Chapter M: A. S. Salm-Dyck. Monographia generum Aloes et Mesembryanthemi (3)

=ACROCLINIUM= (from _akros_, top, and _kline_, a bed; referring to the open flowers). ORD. _Compositæ_. A small genus of elegant half hardy annuals with "everlasting" flower heads, which are solitary, terminal, and consist of tubular florets; involucrum many-leaved, imbricated. Leaves numerous, linear, smooth, acuminated. Stems numerous, erect. They thrive best in a loamy soil, and constitute very neat summer flowering annuals if sown out of doors in patches in June; they are also useful as winter decorative greenhouse plants if seed is sown in August in pots placed in a cold frame. The flower-heads should be gathered when young, if it is desired to preserve them.

=A. roseum= (rosy).* _fl.-heads_ pretty rose, solitary, terminal,
on erect, slender, and gracefully disposed branches. _l._ linear,
acute. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. S. W. Australia, 1854. See Fig. 21.

=A. r. album= (rosy white).* A very pretty white form of the
preceding.

=A. r. grandiflorum= (large-flowered).* _fl.-heads_ rose, larger
than in the type.

=ACROCOMIA= (from _akros_, top, and _kome_, tuft; referring to the position of the leaves). ORD. _Palmeæ_. A genus of South American palms, containing about eleven species, which are not easily distinguished, but having the following general characteristics: Trunk from 20ft. to 50ft. high, and clad with long prickles. The flowers, which appear in the axils of the lower leaves, are greenish or yellow, and their drupes are much the same colour. Leaves pinnate, with seventy to eighty leaflets on each side of the pinnæ. They require a warm greenhouse and rich sandy loam. Increased by suckers. Two species only are in general cultivation.

=A. aculeata= (prickly). _h._ 40ft. West Indies, 1791.

=A. fusiformis= (spindle-shaped). _h._ 40ft. Trinidad, 1731.

=A. globosa= (globular). =h.= 20ft. St. Vincent, 1824.

=A. horrida= (horrid). _h._ 30ft. Trinidad, 1820.

=A. lasiospatha= (hairy spathed). _l._ drooping. Trunk about 40ft.
high, smooth and ringed. Para, 1846.

=A. sclerocarpa= (hard-fruited).* A very elegant species bearing a
head of spreading pinnate leaves, with the rachises and petioles
aculeate, and the leaflets linear, taper-pointed, glaucous
underneath, about 1ft. long. _h._ 40ft. West Indies, 1731. SYN.
_Cocos fusiformis_.

=A. tenuifolia= (fine-leaved). _h._ 30ft. Brazil, 1824.

=ACROGENS.= Plants increasing at the summit, as Ferns, &c.

=ACRONYCHIA= (from _akron_, tuft, and _onux_, a claw; referring to the curved points of the petals). ORD. _Rutaceæ_. An ornamental rue-like greenhouse evergreen shrub. Petals and sepals four; stamens eight, inserted on a disk; fruit berry-like. It requires ordinary greenhouse treatment. Increased by cuttings in July in sand, under a bell glass.

=A. Cunninghami= (Cunningham's).* _fl._ white, in clusters,
resembling those of an orange, with an exquisite fragrance. July.
_h._ 7ft. Moreton Bay, 1838.

=ACROPERA.= _See_ =Gongora=.

=ACROPHORUS.= _See_ =Davallia=.

=ACROPHYLLUM= (from _akros_, top, and _phyllon_, a leaf; referring to the way in which the leaves are produced at the summit of the branches, above the flowers). ORD. _Cunoniaceæ_. Handsome greenhouse small, erect-growing, evergreen shrubs, flowering profusely during the spring months. They require a mixture of fibrous peat, a little loam, and sharp sand; thorough drainage, an airy situation, and as little artificial heat as possible, are important to its well-being. Re-pot in February. Propagated by cuttings of the half ripened shoots, which strike freely in a soil of sand and peat, if covered with a hand glass, and placed in a cool house. The roots should not be allowed to get dry, and light syringing during late spring and summer will be found beneficial in assisting to keep down thrips.

=A. verticillatum= (whorled). A synonym of _A. venosum_.

=A. venosum= (veined).* _fl._ pinkish white, in dense axillary
spikes, which are borne on the upper part of the stems and
branches. May and June. _l._ nearly sessile, oblong, cordate,
acute, serrate, in whorls of threes. _h._ 6ft. New South Wales.
SYN. _A. verticillatum_.

=ACROPTERIS.= _See_ =Asplenium=.

=ACROSTICHUM= (from _akros_, top, and _stichos_, order; meaning very obscure). ORD. _Filices_. This genus includes _Aconiopteris_, _Chrysodium_, _Egenolfia_, _Elaphoglossum_, _Gymnopteris_, _Olfersia_, _Photinopteris_, _Pœcilipteris_, _Polybotrya_, _Rhipidopteris_, _Soromanes_, _Stenochlæna_, _Stenosemia_. A large and almost entirely tropical genus; it includes groups with a wide range in venation and cutting. Sori spread over the whole surface of the frond or upper pinnæ, or occasionally over both surfaces. The species having long fronds, are admirably suited for growing in suspended baskets, and the dwarfer sorts do well in Wardian cases. A compost of peat, chopped sphagnum, and sand, is most suitable. For general culture, _see_ =Ferns=.

=A. acuminatum= (taper-pointed).* _rhiz._ thick, climbing. _sti._
4in. to 6in. long, firm, erect, scaly throughout. _barren fronds_
1ft. to 2ft. long, 1ft. or more broad, deltoid, bipinnate; upper
pinnæ oblong-lanceolate, slightly lobed, truncate on the lower
side at the base, 2in. to 3in. long, 3/4in. to 1in. broad; lower
pinnæ, 6in. to 8in. long, 4in. to 5in. broad, with several small
pinnules on each side; light green, with a firm texture. _fertile
fronds_ 1ft. long, deltoid, tripinnate. Brazil. Stove species. SYN.
_Polybotrya acuminatum_.

=A. alienum= (foreign). _rhiz._ woody. _sti._ 6in. to 18in. long,
scaly downwards. _barren fronds_ 1ft. to 2ft. long, often 1ft.
broad, the upper part deeply pinnatifid, with lanceolate lobes,
the lower part pinnate, with entire or deeply pinnatifid lower
pinnæ. _fertile fronds_ much smaller, with distant narrow linear
or pinnatifid leafy pinnæ. Tropical America. Stove species. SYN.
_Gymnopteris aliena_.

=A. apiifolium= (parsley-leaved).* _cau._ stout, woody, erect.
_sti._ of barren fronds 2in. to 3in. long, erect, densely clothed
with tomentum. _barren fronds_ 4in. to 6in. each way, deltoid,
tripinnate; pinnæ close, only the lowest pair with pinnatifid
pinnules, ultimate divisions oblong-rhomboidal, 1/4in. to
1/3in. long, the base cuneate, the outer edge slightly toothed.
_fertile fronds_ on a slender naked stem 6in. to 8in. long, the
fronds panicled with a few distant, slender, simple, or compound
branches. Philippine Islands, 1862. Stove species. SYN. _Polybotrya
apiifolia_.

=A. apodum= (stemless).* _cau._ thick, woody, the scales dense,
linear, brown, crisped. _sti._ tufted, very short, or obsolete.
_barren fronds_ 1ft. or more long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad, the
apex acuminate, the lower part narrowed very gradually, the edge
and midrib densely fringed with soft, short, brown hairs. _fertile
fronds_ much smaller than the barren ones. West Indies to Peru,
1824. Stove species. SYN. _Elaphoglossum apodum_.

=A. appendiculatum= (appendaged).* _rhiz._ firm, woody. _barren
fronds_ 6in. to 18in. long, 4in. to 8in. broad, simply pinnate.
_sti._ 3in. to 6in. long, erect, naked, or slightly scaly; pinnæ
2in. to 4in. long, 3/8in. to 3/4in. broad, the edge varying from
sub-entire to cut half-way down to the midrib of the blunt lobes,
the upper side often auricled, the lower one obliquely truncate,
dark green. _fertile fronds_ narrower, on a longer spike, the pinnæ
roundish or oblong, often distinctly stalked. India, &c., 1824.
Stove species. SYN. _Egenolfia appendiculata_.

