Chapter M: A. S. Salm-Dyck. Monographia generum Aloes et Mesembryanthemi (27)

=CALANTHE= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _anthos_, a flower). ORD. _Orchideæ_. SEC. _Vandæ_. A very handsome genus of stove terrestrial orchids. They may be characterised as robust-growing plants, producing large, broad, many-ribbed, or plaited leaves, which are, with one or two exceptions, evergreen, and long spikes, bearing many flowers, distinguished by their calcarate lip, which is attached to the column, and by the eight thick, waxy pollen masses adhering to a separate gland. Calanthes should be special favourites with amateurs, as, in the first place, they produce an abundance of showy flowers, which last a long time in perfection; and, secondly, because they are so easily managed. In potting these plants, it will be necessary to depart from the usual style of potting orchids, and, instead of elevating them above the rim of the pot upon a cone of peat and sphagnum, they must be kept below the rim, as in potting ordinary plants. In place of the usual soil and moss, these plants should have a mixture of loam, leaf mould, and peat, broken up rough, to which may be added some silver sand and dried cow manure. During the growing season, they require abundant supply of water, and in winter even this element must be administered freely to the evergreen kinds; whilst the deciduous ones, on the contrary, enjoy a thorough rest after blooming. Good drainage is essential to all. Little more need be said upon the cultivation of Calanthes during the summer months. When growing, they enjoy strong heat and plenty of moisture; but, when growth is complete, a cooler situation is most beneficial. They are subject to the attacks of various insects, which must be continually searched for, and, when found, destroyed; for, if neglected in this particular, the bold and handsome leaves will be much disfigured, and rendered far from ornamental. Propagated by suckers and divisions. About forty species are known, of which the following are a selection:

=C. curculigoides= (Curculigo-like). _fl._ beautiful orange-yellow,
disposed in an erect spike. Summer and autumn. _l._ large,
evergreen, plaited. _h._ 2ft. Malacca, 1844. (B. R. 33, 8.)

=C. Dominyi= (Dominy's).* _fl._, sepals and petals lilac; lip deep
purple. This fine hybrid is a cross between _C. Masuca_ and _C.
veratrifolia_. (B. M. 5042.)

=C. furcata= (forked). _fl._ creamy white, very freely produced;
spikes erect, 3ft. long. June to August. Luzon Isles, 1836. An
excellent exhibition plant.

=C. Masuca= (Masuca).* _fl._, sepals and petals deep violet colour,
with an intense violet-purple lip; numerously produced on spikes
2ft. long. June to August. India, 1838. (B. M. 4541). The variety
_grandiflora_ differs from the type in its greater size both of
spike and individual flower; the gigantic spikes are from 3ft. to
4ft. high, and continue blooming for three months.

=C. Petri= (Peter Veitch's).* _fl._ whitish-yellow. Said to be very
like _C. veratrifolia_, but bearing leaves a little narrower, and a
system of five curious sulcate yellowish calli on the base of the
lip, without the single lamella and teeth which are proper to that
species. Polynesia, 1880.

=C. pleiochroma= (many-coloured). _fl._ whitish, purplish, ochre,
orange. Japan, 1871.

=C. Regnieri= (Regnier's). _fl._, sepals and petals white; lip
rosy-pink; middle lobe short, wedge-shaped, and emarginate.
Pseudo-bulbs jointed, Cochin China. _fausta_ is a fine variety,
with the base of the tip and column a warm crimson.

=C. Sieboldii= (Siebold's).* _fl._ yellow, large; spikes erect.
_l._ broad, dark green, plaited. _h._ 1ft. Japan, 1837. An elegant
evergreen dwarf-growing species. (R. H. 1855, 20.)

=C. Textori= (Textor's). _fl._ cream-white, washed with violet on
the petals and column, as well as on the base of lip, where the
calli are brick-red, changing later on to ochre-colour, excepting
the white-lilac base of sepals and petals and the column; lip very
narrow. Japan, 1877.

=C. Veitchii= (Veitch's).* _fl._ rich bright rose, with a white
throat; spikes often attaining a height of 3ft., and bearing an
immense quantity of flowers. Winter. _l._ large, plaited, light
green, deciduous. Pseudo-bulbs flask-shaped. This very beautiful
hybrid is the result of a cross between _C. vestita_ and _C. rosea_
(SYN. _Limatodes rosea_). See Fig. 317. (B. M. 5375.)

=C. veratrifolia= (Veratrum-leaved).* _fl._ pure white, except the
green tips of the sepals and the golden papillæ on the disk of the
labellum; spikes 2ft. to 3ft. high, freely produced on well-grown
plants. May to July. _l._ 2ft. or more long, dark green, broad,
many-ribbed, with wavy margins. India, 1819. See Fig. 318. (B. M.
2615.)

=C. vestita= (clothed).* _fl._, sepals and petals pure white,
numerously produced in a many-flowered, nodding spike. _l._
deciduous. Pseudo-bulbs large, whitish, _h._ 2-1/2ft. Burmah. (B.
M. 4671.) The varieties of this species are very numerous.

=C. v. igneo-oculata= (fire-eyed).* _fl._, base of the column
purplish, over which is a dazzling fire-colour, the blotch in the
base of the lip of the same colour. Borneo, 1876.

=C. v. nivalis= (snowy).* _fl._ pure white, entirely destitute of
any colour on the lip. Java, 1868.

=C. v. rubro-oculata= (red-eyed).* _fl._ delicate white, with a
blotch of rich crimson in the centre; upwards of 2in. across;
spikes long, drooping, having a white downy covering, and rising
from the base of the silvery-green pseudo-bulbs, when the latter
are without leaves. October to February.

=C. v. Turneri= (Turner's).* _fl._ pure white, with rose-coloured
eye, larger, and produced on longer flower-spikes than the other
kinds; form of flowers more compact. Java. This is considered by
some authorities, to be a distinct species.

