Chapter M: A. S. Salm-Dyck. Monographia generum Aloes et Mesembryanthemi (10)

=ANGULOA= (commemorative of Angulo, a Spanish naturalist). ORD. _Orchidaceæ_. A small genus containing about six species. The flowers, which are large and beautiful, are borne singly on scapes from 12in. to 16in. high, several of which are produced from the ripened pseudo-bulbs of the preceding year's growth. Pseudo-bulbs from 5in. to 8in. high, as thick as a man's wrist, bearing two to three erect, broad, lanceolate leaves, 2ft. to 4ft. long. Temperature, summer, day (maximum), 70deg.; night (minimum), 60deg. Winter, day (maximum), 60deg.; night (minimum), 45deg. These are bold growing cool-house plants, best grown in rough fibrous peat, with good drainage. They delight in an abundant supply of water both to the roots and foliage when growing, and require to be kept in a somewhat dark or heavily-shaded place. During the season of rest, and until young shoots commence growth, they should be kept rather dry. They are propagated by dividing the pseudo-bulbs, just before they commence to grow. The flowering season is summer.

=A. Clowesii= (Clowes's).* _fl._ fragrant; sepals and petals
concave, clear golden yellow; lip pure white; whole conformation
globular, or tulip-like. Columbia (at 5000ft. to 6000ft.
elevation), 1842. This is the largest growing species, of which
there are one or two rare varieties.

=A. eburnea= (ivory-flowered).* _fl._, sepals and petals of the
purest white; lip spotted with pink. New Grenada. In other respects
similar to above, but is very rare.

=A. Ruckeri= (Rucker's).* _fl._, sepals and petals yellow, with
crimson spots; lip deep crimson. Columbia, 1845. Not so large a
grower as either of the foregoing, but with same sized flowers.

=A. R. sanguinea= (bloody).* This variety has flowers of a deep
blood red colour, but is rare.

=A. superba= (superb).* Synonymous with _Acineta Humboldtii_.

=A. uniflora= (one-flowered).* _fl._ sub-globose, pure white,
sometimes freckled with brown, spotted profusely with pink inside.
Columbia, 1844. One of the best in cultivation.

=ANGURIA= (one of the Greek names for the cucumber). ORD. _Cucurbitaceæ_. A stove genus of evergreen climbers allied to _Momordica_. Flowers monœcious; corolla joined to the calyx, ventricose, red, with a five-parted spreading border. Fruit somewhat tetragonal. Several species have been introduced from time to time, but they are rarely seen in our gardens. Some of them are handsome plants, and well worthy of cultivation.

=ANHALONIUM.= _See_ =Mammillaria=.

=ANIGOZANTHUS= (from _anoigo_, to expand, and _anthos_, a flower; in reference to the branching expansion of the flower stalks). SYN. _Schwægrichenia_. ORD. _Hæmodoraceæ_. Greenhouse or half-hardy perennial herbs. Flowers large, racemose or corymbose; perianth tubular, elongated, woolly. Leaves linear ensiform. The species thrive in a turfy compost of peat and loam, three parts of the former to one of the latter; the whole intermixed with sand to make it porous. In the growing season they must be kept well watered, and somewhat dry during their period of rest in winter. They are very easily propagated by dividing the roots in spring.

=A. coccineus= (scarlet).* _fl._ scarlet; perianth swelling
towards the summit, hairy, segments a little reflexed; disposed in
dichotomously-forked panicles; pedicels rather long. June. _l._
lanceolate, deep green. Stem ciliated. _h._ 5ft. Swan River, 1837.

=A. flavidus= (yellowish-green-flowered).* _fl._ yellowish green,
panicled; scapes long. May. _l._ lanceolate, smooth, as is also
the stem; down of branches deciduous. _h._ 3ft. New Holland, 1808.
There is a scarlet and green-flowered variety of this species. See
Fig. 103.

=A. Manglesii= (Mangle's). _fl._ green; stigma capitate, projecting
beyond the tube, in a short terminal spiked raceme. May. Stem
erect, clothed with short thick crimson persistent velvety down.
_h._ 3ft. Swan River, 1833.

=A. pulcherrimus= (beautiful).* _fl._ yellow; panicles much
branched, clothed with rufous bristles. May. _l._ equitant, linear
falcate, covered with stellate tomentum. _h._ 3ft. Swan River,
1844.

=A. tyrianthinus= (purple).* _fl._ purple and white; panicle
clothed with purple tomentum. May. _l._ linear, stiff, straight,
glabrous. Stem tall, ternate, panicled, clothed with hoary tomentum
below. _h._ 3ft. Swan River, 1844.

=ANIL.= _See_ =Indigofera Anil=.

=ANIME RESIN.= _See_ =Hymenæa Courbaril=.

=ANIMATED OAT.= _See_ =Avena sterilis=.

=ANISANTHUS.= _See_ =Antholyza=.

=ANISE= (_Pimpinella Anisum_). A hardy annual, occasionally used for garnishing or seasoning. Sow seed, in ordinary garden soil, on a warm sunny border, in May, where it is intended for the plants to remain.

=ANISEED TREE.= _See_ =Illicium=.

=ANISOCHILUS= (from _anisos_, unequal, and _cheilos_, a lip; in reference to the inequality of both lips of calyx and corolla). ORD. _Labiatæ_. A very ornamental genus of stove perennials or biennials. Whorls of flowers densely imbricate into oblong cylindrical spikes; corolla with an exserted, defracted tube, inflated throat, and bilabiate limb. They thrive in any light rich soil. Cuttings will root in a sandy soil under a bell glass, in heat; seeds may be sown in February in heat.

=A. carnosum= (fleshy). _fl._ lilac; whorls densely imbricate into
oblong cylindrical pedunculate spikes. June to September. _l._
petiolate, ovate-roundish, obtuse, crenated, cordate at the base,
thick, fleshy, tomentose on both surfaces. Stem erect. _h._ 2ft.
East Indies, 1788.

=ANISOMELES= (from _anisos_, unequal, and _melos_, a member; in reference to the anthers of the longer stamens being halved). ORD. _Labiatæ_. Ornamental greenhouse or evergreen stove shrubs, herbaceous perennials, or annuals. Whorls sometimes densely many-flowered, at others few, and loose; corolla with upper lip erect, oblong, entire; lower lip larger, spreading, and lateral lobes ovate, obtuse. They are of very easy culture in light rich soil; young cuttings strike freely in spring, in heat, under a bell glass. _A. furcata_ requires little or no artificial heat, but the protection of a bell glass is beneficial. Seeds of _A. ovata_ may be sown in spring, in heat, and, after due hardening off, the seedlings may be planted outside in May.

=A. furcata= (forked).* _fl._ small, elegantly variegated with
white, red, and purple, in loose many-flowered racemose cymes.
July. _l._ petiolate, ovate, acuminated, crenated, cordate at the
base, hispid on both surfaces. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. Nepaul, 1824.

=A. malabarica= (Malabar). _fl._ purplish; whorls distant,
many-flowered, dense. July. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, 2in. to 4in. in
length, obtuse, serrately crenated in the upper part, quite entire
at the base. _h._ 2ft. to 5ft. Tropical Asia, in humid places,
1817. Shrub.