=A. aureum= (golden).* _cau._ erect. _sti._ erect, 1ft. to 2ft.
long, strong. _fronds_ 2ft. to 6ft. long, 1ft. to 2ft. broad, the
upper pinnæ fertile, rather smaller than the barren ones, which are
usually stalked, ligulate oblong, 3in. to 1ft. long, 1/2in. to 3in.
broad, acute or blunt, sometimes retuse with a mucro; edge quite
entire, base sub-cuneate. Widely distributed in the tropics of both
hemispheres, 1815. An evergreen aquatic stove species, requiring
abundance of heat and moisture. SYN. _Chrysodium aureum_.

=A. auritum= (eared).* _cau._ erect, woody. _barren fronds_ with a
stipe 6in. to 9in. long, deltoid, 8in. to 12in. each way, ternate,
the central segments deeply pinnatifid, with lanceolate entire
lobes; the lateral ones unequal sided, with lanceolate oblong-lobed
lower pinnules. _fertile fronds_ with a stem 12in. to 18in.
long, deltoid, with distant linear pinnæ half line broad; upper
simple, lower pinnatifid. Philippine Islands. Stove species. SYN.
_Stenosemia aurita_.

=A. axillare= (axillary). _rhiz._ slender, wide scandent. _barren
fronds_ 6in. to 18in. long, about 1in. broad, simple, the point
bluntish, the edge entire, the lower half tapering very gradually
to the base or short stem. _fertile fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long,
one to three lines broad, flexuose, on a stem 1in. to 6in. long.
Himalayas. Greenhouse species. SYN. _Chrysodium axillare_.

=A. barbatum= (bearded). Synonymous with _A. scolopendrifolium_.

=A. bifurcatum= (twice-forked). _sti._ densely tufted, 2in. to 4in.
long, slender, stramineous, naked. _fronds_ 3in. to 4in. long,
about 1/2in. broad, pinnate; lower pinnæ of fertile fronds two
or three cleft, with linear divisions; those of the barren pinnæ
broader, and not so deep. St. Helena. Greenhouse species. SYN.
_Polybotrya bifurcata_.

=A. Blumeanum= (Blume's).* _rhiz._ woody, wide climbing. _sti._
of barren fronds 6in. long, scaly. _barren fronds_ 1ft. to 3ft.
long, 1ft. or more broad, with numerous sessile pinnæ on each
side, which are 4in. to 6in. long, 1in. broad; apex acuminate, the
edge slightly toothed; base rounded. _fertile fronds_ with distant
pinnæ 4in. to 8in. long, 1/8in. to 1/4in. broad. Assam. Greenhouse
species. SYN. _Chrysodium Blumeanum_.

=A. callæfolium= (calla-leaved). A form of _A. latifolium_.

=A. canaliculatum= (channelled).* _rhiz._ woody, wide climbing,
spinulose and scaly. _sti._ 1ft. or more long, scaly throughout.
_fertile fronds_ 2ft. to 3ft. long, 12in. to 18in. broad,
tripinnate; lower barren pinnæ, 6in. to 9in. long, 4in. to 5in.
broad; pinnules lanceolate, stalked, with oblong segments, both
surfaces naked; fertile pinnules close, the segments 1/4in. long,
bearing three to four sessile balls of sori. Venezuela. Stove or
greenhouse species. SYN. _Polybotrya canaliculata_.

=A. caudatum= (tailed). A synonym of _A. petiolosum_.

=A. cervinum= (stag-horned).* _rhiz._ woody, creeping, scaly.
_sti._ 1ft. or more long, scaly. _barren fronds_ 2ft. to 4ft. long,
pinnate; pinnæ 4in. to 9in. long, 1in. to 2in. broad, entire or
nearly so, unequal at the base; fertile pinnæ distant, linear,
lanceolate, bipinnate, with short spreading sub-cylindrical
pinnules. Brazil, 1840. Stove species. SYN. _Olfersia cervina_.

=A. conforme= (conformed). _rhiz._ wide creeping, scaly. _sti._
1in. to 12in. long, firm, erect, stramineous, naked or slightly
scaly. _fronds_ 2in. to 9in. long, 1/2in. to 2in. broad, acute or
bluntish, the base cuneate or spathulate, the edge entire. _barren
fronds_ narrower than the fertile one. _A. laurifolium_, _A.
obtusilobum_, and several others, are identical with the foregoing.
Tropical America, also in the Old World. Stove species. SYN.
_Elaphoglossum conforme_.

=A. crinitum= (hairy).* _cau._ woody, erect. _sti._ of barren
fronds 4in. to 8in. long, densely clothed with long scales. _barren
fronds_ 9in. to 18in. long, 4in. to 9in. wide, broadly oblong;
apex blunt, base rounded, edge entire and ciliated, texture
subcoriaceous, both sides scattered over with scales like those of
the stipes. _fertile fronds_ like the others, but much smaller,
the stipes longer. West Indies, &c., 1793. Stove species. SYNS.
_Chrysodium_ and _Hymenodium crinitum_.

=A. cylindricum= (cylindrical). Synonymous with _A. osmundaceum_.

=A. Dombeyanum= (Dombey's). A form of _A. lepidotum_.

=A. flagelliferum= (rod-shaped). _rhiz._ woody, creeping. _sti._
of barren fronds 6in. to 12in. long, nearly naked. _barren fronds_
simple or with one to three pairs of pinnæ, the terminal one ovate
lanceolate, entire or repand, often elongated and rooting at the
point, the lateral ones 3in. to 6in. long, 1in. to 2in. broad;
fertile pinnæ 2in. to 3in. long, about 1/2in. broad. India, &c.,
1828. Stove species. SYN. _Gymnopteris flagellifera_.

=A. fœniculaceum= (fennel-leaved).* _rhiz._ slender, creeping.
_sti._ distant, slender, 2in. to 8in. long, scaly. _barren fronds_
1in. to 2in. broad, usually dichotomously forked, with filiform
divisions. _fertile fronds_ 3/8in. broad, two-lobed. Andes of
Ecuador. Stove species. (For culture, see _A. peltatum_). SYN.
_Rhipidopteris fœniculaceum_.

=A. Herminieri= (Herminier's).* _rhiz._ stout, creeping. _sti._
very short, or none. _barren fronds_ 1-1/2ft. to 3ft. long, 1in.
to 1-1/2in. broad, simple, acuminate, the lower part narrowed very
gradually. _fertile fronds_ short-stalked, 3in. to 4in. long, 1in.
to 1-1/2in. broad. Tropical America, 1871. Stove species. SYN.
_Elaphoglossum Herminieri_.

=A. heteromorphum= (various-formed). _rhiz._ slender, wide
creeping, scaly. _sti._ 1in. to 3in. long, slender, slightly scaly.
_barren fronds_ 1-1/2in. to 2in. long, 3/4in. to 1in. broad,
simple, bluntish, the base rounded, both surfaces scattered over
with linear dark castaneous scales. _fertile fronds_ much smaller,
and the stipes much longer. Columbia and Ecuador. Stove species.
SYN. _Elaphoglossum heteromorphum_.

=A. Langsdorffii= (Langsdorff's). Synonymous with _A. muscosum_.

=A. latifolium= (broad-leaved).* _rhiz._ thick, woody, creeping,
scaly. _sti._ 6in. to 12in. long, firm, erect, naked, or scaly.
_barren fronds_ 9in. to 18in. long, 2in. to 4in. broad, simple,
acute, gradually narrowed below, entire; texture leathery.
_fertile fronds_ considerably narrower than the barren ones. _A.
longifolium_, _A. callæfolium_, &c., are only varieties of this
species. Mexico, Brazil, &c. Stove species. SYN. _Elaphoglossum
latifolium_.

=A. lepidotum= (scaly).* _rhiz._ thick, woody, very scaly. _sti._
1in. to 3in. long, firm, scaly throughout. _barren fronds_ 3in.
to 6in. long, about 1/2in. broad, simple, usually blunt, the base
cuneate or rather rounded, both surfaces and midrib very scaly. _A.
Dombeyanum_, of garden origin, is a varietal form of this, of which
there are several others. Tropical America. Stove species. SYN.
_Elaphoglossum lepidotum_.

=A. longifolium= (long-leaved). A form of _A. latifolium_.

=A. Meyerianum= (Meyer's). Synonymous with _A. tenuifolium_.