=CALATHEA= (from _kalathos_, a basket; in reference to the basket-shaped stigma, or to the leaves being worked into baskets in South America). ORD. _Scitamineæ_. This genus of very ornamental-leaved stove plants is distinguished from _Maranta_ by mere botanical characters; and the two genera are often confounded. Flowers in terminal spikes, bracteate; perianth six-cleft, outer segments lanceolate, inner ones blunt and irregular; stamens three, petal-like. Leaves large, springing from the contracted stem, near the root. They delight in a rich, loose, open soil, consisting of peat, loam, and leaf soil, in about equal proportions, with the addition of a good sprinkling of sand, to keep it open and porous. The mixture should be used in a rough, lumpy state, so that the roots, which are of large size, may be able to travel with freedom. Nearly all the species admit of easy increase by division. July is a favourable time to set about it, or it may be carried out any time between that and the spring months. In order to make the necessary separation without damaging the roots, the plants should be shaken out from the soil, when they may be divided into as many pieces as there are separate crowns. Whether an increased stock be desired or not, Calatheas require fresh soil annually; and, if not reduced by division, they become much too thickly foliaged to properly develop, unless they are shifted into larger-sized pots, which can always be done if large specimens are required. When making divisions, see that each crown is well furnished with roots, so that they may at once commence sending up fresh young foliage. Although Calatheas require an abundant supply of water while growing, a stagnant moisture is most injurious; good drainage is, therefore, essential. To have the leaves in fine, healthy condition, plenty of atmospheric moisture must be maintained during their growth; and, if syringing is resorted to for the purpose of securing this, clear soft water should be used, or an unsightly deposit will be the result, by which the beauty of the plants, unless they are frequently sponged, will be spoiled. These plants require, in addition to plenty of moisture, moderate shade during the summer, as they dislike strong sunshine, and may, therefore, be grown among ferns, under creepers, in situations that would be of little use for other purposes. Calatheas are not subject to insects if properly supplied with water while growing, and a sufficiently moist atmosphere is at all times maintained; but, if either of these are lacking, red spider soon put in an appearance, and quickly disfigure the leaves.

=C. applicata= (inclined). _fl._ white. Brazil, 1875. SYN. _Maranta
pinnato-picta_. (B. H. 1875, 18.)

=C. arrecta= (erect).* _l._ rich satin-green on the upper side, and
heavy ruby colour on the under side. Ecuador, 1872. A fine species,
with a very elegant growth. (I. H. 1871, 77.)

=C. Bachemiana= (Bachem's). _l._ silvery, with green lines and
blotches. Brazil, 1875.

=C. Baraquinii= (Baraquin's).* _l._ ovate-lanceolate; ground
colour bright green, relieved by beautiful bands of silvery white.
Amazons, 1868.

=C. bella= (handsome).* _l._ greyish-green, with the margins and
two series of central patches deep green. Brazil, 1875. SYN.
_Maranta tessellata Kegeljani_.

=C. crocata= (saffron-coloured). _fl._ orange. Brazil, 1875.

=C. eximia= (choice). 1857. SYN. _Phrynium eximium_. (R. G. 686.)

=C. fasciata= (banded).* _l._ 8in. to 12in. long, 6in. to 8in.
wide, broadly cordate; ground colour bright green, with broad bands
of white running across from midrib to the margin; the under side
pale green, tinged with purple. _h._ 1ft. Brazil, 1859. (R. G. 255.)

=C. hieroglyphica= (hieroglyphic). _l._ broadly obovate, obtuse;
ground colour rich dark velvety green, which, towards the midrib,
shades off into light emerald green; primary veins oblique, and
the spaces between them ornamented with irregular streaks and bars
of silvery white; under surface of a uniform dark vinous purple.
Columbia, 1873. Dwarf and distinct. (I. H. 1873, 122.)

=C. illustris= (bright).* _l._ somewhat obovate; upper surface of a
bright pea-green, streaked with transverse bands of a deeper green;
midrib pink, with two irregular blotches of white traversing the
leaves from base to point, midway between the margin and costa;
under surface deep purple. Ecuador, 1866.

=C. Kerchoviana= (Kerchove's).* _l._ cordate, oblong, obtuse,
shortly and abruptly acuminate, greyish-green, with a row of
purplish blotches on each side of the midrib. _h._ 6in. Brazil,
1879. SYN. _Maranta leuconeura Kerchoviana_.

=C. Legrelliana= (Le Grell's). _l._ very dark green, relieved by
a feathery band of white, extending the whole length between the
midrib and margin. Ecuador, 1867.

=C. Leitzei= (Leitze's). _l._ oblong-lanceolate, deep metallic
green, and shining on the upper surface, with feather-like markings
of deeper colour, purplish-violet beneath. Brazil, 1875. (R. G.
935.)

=C. leopardina= (leopard).* _l._ oblong, pale or yellowish-green,
marked on each side of the costa with several oblong acuminate
blotches of deep green. _h._ 2ft. Brazil, 1875. (R. G. 893.)

=C. leuconeura= (white-nerved). A synonym of _Maranta leuconeura_.

=C. leucostachys= (white-spiked). _h._ 1ft. A fine species, allied
to _C. Warscewiczii_. Costa Rica, 1874. (B. M. 6205.)

=C. Lindeni= (Linden's).* _l._ oblong, 6in. to 12in. long, deep
green, with blotches of yellowish-green on each side of the midrib;
under surface purplish-rose, through which the markings of the
upper side are visible. Peru, 1866. Very handsome and free-growing.
(I. H. 1871, 82.)

=C. Luciani= (Lucian's). _l._ shining green, the midrib festooned
with silvery white. Tropical America, 1872.

=C. Makoyana= (Makoy's).* _l._ oblong, somewhat unequal-sided,
6in. to 8in. long, upwards of 4in. broad; outer margin deep green,
the central portion semi-transparent, beautifully blotched with
creamy-yellow and white; the central part is also ornamented
between the transverse veins with oblong blotches of deep green;
petioles slender, purplish-red. Tropical America, 1872. SYN. _C.
olivaris_. (G. C. 1872, p. 1589.)

=C. Massangeana= (Massange's).* _l._ beautifully covered with rich
marking, presenting a somewhat similar appearance to the wings of
certain butterflies. The outer portion is olive-green; the middle,
on both sides of the costa, of a delicate silvery-grey colour, from
which the whitish side veins run out in a well-defined and regular
manner; the portion of the leaf surrounding the silvery centre is
ornamented with large blotches of dark velvety purplish-maroon,
occasionally shaded with brownish-crimson; the whole of the leaf
being marked with silky and sparkling reflections. Brazil, 1875.
It is of neat habit, growing in close tufts, its ample foliage
covering the ground.

=C. medio-picta= (middle painted). _l._ oblong-acute, tapering
to the base, dark green, with a feathered white central stripe.
Brazil, 1878.

=C. micans= (glittering).* _l._ oblong-acuminate, 2in. to 3in.
long, a little over 1in. in breadth, dark shining green, with
a white feathery stripe down the centre. Tropical America. The
smallest species of the genus with a spreading habit, and quickly
forming dense and beautiful tufts. There is a variety of this named
_amabilis_. Brazil.

=C. nitens= (shining).* _l._ oblong, green, with a bright glossy
surface, marked on each side of the midrib with a series of
oblong acute bars, alternating with numerous lines of a dark
green on a pale bright green ground. Brazil, 1880. An elegant and
small-growing plant.

=C. olivaris= (olive-green). Synonymous with _C. Makoyana_.

=C. ornata= (ornamented).* _l._ oblong acuminate, 6in. to 9in.
long, 3in. or more broad, yellowish-green, relieved by broad
transverse bands of dark olive-green; under side tinged with
purple. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Columbia, 1849.

=C. o. albo-lineata= (white-lined). Columbia, 1848. SYN. _Maranta
albo-lineata_.