=A. ovata= (ovate-leaved).* _fl._ purple; lower lip of a deeper
colour; whorls many-flowered, lower ones distant, upper ones
interruptedly spicate. August. _l._ ovate, obtuse, broadly
crenated. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Nepaul, 1823. An annual. Habitat
similar to last.

=ANISOMEROUS.= Unequally-parted; unsymmetrical.

=ANISOPETALUM.= _See_ =Bulbophyllum=.

=ANNUALS.= All plants which spring from the seed, flower, and die within the course of a year. A number of things, however, which are not strictly of annual duration, but which are sown every year in preference to housing the roots before they are killed by late autumn or winter frosts, are generally classed, for the sake of convenience, under the head of Annuals. Hardy Annuals are those which require no artificial aid to enable them to develop, but grow and flower freely in the open air. These are best sown in the spots where they are intended to remain during March and April, and care must subsequently be taken to keep the ground clear of weeds, and also to thin out the seedlings, allowing each sufficient room to develop and exhibit its true character. If allowed to remain too crowded, the plants, as a matter of course, suffer, and the size and number of the flowers and the general effect are considerably decreased. Successional sowings of a good many of the showy species will be found to prolong their flowering season. In well-kept establishments, where Annuals are duly appreciated, several sowings are made in pots at intervals of a few weeks. As the previously-sown clumps begin to get shabby, they are removed, and replaced by others which have still to flower. By this means a continual sheet of blossom can be maintained for a long time. It is much better to trust to plants grown in pots in order to carry out the plan just sketched, as these receive no check when placed in their new quarters; whilst transplanted clumps frequently fail, and many species do not transplant at all readily from an open border. In order to secure, in early spring, a fine show of such plants as several of the _Silenes_, _Myosotis_, _Saponaria_, and a number of others, it is best to sow the seeds in an open, sheltered border, about the end of July or beginning of August, taking care to keep a small reserve stock in a cold frame, in case very severe weather kills the unprotected plants. Half-hardy Annuals are those for which our climate is not sufficiently warm, or, rather, our summer is not, as a rule, either hot enough or long enough, to allow them to grow, flower well, and ripen seeds, if sown in the open air. Many of these are amongst the showiest of garden plants, so it is worth while to give them the shelter of a warm frame during their earlier stages, and gradually harden them off, planting out at the end of May or beginning of June, when danger resulting from severe weather is passed. After germination, the seedlings should have plenty of light and air, or a weak, spindly growth, and, as a consequence, poor flowers, will result. The most satisfactory method of watering very tiny seeds is to place a piece of fine muslin over the seed-pot, through which the water will be easily conveyed to the seeds, and thus prevent disturbance. Tender Annuals require the same treatment as the half-hardy ones, except that they need throughout their existence the protection of a glass structure. All, or nearly all, garden Annuals delight in full sunlight and plenty of air. In the open, these requirements, as a rule, obtain, but sometimes mistakes are made under glass by keeping the plants too close and over much shaded, as well as too great a distance from the glass.

=ANNULAR.= Having a ring-like form.

=ANNULATE.= With the appearance of rings.

=ANŒCTOCHILUS= (from _anoiktos_, open, and _cheilos_, a lip; in reference to the spreading apex of the lip). SYNS. _Anecochilus_, _Chrysobaphus_. ORD. _Orchideæ_. Stove terrestrial orchids, the radical leaves of which are the chief attraction, being amongst the most beautiful and delicate objects in the vegetable kingdom. The flowers, which should be pinched off so soon as they appear, are, as a rule, small and unattractive. Few of the species exceed 6in. in height, with leaves from 2in. to 6in. long, including the fleshy petioles. They require a good deal of attention. To one part of silver sand, thoroughly washed twice or three times, add two of sphagnum, which should also be well washed and picked over, when it should be chopped into minute particles, in order that it may freely amalgamate with the sand; mix a little loam and peat with the whole. In the pots, when well drained by first placing a large piece of potsherd over the bottom and nearly half filling up with pieces broken small and of uniform size, place a thin layer of crude sphagnum, afterwards filling firmly with the mixture above mentioned, and bringing it up more or less in the form of a cone above the rim of the pot, into which the plants should be firmly fixed. Plants which have been propagated by division should be carefully transferred to 32-sized pots. About five separate pieces might be placed evenly over the surface. Make holes with a neat dibble, and into these drop the roots their entire length, pressing the soil firmly with the dibble. Fix them so that they may grow inwardly, and not out over the rim of the pots, pegging each creeping root needing such attention firmly down upon the surface of the soil afterwards; after a good soaking, they may be replaced in any warm, shady situation. For propagating, a strong plant is necessary; it may be cut into pieces just below the first joint, each piece having a root. The bottom piece should have two eyes--one to root from, and the other to push into a shoot. The "bottom," or plant which has been cut, should be replaced in its pot, and then put under a bell glass. It will soon throw up a young shoot; this ought to be left on until well rooted, when it may be separated and treated similarly to the portion first removed, still leaving the old part in the pot. These plants must be grown in glass cases, or under bell glasses, but they should always have a little air, for, as Mr. Williams says, when too much confined, they grow up spindly, and damp off in the stem; the latter, being fleshy, requires more substance and sturdiness. Air should be admitted through a space of about 1in. or 2in. The following ranges of temperature are advised: Winter, night, 55deg. to 60deg.; day, 65deg. to 70deg. during March, April, and May; night, 60deg. to 70deg.; and, afterwards, a few degrees higher, with a maximum day temperature of 80deg. Bottom heat should not be given, as it induces a weak, fast growth. Great care will be needed to prevent ravages of insects. The most suitable month for repotting is March, just before growth commences, when the plants will need plenty of water up to October, excepting when it is desirous to utilise them as drawing-room ornaments, in which case they should be kept rather dry for a short time previous. _See also_ =Dossinia=, =Goodyera=, =Hæmeria=, =Macodes=, =Physurus=, and =Zeuxine=.

=A. argenteus pictus= (silvery-painted). A synonym of _Physurus
pictus_.

=A. argyroneurus= (silvery-veined).* _l._ light green, dark
mottled; veins forming a beautiful silvery network. Java.

=A. Boylei= (Boyle's).* _l._ ovate, acuminate, 2in. long and broad,
olive-green, netted and pencilled with gold. India.

=A. Bullenii= (Bullen's).* _l._ 2-1/2 in. long, ground colour
bronzy green, with three broad distinct lines of coppery-red, or
golden stripes running the entire length. Borneo, 1861.

=A. concinnus= (neat). _l._ ovate, acuminate, rounded at base, dark
olive-green, netted and striped with shining coppery-red. Assam.

=A. Dawsonianus= (Dawson's).* _l._ ovate, of a dark velvety, rich
olive-green, traversed by about seven longitudinal copper-coloured
veins; the space on each side of the midrib being filled with fine
reticulations of the same colour. Malay Archipelago, 1868. The
proper name of this plant is _Hæmeria discolor Dawsoniana_.

=A. Dayi= (Day's). A synonym of _Dossinia marmorata Dayi_.

=A. Dominii= (Dominy's). _l._ dark olive-green, streaked down
the centre with pale coppery-yellow, the main ribs marked by
pale lines. Hybrid between _Goodyera discolor_ and _A. Friderici
Augusti_.

=A. Eldorado= (Eldorado). _l._ dark green, with small tracery of a
lighter colour, deciduous. Central America.