=A. muscosum= (mossy).* _rhiz._ woody, densely scaly. _sti._ 4in.
to 6in. long, firm, clothed with large pale brown scales. _barren
fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad, simple,
narrowed at both ends; upper surface slightly scaly; lower quite
hidden by imbricated brownish scales. _barren fronds_ much smaller
than the others, the stipes longer. Madeira. Greenhouse species.
SYN. _A. Langsdorffii_.

=A. Neitnerii.= Synonymous with _A. quercifolium_.

=A. nicotianæfolium= (tobacco-leaved).* _rhiz._ woody, wide
creeping, scaly. _sti._ 1-1/2ft. to 2ft., scaly below. _barren
fronds_ 1ft. to 3ft. long, 1ft. or more broad, with a large
terminal pinna, and one to three lateral pairs, which are 6in. to
9in. long, 1in. to 3in. broad, acuminate, entire, or nearly so,
the base slightly rounded, fertile pinnæ distant, 3in. to 4in.
long, 3/4in. broad. Cuba, &c. Stove species. SYN. _Gymnopteris
nicotianæfolium_.

=A. osmundaceum= (osmunda-like).* _rhiz._ woody, wide scandent,
scaly. _sti._ 12in. to 18in. long, firm, erect, scaly at the base.
_barren fronds_ ample, bi- or tripinnate; the lower pinnæ 1ft.
to 2ft. long, 4in. to 8in. broad; pinnules stalked, lanceolate,
with closely set sub-entire segments, of a light green colour;
both surfaces naked. _fertile fronds_ nearly or quite as large as
the barren ones; segments linear cylindrical, 1/4in. to 1/2in.
long. Tropical America. Stove species. SYNS. _A. cylindricum_, and
_Polybotrya osmundaceum_.

=A. paleaceum= (chaffy). Synonymous with _A. squamosum_.

=A. peltatum= (peltate-leaved).* _rhiz._ slender, wide creeping.
_sti._ distant, slender, 1in. to 4in. long, scaly throughout.
_barren fronds_ 1in. to 2in. each way, repeatedly dichotomously
forked, with narrow linear ultimate divisions, quarter to half line
broad. _fertile fronds_ 1/2in. broad, often two-lobed. West Indies.
Stove or greenhouse species. This elegant little fern requires a
liberal supply of water all the year round, and is best grown in a
well drained pan of good fibrous peat, leaf soil, and sand, with
some nodules of sandstone raised above the rim of the pan; do not
disturb it more than is necessary. SYN. _Rhipidopteris peltata_.
See Fig. 22.

=A. petiolosum= (petioled). _rhiz._ woody, wide scandent.
_sti._ woody, erect, scaly at the base. _fronds_ bipinnate, or
tripinnatifid, 2ft. to 4ft. long, 1ft. to 3ft. broad, deltoid; the
upper barren pinnæ lanceolate, pinnatifid, the longest sometimes
18in. long, and 6in. to 10in. broad; pinnules with long falcate
lobes reaching half-way down to the midrib, both surfaces naked;
fertile pinnules very narrow, and dangling, continuous or beaded.
West Indies, Mexico, &c. Stove species. SYNS. _Polybotrya_ and _A.
caudatum_.

=A. piloselloides= (mouse ear-leaved). Synonymous with _A.
spathulatum_.

=A. platyrhynchos= (broad-beaked). _sti._ tufted, scarcely any.
_fronds_ 12in. to 16in. long, 1in. broad, simple. _sori_ in a patch
at the apex, 1in. to 2in. long, 3/8in. broad, which does not reach
to the entire edge; the lower part narrowed gradually, with naked
surfaces, and a coriaceous texture. Philippines. Stove species.
SYN. _Hymenolepis platyrhynchos_.

=A. quercifolium= (oak-leaved).* _rhiz._ stout, wide creeping.
_sti._ of barren fronds 1in. to 2in. long, clothed with brownish
hairs. _barren fronds_ 3in. to 4in. long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad,
the terminal pinnæ with blunt rounded lobes. _fertile fronds_ with
a terminal pinna, 1in. to 2in. long, one line broad, and a pair
of smaller lateral ones, with slender stipes 6in. to 9in. long,
hairy at the base. Ceylon. Stove species. SYNS. _A. Neitnerii_ (of
gardens), _Gymnopteris quercifolia_.

=A. scandens= (climbing).* _rhiz._ woody, wide climbing. _sti._
3in. to 4in. long, firm, erect, naked. _fronds_ 1ft. to 3ft. long,
1ft. or more broad, simply pinnate; barren pinnæ, 4in. to 8in.
long, 3/4in. to 1-1/2in. broad, acuminate, the edge thickened
and serrulate, the base cuneate, sessile, or slightly stalked,
articulated; fertile pinnæ, 6in. to 12in. long, one and a half to
two lines broad, the lower ones distant. Himalayas, &c., 1841.
Stove or greenhouse species. SYN. _Stenochlæna scandens_.

=A. scolopendrifolium= (scolopendrium-leaved).* _rhiz._ woody,
creeping, scaly. _sti._ 4in. to 12in. long, firm, erect, densely
clothed with blackish scales. _barren fronds_ often 1ft. long,
1-1/2in. to 3in. broad, simple, acute, the base narrowed gradually;
edge and midrib scaly. _fertile fronds_ much smaller than the
barren ones. Guatemala, &c. Stove species. SYN. _A. barbatum_.

=A. serratifolium= (serrate-leaved). _rhiz._ woody, short
creeping. _sti._ of barren fronds 12in. to 18in. long, slightly
scaly. _barren fronds_ 2ft. long, 6in. to 12in. broad, with
numerous sessile pinnæ on each side, 3in. to 6in. long, 3/4in. to
1-1/2in. broad, inciso-crenate, the base cuneate; fertile pinnæ
distant, 2in. to 3in. long, 1/4in. to 1/2in. broad, blunt, entire.
Venezuela, &c. Stove species. SYN. _Chrysodium serratifolium_.

=A. simplex= (simple-leaved). _rhiz._ woody, creeping, scaly.
_sti._ 1in. to 4in. long, firm, erect, naked. _barren fronds_ 4in.
to 12in. long, about 1-1/2in. broad, very acute, the lower part
narrowed very gradually. _fertile fronds_ narrower than the barren
ones, with longer stipes. Cuba to Brazil, 1798. Stove species. SYN.
_Elaphoglossum simplex_.

=A. sorbifolium= (service-leaved).* _rhiz._ thick, woody, often
30ft. to 40ft. long, clasping trees like a cable, sometimes
prickly. _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, 6in. to 12in. broad, simply
pinnate; barren pinnæ 4in. to 6in. long, about 1/2in. broad, three
to twenty on each side, articulated at the base, entire or toothed;
fertile pinnæ 1in. to 2in. apart, 2in. to 4in. long, about 1/4in.
broad. West Indies, 1793. There are several varieties of this
species, chiefly differing in the number of pinnæ. Stove species.
SYN. _Stenochlæna sorbifolia_.

=A. s. cuspidatum= (cuspidate).* This is only a variety of the
above species with long-stalked, ligulate-cuspidate pinnæ; but it
is usually regarded as a distinct species in gardens.

=A. spathulatum= (spoon-shaped). _sti._ tufted, 1in. to 2in. long,
firm, erect, scaly. _barren fronds_ 1/2in. to 4in. long, 1/4in.
to 1/2in. broad, obovate-spathulate, blunt, tapering narrowly or
gradually at the base, with a coriaceous texture; both surfaces
and the margins copiously scaly. _fertile fronds_ smaller than the
barren, with longer stipes. Tropical America, South Africa, &c.
Stove species. SYN. _A. piloselloides_.

=A. spicatum= (spiked). _rhiz._ woody, short creeping. _sti._ 1in.
to 2in. long, firm. _fronds_ 6in. to 18in. long, 1/2in. to 1in.
broad, the upper part contracted and fertile, entire, the lower
part narrowed very gradually. Himalayas, &c. Greenhouse species.
SYN. _Hymenolepis brachystachys_.

=A. squamosum= (scaly).* _rhiz._ woody, densely scaly. _sti._ 2in.
to 4in. long, densely clothed with pale or dark-coloured scales.
_barren fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long, about 1in. broad, simple,
acute, the base narrowed gradually; both sides matted, and the edge
densely ciliated with reddish scales. _fertile fronds_ as long as
the barren ones, but much narrower, the stipes much longer. Widely
distributed in both hemispheres. Stove or greenhouse species. SYN.
_A. paleaceum_.