=C. o. majestica= (majestic). Rio Purus, 1866. SYN. _Maranta
majestica_.

=C. o. regalis= (royal). Peru, 1856. SYNS. _Maranta regalis_ and
_M. coriifolia_.

=C. o. roseo-lineata= (rosy-lined).* _h._ 1ft. 1848. SYN. _Maranta
roseo-lineata_.

=C. pacifica= (Pacific). _l._ oblong ovate, of a fine dark green on
the upper surface, olive-brown beneath. Eastern Peru, 1871.

=C. pardina= (leopard).* _fl._ yellow, large, handsome, produced
in great abundance. _l._ 10in. to 18in. long, 5in. to 6in. wide,
ovate, pale green, with dark brown blotches on each side the
midrib, and which occur at regular intervals the whole length of
the leaf. New Grenada. (F. d. S. ii., 1101.)

=C. prasina= (leek-green). _l._ with a yellow-green central band.
Brazil, 1875.

=C. princeps= (magnificent).* _l._ 12in. to 18in. long; centre rich
dark green, broadly margined with yellowish-green, purple beneath.
_h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Peru, 1869. A superb large-growing species.

=C. pulchella= (pretty). _l._ bright green, with two series of deep
green blotches, alternately large and small. Brazil, 1859. This
much resembles _C. zebrina_ in general appearance, but is not so
strong a grower, and the leaves are not so dark.

=C. rosea-picta= (rose-coloured). _l._ somewhat orbicular, of a
rich glossy green; midrib of a lovely rose-colour, between the
margin and midrib are two irregular bands of the same colour,
traversing the entire length of the leaf. Upper Amazon, 1866. (R.
G. 610.)

=C. Seemanni= (Seemann's). _l._ about 1ft. long, 6in. broad, satiny
emerald-green; midrib whitish. Nicaragua, 1872.

=C. splendida= (splendid). _l._ large, oblong-lanceolate, deflexed,
10in. to 18in. long, rich dark olive-green, with distinct blotches
of greenish-yellow. Brazil, 1864.

=C. tubispatha= (tube-spathed).* _l._ somewhat obovate, obtuse,
6in. to 12in. long, pale greenish-yellow, beautifully relieved by
a row of rich brown oblong blotches, set in pairs on each side of
the midrib, throughout the entire length of the leaf. West Tropical
America, 1865. An elegant species. (B. M. 5542.)

=C. Vanden Heckei= (Van den Heck's).* _l._ rich dark glossy green,
shaded with transverse bands of a lighter green; midrib broadly
margined with silvery-white, two bands of the same colour traverse
the leaf from base to apex, midway between midrib and margin; under
side of a uniform purplish-crimson. Brazil, 1865. Very distinct and
handsome.

=C. Veitchii= (Veitch's).* _l._ large, ovate elliptic, over 1ft.
long, very rich glossy green, marked along each side the midrib
with crescent-shaped blotches of yellow, softened by shades of
green and white; under surface light purple. _h._ 3ft. W. Tropical
America, 1865. Probably the handsomest of the genus. See Fig. 319.

=C. virginalis= (virginal). _l._ large, broadly ovate, light green;
midrib white, also with a white band on each side; the under side
of a greyish-green. Amazons, 1857. Habit dwarf and compact.

=C vittata= (striped). _l._ ovate-acuminate, 9in. long, very light
green, with narrow transverse bars of white on each side of the
midrib. Brazil, 1857.

=C. Wallisii= (Wallis's).* _l._ rather large, of a rich and
pleasing light green, beautifully relieved with a ray of rich dark
green. South America, 1867. A handsome and distinct sort, but
somewhat rare.

=C. W. discolor= (two-coloured). _l._ bright velvety green, with
the centre and margins grey. South America, 1871.

=C. Warscewiczii= (Warscewicz's).* _l._ 2ft. long, about 8in. wide,
deep velvety green in colour, relieved by a feathery stripe of
yellowish-green on either side the midrib, and extending from the
base to the apex. _h._ 3ft. Tropical America, 1879. A fine sort.
(R. G. 515.)

=C. Wioti= (Wiot's). _l._ bright green, with two series of
olive-green blotches. Brazil, 1875.

=C. zebrina= (zebra).* _l._ 2ft. to 3ft. long, 6in. to 8in. wide,
beautiful velvety light green on the upper side, barred with
greenish-purple; under side of a dull greenish-purple. _h._ 2ft.
Brazil, 1815. This is a very old inhabitant of our stoves, and, for
general usefulness is not much surpassed. See Fig. 320. (B. R. 385.)

=CALATHIAN VIOLET.= _See_ =Gentiana Pneumonanthe=.

=CALCARATE.= Spurred, or having a spur.

=CALCEOLARIA= (from _calceolus_, a little slipper, in allusion to the form of the corolla; the form _calceolarius_, shoemaker, probably chosen to include a reference to F. Calceolari, an Italian botanist of the sixteenth century). Slipperwort. ORD. _Scrophularineæ_. A genus of hardy or half-hardy shrubs, sub-shrubs or herbs. Peduncles one or many-flowered, axillary or terminal, corymbose; corolla with a very short tube; limb bilabiate; upper lip short, truncately rounded, entire; lower lip large, concave, slipper-shaped. Leaves opposite, sometimes three in a whorl, rarely alternate.

SHRUBBY SECTION. In addition to the widely-known utility of this class for bedding purposes, they are fine decorative plants when well grown, and useful alike in conservatory or dwelling house. It will be found more convenient to grow these in a pit or frame, as in such places they are less liable to the attacks of fly, and make sturdier growth. If large plants are required, cuttings should be taken in August, placed in a cold frame facing the north, in sandy soil, and, when rooted, potted off into 3in. pots. They should then be placed in a light sunny frame, where they may remain until the middle of February. The points should then be pinched out. When the plants break, they must be shifted into 48-sized pots. If there are from four to six breaks to each plant, it will be sufficient; but, should such not be the case, the plants must be stopped again, when the requisite number will probably be obtained. Directly the roots touch the pots, the plants should be transferred to 7in. or 8in. pots, in which they will flower, and the shoots must be tied out so as to develop fully. Every effort should be exerted to keep the foliage green to the base of the plants, and they should be fumigated on the first appearance of green fly. As the flower-spikes are thrown up, weak liquid manure, applied two or three times a week, will prove beneficial. For potting, the following compost is most suitable: One-half good fibrous loam, one-eighth thoroughly rotted manure, and the remainder leaf soil, with enough sharp sand to keep the whole open. During frosty weather, of course, it will be necessary to protect the frames with mats, and to water judiciously, to avoid damping. Those plants intended for bedding will not require to be repotted, but should be inserted, about 3in. apart, in sandy soil, in a cold frame. The tops must be taken off early in March; and from the middle of April to the middle of May, they may be planted out where they are to remain. Should frosty weather, accompanied by drying winds, ensue, the plants will require the protection of inverted flower-pots, with pieces of slate or crock placed over the holes. A good soil, abundantly enriched with rotten manure, is most desirable for them.

