for general
cultivation.

=A. concolor= (one-coloured).* _l._ linear, flat, obtuse, glaucous
green, distichously arranged in double rows, those in the lower
rows 2in. to 3in. long, upper ones shorter, channelled above.
_cones_ cylindrical, obtuse both at base and top, 3in. to 5in.
long, 2in. to 2-1/2in. in diameter; scales numerous, imbricated,
larger than the bracts. _h._ 80ft. to 150ft. California, &c., 1851.
A very beautiful species, with yellow bark on the young branches.
SYNS. _A. lasiocarpa_ and _A. Parsonii_.

=A. Douglasii= (Douglas'). A synonym of _Pseudotsuga Douglasii_.

=A. dumosa= (short-leaved). Synonymous with _Tsuga Brunoniana_.

=A. excelsa= (tall). A synonym of _Picea excelsa_.

=A. firma= (solid).* _l._ rigid, coriaceous, spirally arranged
around the branchlets, but point laterally in two directions, 1in.
to 1-1/4in. long, very variable in young and old trees. _cones_
cylindrical, obtuse at both ends, 3in. to 6in. long; scales
imbricated, bearing protruding keeled bracts. _h._ 100ft. Japan,
1861. An erect tree, of great beauty.

=A. Fortunei= (Fortune's). It is said that in its native country,
its aspect is peculiar rather than handsome, and that but one
living representative is believed to be in existence in this
country--at Veitch's Nursery. SYN. _Keteleeria Fortunei_.

=A. Fraseri= (Fraser's). Double Balsam Spruce Fir. _l._ linear,
emarginate, silvery beneath. _cones_ oblong, squarrose, somewhat
leafy, obcordate, mucronate, half exserted, reflexed. _h._ 30ft.
to 40ft. North Carolina, 1811. This species closely resembles _A.
balsamea_, from which it differs in having shorter and more erect
leaves, and smaller cones.

=A. grandis= (splendid).* _l._ in double rows, on each side of the
branchlets, flat, obtuse, emarginate, pectinate, silvery beneath,
from 3/4in. to 1in. long. _cones_ lateral, solitary, cylindrical,
obtuse at base and apex, 4in. to. 5in. long, 2in. wide; bracts
ovate, acuminate, irregularly dentate, very short. _h._ 100ft.
California, 1831. A handsome tree of symmetrical habit, and rapid
growth.

=A. lasiocarpa= (woolly-coned). Synonymous with _A. concolor_.

=A. magnifica= (magnificent).* _l._ densely crowded, two-rowed,
1in. to nearly 2in. long, olive green, very glaucous on the upper
surface when young, becoming duller with age, and marked with
two silvery lines beneath. _cones_ 6in. to 7in. long, 2-1/2in.
to 3in. in diameter; scales, outer edge incurved. _h._ 200ft.
North California, 1851. A very tall and stately species, with, at
successive intervals, whorls of horizontal branches.

=A. Mariesii= (Maries'). _l._ erect, evenly disposed around the
stem, linear-oblong, obtuse; apex notched, 1/3in. to not quite 1in.
long; bracts ovate, oblong, retuse. _cones_ erect, cylindrical,
3-1/2in. to 5-1/2in. long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. wide, narrowed at the
base and apex, blackish purple; scales entire, nearly 1in. wide,
not quite so long as wide. Japan, 1879. A tall, pyramidal tree.

=A. Mertensiana= (Merten's). Synonymous with _Tsuga Mertensiana_.

=A. miniata= (vermilion). Synonymous with _Picea eremita_.

=A. Morinda= (Morinda). Synonymous with _Picea Morinda_.

=A. nobilis= (noble).* _l._ linear, mostly on one side of the
branches, falcate, short, acute, silvery beneath, 1-3/4in. long.
_cones_ cylindrical, erect, sessile, 6-1/2in. long, 2-3/4in. broad,
brownish; scales triangular, without the bractea, 1-1/4in. long,
and the same in breadth; bractea spathulate, imbricated backwards,
5/8in. long. _h._ 200ft. to 300ft. California, 1831. A majestic
tree.

=A. Nordmanniana= (Nordmann's).* _l._ linear, rigid, flat, and
minutely bifid at the apex, on young trees spreading in two rows,
with a half-twist at the base, 1in. long. _cones_ erect, slightly
ovoid, pedunculate, 4in. to 6in. long, and 2-1/4in. to 2-3/4in.
wide; bracts large, coriaceous, three-lobed, fringed, greatly
exceeding the scales. _h._ 80ft. to 100ft. Crimea, &c., 1848. A
magnificent and stately tree, of regular growth.

=A. Numidica= (Numidian). Synonymous with _A. baborensis_.

=A. obovata= (reversed-egg-coned). A synonym of _Picea obovata_.

=A. orientalis= (eastern). Synonymous with _Picea orientalis_.

=A. Parsonii= (Parson's). Synonymous with _A. concolor_.

=A. pectinata= (comb-like).* _l._ linear, solitary, flat, obtuse,
stiff, turned-up at the points, two-ranked, 1/2in. to 1in. long,
shining green above, with two lines of silvery white on each side
of the midrib beneath. _cones_ axillary, cylindrical, erect, 6in.
to 8in. long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad, when ripe, brown; scales with
a long dorsal bractea, 1/6in. to 1-1/4in. long, and 1-1/4in. broad.
_h._ 80ft. to 100ft. A very noble silver fir, of slow growth when
young only. Central Europe, 1603. There are several unimportant
varieties of this splendid species.

=A. Pindrow= (Pindrow). In its native home, the Himalayas, this
is a very beautiful tree, attaining the height of 150ft., but
it has generally failed in England, in consequence of our late
spring frosts destroying the young growth. It comes very near _A.
Webbiana_, but is readily distinguished by its longer and more
acutely bidented leaves, and smaller cones.

=A. Pinsapo= (Pinsapo).* The Spanish Silver Fir. _l._ linear,
disposed around the branches, nearly terete, and entire at the
apex, not quite 1/2in. long, bright green, with faint silvery
lines on the inner side. _cones_ sessile, oval, or oblong, 4in.
to 5-1/2in. long, about 2in. wide; bracts short, concealed by the
broad rounded scales. _h._ 60ft. to 80ft. South Spain, 1839. A very
magnificent species, very regular and symmetrical in habit. The one
or two varieties offered for sale are not desirable.

=A. polita= (neat).* _l._ arranged spirally, short, erect, rigid,
falcate, acute at the apex, tetragonal, but compressed. _cones_
ellipsoid, 3in. to 4in. long; scales light brown, coriaceous,
minutely notched at the edge. Island of Nippon, 1861. This is a
beautiful species, admirably adapted as a specimen tree for lawns.