=A. subdiaphanum= (semi-transparent).* _cau._ woody, erect. _sti._
tufted, 2in. to 6in. long, firm, erect, scaly. _barren fronds_ 4in.
to 8in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad, simple, both ends narrowed,
the edge entire. _fertile fronds_ much narrower, on longer stipes.
St. Helena. Greenhouse species. SYN. _Aconiopteris subdiaphana_.

=A. subrepandum= (slighty-waved).* _rhiz._ woody, wide-creeping.
_sti._ of barren fronds stout, erect, nearly naked. _barren fronds_
from 1ft. to 2ft. long, 2in. to 12in. broad, copiously pinnate,
with linear-oblong entire or subrepand pinnæ on each side, which
are sometimes 6in. to 8in. long, and 2in. broad. _fertile fronds_
like the others, but smaller. Isle of Luzon, &c. Stove species.
SYN. _Gymnopteris subrepanda_.

=A. taccæfolium= (yew-leaved).* _cau._ woody, densely scaly. _sti._
of barren fronds 1in. to 4in. long, scaly. _barren fronds_ from
1ft. to 2ft. long, 3in. to 12in. broad, simple, oblong-lanceolate,
entire, copiously pinnate, with oblong-lanceolate pinnæ, 1in.
to 6in. long, 1/2in. to 1-1/2in. broad, the upper ones narrowly
decurrent, the lower ones forked at the base on the under side.
_fertile fronds_ simple, 6in. to 12in. long, 1/8in. broad, or
pinnate, with forked linear pinnæ. The three-lobed form of this
species is sometimes known as _A. trilobum_. Philippines. Stove
species. SYN. _Gymnopteris taccæfolia_.

=A. tenuifolium= (narrow-leaved).* _rhiz._ wide scandent, woody,
slightly scaly. _barren fronds_ simply pinnate, the stipes 4in.
to 6in. long, naked, firm, erect, the fronds 3ft. to 5ft. long,
12in. to 18in. broad; pinnæ 6in. to 9in. long, 3/4in. to 1-1/2in.
broad, acuminate, the edge thickened and serrulate, short-stalked.
_fertile fronds_ bipinnate, with longer stipes; pinnæ long-stalked,
with numerous distant pinnules. South Africa. Stove or greenhouse
species. SYNS. _A. Meyerianum_ and _Stenochlæna tenuifolia_.

=A. trilobum= (three-lobed). A form of _A. taccæfolium_.

=A. villosum= (hairy).* _rhiz._ woody, densely scaly. _sti._ 2in.
to 4in. long, slender, densely clothed with scales. _barren fronds_
6in. to 9in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad, acute, the lower part
narrowed gradually; both surfaces scaly, and the edge more or less
ciliated. _fertile fronds_ much smaller than the others. Mexico,
&c. Stove species.

=A. viscosum= (clammy).* _rhiz._ woody, creeping, densely scaly.
_sti._ 3in. to 6in. long, firm, erect, scaly, often viscous.
_barren fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long, 1/2in. to 1in. broad, simple,
acute, the lower part narrowed gradually; both surfaces more or
less viscid, and minutely scaly. _fertile fronds_ smaller, with
longer stipes. Tropical America and the tropics of the Old World,
1826. Very variable in form. Stove species.

=ACROTRICHE= (from _akros_, top, _i.e._, outermost--and _thrix_, a hair; the tips of the petals are bearded). ORD. _Epacridaceæ_. A genus of eight or nine species of dwarf, much branched, ornamental greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Flowers white or red; spikes axillary, short; corolla funnel-shaped; petals with deflexed hairs at apex. Cultivated in an equal mixture of sandy loam and peat, and propagated by cuttings made of the young shoots, pricked in sand, covered with a bell glass, and placed in a cool house; afterwards treated like _Epacris_.

=A. cordata= (heart-leaved).* _fl._ white, small, axillary, twin,
or solitary. April. _l._ cordate, flat, striated below. _h._ 1ft.
New Holland, 1823.

=A. divaricata= (straggling).* _fl._ white, small, in axillary
spikes. May. _l._ lanceolate, mucronate, divaricate, flat, both
surfaces green. _h._ 6in. to 1ft. New South Wales, 1824.

=A. ovalifolia= (oval-leaved). _fl._ white, small, in axillary
spikes. March. _l._ ovate and oval, obtuse, flat, with smooth
margins. _h._ 6in. to 1ft. New Holland, 1824.

=ACTÆA= (from _aktaia_, an Elder; in allusion to the resemblance of the foliage to that of the Elder). Baneberry. ORD. _Ranunculaceæ_. A small genus of perennial herbaceous plants, with bi- or triternate leaves, and long, erect racemes of whitish flowers, which are succeeded by poisonous berries. They are excellent subjects for shady places, beneath trees, or in the wild garden. Easily increased by division of the roots, and seed during spring.

=A. alba= (white).* _fl._ white; racemes simple. May, June. _l._
ovate-lanceolate, serrate or cut. Berries white, ovate-oblong, _h._
1ft. to 1-1/2ft. N. America.

=A. spicata= (spiked).* _fl._ white, or bluish; racemes ovate.
Summer. _l._ bi- or triternate, serrated. Berries oblong, black,
poisonous. _h._ 1ft. England. See Fig. 23.

=A. s. rubra= (red).* This differs from the type in having bright
red berries, which are disposed in dense clusters on spikes
overtopping the foliage. North America. A very handsome hardy
perennial.

=ACTINELLA= (from _aktin_, a ray; small rayed). SYN. _Picradenia_. ORD. _Compositæ_. A small genus of hardy herbaceous plants, having radiate capitules. The only species worth cultivating is _A. grandiflora_. It thrives in an open border with a light soil. Increased by divisions of the root in spring.

=A. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* _fl.-heads_ yellow, large, and
handsome, 3in. in diameter. Summer. _h._ 6in. to 9in. Colorado. A
very pretty branched perennial, suitable for the alpine garden.

=A. lanata= (woolly). _See_ =Eriophyllum cæspitosum=.

=ACTINIDIA= (from _aktin_, a ray; the styles radiate like the spokes of a wheel). ORD. _Ternstrœmiaceæ_. A genus of ornamental hardy deciduous climbing shrubs, with axillary corymbs of flowers; sepals and petals imbricate. Leaves entire. Excellent for trellis-work or walls, and thriving best in a light rich soil. Increased by seeds, layers, or cuttings; the latter should be put in under a hand light in autumn, in sandy soil.

=A. Kolomikta= (Kolomikta).* _fl._ white, solitary, axillary, or
cymose, 1/2in. in diameter; peduncles about 1/2in. long. Summer.
_l._ ovate-oblong, petiolate, rounded or sub-cordate at the base,
and tapering into a long point, serrate; the autumnal tints are
very handsome, changing to white and red. N. E. Asia, 1880. Rarely
met with.

=A. polygama= (polygamous). _fl._ white, fragrant. Summer. _l._
cordate, serrate, petiolate. Japan, 1870. The berries of this
species are edible.

=A. volubilis= (twining).* _fl._ white, small. June. _l._ oval on
flowering branches, elliptic on climbing stems. Japan, 1874. A very
free growing species. See Fig. 24.

=ACTINIOPTERIS= (from _aktin_, a ray, and _pteris_, a fern; the fronds are radiately cut into narrow segments). ORD. _Filices_. Sori linear-elongated, sub-marginal; involucres (= indusia) the same shape as the sorus, folded over it, placed one on each side of the narrow segments of the frond, opening towards the midrib. A small genus of beautiful and distinct stove ferns. They thrive in a compost of equal parts crocks and charcoal, about the size of peas, which must be mixed with silver sand and a very small portion of loam and peat. About half the pot should be filled with crocks, perfect drainage being necessary. A moist atmosphere is also essential, and the plants may be syringed two or three times a day. A mean summer temperature of 78deg. to 80deg., with a night one of not less than 65deg., is desirable. In winter, a mean temperature of about 73deg., and a night one of not less than 60deg., should be maintained.

=A. radiata= (rayed).* _sti._ densely tufted, 2in. to 6in. long.
_fronds_ fan shaped, 1in. to 1-1/2in. each way, composed of
numerous dichotomous segments, half line broad, those of the
fertile frond longer than those of the barren one. India, &c. (very
widely distributed), 1869. In form this elegant little species is
a perfect miniature of the Fan Palm, _Latania borbonica_.