_Varieties._ These are very numerous. The best of them are the following: BIJOU, dark red, very free; GAINE'S YELLOW, rich deep yellow, extremely free; GENERAL HAVELOCK, crimson-scarlet, very fine; GOLDEN GEM, bright yellow, perhaps the best; SPARKLER, crimson-gold, dwarf; VICTORIA, dark maroon, very attractive.

HERBACEOUS SECTION. These, like the preceding, are very useful, both for house and conservatory decoration (see Fig. 321). A packet of seed from a first-class firm will, if properly managed, produce a good percentage of excellent flowers. The seed may be sown from June to August, when large batches are required (when only one sowing is made, July will be the best month), on pans of light, sandy soil, which should be soaked with water before sowing. Care must be taken to make the surface of the soil level, and also to sow the seed as evenly as possible. It is better not to cover with soil, but a sheet of glass should be laid over the pan, which must be placed in a shady part of the greenhouse or cold frame until the young plants show the first leaf. The glass can then be gradually removed. When large enough to handle, the seedlings must be pricked out, about 2in. asunder, in pans or boxes, and placed in a close, shaded situation. As soon as of sufficient size, they must be placed singly in 3in. pots, returned to the frame, kept close for a few days, and as near the glass as possible, to make them sturdy. When necessary, they should be shifted into 5in. pots, in which they may be kept through the winter; or the later batches may be placed in small pots. By the end of October or early in November, the plants will be strong and fit for wintering; at this stage, the best place for them is in a dry, frost-proof pit, or on an airy shelf of the greenhouse, giving them sufficient water to prevent flagging. All dead leaves must be removed. On the first appearance of green fly, the plants should be fumigated with tobacco. From the end of January onwards, in order to encourage growth, the plants should be removed into 7in. or 8in. pots, giving plenty of drainage, and a compost consisting of one-half good light fibrous loam, one-fourth thoroughly decayed sheep manure, and one-fourth leaf soil, to which must be added sufficient coarse sand to keep the whole open. After potting, the plants must be again placed in the same position, and, as they require it, plenty of room given. Careful attention to watering is necessary, as they must not be allowed to get dry. Air must be given on all suitable occasions. The flower-stems, as they require it, should be supported with small neat sticks. About May, the plants will commence to bloom, and continue to do so for a couple of months. The best flowers should be selected, and cross-fertilised with a camel-hair pencil, in order to produce a good strain of seed for future sowing. The attention of horticulturists appears to be almost wholly confined to the innumerable hybrids raised from _amplexicaulis_, _arachnoidea_, _corymbosa_, _integrifolia_, _purpurea_, _thyrsiflora_, and a few others. Very few pure species are seen in cultivation, although most of them are well worth growing.

=C. alba= (white). _fl._ white; peduncles elongated, racemose,
dichotomous. June. _l._ linear, remotely serrated. Plant
suffruticose, clammy, and resinous. _h._ 1ft. Chili, 1844. Shrubby.
(B. M. 4157.)

=C. amplexicaulis= (stem-clasping).* _fl._ yellow, umbellately
fascicled; corymbs terminal; pedicels pilose. _l._ stem-clasping,
ovate-oblong, acuminated, cordate, crenately-serrated, pilose. _h._
1-1/2ft. Peru, 1845. Half-hardy, herbaceous. (B. M. 4300.)

=C. arachnoidea= (cobwebby).* _fl._ purple; peduncles terminal,
twin, elongated, dichotomous. June to September. _l._
lingulately-oblong, a little toothed, narrowing downwards into long
winged petioles, which are connate at the base; about 5in. long,
wrinkled. Stem herbaceous, branched, spreading, clothed with white
cobwebbed wool, as well as the leaves and other parts, except the
corolla. _h._ 1ft. Chili, 1827. (B. M. 2874.)

=C. bicolor= (two-coloured).* _fl._ in large terminal cymes; upper
lip yellow, small; lower lip large, gaping, conchiform, the front
clear yellow, the back white. July to November. _l._ broadly-ovate,
sub-acute, coarsely crenated, wrinkled. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Stem much
branched, woody at the base. Peru, 1829. SYN. _C. diffusa_. (B. R.
1374.)

=C. Burbidgei= (Burbidge's).* _fl._ rich yellow, with large lower
lip. Autumn and winter. _l._ ovate, distinctly obtusely biserrate,
sub-acute, with a narrow wing running down the petiole; both
surfaces downy. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. This is a handsome hybrid between
_C. Pavonii_ and _C. fuchsiæfolia_, raised by F. W. Burbidge, Esq.,
Trinity College Botanic Gardens, Dublin, 1882.

=C. chelidonioides= (Chelidonium-like). _fl._ yellow. June. _h._
1ft. Peru, 1852. Annual.

=C. corymbosa= (corymbose). _fl._ yellow, marked with purple dots
and lines, corymbose. May to October. _l._, radical ones ovate
and cordate, petiolate, doubly crenated, white beneath; cauline
ones few, cordate, half amplexicaul. Stems herbaceous, leafless at
bottom, but dichotomous and leafy at top. Plant hairy. _h._ 1ft. to
1-1/2ft. Chili, 1822. (B. R. 723.)

=C. deflexa= (bending). Synonymous with _C. fuchsiæfolia_.

=C. diffusa= (spreading). A synonym of _C. bicolor_.

=C. flexuosa= (flexuose). _fl._, corolla yellow; lower lip large,
ventricose; peduncles axillary and terminal, many-flowered;
pedicels umbellate. _l._ cordate, unequally and bluntly crenated,
petiolate, remote. Plant shrubby, rough, beset with glandular
hairs. _h._ 3ft. Peru, 1847. (B. M. 5154.)

=C Fothergillii= (Fothergill's).* _fl._, upper lip of corolla
yellowish; lower lip sulphur colour, having the margins spotted
with red, four times the size of the upper one; peduncles
scape-formed, one-flowered. May to August. _l._ spathulate, quite
entire, pilose above, about 1in. long. Stem herbaceous, a little
divided near the root. _h._ 3in. to 6in. Falkland Islands, 1777.
(B. M. 348.)

=C. fuchsiæfolia= (Fuchsia-leaved).* _fl._ yellow, disposed in
terminal panicles; upper lip nearly as large as the lower one.
Spring. _l._ lanceolate, glandless. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Peru, 1878.
This is a very handsome winter-flowering shrubby species, but it is
difficult to keep the foliage in anything like good condition. SYN.
_C. deflexa_. (Garden, March, 1879.)

=C. Henrici= (Anderson-Henry's). _fl._ yellow, disposed in terminal
corymbose cymes; both lips of corolla much inflated, so as to
entirely close the mouth. _l._ rather large, elongate-lanceolate,
downy beneath. _h._ 2ft. Andes of Cuenca, 1865. Shrubby evergreen.
(B. M. 5772.)