=A. Friderici-Augusti= (Frederick Augustus').* _l._ 2-1/2in. long,
and 1-1/2in. broad, dark velvety green, with broad orange and green
stripes down the centre, covered with a beautiful golden network.
_h._ 5in. Very distinct. See Fig. 104. SYN. _A. xanthophyllus_.

=A. Heriotii= (Heriot's). _l._ 3-1/2in. long, 2-1/2in. broad, dark
mahogany-colour, golden-reticulated, and with shadowy network.
India.

=A. hieroglyphicus= (hieroglyphic-marked). _l._ small, dark green,
with hieroglyphic-like, silvery-grey blotches. Assam.

=A. intermedius= (intermediate).* _l._ 2-1/2in. long, and 1-1/2in.
broad, with a silky surface, dark olive, striped and veined with
gold. _h._ 3in. Will succeed with a glass covering, in a stove, if
shaded.

=A. javanicus= (Java). _fl._ pink, small, spicate; scape 9in. high.
_l._ 2in. long, 1-1/2in. broad, dark olive-green, with lighter
blotches and faint golden reticulation, pinkish beneath. Java.

=A. latimaculatus= (broad-spotted).* _l._ dark green, with silvery
markings. Borneo. A distinct and free-growing kind.

=A. Lowii= (Low's).* _l._ 4in. to 5in. long, 3in. broad, dark
velvety-green, shading to orange-brown, lined from base to apex
with deep golden veins, crossed by lines of the same hue. _h._ 6in.
Borneo. The correct name of this plant is _Dossinia marmorata_.

=A. L. virescens= (greenish).* _l._ brighter green, with brighter
markings over the whole surface.

=A. Ordianus= (Ordi's).* _l._ shape and habit of _A. Dawsonianus_,
but the colour is a vivid green, and lined with golden veins. Java,
1869. The proper name of this plant is _Hæmeria discolor Ordiana_.

=A. pictus= (painted). A synonym of _Physurus pictus_.

=A. querceticola= (forest-dwelling). A synonym of _Physurus
querceticolus_.

=A. regalis= (royal).* King Plant. _l._ 2in. long, 1-1/2in. broad;
surface a beautiful velvety green, veined in regular lines, and
covered with a network of gold. _h._ 4in. Java, 1836. If examined
with a lens in sunshine, the beauty of the network will be plainly
seen. SYN. _A. setaceus_ (of gardens). There are several varieties,
the best of which are:

=A. r. cordatus= (heart-shaped). _l._ rounder, and gold markings
broader. Very rare.

=A. r. grandifolius= (large-leaved).* _l._ light green, beautifully
laced and banded with a network of gold. Also rare.

=A. r. inornatus= (unadorned). _l._ dark rich velvety, with a few
slight markings, destitute of the golden reticulation. Java.

=A. Reinwardtii= (Reinwardt's).* _l._ rich, deep velvety-bronze,
intersected with bright golden lines. Java.

=A. Roxburghii= (Roxburgh's).* _l._ 2-1/2in. long, 1-1/2in. broad,
dark velvety-green, striated with well-defined lines of silver.
_h._ 3in. India. The true species is very rare; several are sold as
such.

=A. Ruckerii= (Rucker's).* _l._ broadly ovate-bronzy-green, with
six rows of distinct spots running from base to apex. Borneo, 1861.

=A. setaceus= (bristly). A garden synonym of _A. regalis_.

=A. striatus= (striated). A synonym of _Zeuxine regia_.

=A. Turneri= (Turner's).* _l._ large, rich bronze, freely
golden-reticulated. One of the handsomest; a very free grower.

=A. Veitchii= (Veitch's). A synonym of _Macodes Petola_.

=A. xanthophyllus= (yellow-leaved). A synonym of _A.
Friderici-Augusti_.

=A. zebrinus= (striped).* _l._ ovate-lanceolate, deep olive green,
with copper-coloured veins. India, 1863. Dwarf and elegant.

=ANOMATHECA= (from _anomos_, singular, and _theca_, a capsule, or seed-pod). ORD. _Irideæ_. Very pretty little bulbous perennials. Perianth hypocrateriform; tube triquetrous, constricted at the throat. The species are hardy when planted in warm sunny situations in the open border. Their dwarf stature, brilliance, profusion of flowers, and habit of blossoming continuously over a long period, render them very popular subjects amongst growers of hardy perennials. Although generally credited with being hardy, when cultivated out of doors they should be lifted and stored in frost-proof quarters before winter commences, until the following March. They are excellent as window garden plants, and also for pot culture. If grown in pots, they should be shaken out, and repotted in February or March. They multiply very rapidly, and may be divided in patches, not by single bulbs, once yearly. Light sandy loam, mixed with a little leaf mould, is the best compost. Anomathecas are sometimes increased by seed, which may be sown so soon as ripe, very thinly, in seed pans. Thin out the seedlings if growing very close together; the next season they may be put out four or five in a pot. When they become crowded, shift into a much larger pot, but do not disturb the ball. The young seedlings will probably produce flowers the second season.

=A. cruenta= (bloody).* _fl._ rich carmine-crimson; perianth
segments elliptical, three lower ones broader than the others,
with a dark blotch at the base; tube long, whitish; scapes secund,
bearing about five or six flowers. Summer and autumn. _l._
two-ranked, about 1/2in. broad, sword-shape, somewhat tapering.
Bulb ovate, rather large. _h._ 6in. to 12in. Cape of Good Hope,
1830.

=A. juncea= (rushy). _fl._ very bright pink, with a dark spot at
the base, produced in profusion. The leaves are narrower than those
of the foregoing. Cape of Good Hope, 1791. A rare species.

=ANONA= (_Anona_ is the name applied to these plants in St. Domingo). Custard Apple. ORD. _Anonaceæ_. Stove evergreen shrubs, with fragrant leaves. Petals six, in two rows. Carpels indefinite, joined into one fleshy, many-celled, edible, roundish fruit, with a muricated, scaly, or reticulated skin. Anonas thrive best in rich loamy soil, mixed with a little peat. Ripened cuttings, with leaves intact, will root if inserted in sand and placed under a hand glass, in a moist heat. When seeds are procurable, they should be sown in pots, and plunged into a hotbed.

=A. Cherimolia= (The Cherimoyer). _fl._ outer petals somewhat
concave, linear-oblong, brown on the outside, each marked with a
dark spot at the base; peduncles opposite the leaves, solitary.
July. _fr._ somewhat globose and scaly, dark purple; esteemed by
the Peruvians as one of their most delicate, and as being not
inferior to any fruit in the world. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, not
dotted; under surface silky tomentose, strong scented. _h._ 20ft.
Peru, 1739.

=A. glabra= (smooth-fruited).* _fl._ outer petals ovate, obtuse,
brown; calyx leathery, large; peduncles opposite the leaves,
two-flowered. July. _fr._ greenish-yellow, conoid, blunt, smooth.
_l._ ovate-lanceolate, smooth. _h._ 10ft. West Indies, 1774.

=A. longifolia= (long-leaved). _fl._ purplish; outer petals
concave, thick, all acute, large, axillary, solitary, stalked. May.
_fr._ ovate-globose, dotted, and reticulated, flesh-coloured. _l._
oblong, acuminated, mucronate, smooth. _h._ 20ft. Guiana, 1820.