=A. r. australis= (southern).* _fronds_, segments fewer, larger,
and subulate at the point. Plant much larger and more vigorous.

=ACTINOCARPUS= (from _aktin_, a ray, and _karpos_, fruit; referring to the curiously radiated fruit, resembling a star fish). ORD. _Alismaceæ_. Pretty little aquatic perennials, with habit and inflorescence of _Alisma_. Carpels six to eight, connate at base, spreading horizontally. Excellent for naturalising in bogs and pools. Increased by seeds and divisions during spring.

=A. Damasonium= (Damasonium). Ray Pod. _fl._ white, very delicate;
each petal has a yellow spot at the base; scapes with a terminal
umbel. June. _l._ radical, on long petioles, sometimes floating,
elliptical, five-nerved. A native aquatic. The proper name of this
plant is _Damasonium stellatum_.

=A. minor= (smaller).* This greenhouse species, also with white
flowers, from New South Wales, is smaller.

=ACTINOMERIS= (from _aktin_, a ray, and _meris_, a part; referring to the radiated aspect of the plants). SYN. _Pterophyton_. ORD. _Compositæ_. A small genus of herbaceous perennials allied to _Helianthus_, but with compressed and winged achenes. Flower-heads corymbose, Coreopsis-like. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, serrate. They are hardy, ornamental plants, and of easy cultivation, in a loamy soil. Increased in spring, by seeds and division of the roots, on a warm border, with or without hand lights, or in cold frames. With the exception of _A. helianthoides_, they are but little known in this country.

=A. alata= (wing-stalked). _fl.-heads_ yellow. July. _h._ 3ft.
America. 1803.

=A. helianthoides= (sunflower-like).* _fl.-heads_ yellow, 2in.
across, July to September. _h._ 3ft. S. America, 1825.

=A. procera= (tall).* _fl.-heads_ yellow. September. _h._ 8ft. N.
America, 1766.

=A. squarrosa= (rough-headed).* _fl.-heads_ yellow, in loose
terminal panicles. July and August. _l._ decurrent, broadly
lanceolate, coarsely toothed. Stem square, winged. _h._ 3ft. North
America, 1640. SYN. _Verbesina Coreopsis_.

=ACTINOPHYLLUM.= _See_ =Sciadophyllum=.

=ACTINOSTACHYS.= Included under =Schizæa= (which _see_).

=ACTINOTUS= (from _actinotos_, furnished with rays; referring to the involucre). ORD. _Umbelliferæ_. An Australian genus of greenhouse herbaceous perennials. Flowers shortly pedicellate, numerously disposed in simple umbels; petals none. Leaves alternate, petiolate. They thrive best in loam and peat, and are increased by root division and seeds. The latter should be sown on a hotbed, in spring, and in May the seedlings may be transplanted out in the open border in a warm situation, where they will flower and seed freely.

=A. helianthus= (sunflower).* _fl._ white, in many-flowered
capitate umbels; involucre many leaved, radiating, longer than the
flowers. June. _l._ alternate, bipinnatifid; lobules bluntish. _h._
2ft. 1821. SYN. _Eriocalia major_.

=A. leucocephalus= (white-headed). _fl._ white. June. _h._ 2ft.
1837.

=ACULEATUS.= Armed with prickles.

=ACULEOLATUS.= Armed with small prickles.

=ACULEUS.= A prickle; a conical elevation of the skin of a plant, becoming hard and sharp-pointed.

=ACUMEN.= An acute terminal angle.

=ACUMINATE.= Extended into an acute terminal angle; this word is confined to considerable extension.

=ACUNNA OBLONGA.= _See_ =Bejaria æstuans=.

=ACUTE.= Sharp-pointed.

=ACYNTHA.= A synonym of =Sanseviera= (which _see_).

=ADA= (a complimentary name). ORD. _Orchideæ_. An evergreen orchid, very closely allied to _Brassia_, from which it differs chiefly in having the lip parallel with, and solidly united to, the base of the column. Some authorities now refer the plant to the genus _Mesospinidium_. It requires to be potted in peat and sphagnum, in equal parts. The drainage must be perfect, and, during summer, the water supply profuse. Although in winter far less will suffice, the plant should not be allowed to become dry. Propagated by divisions as soon as the plant commences growth.

=A. aurantiaca= (orange).* _fl._ orange-scarlet, in long terminal
nodding racemes, each bearing from six to ten blossoms; petals
elongated, streaked with black inside. Winter and spring. _l._ two
or three to each plant, linear, dark green, about 6in. in length.
Habit erect, with somewhat cylindrical pseudo-bulbs, which taper
upwards. See Fig. 25.

=ADAMIA= (named after John Adam, some time Governor-General of India, and a promoter of natural history). ORD. _Saxifrageæ_. A small genus of Hydrangea-like greenhouse evergreen shrubs, having many flowered terminal corymbs of flowers, and opposite, petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, serrated leaves. They thrive well in a mixture of loam, peat, and sand; and cuttings will root readily in a similar compost, under a hand glass.

=A. cyanea= (blue-berried). _fl._ whitish, or pink. June. _h._ 6ft.
Nepaul, in rocky places, 1829.

=A. sylvatica= (wood). _fl._ blue; cymes nearly undivided, on short
peduncles, disposed in a close panicle. June. _h._ 6ft. Java, 1846.

=A. versicolor= (many-coloured). _fl._ blue. August. China, 1844.

=ADAM'S APPLE.= _See_ =Citrus Limetta= and =Musa paradisiaca=.

=ADAMSIA.= _See_ =Geum=, =Puschkinia=, =Sieversia=.

=ADAM'S NEEDLE.= _See_ =Yucca=.

=ADANSONIA= (named after Michael Adanson, an eminent French botanist). Baobab Tree. ORD. _Sterculiaceæ_. This is reputed to be one of the largest trees in the world, as far as the girth of the trunk is concerned; but it is seldom seen in cultivation in this country.

=A. digitata= (finger-leaved). _fl._ white, about 6in. across,
with purplish anthers, on long, axillary, solitary pedicels. _l._
palmate, with three leaflets in the young plants, and five to seven
in adult ones. _h._ 40ft. Africa.

=ADDER'S FERN.= _See_ =Polypodium vulgare=.

=ADDER-SPIT.= _See_ =Pteris aquilina=.

=ADDER'S TONGUE.= _See_ =Ophioglossum=.

=ADELOBOTRYS= (from _adelos_, obscure, and _botrys_, a cluster). ORD. _Melastomaceæ_. Stove climbing shrubs with terete branches. Flowers white, crowded in cymose heads at the tops of the branches. Leaves clothed with rufous hairs on both surfaces when young, but in the adult state glabrous, except the nerves, petiolate, ovate, cordate, acuminated, ciliately serrated, five-nerved. For general culture, _see_ =Pleroma=.

=A. Lindeni= (Linden's).* _fl._ white, changing to purple. Brazil,
1866.

=A. scandens= (climbing).* This, the original species, possibly not
now in cultivation, is a native of French Guiana.

=ADENANDRA= (from _aden_, a gland, and _aner_, a male; the anthers terminate in a globose gland). ORD. _Rutaceæ_. Very beautiful little greenhouse shrubs from the Cape of Good Hope. Flowers large, usually solitary at the tops of the branches; stamens ten, the five opposite the petals sterile, five fertile ones similar in form, but shorter. Leaves usually alternate, flat, glandularly dotted. They thrive in a mixture of sand and peat, with a little turfy loam. The young tops, before they begin to throw out their buds, made into cuttings, and planted in a pot of sand, with a bell glass placed over them, will root without bottom heat.

=A. acuminata= (acuminate). Synonymous with _A. amœna_.

=A. amœna= (pleasing).* _fl._ large, whitish above, and reddish
beneath, solitary, sessile, terminal. June. _l._ scattered, oblong
or oval, bluntish, smooth, dotted beneath. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1798.
SYN. _A. acuminata_.

=A. coriacea= (leathery-leaved). _fl._ large, pink, usually
solitary on the tops of the branches. June. _l._ scattered, oblong,
obtuse, revolute, quite smooth. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1720.