=C. hyssopifolia= (Hyssop-leaved).* _fl._ in terminal cymes; upper
lip clear yellow, about half the width of the lower, and meeting
closely to it; lower lip clear canary-yellow above, nearly white
beneath. May to August. _l._ sessile, linear-lanceolate, sub-acute,
entire. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Chili. Shrubby. (B. M. 5548.)

=C. integrifolia= (entire-leaved). Synonymous with _C. rugosa_.

=C. lobata= (lobed). _fl._ yellow, disposed in erect,
loosely-branched cymes; lip curiously folded on itself, and spotted
on the inner surface. _l._ palmately lobed. _h._ 9in. Peru, 1877.
Herbaceous species. (B. M. 6330.)

=C. Pavonii= (Pavon's).* _fl._ rich yellow and brown, in large
terminal clusters; upper lip small; lower lip large, widely gaping.
_l._ perfoliate, the petioles connected by a broad wing, running
all their length; blade broadly ovate, coarsely serrate-dentate;
both sides covered with soft down. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. Herbaceous.
(B. M. 4525.)

=C. pinnata= (pinnate). _fl._ sulphur-coloured; peduncles twin
or tern, panicled. July to September. _l._ pinnate; leaflets or
segments toothed, lower ones pinnatifidly toothed. _h._ 2ft. to
3ft. Peru, 1773. Annual, clothed with clammy hairs. (B. M. 41.)

=C. pisacomensis= (Pisacomanese). _fl._ rich orange-red, large;
lower lip of corolla so bent upwards as to close the mouth; cymes
produced from all the upper axils, forming long leafy panicles.
_l._ ovate, obtuse, coarsely crenate. _h._ 3ft. Peru, 1868. A
sub-shrubby perennial, of strong, erect habit.

=C. plantaginea= (Plantain-like).* _fl._ yellow; lower lip of
corolla large, hemispherical; upper one small, bifid; scapes
generally two to three-flowered, pilose. August. _l._ radical,
ovate, rhomboid, rosulate, serrated. Plant herbaceous, stemless,
pubescent. _h._ 1ft. Chili, 1826. (B. M. 2805.)

=C. purpurea= (purple). _fl._, corolla of an uniform
reddish-violet, rather small; corymbs terminal, many-flowered.
July to September. _l._ wrinkled, hispid; radical ones
cuneate-spathulate, serrated, quite entire behind, petiolate,
acutish; cauline ones cordate, decussate, with a few long scattered
hairs on their surfaces. Stems herbaceous, many from the same root.
_h._ 1ft. Chili, 1826. There are several hybrids between this and
other species. (B. M. 2775.)

=C. rugosa= (wrinkled). _fl._ yellow; panicles terminal, corymbose,
pedunculate. August. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate,
denticulated, wrinkled, opaque, rusty beneath; petioles winged,
connate. _h._ 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. Chili, 1822. Shrubby species.
SYN. _C. integrifolia_. (B. R. 744.) Two varieties of this are
_angustifolia_, and _viscosissima_.

=C. scabiosæfolia= (Scabious-leaved).* _fl._, corolla pale yellow;
lower lip large, ventricose; peduncles terminal, corymbose. May
to October. _l._, lower ones pinnate; superior ones pinnatifid,
three-lobed, or simple, the terminal segment always the largest.
Plant rather hairy. Peru, 1822. Evergreen trailer. (B. M. 2405.)

=C. tenella= (small). _fl._ golden yellow, with orange-red spots
within the lower lip; corymbs few-flowered. _l._ opposite, ovate,
acuminated. _h._ 6in. Chili, 1873. Hardy, herbaceous. (B. M. 6231.)

=C. thyrsiflora= (thyrse-flowered). _fl._ yellow, downy inside;
thyrse terminal, crowded; peduncles compound, umbellate. June. _l._
linear, attenuated at both ends, serrate-toothed, sessile, 2in.
long, and two lines broad. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Chili, 1827. Shrubby,
clammy. (B. M. 2915.)

=C. violacea= (violet).* _fl._, corolla pale violet, spotted
with deeper violet beneath; lip spreading in a campanulate
manner; peduncles terminal by threes, corymbose; pedicels one to
two-flowered. June. _l._ petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, coarsely
serrated, white beneath. _h._ 2ft. Chili, 1853. Shrubby. (B. M.
4929.) See Fig. 322.

=CALCEOLATE.= Shaped like a slipper or round-toed shoe.

=CALDASIA.= _See_ =Galipea heterophylla=.

=CALDCLUVIA= (named after Alexander Caldcleugh, F.R.S. and F.L.S., who collected and sent to this country many plants from Chili). ORD. _Saxifrageæ_. A greenhouse evergreen tree. Flowers panicled, terminal. Leaves opposite, simple, serrate, glabrous; pedicels jointless; stipules twin, sub-falcate, toothed, caducous. It thrives well in a compost of peat and loam, and may be propagated by cuttings of the half-ripened shoots, planted in sand, under a hand glass, and placed in a very gentle bottom heat.

=C. paniculata= (panicled). _fl._ white. June. Chili, 1831.

=CALEA= (from _kalos_, beautiful; referring to the flowers). ORD. _Compositæ_. A genus of stove evergreen herbs or small shrubs. Pappus hairy; receptacle paleaceous; involucre imbricated. They thrive in a compost of peat and loam. Side shoots root readily, if placed in sand, under glass, and with bottom heat; seeds may be sown in March. Warmer parts of New World.

=CALEANA= (named after G. Caley, Superintendent of the Botanical Garden, St. Vincent). ORD. _Orchideæ_. A genus of greenhouse terrestrial orchids, natives of Australia. Flowers few, greenish-brown; column broad, thin, concave; sepals and petals narrow, reflexed; lip posticous, peltate, unguiculate, highly irritable. In fine weather, or if left undisturbed, this lip bends back, leaving the column uncovered; but in wet weather, or if the plant is shaken, the lip falls over the column, securely fastening it. Leaves solitary, radical. They are of easy culture, in a compost of fibry peat, lumpy loam, and a little charcoal.

=B. major= (greater). _fl._ green-brown. June. 1810.

=C. minor= (less). _fl._ green-brown. June. 1822.

=C. nigrita= (blackish-flowered). _fl._ dark.

=CALECTASIA= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _ektasis_, extension; in allusion to the star-like perianth segments). ORD. _Juncaceæ_. An elegant greenhouse suffruticose perennial, with dry, permanent, starry flowers. It thrives best in a compost of peat and loam. Propagated by divisions.

=C. cyanea= (blue). _fl._ bright blue, solitary, on short terminal
branches. June. _l._ needle-shaped, sheathing at the base.
Australia, 1840. (B. M. 3834.)