=A. muricata= (muricated-fruited).* The Sour Sop. _fl._ outer
petals cordate, concave, thick, acuminated, green on the outside,
yellow inside, and spotted; peduncles solitary, one-flowered,
sweet-scented. _fr._ muricated, with fleshy points, green. _l._
ovate-lanceolate, smooth, shining. _h._ 15ft. West Indies, 1656.

=A. palustris= (marsh). Alligator Apple; Cork-wood. _fl._ yellow;
petals all acute. _fr._ rather areolate, large, heart-shaped,
sweet-scented. _l._ ovate-oblong, leathery, quite smooth. _h._
10ft. to 20ft. South America, 1788.

=A. reticulata= (netted). The Custard Apple, or Bullock's Heart.
_fl._ outer petals oblong-lanceolate, acute, somewhat concave at
the base, brownish on the outside, whitish-yellow on the inside,
marked with dark purple spots. _fr._ ovate-globose, reticulate,
as large as a tennis ball, with yellowish soft flesh; it is much
esteemed by some people. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, acute, smooth,
somewhat dotted. _h._ 15ft. to 25ft. Brazil, 1690.

=A. squamosa= (scaly). Sweet Sop. _fl._, outer petals
linear-oblong, somewhat concave at the base, nearly closing,
greenish-yellow. _fr._ egg-shaped, scaly. _l._ oblong, bluntish,
smooth, full of pellucid dots, rather glaucous beneath. _h._ 20ft.
South America, 1739.

=ANONACEÆ.= An order of trees or shrubs, mostly tropical, with axillary peduncles, lateral or opposite the leaves, and with alternate, simple, entire or hardly toothed leaves, without stipules. _Anona_ is the typical genus.

=ANONYMO.= A synonym of =Saururus= (which _see_).

=ANONYMOS BRACTEATA.= _See_ =Zornia tetraphylla=.

=ANOPLANTHUS= (in part). A synonym of =Phelipæa= (which _see_).

=ANOPLOPHYTUM.= _See_ =Schlumbergeria= and =Tillandsia=.

=ANOPTERUS= (from _ano_, upwards, and _pteron_, a wing; in reference to the seeds, which are winged at the apex). ORD. _Saxifrageæ_. A very handsome greenhouse evergreen shrub, having a free branching habit, large dark shining green leaves, and long panicles of salver-shaped flowers. It would probably prove quite hardy in the south and west of England, and parts of Scotland, provided it had a slight winter protection. It grows well in sandy loam and peat. When grown in pots, it requires plenty of room and water. Half-ripened cuttings root freely under a bell glass in a cool house or frame in summer.

=A. glandulosa= (glandular).* _fl._ white, rose tinted, large;
racemes erect, simple, terminal. April, May. _l._ alternate, rarely
nearly opposite, ovate-oblong, attenuated at both ends, nearly
sessile, leathery, toothed. _h._ 3ft. Van Diemen's Land, 1823.

=ANSELLIA= (named after Mr. Ansell, the botanical collector who accompanied the ill-fated Niger Expedition). ORD. _Orchidaceæ_. Strong growing, free flowering stove epiphytal orchids. Best grown in large pots, as they produce a quantity of roots. They require a compost of turfy peat, with moderate drainage. An ample supply of water during the growing season is needed; but care must be taken not to let any remain in the heart of the plants, as they are very likely to rot. During the season of rest, little or no water, but a damp atmosphere, are the chief requirements. Propagated by divisions of the bulbs just after flowering.

=A. africana= (African).* _fl._, sepals and petals nearly 2in.
long, greenish yellow, spotted with brownish red; lip small,
yellow; spikes large, drooping, branched, each sometimes bearing
nearly a hundred blooms. Stems 3ft. to 4ft. high, with light
evergreen foliage. Fernando Po, 1844. Lasts two months in
perfection.

=A. a. gigantea= (gigantic).* _fl._ on upright spikes from the top
of the pseudo-bulbs, but smaller, of a light yellow tint, with
very few narrow, transverse, brown bars, and a deep yellow lip,
without warts of any kind on its middle lobe, and with more or less
crenulated keels. Natal, 1847. The perfume is very peculiar. Very
rare.

=A. a. lutea= (yellow). Not so strong a grower; producing clusters
of light yellow flowers from the top of the pseudo-bulbs. Natal.

=A. a. nilotica= (Nile district).* As a garden plant this is
much superior to the type. The habit is dwarfer, the colours of
the flowers brighter and more distinctly defined. The sepals and
petals, too, are more spreading. Eastern Africa.

=ANSERINA.= _See_ =Potentilla anserina=.

=ANTENNÆ.= Two movable, articulated organs attached to the heads of insects and crustacea, commonly called "horns" or "feelers." They are variable in form and length. Antennæ seem to serve for touch, and, perhaps, for smell and hearing.

=ANTENNARIA= (from _antennæ_; in reference to the similarity which exists between the seed down of the plant and the antennæ, or feelers, of an insect). ORD. _Compositæ_. Hardy herbaceous perennials, distinguished by the dry, coloured, chaffy scales encircling each head of flowers, of which the stamens and pistils are on different plants. These are charming little alpine plants, admirably adapted for rockwork, pots, edgings, or borders, in any light soil. Propagated by divisions of the roots in spring, and seeds; the latter should be sown in spring in a cold frame. Grown chiefly for their leaves.

=A. dioica= (diœcious).* _fl.-heads_ pink, in crowded corymbs, 3in.
to 4in. high. June. _l._ radical ones spathulate, woolly chiefly
beneath; upper ones lanceolate. Stems simple; shoots procumbent.
Britain. The two or three varieties of this pretty species exceed
the type in beauty. SYN. _Gnaphalium dioicum_.

=A. d. hyperborea= (northern). _l._ woolly on both surfaces.

=A. d. minima= (smallest).* A very small growing variety.

=A. margaritacea= (pearly).* _fl.-heads_ white, corymbose. August.
_l._ linear-lanceolate, acute, alternate, cottony, especially
beneath. Stems branched above. _h._ 2ft. Naturalised in England
and on the Continent. Said to have been introduced from America
about the sixteenth century. The prettier but much rarer _A.
triplinervis_, from Nepaul, comes close to this species. See Fig.
105.

=A. tomentosa= (downy).* _fl.-heads_ corymbose. Summer. One of the
dwarfest and best of silvery-leaved plants, either as an edging for
small beds or for covering the higher portions of rockwork; it is
much used in carpet bedding. It scarcely grows more than 1in. high,
and forms a dense carpet in a short space of time. It should be
grown separate from other plants. It is frequently known under the
name of _A. candida_.

=ANTERIOR.= Placed in front, or outwards.

=ANTHEMIS= (from _anthemon_, a flower; referring to their general floriferous character). Camomile. ORD. _Compositæ_. Receptacle convex, chaffy. Involucre hemispherical or nearly flat; scales imbricated, membranaceous at the margin. Pappus none; ray florets ligulate; disk tubular. This is a large genus, principally of medicinal value, and contains very few species worth the cultivator's trouble. Of easy culture in any ordinary soil. Propagated by divisions.

=A. Aizoon= (Aizoon).* _fl.-heads_ resembling a white Daisy;
florets of the ray fourteen to eighteen, trifid, twice as long as
the breadth of the disk. Summer. _l._ lanceolate, or broadly so,
acutely and deeply serrated, narrowed towards the base, covered
with white down; lower ones crowded; stem-leaves rather acute,
gradually lessening in size. _h._ 2in. to 4in. Northern Greece.
Free grower, dwarf, and compact.