=A. religiosa= (sacred). _l._ linear, acute, quite entire, 1-1/2in.
long. _cones_ roundish-oval, 2-3/4in. long, and 2-1/2in. broad;
scales trapezoided-cordate; bracts the length of the scapes,
spathulate-oblong. _h._ 100ft. to 150ft. Mexico, 1839. A very
handsome species, but not hardy in this country.

=A. sachalinensis= (Sachalin). _l._ in many rows, 1in. or very
slightly more long, 1/12in. broad, twisted to one side, rigid,
linear, obtuse. _cones_ sessile, erect, cylindrical, bluntly
rounded at the apex, 3in. long, 1in. wide; scales transversely
oblong, reniform; margin inflexed, denticulate; bracts 1/2in. wide,
1/4in. long, obovate, serrulate, terminating in a reflexed angular
point, exceeding the scale. Japan, 1879. A tall pyramidal robust
species.

=A. Schrenkiana= (Schrenk's). Synonymous with _Picea Schrenkiana_.

=A. sibirica= (Siberian). Like the last, this species is not
recommended; its growth is very slow, even under the most
favourable circumstances. Siberia.

=A. Smithiana= (Smith's). A synonym of _Picea Morinda_.

=A. subalpina= (sub-alpine).* On the high mountains of Colorado,
&c., a tree 60ft. to 100ft. in height. Has not been long enough
in English gardens for any decided opinion to be formed as to its
merits as an ornamental tree.

=A. Tsuga= (Tsugan). A synonym of _Tsuga Sieboldi_.

=A. Veitchii= (Veitch's).* _l._ crowded, lateral ones spreading
in a distichous manner, those on the upper side much shorter and
pointing forwards, 1/2in. to 1in. long, linear, flat, glaucous
above, silvery beneath; emarginate on the sterile branches,
entire on the fertile ones. _cones_ erect, sub-cylindrical,
purplish-brown, 2in. to 2-1/2in. long, 3/4in. to nearly 1in. wide;
scales horizontal, reniform, densely packed, each enclosing a
short, wedge-shaped bract as long as the scale. _h._ 120ft. to
140ft. Japan, 1860, and again in 1879. Described as a beautiful and
interesting tree, as well as perfectly hardy; it should be planted
on elevated spots open to the south or south-east.

=A. Webbiana= (Webb's).* _l._ two-rowed, linear, flat, obtusely
emarginate, silvery beneath, 1-1/2in. to 2-1/2in. long. _cones_
cylindrical, 6-1/2in. to 7in. long, 2in. or more broad, deep
purple; scales kidney-shaped, roundish, closely compressed,
imbricated, about 1in. long, and 1-1/4in. broad; bracts oblong,
apiculate. _h._ 70ft. to 90ft. Himalayan Mountains, 1822. A
large handsome pyramidal tree, with numerous branches spreading
horizontally, much divided, and densely clothed.

=A. Williamsoni= (Williamson's). A synonym of _Tsuga Pattoniana_.

=ABOBRA= (its Brazilian name). ORD. _Cucurbitaceæ_. A genus of stove or greenhouse plants, having solitary axillary diœcious flowers, and finely divided leaves. The only species in cultivation is a very pretty half-hardy climbing perennial, having a fleshy root about 1ft. or more beneath the surface of the soil. It thrives well in warm sunny spots, and in a light soil; seeds may be sown in pots or pans of light soil early in April; the young plants can be planted out about the middle of June. The fleshy tuberous roots may be stored during winter in a greenhouse or frame. _See_ also =Gourds=.

=A. viridiflora= (green-flowered). _fl._ pale green, fragrant;
females succeeded by small oval scarlet fruits, which are about
as large as a filbert. _l._ dark green, glossy, much divided into
narrow segments. South America. A rapid growing plant, admirably
adapted for training over arbours or trellis-work. It is a very
pretty form of ornamental gourd.

=ABORTION.= An imperfect formation, or the non-formation of an organ; any fruit or produce that does not come to maturity, or anything which fails in its progress before it is matured, frequently from a defect in the male or female flowers.

=ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA.= _See_ =Gooseberry or Magpie Moth=.

=ABRICOCK.= A former mode of writing Apricot.

=ABROMA= (from _a_, not, and _broma_, food; from its unwholesomeness). ORD. _Sterculiaceæ_. Handsome, free-flowering evergreen trees, with hairy lobed leaves, and extra axillary or terminal few-flowered peduncles. Of easy culture, in a stove temperature, in loam and peat soil. Propagated by seeds or cuttings, the former sown in March, the latter made in April from half-ripened wood, and placed under a bell glass.

=A. augusta= (smooth-stalked).* _fl._ dingy purple, drooping.
August. _l._ lower, cordate, three to five lobed; upper,
ovate-lanceolate, undivided. _h._ 10ft. East India, 1770.

=A. fastuosa= (prickly-stalked). _fl._ dark purple. June. _l._
lower, cordate, acutely five lobed; upper, ovate, entire. _h._
10ft. New Holland, 1800.

=ABRONIA= (from _abros_, delicate; referring to its involucrum). Sand Verbena. ORD. _Nyctaginaceæ_. A small genus of seven species, mostly natives of California, four of which only are known in general cultivation. They are of a dwarf trailing habit, producing showy blossoms in dense verbena-like clusters. Corolla funnel-shaped; limb spreading. They succeed best in light sandy soil, in a position fully exposed; if well drained, the rockery is perhaps the best place. Increased by seeds, the outer skin of which should be peeled off before sowing; sow during autumn in pots of sandy soil, and keep in a frame until the following spring, when they may be placed in their flowering quarters; or by young cuttings, set in spring, and also in sandy soil.

=A. arenaria= (sand-loving).* _fl._ lemon-yellow, about 1/2in.
long, in dense clusters, with a honey-like fragrance. July. _l._
broadly ovate, or reniform, on short, thick petioles. _h._ 9in. to
18in. 1865. Half-hardy perennial. SYN. _A. latifolia_.

=A. fragrans= (fragrant).* _fl._ pure white, in terminal and
axillary clusters, very delicately perfumed, expanding in the
evening. May. 1865. A perennial, more or less erect in growth,
forming large branching tufts from 1ft. to 2ft. high. Imported
seeds only of this species will grow.

=A. latifolia= (broad-leaved). A synonym of _A. arenaria_.

=A. pulchella= (pretty). _fl._ pink. July. _h._ 6in. 1848.

=A. rosea= (rose-coloured). _fl._ rose-coloured. June. _h._ 6in.
1847. An unimportant species.

=A. umbellata= (umbel-flowered).* _fl._ rosy pink, in dense
terminal clusters, slightly scented. April. _l._ oval or oblong.
_h._ 6in. to 24in. 1823. An elegant prostrate half-hardy annual;
but under greenhouse culture it is a perennial. SYN. _Tricratus
admirabilis_. See Fig 1.