=CALENDULA= (from _calendæ_, the first day of the month; in allusion to the almost perpetual flowering). Marigold. ORD. _Compositæ_. A genus of showy greenhouse and hardy annuals, and some few greenhouse shrubby species. Pappus none; receptacle naked; involucre of one or two series of sub-equal, acuminate, generally scarious-edged bracts. The shrubby species are propagated by cuttings, and thrive best in a compost of loam and peat.. For culture of the annuals, _see_ =Marigold=.

=C. arvensis= (field). _fl.-heads_ yellow. Pericarps urceolate,
obovate, smooth; outer lanceolate-subulate, muricated at back. _h._
2ft. Europe, 1597. Hardy annual.

=C. maderensis= (Madeira).* _fl.-heads_ orange. Pericarps
cymbiform, incurved, muricated; outer five ovate-lanceolate,
membranous, toothed at edge. _h._ 2ft. Madeira, 1795. Hardy. SYN.
_C. stellata_.

=C. officinalis= (officinal).* Common Marigold. _fl.-heads_ orange.
June to September. Pericarps cymbiform, all incurved, muricated.
_h._ 3ft. South Europe, 1573. Hardy annual. See Fig. 323.

=C. o. prolifera= (proliferous). A garden form, analogous to the
Hen and Chickens Daisy. See Fig. 324.

=C. stellata= (stellate). A synonym of _C. maderensis_.

=CALICO BUSH.= _See_ =Kalmia latifolia=.

=CALIFORNIAN EVERGREEN REDWOOD.= _See_ =Sequoia sempervirens=.

=CALIFORNIAN MAYBUSH.= _See_ =Photinia arbutifolia=.

=CALIFORNIAN PEPPER-TREE.= _See_ =Schinus Molle=.

=CALIFORNIAN POPPY.= _See_ =Platystemon californicus=.

=CALIPHRURIA= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _phroura_, prison; from the handsome spathe inclosing the flowers). ORD. _Amaryllideæ_. Pretty half-hardy greenhouse bulbs. Tube of perianth narrow, funnel-shaped, nearly straight; limb regular, stellate; stamens furnished with a bristle on each side. They thrive best in a compost of sandy loam, a little peat, leaf soil, and sand. Propagated by offsets. After flowering, the plants should have a slight heat; and, when starting into new growth, should be repotted.

=C. Hartwegiana= (Hartweg's).* _fl._ greenish-white; umbels
seven-flowered; scape nearly terete, glaucous. May. _l._ petiolate,
depressed, ovate, sub-plicate, green. _h._ 1ft. New Grenada, 1843.
(B. M. 6259.)

=C. subedentata= (rarely-toothed).* _fl._ white, funnel-shaped,
disposed in a truss, on a long scape. Winter. _l._ stalked,
ovate-oblong. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Columbia, 1876. See Fig. 325. (B. M.
6289.)

=CALISAYA BARK.= _See_ =Cinchona Calisaya=.

=CALLA= (from _kallos_, beauty). SYN. _Provenzalia_. ORD. _Aroideæ_ (_Araceæ_). A monotypic genus. The species is a native of Central and Northern Europe and North America, has creeping or floating stems, and cordate entire leaves. _C. palustris_ is sometimes grown in collections of aquatics or bog plants; and, although, perhaps, hardly worth cultivating as a pot plant, is well worth a place in open ornamental waters. _Richardia æthiopica_ is frequently erroneously called _Calla æthiopica_.

=C. palustris= (marsh). _fl._, spadix protected by a flat white
spathe, upper ones female, lower hermaphrodite, with numerous
thread-like stamens. _l._ stalked, emerging from a sheath. _h._
6in. Hardy aquatic, naturalised here and there in Britain. See Fig.
326.

=CALLI.= Small callosities, or little protuberances.

=CALLIANDRA= (from _kallos_, beauty, and _andros_, a stamen; referring to the elegant long, silky, purple or white stamens). ORD. _Leguminosæ_. A genus of beautiful stove evergreen shrubs. Flowers usually borne on stalked globose heads; corollas small, hidden by the numerous filaments of the stamens. Leaves bipinnate; leaflets varying in size and number. They thrive in a compost of peat and loam. Propagated by cuttings of rather firm young wood, inserted in sand, under a hand glass, in heat.

=C. Harrisii= (Harris's). _fl._ pink; peduncles axillary,
fascicled, glandularly downy. February. _l._ bipinnate; leaflets
obovate, falcate, downy; stipules small, falcate. Branches
puberulous. _h._ 10ft. Mexico, 1838. (B. M. 4238.)

=C. Tweediei= (Tweedie's).* _fl._ red; peduncles longer than the
petioles; bracts linear. March and April. _l._ with three or
four pairs of pinnæ; leaflets numerous, oblong-linear, acutish,
ciliated, pilose beneath; stipules ovate, acuminate. Branches and
petioles pilose. _h._ 6ft. Brazil, 1840. (B. M. 4188.)

=CALLICARPA= (from _kallos_, beauty, and _karpos_, fruit; referring to the beautiful berries). SYN. _Porphyra_. ORD. _Verbenaceæ_. A genus of stove, greenhouse, or nearly hardy evergreen shrubs, closely allied to _Petræa_. Flowers inconspicuous, disposed in axillary cymes; corolla-tube short, with the limb four-lobed. Fruit a very ornamental small juicy berry or drupe. The following mode of culture has been recommended: "After the old plants have been cut back in the spring, and started into growth, the young shoots will strike as readily as a Fuchsia, and with exactly the same treatment. In order to make good plants, short-jointed cuttings should be selected; and, as soon as these are struck, they should be potted into 2-1/2in. pots, using a compost of equal parts loam and peat, with a little charcoal and river sand. When they commence to grow, after being potted, remove to a pit or house with a temperature ranging from 60deg. to 75deg. Pinch out the tops of the plants as soon as they have three pairs of leaves, and whenever each of the laterals has made two pairs of leaves, pinch out their points, and continue this operation with all the rest of the shoots till the beginning of August, at the same time keeping off all the flower-buds. The next shift will be into 4in. or 5in. pots. They should always have plenty of light and air, but more especially after they come into flower."

=C. americana= (American). _fl._ red, small, in axillary cymes.
Berries violet-coloured. _l._ ovate-oblong, toothed, silvery
beneath, with a scurf of tomentum. _h._ 6ft. South America, 1724.
Greenhouse.

=C. japonica= (Japanese). _fl._ pink. August. _l._ stalked, ovate,
oblong, acuminate, serrate. _h._ 3ft. Japan, 1850. Stove. (L. & P.
F. G. ii., p. 165.)

=C. lanata= (woolly). _fl._ purplish. June. Berries purple. _l._
sessile, ovate, acuminate, serrate, hairy beneath. _h._ 3ft. India,
1788. Stove. (S. F. d. J. 1861, p. 96.)