=A. Biebersteinii= (Bieberstein's).* _fl.-heads_ yellow. Summer.
_l._ pinnately divided into linear three-lobed segments, which are
covered with white silky pubescence. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Caucasus.

=A. Chamomilla fl. pl.= _See_ =Matricaria=.

=A. nobilis= (noble). Common Chamomile. _fl.-heads_ solitary; disk
yellow; ray white; scales of the receptacle membranaceous, scarcely
longer than the disk. _l._ bipinnate, segments linear-subulate, a
little downy. Stem procumbent, and much branched. England. A very
strong smelling plant, of great medicinal value. For culture, _see_
=Chamomile=.

=A. tinctoria= (dyer's). _fl._ bright yellow, in large heads.
July and August. _l._ bipinnatifid, serrate, downy beneath. Stem
angular. _h._ 1-1/2ft. England. A very pretty plant.

=ANTHER.= The male part of a flower containing the pollen.

=ANTHERICUM= (from _anthos_, a flower and _kerkos_, a hedge; in reference to the tall flower stems). SYN. _Phalangium_. ORD. _Liliaceæ_. A large genus, belonging to the capsular group of the order, and inhabiting, for the most part, the Cape of Good Hope. Flowers white, racemose or panicled, scapose; perianth segments either spreading from near the base or campanulately united; stamens short, with naked or bearded filaments. Leaves radical, filiform or linear. The hardy varieties are now extensively grown, and are among the most ornamental of border plants. They thrive best in rich light soil, and are excellent subjects for pot culture; for which purpose use a compost of fibrous loam, leaf mould, or well-decayed manure, and coarse sand. The pots should be about 12in. across, well drained, and the plants potted just previous to, or so soon as, growth commences. During activity, plenty of water is needed, until the plants have finished flowering, when the quantity may be lessened; but never allow them to get dry. Propagated by division of the roots or seeds, sowing the latter, as early as possible after they are ripe, in a cold frame.

=A. graminifolium= (grass-leaved). A garden name of _A. ramosum_.

=A. Hookeri= (Hooker's). _See_ =Chrysobactron Hookeri=.

=A. Liliago= (Liliago).* St. Bernard's Lily. _fl._ pure white, 1in.
to 1-1/2in. across; perianth segments spreading; style curved. May
to August. _l._ tufted, narrow, channelled, 12in. to 18in. high.
South Europe, 1596. A very free flowering species, of which there
is a _major_ variety in gardens. SYNS. _Phalangium_ and _Watsonia
Liliago_.

=A. Liliastrum= (Liliaster).* St. Bruno's Lily. _fl._ much larger
than the last, 2in. long, and as much across, fragrant, of a
transparent whiteness, with a delicate green spot on the point
of each segment, campanulate, arranged in loose spikes. Early
summer. _l._ long, narrow, six or eight to each plant, about 1ft.
to 2ft. long, _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. South Europe, 1629. SYNS. _Czackia
Liliastrum_ and _Paradisia Liliastrum_ (this is the correct name).
See Fig. 106.

=A. L. major= (greater). _fl._ about 1in. larger than the type.
_h._ about 6ft. A very desirable border plant.

=A. ramosum= (branched).* _fl._ white, rather smaller than those
of _A. Liliago_; perianth segments narrow and spreading; style
straight; flower stems much branched. June. _l._ long, narrow,
channelled, grass-like. _h._ 2ft. South Europe, 1570. A rapid
grower. SYN. _A. graminifolium_ (of gardens).

=A. serotinum= (late-flowering). _See_ =Lloydia=.

=A. variegatum= (variegated). _l._ keeled, grass-like, striped and
margined with white. South Africa, 1875. Half hardy. The proper
name of this plant is _Chlorophytum elatum variegatum_. SYNS. _A.
Williamsii_ and _Phalangium argenteo-lineare_.

=A. Williamsii= (Williams'). Synonymous with _A. variegatum_.

=ANTHERIDIA.= The reproductive organs in cryptogamic plants, analogous to anthers in flowering plants.

=ANTHERIFEROUS.= Bearing anthers.

=ANTHESIS.= The opening period of flowers.

=ANTHOCARPOUS.= Bearing a fruit resulting from many flowers.

=ANTHOCERCIS= (from _anthos_, a flower, and _kerkis_, a ray; in reference to the radiated corolla). ORD. _Solanaceæ_. Handsome greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with alternate leaves, attenuated into the petioles or base, thick, sometimes glandularly dotted. Flowers axillary, generally solitary; corolla campanulate. Cuttings strike freely in sand under a bell glass, with a mild bottom heat. So soon as they have well rooted, pot off into very small pots in two-thirds good loam and one of peat. After having made a little headway, the leading shoots should be pinched off, to induce a lateral growth; they may be transferred to pots a size larger when the roots have filled the first pot. Continue growing throughout the summer in frames or in the greenhouse, near the glass, allowing plenty of air. Vigorous growth should be checked; thus encouraging bushy plants.

=A. albicans= (whitish-leaved).* _fl._ white, streaked with
bluish-purple inside the tube, fragrant; petals longer than the
tube. April. _l._ oblong, obtuse, densely tomentose on both
surfaces, as well as the branches. _h._ 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. New South
Wales, 1824.

=A. floribunda= (many-flowered). _fl._ white. _h._ 3ft. New South
Wales.

=A. ilicifolia= (Holly-leaved). _fl._ yellowish green. June. _h._
6ft. Swan River, 1843.

=A. littorea= (shore). _fl._ white. June. _h._ 3ft. New Holland,
1803.

=A. viscosa= (clammy).* _fl._ large, white. May. _l._ obovate,
glandularly dotted with scabrous margins; young leaves and branches
clothed with fine down. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. New Holland, 1822.

=ANTHOLOMA= (from _anthos_, a flower, and _loma_, a fringe; in allusion to the fringed or crenulated limb of the corolla). ORD. _Tiliaceæ_. A very fine greenhouse evergreen tree; it thrives best in a light loamy soil, mixed with a little peat. Cuttings of ripened wood will strike root in sand, under a hand glass.

=A. montana= (mountain).* _fl._ white; corolla ovately cylindrical,
with a crenate, rather toothed margin; racemes axillary, somewhat
umbellate, reflexed. May. _l._ elliptical-oblong, leathery,
stalked, scattered at the top of the branchlets. _h._ 20ft. New
Caledonia, 1810.

=ANTHOLYZA= (from _anthos_, a flower, and _lyssa_, rage; in reference to the opening of the flowers, which resemble the mouth of an enraged animal). SYN. _Petamenes_. Including _Anisanthus_. ORD. _Irideæ_. A very pretty genus of bulbous plants from the Cape of Good Hope, having narrow, erect, Iris-like leaves, and flower-spikes that over-top the foliage, bearing numerous bright-coloured flowers. Perianth tubular, six-cleft, unequal, the upper segments longest; stamens three. The species may be grown in a greenhouse, or planted out in a frame. They also thrive excellently out of doors, and should be planted 8in. or 9in. deep for fear of frost, or have a winter protection of several inches of cocoa-nut fibre refuse or litter. The safer plan is to raise the roots, winter them in some dry part of the greenhouse; but, previous to storing, divide the clumps, clean them, and re-plant or pot in February, or early in March. A mixture of equal parts peat, sandy loam, and leaf soil is most suitable for their culture. Just previous to flowering, if in pots, frequent doses of weak manure water will be found beneficial. They may be propagated by offsets, which are produced in abundance, at almost any time. Seeds are sometimes procured, which should be sown so soon as ripe, in light soil, in a cool house, where they will germinate the following spring, and will be fit to plant out in the summer of the same year. With the exception of _A. Cunonia_, they all much resemble each other. Only four or five species of this genus are worth cultivating.