=ABRUPT.= Suddenly terminating, as abruptly pinnate; when pinnate leaves are without a terminal or odd leaflet.

=ABRUS= (from _abros_, soft, in reference to the extreme softness of the leaves). ORD. _Leguminosæ_. A very ornamental and delicate much branched deciduous stove climber, whose roots have the virtues of the common liquorice. Leaves abruptly pinnate, bearing many pairs of leaflets. Requires a strong heat to keep it in a growing, healthy condition, and to flower it well; and thrives best in sandy loam. Increased by cuttings under a hand glass, in sand, or seeds raised in heat.

=A. precatorius= (prayer). _fl._ pale purple, butterfly-shaped,
disposed in axillary clusters. Seeds bright scarlet, with a black
spot at the base, used by the Buddhists for making rosaries, whence
the specific name. March to May. _l._ leaflets ligulate, oblong.
_h._ 12ft. East Indies, 1680. Varieties are now and then met with
having rose coloured or white flowers.

=ABSORPTION.= The action by which liquids and gases become incorporated with various bodies, through molecular or other invisible means, to which function all parts of a growing plant contribute, the roots more especially.

=ABUTA= (native name). ORD. _Menispermaceæ_. A strong growing ornamental stove evergreen climber. Used medicinally in Cayenne. Flowers diœcious, fascicled, males racemosely panicled; females loose and simply racemose. It grows freely in a mixture of loam and peat. Cuttings will root readily if planted in a pot of sand, with a hand glass placed over them, in heat. About half-a-dozen species are known.

=A. rufescens= (rusty-coloured). _fl._ grey-velvety on the outside,
dark purple on the inside. March. _l._ ovate; under surface
brownish. _h._ 10ft. Cayenne, 1820.

=ABUTILON= (Arabic name for a plant analogous to the Marsh Mallow). ORD. _Malvaceæ_. Very showy, decorative, and free-growing shrubs, both for the greenhouse and outside culture. Calyx naked, five-cleft, usually angular; style multifid at apex. The many beautiful hybrids (of which Fig. 2 represents a group) now in cultivation, far supersede the true species. Cultivation: Few plants are more easily grown and worthy of liberal treatment than these. The best soil for them is equal parts turfy loam, peat, and leaf mould, with some gritty sand. They may either be grown in pots, or planted out; but in all cases thorough drainage is indispensable, as they require an abundance of water, and stagnancy must be guarded against. At the end of May they may be planted outside, when they will flower profusely through the summer. In a free growing and flowering state they enjoy weak manure water. From the latter part of autumn till early spring they may be kept almost dry without injury, though in a warm conservatory some of the later struck plants will go on flowering throughout the greater part of the winter; or plants may be specially prepared for winter flowering. They are admirably adapted for forming standards of various heights, from 2ft. to 6ft. Some of the taller sorts are very useful for training under roof rafters. As pillar plants, too, very loosely trained, so as to allow the upper and side branches to droop to a considerable distance from the pillar, they are very effective. Propagation: They strike readily from cuttings made of the young wood, at almost any season; the best time, however, is early spring and September. Inserted in pots, in a compost of equal parts peat, leaf mould, loam, and sand, and placed in a temperature of from 65deg. to 70deg., they will then quickly root, and form good plants. Seeds may be sown in pans filled with soil as recommended for cuttings, and placed in a similar temperature. Those followed by a dagger (†) are the best for training to pillars, roofs, &c.

=A. Bedfordianum= (Bedford's). _fl._ yellow and red. November. _l._
deeply-lobed. _h._ 15ft. Brazil, 1838.

=A. Darwini= (Darwin's).†* _fl._ bright orange, with darker
veinings, fine cupped form. April. _l._ large, broad. _h._ 4ft.
Brazil, 1871. A handsome species, of good habit, equally suitable
as a stove or greenhouse plant during winter, and for outdoor
culture during summer months. There are a great number of garden
hybrids from this.

=A. globiflorum= (globe-flowered). _fl._ solitary, large, globose,
cream-coloured. November. _l._ on long stalks, cordate, serrate.
_h._ 4ft. to 5ft. Mauritius, 1825.

=A. igneum= (bright). Synonymous with _A. insigne_.

=A. insigne= (handsome-flowered).* _fl._ large, purplish crimson,
with dark venation, in axillary pendulous racemes; petals short,
broad, much reflexed. Winter. _l._ large, cordate, thick, rugose.
Stem deep green, with short brown hairs. _h._ 6ft. New Grenada,
1851. SYN. _A. igneum_. See Fig. 3.

=A. megapotamicum= (big river).†* _fl._ small, bell-shaped,
singularly beautiful, the sepals being dark red, petals pale
yellow, and stamens dark brown. Autumn and winter. _l._ small,
pointed. _h._ 3ft. Rio Grande, 1864. A free-flowering species, with
a graceful drooping habit; the shoots should be well pressed in
during spring. SYN. _A. vexillarium_.

=A. pæoniflorum= (pæony-flowered). _fl._ pink, smaller than those
of _A. insigne_, but very distinct. January. _l._ large, ovate.
_h._ 6ft. Brazil, 1845.

=A. pulchellum= (pretty).†* _fl._ white, on few-flowered axillary
racemes. July. _l._ cordate, unequally crenated, downy beneath.
_h._ 8ft. Habit very branching. New Holland, 1824.

=A. striatum= (striped).* _fl._ orange yellow, with a thick
veining of blood-red, on long curving stalks. _l._ large, lobed,
on long slender petioles. Brazil, 1837. A free grower, and makes
an excellent greenhouse plant. In sheltered positions, in the
south-west of England, this species proves to be almost hardy. It
requires to be freely pinched. A very continuous bloomer.

=A. Thompsoni= (Thompson's). _fl._ striated yellow, large. Summer.
_l._ small, vine-like, richly mottled with yellow and dark green.
_h._ 3ft. or 4ft. Habit very neat and erect.

=A. venosum= (veined).†* _fl._ orange, with red veins, very
large, bell shaped, 3in. long; pedicels nearly 12in. long. July.
_l._ large, deeply palmate. _h._ 10ft. This splendid species is
distinguished by its unusually large flowers.

=A. vexillarium= (standard). Synonymous with _A. megapotamicum_.

=A. vitifolium= (vine-leaved).* _fl._ porcelain blue, large,
cupped. May. _l._ cordate, five to seven lobed, assuming, towards
the autumn, a fine golden hue. _h._ 30ft. Chili, 1837. This fine
shrub, or tree, is hardy in Ireland and the south of England, but
should have a protection from frost. It is not a fast grower.

The following are some of the best varieties, which, although they do not include all the newest sorts, yet afford a good selection of first-rate kinds, which will give general satisfaction. They are arranged according to their respective colours. Those marked with a dagger (†) are best for roofs and pillars.