=C. purpurea= (purple). _fl._ insignificant, borne in cymose
clusters, upon axillary footstalks. Berries very numerous, bright
glossy deep violet coloured. _l._ opposite, ovate, acuminate; edges
serrated; profusely clothed, as well as the stem, with hairs. _h._
3ft. India, 1822. Stove. (Garden, June, 1833.)

=C. rubella= (reddish). _fl._ red. May. _l._ sessile, obovate,
acuminate, cordate at the base, hairy on both surfaces. _h._ 2ft.
China, 1822. Half-hardy. (B. R. 883.)

=CALLICHROA= (from _kallos_, beauty, and _chroa_, colour; referring to the bright yellow colour of the flowers). ORD. _Compositæ_. This genus is now usually included under _Layia_. Hardy annual, of easy culture in common garden soil. Seeds may be sown in March, on a slight hotbed, and transplanted to the open border early in May; or if sown out of doors in April, it will flower in the autumn.

=C. platyglossa= (broad-tongued). _fl.-heads_ yellow, solitary,
pedunculate; ray florets large, cuneate. Autumn. _l._ alternate,
sessile, ciliated. _h._ 1ft. California, 1836. SYN. _Layia
platyglossa_. (B. M. 3719.)

=CALLICOMA= (from _kallos_, beauty, and _kome_, hair; in reference to the tufted heads of flowers). ORD. _Saxifrageæ_. A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Flowers capitate; heads terminating the tops of the branchlets, pedunculate, globose. Leaves simple, coarsely serrated, stalked. Stipules membranous, bidentate, caducous. It thrives well in a sandy peat soil. Half ripened cuttings will root if placed in the same sort of soil, under a hand glass.

=C. serratifolia= (saw-leaved). Black Wattle. _fl._ yellow. May to
August. _l._ lanceolate, acuminate, hoary beneath, attenuated at
the base. _h._ 4ft. New South Wales, 1793. (B. M. 1811.)

=CALLIGONUM= (from _kallos_, beauty, and _gonu_, a knee-joint; in reference to its leafless joint). ORD. _Polygonaceæ_. SYNS. _Pallasia_, _Pterococcus_. A genus containing about a score species of very curious, erect, evergreen, hardy shrubs, found growing in dry, arid, sandy spots in Northern Africa and Western Asia. They will thrive in any well-drained sandy loam. Cuttings will root in spring or autumn if placed under a hand glass.

=C. Pallasia= (Pallas's). _fl._ whitish, in groups. May. _fr._
winged; wings membranous, curled and toothed, succulent, acid,
edible. _l._ simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous, caducous,
minute. Shoots rush-like, smooth, green. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. Caspian
Sea, 1780.

=CALLIOPSIS.= _See_ =Coreopsis=.

=CALLIPRORA= (from _kallos_, beauty, and _prora_, a front; referring to the front view of the flower). ORD. _Liliaceæ_. A very pretty little bulbous plant, now often referred to _Brodiæa_. It thrives in a well-drained spot on the lower flanks of rockwork, in dry, rich, sandy soil. Propagated by offsets, which should remain on the parent bulbs until they are a good size.

=C. lutea= (yellow).* Pretty Face. _fl._, segments purplish-brown
in the middle on the outside. Summer. _l._ linear-lanceolate,
acuminated, channelled, longer than the flower-stem; bracts
sheathing, scarious, much shorter than the pedicels. _h._ 9in.
North California, 1831. SYNS. _Brodiæa ixioides_, _Milla ixioides_.
(B. M. 3588.)

=CALLIPSYCHE= (from _kallos_, beauty, and _psyche_, a butterfly; alluding to the handsome flowers). ORD. _Amaryllidaceæ_. Ornamental greenhouse bulbs; requiring shade, and a compost of rich sandy loam and leaf mould, with good drainage. Propagated by seeds and offsets. They should have plenty of water when growing, and, during the winter, be kept moderately dry, but not dried off, so as to cause them to shrivel. As the leaves wither, water should be gradually withheld.

=C. aurantiaca= (orange).* _fl._ deep golden-yellow, several in an
umbel, spreading, much flattened sideways; stamens green, twice the
length of the perianth; scape erect, nearly 2ft. high. _l._ few,
oblong-acute, bright green, conspicuously veined, stalked, 6in.
long. Andes of Ecuador, 1868. (Ref. B. 167.)

=C. eucrosiodes= (Eucrosia-like).* _fl._ scarlet and green; stamens
very long, incurved; scape about ten-flowered, glaucous. March.
_l._ few, green, tessellated, pitted, 4in. wide. _h._ 2ft. Mexico,
1843. (B. R. 1845, 45.)

=C. mirabilis= (wonderful)*, _fl._ greenish-yellow, small, with
stamens three times as long as the perianth, and spreading out on
all sides; disposed in an umbellate head of about thirty blooms;
scape 3ft. high. _l._ about two, oblong-spathulate, green, 1ft.
long. Peru, 1868. An extremely curious plant. (Ref. B. 168.)

=CALLIPTERIS= (from _kallos_, beauty, and _pteris_, a fern). ORD. _Filices_. A genus of stove ferns, founded upon the sub-genus _Diplazium_, which is now included under _Asplenium_.

=CALLIRHOE= (of mythological origin, from Callirhoe, a daughter of the river-god Achelous). Poppy-Mallow. Allied to _Malva_. Species belonging to this genus have been erroneously referred to _Malva_ and _Nuttallia_. ORD. _Malvaceæ_. A genus of elegant annual or perennial herbs, natives of North America. They are of extremely easy cultivation, thriving in a compost of light, rich, sandy loam. Propagation of the perennial species may be effected by means of both seeds and cuttings; of the annuals, by seeds only. Seeds should be sown in spring, either outside, or in pans in a cold frame. Young cuttings should be taken and dibbled in sandy soil in a frame.

=C. digitata= (fingered).* _fl._ reddish-purple; peduncles
long, axillary, one-flowered. Summer. _l._ sub-peltate, six to
seven-parted, with linear-entire or two-parted segments; upper ones
more simple. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. 1824. Perennial. (S. B. F. G. 129,
under the name of _Nuttallia digitata_.)

=C. involucrata= (involucrate).* _fl._ crimson, nearly 2in. across,
loosely panicled. Summer. _l._ divided nearly to the base, three to
five-parted; segments narrow, lanceolate, three to five-toothed,
hairy on both surfaces. Habit procumbent; stems hairy. _h._ 6in.
Perennial. (G. W. P. A. 26.) SYN. _Malva involucrata_ (B. M. 4681).

=C. Papaver= (Poppy-like).* _fl._ violet-red; sepals ovate-acute,
ciliated. Summer. _l._, root leaves lobed or pedate; lower stem
leaves palmato-pedate, upper digitate or simple. _h._ 3ft.
Louisiana, 1833. Perennial. SYN. _Nuttallia Papaver_. (B. M. 3287.)