=A. fragrans= (fragrant).* _fl._ rose colour, on long peduncles,
fragrant; pedicels clammy, aggregate, umbellate. May. _l._
scattered, smooth, spreading very much, ovate-oblong, glandular, a
little crenulated. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1812.

=A. linearis= (linear-leaved). _fl._ white, terminal, on long,
usually solitary, pedicels. June. _l._ opposite, linear, obtuse,
spreading; branches and pedicels smooth. _h._ 1ft. 1800.

=A. marginata= (margined).* _fl._ pale flesh-colour, on long
peduncles; umbels terminal. June. _l._ scattered, smooth,
transparent, cordate, lower ones ovate, upper ones lanceolate. _h._
1ft. to 2ft. 1806.

=A. umbellata= (umbel-flowered).* _fl._ pink, almost sessile,
terminal, umbellate, petals fringed. June. _l._ oblong or obovate,
dotted beneath, fringed on the edges. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1790.

=A. u. speciosa= (showy).* _fl._ large, pink, nearly sessile,
terminal, umbellate. June. _l._ scattered, oblong or obovate,
revolute, dotted beneath, smooth, but a little fringed on the
edges. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1790.

=A. uniflora= (one-flowered).* _fl._ large, whitish inside, and
pinkish outside, nearly sessile, solitary, terminal. June. _l._
scattered, oblong-lanceolate, somewhat pointed, revolute, smooth,
dotted beneath. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1775.

=A. villosa= (shaggy).* _fl._ pink, nearly sessile, terminal,
umbellate; sepals, petals, and stamens fringed. June. _l._ crowded,
ovate-oblong, fringed, pubescent and glandular beneath. _h._ 1ft.
to 2ft. 1786.

=ADENANTHERA= (from _aden_, a gland, and _anthera_, an anther; in reference to the anthers, which are each terminated by a deciduous, pedicellate gland). ORD. _Leguminosæ_. A small genus of stove evergreen trees, with racemose spikes of small flowers and bipinnate or decompound leaves. They thrive well in a mixture of peat and loam. Increased by cuttings, which should be taken off at a joint and planted in heat in a pot of sand, placing a bell glass over them.

=A. chrysostachys= (golden-spiked). _fl._ golden. _h._ 15ft.
Mauritius, 1824.

=A. falcata= (sickle-shaped). _fl._ yellowish. _h._ 6ft. India,
1812.

=A. pavonina= (peacock-like).* Peacock Flower Fence. _fl._ white
and yellow mixed. May. _l._ leaflets oval, obtuse, glabrous on both
surfaces. _h._ 5ft. India, 1759.

=ADENANTHOS= (from _aden_, a gland, and _anthos_, a flower; referring to the glands on the flowers). ORD. _Proteaceæ_. Ornamental greenhouse evergreen pilose shrubs, thriving in sandy peat. Propagated in spring by cuttings, which should be placed in sandy soil under a bell glass, with a gentle bottom heat.

=A. barbigera= (bearded).* _fl._ red, axillary, solitary,
pedunculate; perianth pilose, bearded at top; involucre spreading,
villous. June. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, triple-nerved. _h._
7ft. Swan River, 1845.

=A. cuneata= (wedge-leaved). _fl._ red. July. _h._ 5ft. New
Holland, 1824.

=A. obovata= (obovate-leaved).* _fl._ red. July. _h._ 5ft. New
Holland, 1826.

=ADENIUM= (from Aden, where it is found). ORD. _Apocynaceæ_. Greenhouse evergreen succulent shrubs. The species mentioned below is remarkable in having a globose thick caudex or stem; branches dichotomous; corolla salver-shaped. They require a well-drained compost of sand and loam. Half-ripened cuttings strike root readily in sand, under a hand glass. But little water is required when the plants are not in a growing state.

=A. obesum= (fat). _fl._ pinky-crimson, downy; corymbs terminal,
many-flowered; pedicels short. June. _l._ close together at the
tops of the branches, 3in. long, oblong, narrowed at the base,
abruptly terminated by a hard, short point. _h._ 3ft. or 4ft. Aden,
1845.

=ADENOCALYMNA= (from _aden_, a gland, and _calymna_, a covering; referring to the conspicuous glands on the leaves and floral coverings). ORD. _Bignoniaceæ_. An elegant genus of stove evergreen climbers. Flowers racemose, trumpet-shaped, bracteate. Leaves ternate or binate. Stems slender. They require a hot and moist temperature to grow them successfully, and thrive best in a compost of loam and peat. Cuttings will root in sand, if placed under a bell glass, with bottom heat.

=A. comosum= (hairy).* _fl._ yellow; racemes spicate, axillary, and
terminal; bracts comose. September. _l._ trifoliate and conjugate,
tendrilled; leaflets ovate, leathery, glandular. _h._ 10ft. Brazil,
1841.

=A. longeracemosum= (long-racemed). _fl._ yellow. October. Brazil.

=A. nitidum= (shining).* _fl._ yellow; racemes axillary, nearly
terminal, velvety; corolla velvety; bracts narrow, glandular.
February. _l._ trifoliate or conjugate, tendrilled; leaflets
elliptic, oblong. _h._ 10ft. Brazil, 1848.

=ADENOCARPUS= (from _aden_, a gland, and _karpos_, a fruit; in reference to the legumes being beset with pedicellate glands). ORD. _Leguminosæ_. Shrubs, with numerous racemes of yellow flowers; divaricate branches, trifoliate usually aggregate leaves, having petiolar stipulas, and complicated leaflets. All the species are elegant when in flower, and well suited for ornamenting the fronts of shrubberies. Except where otherwise mentioned, all are hardy. They thrive best in a mixture of loam, peat, and sand; and may be readily increased by seeds or layers, or by grafting the rarer on the commoner kinds. Young cuttings will root freely in sand, covered by a hand glass, which should be taken off and wiped occasionally. Seeds may be sown in March, the hardy species out of doors, and the others in a cold house.

=A. foliolosus= (slightly-leaved).* _fl._ yellow; racemes terminal;
calyx covered with glandless hairs, with the lower lip elongated
and trifid at the apex; the segments equal. May. _l._ (and
branches) much crowded, hairy, trifoliate. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. Canary
Islands, 1629. A half-hardy evergreen species.

=A. frankenioides= (frankenia-like).* _fl._ yellow, crowded;
racemes terminal; calyx beset with glandular pubescence, with the
lower lip having the middle segment longer than the lateral ones,
and exceeding the lower lip. April. _l._ trifoliate, much crowded,
hairy; branches velvety. _h._ 1ft. to 3ft. Teneriffe, 1815.
Requires protection in winter; an evergreen.

=A. hispanicus= (Spanish).* _fl._ yellow, crowded; racemes
terminal; calyx beset with glands and hairs; lower lip of calyx
with three equal segments, hardly longer than the upper lip. June.
_l._ trifoliate, grouped; branchlets hairy. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft.
Spain, 1816. Deciduous.

=A. intermedius= (intermediate).* _fl._ yellow, not crowded;
racemes terminal; calyx beset with glandular pubescence, with the
lower lip trifid, the lateral segments shorter than the middle
ones, and much exceeding the upper lip. May. _l._ trifoliate,
grouped; branches rather shaggy. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. Sicily and
Naples, on mountains, 1816. Deciduous.

=A. parvifolius= (small-leaved).* _fl._ yellow, not crowded;
racemes terminal; calyx clothed with glandular pubescence, with
the middle segment of the lower lip longer than the lateral ones,
much exceeding the upper lip. May. _l._ trifoliate, grouped, small;
branches glabrous. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. France, on exposed heaths,
1800. Deciduous.

=A. telonensis= (Toulon).* _fl._ yellow, not crowded; racemes
terminal; calyx clothed with glandless pubescence, the segments of
the lower lip about equal in length, a little longer than the upper
lip. June. _l._ trifoliate, grouped; branchlets smoothish. _h._
2ft. to 4ft. South France, 1800. Deciduous.

=ADENOPHORA= (from _aden_, a gland, and _phoreo_, to bear; in reference to the cylindrical nectary which girds the base of the style). ORD. _Campanulaceæ_. A genus of elegant hardy border perennials, very similar in habit, shape of flower, &c., to _Campanula_, from which genus _Adenophora_ differs in having the style surrounded by a cylindrical gland. Flowers stalked, drooping, spicate. Leaves broad, stalked, somewhat whorled. They grow best in light rich garden soil, with a warm sunny position, and should be increased by seeds, as dividing the roots is the sure way to lose them. They are easily raised from seeds, which may be sown as soon as ripe, or in spring, in pots placed in a cold frame.