=Orange-flowered.= AUREUM GLOBOSUM,* flowers deep orange, heavily
red shaded, of medium size, with good form and substance; DARWINI
MAJUS,* bright orange, deeply veined, extremely free, and of good
form and size; FLEUR D'OR,† light orange, veined pale red, very
free and dwarf; GRANDIFLORUM,* deep orange, red shaded, deeply
veined with red, a robust, large-flowered variety; LEO, flowers
pale below, deeper above, red-veined, of medium size; PRINCE OF
ORANGE,†* a strong grower, and very free.

=Ornamental-foliaged.= DARWINI TESSELATUM,†* foliage mottled
with yellow, invaluable for sub-tropical bedding; SELLOWIANUM
MARMORATUM,* very large maple-like foliage, heavily mottled with
bright yellow, a most effective variety; THOMPSONI, leaves very
freely blotched with yellow; VEXILLARIUM IGNEUM,†* very free,
of good habit, prettily blotched. All these ornamental-foliaged
varieties are invaluable for bedding purposes.

=Purple-coloured.= EMPEROR,* flowers large, rich purple magenta
shaded, habit vigorous; LOUIS VAN HOUTTE, very free, rosy purple;
PURPUREA,* deep purple shaded lake, very attractive; SOUVENIR DE
ST. MAURICE, flowers medium size, very profuse; VIOLET QUEEN,*
bright violet purple, very distinct and free.

=Red and Crimson-flowered.= BRILLIANT,* flowers of good form and
substance, brilliant red inside, rather paler outside, dwarf and
free; CRIMSON BANNER,* rich crimson, dwarf, very floriferous; FIRE
KING,* bright red, orange shaded, veined with crimson; LUSTROUS,*
brilliant red crimson, large, most profusely produced, habit dwarf;
NE PLUS ULTRA,* intense crimson, of excellent form; SCARLET GEM,*
flowers medium sized, brilliant scarlet, habit dwarf and free.

=Rose-coloured.= ADMIRATION, light pink, shaded salmon, of good
form and shape; ANNA CROZY,* deep pink, lilac shade, veined white,
very showy; CLOCHETTE,* deep rosy pink, with crimson veins,
very dwarf and free; DELICATUM, pale salmon rose, with deeper
vein, flowers very large; KING OF THE ROSES,* rich deep rose,
of good size and substance, habit dwarf and very free; LADY OF
THE LAKE,* flowers medium sized, rich pink; LOUIS MARIGNAC, pale
pink, veined white, splendid habit, a charming variety; PRINCESS
MARIE,†* flowers rich rosy lake, very profuse, of excellent form;
ROSÆFLORUM,†* pale salmon rose, veined with crimson.

=White-flowered.= BOULE DE NIEGE,†* very fine pure white flowers,
the best in its class; PURITY,* very free, of good habit, and pure
white; SERAPH,* dwarf, and very floriferous.

=Yellow-flowered.= CANARY BIRD,†* similar in habit to Boule de
Niege, bright primrose, very lovely; COURONNE D'OR,* bright yellow,
of the finest form and substance, very bold foliage; GOLDEN GEM,
rich canary yellow, extremely free, of dwarf habit; LEMOINEI,† very
fine, pale yellow, good size; QUEEN OF THE YELLOWS,* very large,
lemon yellow, good substance; YELLOW PRINCE,* rich golden yellow,
of medium size, very profuse.

=ABYSSINIAN PRIMROSE.= A common name for =Primula Boveana= (which _see_).

=ACACIA= (from _ac_, a point, in Celtic; or from _akazo_, to sharpen; many of the species are furnished with spines). _See_ also _Albizzia_. ORD. _Leguminosæ_. Shrubs or trees, very variable in habit and leaves. Flowers yellow, white, rarely red, disposed in globular heads or spikes, decandrous or polyandrous. Spines stipular, scattered, or wanting. This is a very polymorphous genus, and the majority of species described are known in this country only from herbarium specimens. It is very doubtful whether the entire genus is represented in our gardens by more than about fifty species, many of which are only to be found in botanic gardens; but this number is, without doubt, sufficiently characteristic. The number of species is close upon 400, and the genus one of the largest known. In our enumeration, we have strictly confined ourselves to describing such as are unquestionably in cultivation, and to this end we have adopted the only accurate method of deciding which are and which are not grown, viz., by consulting the trade lists of nurserymen, both in this country and on the Continent. Such lists, however, are not always correct, from a scientific point of view, in the matter of nomenclature. The species best deserving of cultivation are all natives of Australia, New South Wales, or other temperate regions, and are among the hardiest and most easily cultivated of all greenhouse plants. They are very floriferous. The greenhouse species are sufficiently hardy to withstand the winter in a temperature very little higher than freezing point. Cultivation: Some have a tendency to make long straight shoots; these should be selected for training upon rafters or pillars, on which they thrive well and form splendid ornaments in spring; whilst the more shrubby kinds will be equally at home in pots in the form of bushes. Roots and tops grow with great rapidity, and an abundance of water is required at all times. Immediately after flowering (usually about May) is the best time to prune Acacias; they may then be placed in the open air, and fully exposed to the sun, until October. They make a far healthier, cleaner growth, and ripen their wood much better outside than under glass; all they require is copious waterings, never allowing them to become dry, and keeping clear of weeds. In the first week in October house the plants, and winter in a temperature of 40deg. to 50deg. They delight in a light rich compost of equal parts turfy loam and leaf mould, freely intermixed with sand, or peat may be used instead of the leaf mould. Propagation: Cuttings of the half-ripened wood, put in with a heel, root readily during the summer. They do not bear heat well, nor do they require it. The soil should be equal parts peat and sand, covered with pure sand, thoroughly consolidated. Insert the cuttings as soon as made; water home, and leave them in the shade till dry. Then place the bell glasses over them, shade and water so as to prevent flagging. Pot off as soon as rooted, and keep in a close pit or house until the plants are thoroughly established. Seeds should be sown as soon as ripe, in sandy peat; about 1/4in. deep, or a little more, for large seeds. A temperature of 55deg. to 60deg. suits them well. Pot off when large enough to handle, and place in a cool close pit or house until quite established. The culture and propagation of the stove species are the same as for the greenhouse sorts, but the former require, of course, greater heat. Their flowers, however, are much less frequently produced than their more temperate congeners, consequently they are not so much grown.

=A. affinis.=* _fl._ yellow. May. _h._ 5ft. New Holland, 1822.
Greenhouse species.

=A. albicans= (whitish).* _fl._ white; heads, two to five,
aggregate, rising in racemes from the axils to the leaves. _l._
with eight to nine pairs of pinnæ, each pinna bearing nineteen to
twenty-two pairs of oblong linear-leaflets. _h._ 5ft. Swan River.

=A. amœna= (pleasing). This closely resembles _A. heterophylla_.