=A. æthiopica= (Æthiopian).* _fl._ scarlet and green. June. _h._
3ft. 1759. SYNS. _A. floribunda_, _A. præalta_.

=A. æ. ringens= (gaping). _fl._ red and yellow, rather smaller than
those of the type. SYN. _A. vittigera_.

=A. bicolor= (two-coloured). Synonymous with _A. Cunonia_.

=A. caffra= (Caffrarian).* _fl._ rich scarlet; spike distichous,
many-flowered. June. _l._ long, linear, or linear-ensiform. _h._
2ft. 1828. A very showy and pretty species, but rarely seen in our
gardens. SYN. _Anisanthus splendens_.

=A. Cunonia= (Cunon's).* _fl._ scarlet and black, a combination of
colours uncommon among bulbous plants; spikes secund. June. _h._
2ft. 1756. SYN. _Anisanthus Cunonia_.

=A. floribunda= (much-flowered). A synonym of _A. æthiopica_.

=A. præalta= (very tall). Synonymous with _A. æthiopica_.

=A. vittigera= (glandular). Synonymous with _A. æ. ringens_.

=ANTHOMYIA.= _See_ =Beet Fly=, =Cabbage Fly=, and =Onion Fly=.

=ANTHONOMUS.= _See_ =Grubs=.

=ANTHOSPERMUM= (from _anthos_, a flower, and _sperma_, a seed). Amber Tree. ORD. _Rubiaceæ_. An ornamental greenhouse evergreen shrub from the Cape of Good Hope. It thrives in peat, loam, and sand, with a summer temperature of 50deg. to 65deg., and winter, 40deg. to 45deg. Increased by cuttings, in sand, under a bell glass. There are above twenty other species belonging to this genus.

=A. æthiopicum= (Æthiopian).* _fl._ diœcious, male brownish, and
the female ones green, disposed in verticillate spikes. June.
_l._ linear-lanceolate, three in a whorl, shining above, glabrous
beneath, about 1/4in. long. Stem much branched, downy above. _h._
2ft. to 3ft. 1692.

=ANTHOTAXIS.= The arrangement of flowers on an inflorescence.

=ANTHOXANTHUM= (from _anthos_, a flower, and _xanthus_, yellow). Spring Grass. Calyx of two valves, glumaceous, one-flowered; corolla double, each of two valves: the exterior awned; the interior small, awnless; stamens two, not three, as is usually the case with grasses. ORD. _Gramineæ_. A pretty native hardy perennial, of easy culture in common garden soil.

=A. odoratum= (sweet). _fl._ panicle spiked, oblong, dense,
becoming dullish yellow. _l._ short, pale green. _h._ 1ft. The
pleasant smell of new-made Hay is chiefly owing to this plant,
which in drying emits an odour similar to that of _Asperula
odorata_. See Fig. 107.

=ANTHURIUM= (from _anthos_, a flower, and _oura_, a tail; referring to the inflorescence). ORD. _Aroideæ_. Flowers densely disposed on a cylindrical spadix, at the base of which is a large bract-like spathe, that ultimately bends backwards. Leaves of various shapes. This very large genus of handsome stove and greenhouse plants is remarkable both for the peculiar inflorescence and often noble leaves, and is distinguished in structure from all the European members of the order in the flowers being hermaphrodite. Fibry peat, loam, sphagnum, broken crocks, or charcoal, and silver sand, form the most suitable compost. In preparing the peat, it should be broken up into small lumps, and then have most of the earthy matter knocked out of it by giving it a few raps with a stick, or by shaking it about in a sieve. To this, after so treated, add about one-fourth its bulk of sphagnum, and about half its bulk of fibrous loam, and just a sprinkling of fresh broken crocks, or small pieces of charcoal and sharp silver sand. In placing them in the pots--which must be well drained--carefully spread out the roots and work the mixture among them, keeping the plant well up, so that when finished it stands clear above the rim of the pot at least 2in. or 3in., and forms a kind of mound or hillock. They must then be kept freely syringed or watered, and placed in a moist atmosphere, where they can enjoy a temperature ranging between 60deg. and 70deg., or a few degrees lower for the less tender species. Raising plants from seed requires patience. About a year elapses from the time the flowers are fertilised--which should be done artificially--before the seed ripens, and often another to get up plants. Sow as soon as ripe in shallow, well-drained pans or pots, filled with the potting mixture, and cover slightly, and place in a close, moist propagating case, where a temperature of from 75deg. to 85deg. is maintained, or they may be covered with bell glasses. The principal thing is to keep the air about them constantly humid, and the material in which they are sown in a uniformly moist condition; if this is done, the young seedlings will make their appearance in due course. When these are of sufficient size to handle, they should be pricked off in the same sort of compost, and be kept close and moist till they get a start, after which gradually inure them to more air. January is the best month of the year wherein to propagate these plants by divisions. This is done by carefully turning them out of their pots and shaking out what soil they have amongst their roots, which must be tenderly dealt with, so as not to bruise or injure them. This done, they may then be pulled apart, and as many plants made as there are separate crowns, or the mass may be simply halved or quartered, according to the stock required. Treat now as recommended above for potting. They are all moisture-loving plants, and must have a copious supply of water at all times, although, of course, much less during the winter than spring and summer months. There is no season of the year when they can be handled for any purpose with less risk or check than January. A moderate moist stove heat is advisable for them generally. The species enumerated are selected from nearly 150, and will be found to be a very representative collection. _See also_ =Spathiphyllum=.

=A. acaule= (stemless).* _fl._, spadix blue in a young state, borne
on long footstalks, sweetly scented. Spring. _l._ broad, oblong,
acuminate, 1ft. to 3ft. in length, erect, arranged in a rosulate
manner, dark shining green on the upper surface, somewhat paler
beneath. West Indies, 1853. A noble species.

=A. Andreanum= (André's).* _fl._, spadix about 3in. long,
yellowish, with a broad central band of white; spathe open,
cordate-ovate, orange red, leathery, 3in. to 4in. across,
and 6in. to 9in. long; surface irregularly corrugated. _l._
ovate-lanceolate, deeply cordate, green. Columbia, 1876. A very
beautiful species. See Fig. 108.

=A. Bakeri= (Baker's).* _fl._, spathe small, green, reflexed; the
spadix, wherein lies the plant's principal beauty, exhibits a
lovely combination of pink and bright scarlet; the fleshy rachis
being pink, and the pea-sized fruits bright scarlet. July. _l._
linear, leathery, green, with stout midribs. Costa Rica, 1872.

=A. cordifolium= (cordate-leaved).* _l._ 3ft. long and 20in. broad,
heart-shaped, deep shining green on the upper surface, and paler
below. _h._ 4ft. New Grenada. One of the best, and may be grown in
a greenhouse or even in a sheltered spot of the sub-tropical garden
during July and August. _A. Browni_, although quite distinct, comes
close to this species.