=A. coronopifolia= (buckhorn-leaved).* _fl._ blue, large, three to
ten, racemose, at the top of the stem, on short pedicels. July.
_l._ radical ones petiolate, ovate-roundish, cordate, crenately
toothed; upper ones sessile, linear-lanceolate, nearly entire,
quite glabrous. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Dahuria, 1822.

=A. denticulata= (toothed-leaved).* _fl._ blue, small, numerous, on
short pedicels, disposed in a more or less loose elongated raceme.
July. _l._ serrated, smoothish; radical ones petiolate, rounded;
upper ones sessile, ovate-lanceolate. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Dahuria, 1817.
SYN. _A. tricuspidata_.

=A. Fischeri= (Fischer's).* _fl._ blue, or whitish blue, numerous,
sweet-scented, disposed in a more or less compound, elongated,
and loose pyramidal panicle. August. _l._ radical ones petiolate,
ovate-roundish, cordate, crenately toothed; upper ones sessile,
ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrated. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Siberia, 1784.
SYN. _A. liliiflora_.

=A. Gmelini= (Gmelin's). _fl._ blue, secund, three to ten, on
the top of each stem, rising from the axils of the upper leaves,
disposed in a long raceme. July. _l._ upper ones erect, linear,
very narrow, entire, glabrous. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Dahuria, in dry
stony places, 1820.

=A. intermedia= (intermediate). _fl._ pale blue, small, racemose.
May. _l._ radical ones petiolate, cordate, toothed; upper ones
lanceolate, tapering to a point at the base, serrated, crowded.
_h._ 3ft. Siberia, 1820.

=A. Lamarckii= (Lamarck's).* _fl._ blue; corolla funnel-shaped,
disposed in an elongated, many-flowered, raceme, which is compound
at the base. June. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, acutely serrated,
ciliated, glabrous, except on the margins. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft.
Eastern Europe, 1824.

=A. latifolia= (broad-leaved). Synonymous with _A. pereskiæfolia_.

=A. liliiflora= (lily-flowered).* _fl._ numerous, sweet-scented, in
a loose pyramidal panicle. Central and Eastern Europe.

=A. pereskiæfolia= (pereskia-leaved).* _fl._ blue, rather numerous,
scattered over the upper part of the stems, rarely subverticillate;
peduncles one to two, or three-flowered. July. _l._ three to five
in a whorl, ovate-oblong, acuminated, coarsely serrated, roughly
ciliated. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Dahuria, 1821. SYN. _A. latifolia_.

=A. periplocæfolia= (periploca-leaved). _fl._ pale blue, at the
top of the stem, sometimes only one. June. _l._ petiolate, ovate,
acute, somewhat cordate, crenately serrated. Stem ascending. _h._
3in. Siberia, 1824. Rockery species.

=A. stylosa= (long-styled).* _fl._ pale blue, small, few, disposed
in a loose, naked, raceme. May. _l._ petiolate; lower ones obovate,
sinuate; upper ones ovate, acuminated, glabrous. Stem ascending.
_h._ 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. Eastern Europe, 1820.

=A. tricuspidata= (three-cusped). Synonymous with _A. denticulata_.

=A. verticillata= (whorl-leaved).* _fl._ pale blue, small,
irregularly disposed at the tops of the stems; lower whorls many
flowered, distant; peduncles one to three-flowered. June. _l._ in
whorls, serrately toothed; radical ones petiolate, roundish; upper
ones ovate-lanceolate; stems simple. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Dahuria,
1783.

=ADENOSTOMA= (from _aden_, a gland, and _stoma_, a mouth). ORD. _Rosaceæ_. Hardy shrubs, having small racemose, five-petalled flowers. They grow freely in rich loam and peat in equal proportions. Propagated in spring or autumn, by cuttings made of the young shoots, placed in sand, under glass.

=A. fasciculata= (fascicled).* _fl._ white, small, produced in
terminal panicles. _h._ 2ft. California, 1848. A hardy, heath-like
evergreen bushy plant, allied to _Alchemilla_.

=ADESMIA= (from _a_, without, _desmos_, a bond; in reference to the stamens being free). ORD. _Leguminosæ_. Chiefly greenhouse evergreen shrubs, or trailers, from South America, with lanceolate stipulas, abruptly pinnate leaves, ending in a bristle; axillary one-flowered pedicels, or the flowers racemosely disposed at the tops of the branches, in consequence of the upper leaves being abortive. They will grow well in a mixture of loam, peat, and sand. Propagated by cuttings placed in sand, covered by a hand glass, in a gentle heat; or by seeds, which are generally more satisfactory. The annual species--_A. muricata_, _A. papposa_, and _A. pendula_--are not worth growing. The following are fairly representative of the most ornamental species.

=A. glutinosa= (sticky).* _fl._ yellow; racemes elongated,
terminal, simple, spinescent, and are (as well as the linear
bracteas) clothed with white hairs. May. _l._ with about three
pairs of elliptic, hairy leaflets; branches spreading, beset with
glandular, glutinous hairs. Stem shrubby; legumes three-jointed,
very long. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1831.

=A. Loudonii= (Loudon's). _fl._ yellow. May, _h._ 2ft. Valparaiso,
1830.

=A. microphylla= (small-leaved).* _fl._ yellow; racemes somewhat
capitate, terminal, simple, spinescent. June. _l._ with six pairs
of small orbicular leaflets, on short petioles, pubescent; branches
spinose. Stem shrubby. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1830.

=A. Uspallatensis= (Uspallatan). _fl._ yellow. July. _h._ 1ft.
China, 1832.

=A. viscosa= (clammy). _fl._ yellow. August. _h._ 12ft. Chili, 1831.

=ADHATODA= (its native name). ORD. _Acanthaceæ_. Allied to _Justicia_. Very ornamental stove shrubs, requiring a good fibrous peat and loam, with a moderate addition of silver sand. To grow them well, they require liberal treatment and plenty of heat, when the flowers will be produced in great profusion. Increased by young cuttings in spring, placed in sandy soil, in bottom heat. _See_ =Justicia=.

=A. cydoniæfolia= (quince-leaved).* _fl._ produced in rather dense
clusters at the point of every branch; tube of corolla white, the
upper lip white tipped with purple; the lower lip large, rich
deep purple, with a white stripe down the centre. October. _l._
opposite, ovate, dark green, and are, as well as the branches,
slightly downy. Brazil, 1855. This species is an excellent subject
for training up pillars or rafters; and, when in bloom, makes a
pretty basket plant. It has a somewhat straggling habit, but a
little care only is needed in pruning and training to grow it into
an elegant shape.

=A. vasica= (Vasica). _fl._ purple. July. _h._ 10ft. India, 1699.

=ADHERENT.= Strictly signifies sticking to anything, but is more commonly employed in the sense of adnate.

=ADHESION.= The union of parts usually distinct.

=ADIANTOPSIS.= _See_ =Cheilanthes=.

=ADIANTUM= (from _adiantos_, dry, as if plunged in water it yet remains dry). Maidenhair. ORD. _Filices_. A large genus of handsome tropical and temperate ferns. _Sori_ marginal, varying in shape from globose to linear, usually numerous and distinct, sometimes confluent and continuous. Involucre the same shape as the sorus, formed of the reflexed margin of the fronds, bearing the capsules on its upper side. None of the Adiantums are truly hardy except the American _A. pedatum_; even our own native species requires protection. The chief requirements of this handsome genus of ferns are good drainage, and a compost of fibrous peat, loam and sand. In most cases, plenty of pot room is essential, and a larger quantity of loam will be needed for strong-growing sorts. For general culture, _see_ =Ferns=.

=A. æmulum= (rival).* _sti._ slender, about 6in. long. _fronds_
slender, pyramidate, tri-subquadripinnate; pinnæ distinct,
obliquely pyramidate, unequally-sided; pinnules rhomboid or oblong,
tapering to the base, the terminal one distinctly cuneate, all
sparingly lobate. _sori_, 2in. to 4in., circular, or nearly so.
Brazil, 1877. Stove or greenhouse species.