=A. angustifolia= (narrow-leaved). _fl._ yellow, in heads two to
four together, pedunculate. April. _l._ with fifteen to twenty
pairs of pinnæ, each pinna bearing thirty to forty pairs of
linear-acute, ciliated leaflets. _h._ 4ft. New South Wales, 1816.
One of the numerous varieties of _A. longifolia_.

=A. arabica= (Arabian).* Gum Arabic. _fl._ white; heads
pedunculate, axillary, usually in threes. _l._ with four to
six pairs of pinnæ, each pinna bearing ten to twenty pairs of
oblong-linear leaflets. _h._ 20ft. Arabia, East Indies, &c., 1820.
Greenhouse species. See Fig. 4.

=A. argyrophylla= (silver-leaved). A synonym of _A. brachybotrya_.

=A. armata= (armed, simple leaved).* _fl._ yellow, in solitary
globular heads. April. _l._ phyllodia obliquely ovate-oblong, quite
entire, one-nerved. _h._ 6ft. to 10ft. Australia, 1803.

=A. Benthami= (Bentham's). A synonym of _A. cochlearis_.

=A. brachybotrya= (short-bunched).* _fl._ yellow, in axillary
stalked globular heads. April. _l._ phyllodia silvery silky,
obliquely obovate, or oblong. _h._ 8ft. Swan River. SYN. _A.
argyrophylla_.

=A. Catechu= (catechu). _fl._ yellow; spikes cylindrical, solitary,
twin, or tern, axillary. March. _l._ with ten pairs of pinnæ, each
of which bears forty to fifty pairs of linear pubescent leaflets.
_h._ 20ft. to 40ft. East Indies, 1790.

=A. cavenia= (Cavenia).* _fl._ yellow, disposed in globose heads,
peduncles, axillary, aggregate. _l._ with usually about five pairs
of pinnæ, each of which bears nine to ten pairs of linear-oblong
leaflets, clothed with scabrous pubescence. _h._ 20ft. Chili.
Greenhouse species.

=A. cochlearis= (spoon-leaved). _fl._ yellow, in solitary globular
heads. April. _l._ phyllodia linear lanceolate, many-nerved at the
base, quite entire, mucronate. _h._ 4ft. West Australia, 1818. SYN.
_A. Benthami_.

=A. cultriformis= (knife-formed).* _fl._ yellow, in crowded heads,
disposed in either axillary or terminal racemes. April. _l._
phyllodia eight to ten lines long, four lines broad, cultriform,
ending in an acute hooked point, which bears to one side. _h._ 4ft.
New South Wales, 1820.

=A. cuneata= (wedge-shaped).* _fl._ yellow. April. Swan River,
1837. Greenhouse species.

=A. cyanophylla= (blue-leaved). _fl._ yellow; racemes axillary;
heads globose. March. _l._ phyllodia lanceolate, often 1ft. long,
glaucous green, almost blue; branches drooping. _h._ 18ft. Swan
River, 1838. Arboreous.

=A. dealbata= (whitened).* The Silver Wattle. _fl._ yellow, in
pedicellate heads, disposed in racemes along the axillary branches.
July. _l._ from ten to twenty pairs of pinnæ, each of which bears
thirty to thirty-five pairs of linear, much crowded pubescent
leaflets. _h._ 10ft. to 20ft. Australia and Tasmania, 1820.

=A. diffusa= (spreading). _fl._ yellow, in globular heads, which
are usually twin. May. _l._ phyllodia linear, one-nerved, ending
in an oblique acumen; branches diffusely procumbent, angular. _h._
2ft. Victoria and Tasmania, 1814.

=A. Drummondi= (Drummond's).* _fl._ pale lemon; spikes axillary,
drooping, cylindrical, simple. April. _l._ with two pairs of pinnæ,
each pinna bearing two to three pairs of linear obtuse leaflets.
Plant unarmed, silky. _h._ 10ft. Swan River. Very handsome and one
of the best grown, forming a somewhat dwarf shrub.

=A. Farnesiana= (Farnesian). _fl._ yellow, sweet-scented, disposed
in axillary, usually twin, unequally pedunculate heads. July. _l._
with five to eight pairs of pinnæ, each pinna bearing from fifteen
to twenty pairs of linear glabrous leaflets. _h._ 6ft. to 10ft. St.
Domingo, 1656. Greenhouse species.

=A. glauca= (milky white).* _fl._ white; spikes globose, stalked,
axillary, usually twin. July. _l._ with four to six pairs of
pinnæ, each pinna bearing about twelve to fifteen pairs of linear,
distant, acute leaflets, which are glaucous beneath. _h._ 5ft. to
10ft. South America, 1690.

=A. glaucescens= (greyish). _fl._ yellow; spikes twin, but solitary
on the peduncles, axillary. June. _l._ phyllodia linear-lanceolate,
attenuated at both ends, falcate, three-nerved. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft.
Queensland, 1822. SYN. _A. homomalla_.

=A. grandis= (great).* _fl._ yellow; heads globular; peduncles
solitary or twin, axillary, one-headed. February to May. _l._
with one pair of pinnæ, each pinna bearing eight to ten pairs
of linear-lanceolate leaflets; branches hairy. _h._ 6ft. West
Australia, 1850. A variety of _A. pulchella_.

=A. heterophylla= (variable-leaved).* _fl._ yellow, in heads,
disposed in a kind of raceme. May. _l._ phyllodia linear,
attenuated at both ends, many-nerved. _h._ 5ft. Isle of Bourbon,
1824. _A. amœna_ is very like this.

=A. hispidissima= (hairiest). A variety of _A. pulchella_.

=A. holosericea= (all silky). _fl_. yellow, in axillary spikes,
usually twin. May. _l._ 6in. long, oblong-lanceolate, ending
in a soft point at the apex, three-nerved. _h._ 10ft. to 20ft.
Australia, 1818. The whole aspect of this tree is silky. SYN. _A.
leucophylla_.

=A. homomalla= (equal-woolled). A synonym of _A. glaucescens_.

=A. Hugelii= (Baron Hugel's). _fl._ pale yellow. February. West
Australia, 1846. Greenhouse species.

=A. ixiophylla= (Ixia-leaved). _fl._ yellow; heads about
twenty-flowered; peduncles downy, shortly racemose or solitary.
March. _l._ narrow, oblong-lanceolate, sub-falcate, obtuse,
obliquely mucronate, much branched. _h._ 2ft. New South Wales, 1844.

=A. juniperina= (juniper-leaved). _fl._ yellow, in solitary heads.
May. _l._ linear-subulate, ending in a pungent point; branches
terete, pubescent. _h._ 6ft. Australia and Tasmania, 1790.
Greenhouse.