=A. coriaceum= (leathery).* _l._ very thick, leathery, ovate,
about 2ft. long; petioles stout, about the same length. Brazil. An
admirable sub-tropical species.

=A. crystallinum= (crystalline).* _l._ large, ovate-cordate,
acuminate, bright rich velvety green, principal veins elegantly
banded with pure crystal white; when young, the leaves are violet
colour; petioles terete. _h._ 2ft. Columbia. See Fig. 109.

=A. cuspidatum= (cuspidate). _fl._, spathe crimson, reflexed,
shorter than the purplish spadix. _l._ ovate-oblong, acuminate,
10in. to 20in. long, green. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Columbia.

_A. ferrierense_ (Ferrières).* _fl._, spathe cordate, about 5in.
long, and 4in. wide, bright red; spadix erect, about 4in. long,
ivory white. _l._ large, cordate. A handsome hybrid between _A.
ornatum_ and _A. Andreanum_.

=A. fissum= (cut-leaved). _fl._, spathe green, erect, narrowly
lanceolate-acuminate. _l._ cut into four to seven elliptic
oblong-acuminate segments, green; petioles longish, terete. _h._
2ft. Columbia, 1868.

=A. Harrisii pulchrum= (beautiful).* _fl._, spathe
linear-lanceolate, creamy white, deflexed, and pinkish at top;
spadix erect, deep crimson; scape about 1ft. long, pale green. _l._
lanceolate, rounded at the base, pale green, with confluent white
markings intermixed with dark green. Stem short. Brazil, 1882. A
beautiful variegated plant. The typical _A. Harrisii_ is extremely
rare.

=A. Hookeri= (Hooker's). _fl._, spathe green; spadix green or
violet. _l._ obovate-spathulate, narrowed to a wedge-shaped base,
and shortly stalked, shining, about 30in. long and 8in. broad. _h._
3ft. Tropical America, 1840. SYNS. _A. Huegelii_, _Pothos acaulis_.

=A. Huegelii= (Huegel's). A synonym of _A. Hookeri_.

=A. insigne= (showy).* _l._ three-lobed, middle lobe lanceolate,
the two lateral ones are nearly ovate, and have from three to five
longitudinal ribs; when young, the leaves have a bronzy tinge;
petioles terete, slightly sheathing at the base. Columbia, 1881. A
very handsome species.

=A. Kalbreyeri= (Kalbreyer's).* _l._ palmate, about 2-1/2ft.
across; leaflets nine, obovate-oblong, acuminate, sinuate, thick,
glabrous, rich deep green, those furthest from the stem are much
larger than those next the axis; petiole cylindrical, thickened at
the top. New Grenada, 1881. A very handsome climbing species.

=A. lanceolatum= (lanceolate). _fl._, spathe lanceolate, deflexed,
yellowish green; spadix dark brown. _l._ lanceolate, stalked,
green, 1ft. long, narrowed to the base. There appears to be much
confusion as regards this and many varieties of _A. Harrisii_;
and the specific designation is indiscriminately applied to
lanceolate-leaved forms generally. The true species was introduced
to Kew from the West Indies. SYN. _A. Wildenowii_.

=A. leuconeurum= (white-nerved). Green. Mexico, 1862.

=A. Lindenianum= (Linden's).* _fl._ fragrant, spathe very pretty,
white, not reflexed, but the pointed apex slightly arches over
and shelters the white or purplish spadix. October. _l._ deeply
cordate, of a roundish outline; petioles long. _h._ 3ft. Columbia,
1866. SYN. _A. Lindigi_ (of gardens).

=A. Lindigi= (Lindig's). A garden synonym of _A. Lindenianum_.

=A. macrolobum= (large-lobed).* _l._ large, deflexed, cordate,
acuminate, with an open sinus at the base, and about three acute
marginal lobes, dark green, marked with about five pale green ribs;
petioles green, terete. Stem erect, short. A fine hybrid.

=A. nymphæifolium= (Nymphæa-leaved). _fl._, spathe white; spadix
purplish. Venezuela, 1854.

=A. ornatum= (adorned).* _fl._, spathe linear-oblong, white,
5in. to 6in. long, on terete green scapes, enclosing cylindrical
purplish spadices of about the same length as the spathes, and
studded with white points arranged spirally. Spring. _l._ ovate
or oblong-cordate, on slender terete petioles. _h._ 2-1/2ft.
Venezuela, 1869.

=A. regale= (royal).* _l._ large, cordate-acuminate, 1ft. to 3ft.
long, dull metallic green, with white veins; young leaves tinged
with rose, on long smooth footstalks. East Peru, 1866. An excellent
species for conservatory or window decoration during summer.

=A. Scherzerianum= (Scherzer's).* _fl._ on bright red peduncles,
which spring from among the base of the leafstalks; spathe
ovate-oblong, 3in. long and nearly 2in. broad, intense and
brilliant scarlet; spadix orange coloured. _l._ oblong-lanceolate,
12in. to 18in. long, and 2in. or more broad, deep rich green,
leathery. Costa Rica. A very compact dwarf-growing evergreen about
1ft. high. It continues in beauty about four months. See Fig. 110.

=A. S. album= (white). A synonym of _A. Scherzerianum Williamsii_.

=A. S. maximum= (greater).* A very fine variety, with "gigantic
flower spathes, which measure about 9in. in length by 4in. in
breadth, and are of the most brilliant scarlet colour." See Fig.
111.

=A. S. pygmæum= (small).* Altogether smaller than the type, with
narrow leaves, which are from 4in. to 6in. long, and about 1/2in.
broad. It is one of the best varieties, and produces flowers very
freely. 1880.

=A. S. Rothschildianum= (Rothschild's). _fl._, spathe creamy white,
spotted with crimson; spadix yellow. 1880. Exactly intermediate
between its parent plants--the typical species and the following
variety.

=A. S. Wardii= (Ward's).* _fl._, spathe 6in. long, 4in. broad, very
brilliant. _l._ broader and more robust than those of the typical
species. A splendid variety.

=A. S. Williamsii= (Williams's).* _fl._, spathe white; spadix
yellowish. May. _l._ lanceolate-acuminate. Costa Rica, 1874. SYN.
_A. Scherzerianum album_.

=A. signatum= (well-marked). _l._ apparently three-lobed; front
lobe about 1ft. long and 4in. wide; the two side ones 4in. long,
and about 6in. from the midrib to the extremity, dark green;
petioles about 1ft. long. Venezuela, 1858.

=A. spathiphyllum= (Spathiphyllum). _fl._, spathe about 1-3/4in.
long, and nearly as much broad, erect, boat-shaped, broadly ovate,
white; spadix nearly 1in. long, very obtuse, pale yellow. _l._
narrow lanceolate, 16in. to 24in. long, and about 2in. wide, bright
green above, pale greyish green beneath; midrib prominent; petiole
3in. to 6in. long, trigonous. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Tropical America, 1875.