=A. æthiopicum= (Æthiopian).* _sti._ 6in. to 9in. long, rather
slender, erect. _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, 6in. to 9in. broad,
deltoid, tri- or quadripinnate; lower pinnæ 3in. to 4in. long, 2in.
to 3in. broad, deltoid; ultimate segments 1/4in. to 1/2in. across,
1/4in. deep, suborbicular, the upper part broadly lobed; rachis and
surfaces naked. _sori_ in several roundish patches. _A. Chilense_
(Chilian), _A. scabrum_ (scurfy), _A. sulphureum_ (sulphured) are
mere forms of this species. Spain, and almost cosmopolitan. A very
pretty greenhouse fern. SYNS. _A. assimile_, _A. emarginatum_.

=A. affine= (related).* _sti._ 6in. to 9in. long, erect. _fronds_
with a terminal central pinna 4in. to 6in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in.
broad, and several smaller erecto-patent lateral ones, the lowest
of which are again branched; pinnules, 1/2in. to 3/4in. long,
1/4in. deep, dimidiate, the lower edge straight, the upper nearly
parallel with it, crenate, like the oblique or bluntly rounded
outer edge. _sori_ numerous, roundish. New Zealand. Greenhouse
species. SYN. _A. Cunninghami_.

=A. amabile= (lovely). Synonymous with _A. glaucophyllum_. Also a
garden name for _A. Moorei_.

=A. amœnum= (pleasing). Synonymous with _A. flabellulatum_.

=A. andicolum.= A synonym of _A. glaucophyllum_.

=A. aneitense= (Aneiteum).* _sti._ and _rachises_ castaneous, the
latter glabrous beneath, ferrugino-pilose above; _fronds_ deltoid,
three to four pinnate, 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. long, and broad; segments,
about 1/2in. long, rhomboidal, ascending, nearly sessile, inner
side close to rachis, lower erecto-patent, shallowly lobed. _sori_
round, reniform, in centre of lobes, four to six to a segment.
Aneiteum Isles, 1880. Stove or greenhouse species.

=A. assimile= (assimilated). An Australian form of the
widely-distributed _A. æthiopicum_.

=A. Bausei= (Bause's).* _fronds_ 1-1/2ft. to 2-1/2ft. long,
spreading, triangular, tri-quadripinnate; pinnæ stalked, the lower
ones obliquely triangular; pinnules broad, laterally deflexed, the
basal ones obliquely ovate with a truncate base, the intermediate
somewhat trapeziform, the terminal cuneate--all shallowly lobed and
pedicellate. _sori_ oblong reniform, set across the apices of the
lobes, 1879. A beautiful stove or greenhouse hybrid, between _A.
trapeziforme_ and _A. decorum_.

=A. bellum= (handsome).* _fronds_ tufted, 3in. to 6in. high,
bipinnate. ovate-lanceolate; pinnæ of three to six pinnules,
1/2in. to 1-1/2in. long, stalked; pinnules cuneate or irregular
transverse-oblong, the somewhat larger terminal ones cuneate,
lobed, the margin erose, all shortly stalked. _sori_ two to three
on the smaller pinnules, roundish, or sublunate. Bermuda, 1879.
Greenhouse or Wardian case species.

=A. Capillus-Veneris= (Venus's hair).* Common Maidenhair. _sti._
sub-erect, rather slender, 4in. to 9in. long. _fronds_ very
variable in size, with short terminal and numerous erecto-patent
lateral branches on each side, the lowest slightly branched
again; segments 1/2in. to 1in. broad, deeply lobed, and the lobes
again bluntly crenated. _sori_ placed in roundish sinuses of the
crenation. Great Britain, and world-wide in its distribution.
Greenhouse, case, or frame species.

=A. C.-V. cornubiense= (Cornish).* _fronds_ very numerous, and
dwarf, more or less oblong in general outline, with large, broad
pinnules of a deep green, with finely-waved margins, and an almost
pellucid, but firm texture. One of the best forms, but somewhat
delicate in constitution.

=A. C.-V. crispulum= (crisped).* _fronds_, with the stipes, from
6in. to 12in. long, more attenuated than those of the type, and
narrower at the base; pinnules less numerous, but broad and thin,
crisp, of a light green colour, more or less cut at the broadest
part. A handsome variety, of vigorous growth.

=A. C.-V. daphnites= (glistening).* _sti._ and _rachises_ dark
brown, reaching a height of from 9in. to 14in. pinnæ and ultimate
pinnules more or less confluent, the latter being broad, and
of a dull green colour, usually forming a tufted crest at the
extremities of the fronds. A charming subject for the Wardian case.
Very distinct. See Fig. 26.

=A. C.-V. fissum= (divided). Very dwarf in habit, with pinnules
rather broader than those of the type, which are deeply and
variously cut, so as to give the plant a distinctive appearance
from most of the forms.

=A. C.-V. Footi= (Foot's). Closely allied to the variety _fissum_,
having fronds a foot or more long, with very ample pinnules deeply
incised, light green. Vigorous.

=A. C.-V. incisum= (deeply cut). Very closely allied to _A. C.-V.
fissum_, but rather more vigorous in growth; pinnules broad, and
deeply slit into segments near the base.

=A. C.-V. magnificum= (magnificent).* _fronds_ from 9in. to 16in.
long, more or less elongated in outline, 3in. to 4in. across;
pinnules ample, rich green, with the margins finely cut and
imbricated. The arching character gives this form a most distinct
appearance. A very fine variety.

=A. C.-V. rotundum= (rounded). Pinnules usually round, without the
cuneiform base of the normal form; neither are the fronds so broad.
Isle of Man. Variable in its habit.

=A. C.-V. undulatum= (wavy).* _fronds_ dense, compact, having
broad, roundish dark green pinnules, which are undulated at the
edges. An elegant dwarf-growing form.

=A. cardiochlæna= (heart-form indusium). A synonym of _A.
polyphyllum_.

=A. caudatum= (tailed).* _sti._ 2in. to 4in. long, tufted, wiry.
_fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long, simply pinnate, often elongated, and
rooting at the extremity; pinnæ about 1/2in. long, 1/4in. deep,
dimidiate, nearly sessile, the lower line straight and horizontal,
the upper rounded, more or less cut, the point usually blunt, the
lower ones slightly stalked. _sori_ roundish or transversely oblong
on the edge of the lobes; _rachis_ and both sides of the frond
villose. _A. ciliatum_ (of gardens) is probably a mere form, if
not a synonym, of this species. Throughout the Tropics everywhere.
Greenhouse or stove species; very fine for hanging baskets.

=A. colpodes= (deep hollow).* _sti._ 4in. to 6in. long, slender,
slightly fibrillose. _fronds_ 9in. to 18in. long, 4in. to 8in.
broad, deltoid, tripinnate, light green; lower pinnæ spreading at
right angles from the rachis, 2in. to 4in. long, 1-1/2in. broad,
slightly branched below; ultimate segments about 1/2in. long,
1/4in. broad, the lower line often straight, the upper rounded,
lobed, and toothed, all nearly or quite sessile. _sori_ placed
in distinct teeth of the outer edge. Ecuador and Peru, 1875.
Greenhouse species.

=A. concinnum= (neat).* _sti._ 4in. to 8in. long. _fronds_ 12in. to
18in. long, 6in. to 9in. broad, ovate-deltoid, tripinnate; pinnæ
numerous, spreading, flexuous, the lowest 4in. to 6in. long, 2in.
to 3in. broad; segments 1/4in. to 3/8in. across, broadly cuneate
at the base, the upper edge irregularly rounded, deeply lobed, the
lobes crenate, the lowest segment of each pinna and pinnule large,
sessile. _sori_ numerous, ob-reniform. Tropical America. A most
elegant species for baskets and the rockery.

=A. c. Flemingi= (Fleming's). This variety, of garden origin, is
also very handsome.

=A. c. latum= (broad).* Differs from the type in being more erect
and robust in habit, and broader in all its parts. It constitutes
an excellent stove plant.

=A. crenatum= (crenated).* _sti._ 6in. to 9in. long. _fronds_
with a terminal central pinna 6in. to 9in. long and several large
erecto-patent lateral ones on each side, the lowest of which are
branched again; segments about 1/2in. long, 1/4in. deep, dimidiate,
the lower line upcurved, the upper nearly straight, slightly
crenate. _sori_ numerous, round, placed on the upper and sometimes
outer edge. This is closely allied to _A. tetraphyllum_. Mexico.
Stove species. SYN. _A. Wilesianum_.