=A. Lebbek= (Lebbek).* _fl._ yellow, sweet-scented; heads
many-flowered, pedunculate, three or four together, from the
crowded upper nodes. May. _l._ with two to four pairs of pinnæ,
each pinna bearing about six to eight pairs of oval, somewhat
dimidiate leaflets, which are obtuse at both ends. _h._ 20ft. East
and West Indies, 1823. Stove species.

=A. leprosa= (leprous). _fl._ yellow, mostly five-parted, numerous
in a globular head; peduncles mostly in pairs or clusters, 1/4in.
long. May. _l._ narrow, linear-lanceolate, acute or obtuse with a
small callous point, narrowed at base, 1-1/2in. to 3in. long, those
of the barren shoots broader. Branchlets pendulous, more or less
glutinous. Australia, 1817. (B. R. 1441.)

=A. leucophylla= (white-leaved). A synonym of _A. holosericea_.

=A. lineata= (lined). _fl._ yellow, mostly five-parted, ten to
fifteen or rarely more in a small, globular head; peduncles
slender, rarely exceeding the leaves. April. _l._ linear, with a
small hooked point, about 1/2in., rarely 3/4in., long, one-nerved.
Branches nearly terete, usually pubescent or villous. _h._ 6ft.
Australia, 1824. (B. M. 3346.)

=A. l. longissima= (longest). Synonymous with _A. longissima_.

=A. longifolia= (long-leaved).* _fl._ yellow; spikes loose,
axillary, cylindrical. March. _l._ phyllodia linear-lanceolate,
narrowed at each end, three-nerved, striated. _h._ 10ft. Australia,
1792. A fine erect-growing greenhouse species.

=A. longissima= (longest-leaved). _fl._ yellow; spikes several,
axillary, generally branched. May. _l._ phyllodia very long,
filiform, one-nerved, spreading. _h._ 4ft. New South Wales, 1819.
Stove species. SYN. _A. linearis longissima_.

=A. lunata= (half-moon).* _fl._ yellow; heads disposed in racemes,
which are longer than the phyllodia. April. _l._ phyllodia
obliquely oblong, rather falcate, narrowed at the base, terminating
in an oblique callous mucrone. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. Australia, 1810.
Greenhouse species. SYN. _A. oleæfolia_.

=A. melanoxylon= (black wooded). _fl._ yellow; heads few, disposed
in a kind of raceme. April. _l._ phyllodia lanceolate-oblong,
rather falcate, obtuse, quite entire, many-nerved. _h._ 6ft. to
10ft. Australia, 1818. Greenhouse species.

=A. mollissima= (softest-leaved).* _fl._ yellow; heads pedicellate,
disposed in racemes along the axillary peduncles. July. _l._ with
eight to eighteen pairs of pinnæ, each pinna bearing thirty to
forty pairs of linear, much crowded, pubescent leaflets, which
are clothed with yellowish velvety down when young; branches and
petioles angular. _h._ 10ft. to 20ft. Van Diemens Land, 1810.

=A. oleæfolia= (olive-leaved). A synonym of _A. lunata_.

=A. oxycedrus= (sharp-cedrus).* _fl._ yellow; spikes axillary,
solitary, elongated. April. _l._ phyllodia scattered, or somewhat
verticillate, lanceolate-linear, ending in a pungent point,
three-nerved. _h._ 6ft. to 10ft. New South Wales, 1823. Greenhouse
species.

=A. paradoxa= (paradoxical). _fl._ yellow, disposed in solitary
heads. March. _l._ phyllodia obliquely oblong-lanceolate, entire,
wavy, one-nerved; branches clammy, glabrous. _h._ 6ft. New Holland.
Greenhouse species.

=A. penninervis= (feather-nerved). _fl._ yellow; heads about the
size of a pea, racemose. April. _l._ phyllodia oblong, acuminated
at both ends, straight, 2in. to 3in. long, 1/2in. broad, feather
veined. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. New Holland, 1824.

=A. platyptera= (broad-winged).* _fl._ yellow; heads solitary, on
short peduncles. March. _l._ phyllodia short, bifarious, decurrent,
obliquely truncate, mucronate; branches broadly winged. _h._ 3ft.,
Swan River, 1840. Greenhouse species.

=A. pubescens= (downy).* _fl._ yellow; heads small, globose
pedicellate, disposed in racemes along the axillary peduncles.
March. _l._ with three to ten pairs of pinnæ, each pinna bearing
six to eighteen pairs of linear glabrous leaflets. _h._ 6ft. to
10ft. Branches terete, hairy. New Holland, 1790.

=A. pulchella= (pretty).* _fl._ yellow; heads solitary. April.
_l._, pinnæ bearing five to seven pairs of oblong-ovate, obtuse
leaflets. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. New Holland, 1803. Greenhouse species.
The variety _hispidissima_ has white flowers.

=A. Riceana= (Rice's).* _fl._ pale yellow, in long, solitary,
axillary spikes. May. _l._ linear, in clusters, dark green,
scattered or whorled. _h._ 20ft. Tasmania. Habit graceful, like a
weeping willow. Very handsome and distinct. SYN. _A. setigera_. See
Fig. 5.

=A. rotundifolia= (round-leaved). _fl._ yellow; heads globose,
solitary, on long peduncles. March. _l._ phyllodia on short
petioles, obliquely rounded, obtuse or retuse, mucronate. Branches
angular, puberulous. _h._ 6ft. New Holland, 1842.

=A. saligna= (willow-like). _fl._ yellow; heads solitary, on short
peduncles. March. _l._ phyllodia linear, attenuated at both ends,
quite entire, almost nerveless. _h._ 6ft. to 10ft. New Holland,
1818. Greenhouse species.

=A. Senegal= (Senegal). Gum Senegal. _fl._ white, small, glabrous,
distant; spikes axillary, solitary, slender. _l._ with five to
eight pairs of pinnæ, each pinna bearing fifteen to eighteen
pairs of oblong-linear, obtuse, glabrous leaflets; branches white;
prickles sometimes wanting. _h._ 20ft. Arabia, 1823. Stove species.

=A. setigera= (bristly). Synonymous with _A. Riceana_.

=A. sophoræ= (sophora-podded). _fl._ yellow; spikes usually twin,
axillary. May. _l._ phyllodia obovate, oblong or lanceolate, quite
entire, many nerved; sometimes there are bipinnate leaves at the
tops of the branches. _h._ 20ft. New Holland, 1805.

=A. sphærocephala= (round-headed).* _fl._ yellow; racemes axillary,
usually twin, ovate-roundish. _l._ with numerous close-set linear
falcate pinnules, which are usually tipped by a glandular yellow
"food body;" spines twin, hollow. Mexico. A very remarkable stove
species, inhabited by ants during certain seasons in its native
country.

=A. uncinifolia= (hook-leaved). _fl._ yellow; spikes usually twin,
dense, on short peduncles, cylindrical. March. _l._ phyllodia long,
linear-subulate, flat, recurved, mucronate, three-nerved; branches
angular. _h._ 6ft. Swan River, 1846.