=A. splendidum= (splendid).* _l._ cordate, with an open sinus,
the lobes meeting behind; "the course of the nerves is marked by
a broadish band of deep lustrous velvety green, the intervening
spaces of about equal width being in striking contrast, of a pale
yellowish green; the leaf surface is scabrous, and the portions
between the ribs strongly bullate, as if raised in papillose
blisters; the veins on the under surface are angular, with
tooth-like projections at intervals, while the whole under surface
is punctuated with small pallid dots" (W. Bull). Stem short, thick.
South America, 1882. A very beautiful species, quite distinct from
any others of the genus. See Fig. 112.

=A. subsignatum= (nearly allied to Signatum).* _l._ thick and
fleshy, hastate, with blunt points, 12in. to 18in. long, and as
much in breadth at the widest part; dark shining green above, paler
beneath; petioles about 1ft. long. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Costa Rica, 1861.
An excellent species.

=A. tetragonum= (four-angled). _l._ erect, commences very
narrow, 1ft. wide at its broadest part; margins undulate, deep
shining green on the upper surface, paler below; petioles short,
quadrangular. Tropical America, 1860. An excellent sub-tropical
species.

=A. triumphans= (superior). _fl._, spathe narrow, green; spadix
stout, greenish-white; peduncle quadrangular. _l._ alternate,
elongately cordate, bright green; ribs prominent, and of a paler
hue. Stem erect. Brazil, 1882. A handsome plant.

=A. Veitchii= (Veitch's).* _l._ ovate-oblong, greatly elongated,
2ft. to 3ft. long, with a breadth of less than one-third of these
dimensions, leathery, deep green, with a glossy metallic surface
when first expanded that becomes paler with age; the principal
nerves are arched and deeply sunk, imparting a curiously waved
appearance to the surface. _h._ 2-1/2ft. Columbia, 1877. Rare but
very handsome.

=A. Waluiewi= (Walujew's).* _l._ broadly cordate, 12in. to 14in.
long, 8in. to 10in. broad, olive metallic green, when young, bright
reddish crimson; petioles four to five-angled. _h._ 2ft. Venezuela,
1880. A very distinct and noble species.

=A. Waroqueanum= (Waroque's).* _l._ elongated, from 24in. to
sometimes 36in. long, and 8in. to 11in. broad, very rich deep
green, of a velvety lustre; midribs and veins light, forming a very
pleasing contrast. Columbia, 1878. A very free grower.

=A. Wildenowii= (Wildenow's). A synonym of _A. lanceolatum_.

It may be here remarked that by far the majority of species
enumerated in the _Supplement_ of Johnson's Dictionary are
chiefly of botanical interest, and will, therefore, never become
extensively cultivated.

=ANTHYLLIS= (from _anthos_, a flower, and _ioulos_, down; flowers usually downy). Kidney Vetch. ORD. _Leguminosæ_. Herbaceous or sub-shrubby plants, of variable habit. Flowers in spikes or heads; calyx tubular, five toothed, permanent after flowering, more or less inflated. Petals nearly equal. Although not extensively grown, all the species are very beautiful when in flower, the hardy sorts being admirably adapted for rockwork. The herbaceous perennials may be easily propagated by seed or division. The seeds of the annual kinds should be sown in a rather dry, warm situation in the open ground. The shrubby evergreens will need the protection of a frame or cool greenhouse in cold northern climates, and are best grown in a mixture of loam, sand, and peat. Young cuttings of most species will root in a pot of sandy soil, with a bell glass placed over them, in a cool house or frame.

=A. Barba-Jovis= (Jupiter's beard).* _fl._ pale yellow, numerous,
in globose, bracteate heads. March. _l._ pinnate, and are as well
as the branches, clothed with silky tomentum; leaflets nine to
thirteen, oblong-linear. _h._ 4ft. to 8ft. Spain, 1640. Shrub.

=A. erinacea= (prickly).* _fl._ bluish-purple; heads few flowered,
on short peduncles, bracteate. April. _l._ very few, oval, or
oblong. _h._ 6in. to 12in. Spain, 1759. A much branched, spiny,
almost leafless, and slow-growing species; hardy in a dry sunny
position on the rockery. SYN. _Erinacea hispanica_.

=A. Hermanniæ= (Hermann's). _fl._ yellow; heads few flowered,
nearly sessile in the axils of the upper leaves. April. _l._ almost
sessile, simple, or trifoliate; leaflets oblong-cuneated, glabrous
or clothed with adpressed pubescence. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. Corsica,
1739. Shrubby, much branched.

=A. montana= (mountain).* _fl._ pink or purplish, in dense heads,
on peduncles, with a leafy involucre. June. _l._ pinnate, and
are as well as the branches, silky and hoary; leaflets numerous,
oval-oblong, acute, small, entire. _h._ 3in. to 6in. Alps of
Europe, 1769. A very handsome little rock plant, with a dwarf and
tufted habit.

=A. tetraphylla= (four-leaved). _fl._ white; heads axillary,
sessile, few flowered. July. _l._ pinnate, the terminal leaflets
ovate and large, the other three small and acute. South Europe,
1640. A procumbent annual.

=A. Vulneraria= (Common Woundwort).* _fl._ generally yellow,
sometimes white, red, or pinkish, in crowded twin heads. Summer.
_l._ pinnate, with five or more unequal leaflets; the lower ones
smallest. An elegant native herbaceous, perennial, admirably
adapted for rockwork. It is plentiful in most dry pastures. There
are several varieties, the best of which is _alba_.

=ANTIARIS TOXICARIA.= This is the famous Upas tree of Java, from which is obtained poison of a most deadly nature. It belongs to the NAT. ORD. _Urticaceæ_.

=ANTIGONON= (from _anti_, against, or opposite, and _gonia_, an angle). ORD. _Polygonaceæ_. Elegant stove climbers. Flowers racemose, cirrhose at the apex of the rachides; petals five, three outer ones broadly cordate, two inner oblong. Leaves alternate, cordate. Although extremely handsome plants, they are difficult to flower. They seem to succeed best when planted out in a very thoroughly drained border over hot-water pipes or flues, the long climbing stems being trained near the glass in full light.

=A. amabile= (lovely).* _fl._ bright rose, profusely borne
in axillary and terminal racemes. _l._ 3in. to 5in. long,
ovate-cordate, and deeply lobed at the base. It is of free slender
growth, the young shoots are pubescent, and having a slight reddish
tinge. An exceedingly attractive and effective species.

=A. guatemalensis= (Guatemala). Probably the same as _A. insigne_.

=A. insigne= (remarkable).* _fl._ very numerous, borne in tufts
along the sides of long racemes or panicles, which terminate in
branched tendrils; the calyx, which is the showy part of the
flower, has five membranous sepals, the three outer are of a
beautiful rosy pink colour, about 1in. in length by rather less in
breadth, cordate at the base, oblong, rounded towards the apex; the
two inner sepals about the same length as the outer ones, but much
narrower, falcate, lanceolate; pedicels 3/4in. long. _l._ broadly
ovate oblong, deeply cordate at the base, with two rounded lobes;
4in. by 3in., the upper ones smaller, supported on short terete
downy stalks. Stems slender, angular, pubescent. Columbia, 1876.

_A. leptopus_ (slender-stemmed). _fl._ numerous; the outer three
sepals of a beautiful rose colour, the centre of a much deeper
tint; racemes secund, bearing several coloured bracts as well as
flowers, and end in a branched tendril. _l._ alternate, cordate,
petiolate. Stem slender, sub-pubescent. Mexico, 1868.

=ANTIGRAMME.= _See_ =Scolopendrium=.