=A. vera= (true). Egyptian Thorn; Gum Arabic. _fl._ white, usually
in twin heads, pedunculate, axillary. July. _l._ with two pairs
of pinnæ, each pinna bearing eight to ten pairs of oblong linear
leaflets; branches and spines red. _h._ 20ft. Egypt, 1596.

=A. verticillata= (whorl-leaved).* _fl._ yellow; spikes axillary,
solitary, oblong. March. _l._ phyllodia linear, ending in a pungent
mucrone, disposed somewhat verticillately. _h._ 6ft. to 10ft. A
spreading, prickly, greenhouse species, of variable habit. New
Holland, 1780.

=A. vestita= (clothed).* _fl._ yellow, in loosely racemose heads,
along the peduncles; upper ones solitary. June. _l._ phyllodia
obliquely elliptic-lanceolate, one-nerved, ending in an awnlike
mucrone, hispid. _h._ 4ft. New Holland, 1820.

=A. viscidula= (clammy).* _fl._ yellow; heads globular, on short
stalks, axillary, solitary or twin. February. _l._ linear, clammy;
branches slender, clammy. _h._ 6ft., erect. New South Wales, 1844.

=ACÆNA= (from _akaina_, a thorn; in allusion to the slender spines on the calyx or fruit). ORD. _Rosaceæ_. A genus of dwarf sub-shrubby plants. Flowers capitate, or interruptedly spicate, uninteresting; petals absent. Leaves alternate, impari-pinnate. Excepting for rockwork, or as edgings to flower beds, they are not of much value; their habit is, however, very compact and neat. They require similar treatment to other hardy herbaceous plants, in ordinary soil. Increased by cuttings, creeping rootlets, divisions, and by seeds.

=A. microphylla= (small-leaved).* _fl._ green, small, in close
heads, furnished with showy, long crimson spines. Summer. _l._
small, pinnate. _h._ 1in. to 2in. New Zealand. A neat evergreen
with a compact and cushion-like growth; it is a very effective
subject for the rock garden, and grows freely in most situations.
The crimson globular heads of spine-formed calyces form a
conspicuous and ornamental feature of the plant. SYN. _A. Novæ
Zealandiæ_. See Fig. 6.

=A. millefolia= (myriad-leaved).* _fl._ inconspicuous. A very
distinct species with finely-cut pale green leaves. The fruiting
spikes of this are not collected in globular heads, as in the
others, and their presence detract from its value as an ornamental
plant. Otherwise, it is very graceful.

=A. myriophylla= (many-leaved).* _fl._ green, small, in rounded
spikes. June. _l._ pinnate; leaflets deeply cut. _h._ 6in. to 1ft.
Chili, 1828. Small, fern-like.

=A. Novæ Zealandiæ= (New Zealand). A synonym of _A. microphylla_.

=A. ovalifolia= (oval-leaved). _fl._ green. Summer. _h._ 9in.
Chili, 1868. Good for rock gardens.

=A. pulchella= (pretty).* _fl._ inconspicuous. A pretty
bronzy-leaved species, admirably suited for rockwork crevices,
where space is no object. It grows very rapidly, and forms handsome
tufts.

=ACALYPHA= (the name given by Hippocrates to the Nettle). ORD. _Euphorbiaceæ_. Stove ornamental and variegated nettle-like leaved shrubs. Flowers greenish or reddish, inconspicuous, in erect or drooping bracted axillary or terminal spikes; those of the upper portion sterile, of the lower, fertile. The undermentioned only are those most worthy of cultivation. They are very easily grown, with ordinary stove treatment, and in a peat and loam compost. When well cultivated, the leaves of the hybridised varieties are highly coloured, but rather coarse than otherwise. Increased by cuttings under a glass in sandy soil, in stove heat, during April.

=A. Macafeeana= (Macafee's). _l._ red, blotched with bronzy
crimson. 1877.

=A. macrophylla= (large-leaved).* _l._ cordate ovate, russet brown,
blotched with paler spots. The best and handsomest stove species.

=A. marginata= (margined). _l._ large, very hairy, ovate-acuminate,
centre brown, with a distinct margin of rosy carmine, about 1/4in.
wide. Fiji Islands, 1875.

=A. musaica= (mosaic).* _l._ bronzy green, variegated with orange
and dull red. Polynesia, 1877.

=A. torta= (twisted). _l._ dark olive, tinted green; margin cut
into blunt, oblong segments. Samoan Islands. Remarkable for its
curiously contorted foliage. It has erect stems, which are terete,
and covered by the leaves in a very singular way.

=A. tricolor= (three-coloured). A synonym of _A. Wilkesiana_.

=A. Wilkesiana= (Wilkes').* _l._ ovate-acuminate, curiously
blotched, mottled, and splashed with red and crimson; ground colour
coppery green. _h._ 6ft. to 10ft. New Hebrides, 1866. SYN. _A.
tricolor_.

=A. W. marginata= (Wilkes's margined).* _l._ large, olive brown,
margined with rosy carmine. Fiji Islands, 1875.

=ACANTHACEÆ.= A large order of soft-wooded, herbaceous plants, usually having gamopetalous axillary flowers; calyx composed of deeply imbricated scales; bracts large, leafy.

=ACANTHEPHIPPIUM= (the derivation of this word is not apparent). ORD. _Orchideæ_. A peculiar class of terrestrial stove orchids. Flowers rather large, racemose, few; sepals combined in a broad oblique pitcher, including the petals, which are adnate to the base of the column; column short, produced into a long foot. Pseudo-bulbs oblong. Leaves few, large, longer than the scapes. The best species are the two first-mentioned. They will thrive well in sandy peat, with a quantity of small stones, broken pots, or gravel. A great deal of heat and moisture are absolutely essential during the growing period. Propagated, as soon as growth commences, by dividing the pseudo-bulbs.

=A. bicolor= (two-coloured).* _fl._ purple and yellow, about 2in.
long, campanulate, produced in clusters of three or four together;
petals oblong-lanceolate, acutish; lateral lobes of lip rounded.
June. _h._ 9in. Ceylon, 1833.

=A. Curtisii= (Curtis's).* _fl._ same shape as above (except the
lip), with numerous purple spots, light rose, and flush; column
white, nail of lip yellow, keels yellowish, laciniæ white with
purple. Malay Archipelago, 1881. The five keels between the
side laciniæ distinguish it from the foregoing species and _A.
sylhetense_.

=A. javanicum= (Javanese).* _fl._ yellow and red, with distinct
longitudinal stripes; petals triangular; lip three-lobed; lateral
lobes truncate; intermediate lobe constricted in middle, ovate,
and tuberculate at the apex, fleshy on both sides at base, with
truncate emarginate inflexed teeth. September. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Java,
1843.

=A. sylhetense= (Sylhet). _fl._ white, with many irregular spots
and blotches towards the extremities of the outer portions. June.
_h._ 9in. Sylhet, 1837.

=ACANTHOLIMON= (from _akanthos_, a spine, and _limon_, sea lavender). ORD. _Plantagineæ_. Dwarf hardy tufted evergreen plants, distinguished from allied genera in having sharp-pointed rigid leaves. They are of rather slow growth, thriving best in a sandy soil, and sunny position, on rockwork more particularly. The flowers are similar to _Statice_ and _Armeria_. Increased by seeds (which germinate slowly), sown carefully on a warm but rather shaded border, and transplanted when large enough to handle; or by cuttings and very carefully made divisions. The cuttings should be made in late summer, and placed in a frame, to remain there during the winter.

=A. glumaceum= (prickly).* _fl._ rose, spicate, about 1/2in.
across, six to eight in a spikelet. Summer. _l._ densely packed and
sharply pointed with spines. _h._ 6in. Armenia, 1851. Very compact
and distinct. SYN. _Statice Ararati_.

=A. Kotschyi= (Kotschy's). _fl._ white. A good species, but very
rarely seen in British gardens.

=A. venustum= (charming).* _fl._ rose, spicate, from twelve to
twenty in each spike. Summer. _l._ broader than in the last, and
glaucous. _h._ 6in. or 8in. Cilicia, 1873. A rare and handsome
alpine. Larger than the preceding. See Fig. 7.

=ACANTHOPHŒNIX= (from _akantha_, a spine, and _phoinix_, the Date Palm). ORD. _Palmæ_. A very elegant stove palm, differing from _Areca_ principally in habit, and requiring a light sandy soil and a summer temperature of 65deg. to 80deg., winter 55deg. to 65deg. Increased by seeds only; these germinate best in a moist bottom heat, and a well decomposed compost of one part loam, one of peat, one of leaf mould, and the remainder of sand. They may remain in this soil for two or three years.

=A. crinita= (hairy).* _fl._ spirally arranged, in threes, the
central one being female. _l._ the fronds are arched, broadly ovate
in outline, pectinately pinnate in division, with long linear
acuminate segments, paler beneath. The stem is densely armed with
black, needle-shaped spines, and much swollen towards the base.
Seychelles, 1868.

=ACANTHORHIZA= (from _akantha_, a spine, and _rhiza_, a root). ORD. _Palmæ_. A small genus of stove palms, differing from _Trithrinax_ by the aërial roots of the trunk hardening into spines (which are horizontal or pointed upwards), and by the blade of the leaf being divided down to the petiole. They delight in a rich loamy soil, and are propagated by seeds, in a moist, sweet hotbed, in spring.

=A. aculeata= (spiny).* _l._ orbicular, palmately slit into
numerous linear-lanceolate, glabrous segments, deep-green above,
silvery beneath; petioles slender; the trunk is covered with
a network of branching spines. Mexico, 1879. SYN. _Chamærops
stauracantha_.

=A. Wallisii= (Wallis's).* A recent introduction from tropical
America, and not yet much cultivated; it is a tall palm with
orbicular palmate leaves.

=A. Warzcewiczii= (Warzcewicz's).* This differs from the preceding
species by its more irregularly divided leaf blade, which is white
below. Tropical America.

=ACANTHOSTACHYUM= (from _akanthos_, a spine, and _stachys_, a spike). ORD. _Bromeliaceæ_. A monotypic genus of stove evergreen herbaceous plants; of easy culture in a compost of equal parts sand, decayed wood, and rotten leaves. Propagated by suckers, which strike readily in bottom heat.

=A. strobilacea= (cone-fruited). _fl._ red and yellow; scape
simple, long, scurfy; bracts coloured. June. _l._ radical, very
long, incurved, narrow, thick, pungent, channelled, spiny-toothed,
covered with white scurf. _h._ 4ft. Brazil, 1840.

=ACANTHUS= (from _akanthos_, a spine; several species being spiny or prickly). Bear's Breech. ORD. _Acanthaceæ_. A group of stately, ornamental perennial plants, mostly hardy, remarkable for their vigorous growth and beautiful foliage. Flowers sessile, crowded, spicate; corolla tubular, one-lipped; lip three lobed. To attain perfection they require a deep soil, and a situation fully exposed to the sun. They will, however, thrive moderately well in common soil and partial shade. The habit being generally a bold one, they are most suited for isolated tufts, backgrounds of mixed borders, and the wild garden. Propagated by seeds, sown in gentle heat, or by division of the roots, in autumn or early spring.

=A. carduifolius= (thistle-leaved). _fl._ blue. August. _h._ 3ft.
Cape of Good Hope, 1816. Greenhouse species.

=A. hispanicus= (Spanish). _fl._ white. August. _l._ large,
shining, and deeply cut. _h._ 2ft. Spain, 1700.

=A. longifolius= (long-leaved).* _fl._ purple, rose, in the axils
of the bracts, which are oval, acuminate, spiny, of a reddish hue,
forming a spike nearly 1ft. long. June. _l._ radical, 2ft. to 3ft.
long; numerous. _h._ 3ft. to 4-1/2ft. Dalmatia, 1869.

=A. lusitanicus= (Portugal). Synonymous with _A. mollis latifolius_.

=A. mollis= (soft).* _fl._ white or rose, sessile in the axils
of the deeply-toothed bracts; spikes about 1-1/2ft. Summer. _l._
sinuated, unarmed, heart-shaped in outline, 2ft. long by 1ft.
broad. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. Italy, 1548.

=A. m. latifolius= (broad-leaved).* A variety of _A. mollis_, but
larger and more robust in every part. This very handsome form
is probably the best grown; it is one of the most suitable for
sub-tropical gardening. A warm sunny spot is needful. SYN. _A.
lusitanicus_. See Fig. 8.

=A. montanus= (mountain).* _fl._ rose. August. _h._ 3ft. West
Africa, 1865. A shrubby species.

=A. niger= (black). _fl._ purplish white. July to September. _l._
sinuated, unarmed, glabrous, shining green. _h._ 3ft. Portugal,
1759.

=A. spinosissimus= (most spiny).* _fl._ rosy, sessile, on a
very handsome spike, with acute, recurved spines. Autumn. _l._
laciniate, pinnatifid, blistered, spiny; spines white. _h._
3-1/2ft. South Europe, 1629.

=A. spinosus= (spiny).* _fl._ purplish, spicate; sepals spiny.
Summer. _l._ deeply and regularly cut, each division terminated by
a short spine. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. South Europe. See Fig. 9.

=ACAULESCENT.= With apparently no stem.

=ACCESSORY.= Something additional, not usually present.

=ACCRETE.= Fastened with another body, and growing with it.

=ACCUMBENT.= Lying against anything, in distinction to _incumbent_, or lying upon.