=C. pedata= (pedate-leaved). _fl._ cherry-red, panicled. August.
_l._ laciniately-pedate; upper ones trifid. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. 1824.
Annual. (R. H. 1857, 148.)

=C. triangulata= (triangular-leaved). _fl._ pale purple. August.
1836. Perennial. SYN. _Nuttallia cordata_ (under which name it is
figured in B. R. 1938).

=CALLISTACHYS.= _See_ =Oxylobium=.

=CALLISTEMMA.= _See_ =Callistephus=.

=CALLISTEMON= (from _kallos_, beauty, and _stemon_, a stamen; in most of the species, the stamens are of a beautiful scarlet colour). ORD. _Myrtaceæ_. Handsome greenhouse evergreen shrubs or trees, having the inflorescence rising from the old branches in crowded spikes, as in the species of _Melaleuca_, but with the stamens free, as in _Metrosideros_. Leaves elongated, stiff, alternate, usually lanceolate. All the species of this genus are very ornamental and neat in habit. They are well adapted for a conservatory. The soil best suited for them is a mixture of loam, peat, and sand. Ripened cuttings strike root in sand, under a hand glass; seeds are frequently produced on large plants, and these may also be used to increase the stock, but they do not produce flowering plants for a considerable time; whereas plants raised from cuttings, taken from flowering plants, come into flower when small.

=C. linearis= (linear-leaved).* _fl._ scarlet; calyces clothed
with velvety pubescence. June. _l._ linear, stiff, acute, keeled
beneath, channelled above, villous when young. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft.
New South Wales, 1788.

=C. lophanthus= (crest-flowered). Synonymous with _C. salignus_.

=C. salignus= (willow). _fl._ straw-coloured, distinct, spicate,
nearly terminal; petals rather pubescent, ciliated; calyx pilose.
June to August. _l._ lanceolate, attenuated at both ends,
mucronate, one-nerved, villous when young, as well as the branches.
_h._ 4ft. to 6ft. Australia, 1806. SYN. _C. lophanthus_. (L. B. C.
1302.)

=C. speciosus= (showy).* _fl._ scarlet; calyx villous. March
to July. _l._ lanceolate, mucronate, flat, middle nerve rather
prominent; when young, rather silky from adpressed villi,
and reddish. _h._ 5ft. to 10ft. West Australia, 1823. SYN.
_Metrosideros speciosa_. See Fig. 327. (B. M. 1761.)

=CALLISTEPHUS= (from _kallistos_, most beautiful, and _stephos_, a crown; in allusion to the appendages on the ripe fruit). China Aster. SYN. _Callistemma_. ORD. _Compositæ_. A hardy annual, requiring an open situation and a rich loamy soil. Involucre of many fringed bracts; receptacle naked, pitted; pappus double. Propagated by seed, sown in a hotbed in March, the seedlings being hardened off and transplanted in May. For culture of these much grown plants and their varieties, _see_ =Aster=.

Truffaut's Pæony-flowered Aster.

Victoria Aster.

FIG. 328. FLOWER-HEADS OF CALLISTEPHUS CHINENSIS VARS.]

=C. chinensis= (Chinese).* _fl-heads_ dark purple. July. _l._
ovate, coarsely toothed, stalked; stem ones sessile, cuneate at the
base. Stem hispid. Branches with single heads. _h._ 2ft. China,
1731. See Fig. 328.

=CALLITRIS= (probably altered from _kallistos_, most beautiful; referring to the whole plant). ORD. _Coniferæ_. SYN. _Frenela_. Half-hardy evergreen shrubs or small trees, with long, very slender-jointed branches, and often very minute, scale-like, persistent leaves. Flowers monœcious. Fruit globular, composed of four to six--rarely eight-unequal, woody, valvate scales, with one or two seeds at the base of each. All the species are somewhat tender, in England, except in the more southern districts. They require a sandy loam compost. Propagated by cuttings, inserted under a handlight in autumn, and protected by a cold pit; or by seeds.

=C. quadrivalvis= (four valved). Arar-tree; Sandarach Gum-tree.
_fl._, female catkin tetragonal, with four oval valves, each
furnished with a point, and two of which bear seeds. February to
May. _l._ flattened, articulate. _h._ 15ft. to 20ft. Barbary, 1815.

=CALLIXENE.= _See_ =Luzuriaga=.

=CALLOSE.= Callous, hardened.

=CALLOUSLY-GLANDULAR.= Having hardened glands.

=CALLOUSLY-SERRATED.= Having hardened serratures.

=CALLUNA= (from _kalluno_, to sweep, from the use of the plant in brooms). Common Ling; Heather. ORD. _Ericaceæ_. A small hardy spreading shrub, very common throughout Northern and Central Europe. Corolla campanulate, four-lobed, shorter than the calyx. For culture, _see_ =Erica=.

=C. vulgaris= (common).* _fl._ disposed in long, terminal, spicate
racemes. July to September. _l._ trigonal, obtuse, very short,
imbricating in four rows, having the margins revolute and the
base sagittate. _h._ 1ft. to 3ft. Britain. There are numerous
very ornamental varieties of this species, which are admirably
adapted for planting in borders and clumps. The white-flowered
(_alba_, _Serlii_, and _Hammondi_), flesh-coloured (_carnea_), and
double-flowered varieties (_fl.-pl._) are all well worth growing in
shrubberies; _aurea_ and _argentea_, with gold and silver coloured
shoots, are also very ornamental. The value of the common form can
scarcely be over-estimated for planting on barren hill sides or
spaces; it affords excellent shelter for game, and food for bees.

=CALLUS.= The new formation at the end of a cutting before it puts forth roots; when the Callus is formed, it shows that the cutting is in a healthy state.

=CALOCHILUS= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _cheilos_, a lip; referring to the beauty of the labellum or lip). ORD. _Orchideæ_. Interesting greenhouse terrestrial tuberous-rooted orchids, allied to _Epipactis_. Sepals yellowish-green; lip purple, covered with rich brown hairs. For culture, _see_ =Bletia=.

=C. campestris= (field). _fl._ greenish and brown. April to June.
_l._ narrow, oblong, pointed. Stem leafy, slender, terete. _h._
9in. Australia, 1824. (B. M. 3187.)

=C. paludosus= (marsh).* _fl._ very similar in colour to those
of _C. campestris_, but rather larger. May and June. _l._ rather
broader. _h._ 9in. Australia, 1823. (F. A. O., part 4.)

=CALOCHORTUS= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _chortos_, grass; referring to the leaves). Mariposa Lily. ORD. _Liliaceæ_. Handsome bulbous plants. Flowers showy, on erect scapes; perianth deciduous; three outer segments sepaloid, three inner ones much larger and broader, and bearded on the inside. Leaves ensiform. Bulbs tunicated. These have not, hitherto, been generally grown in the open air with much success; but in warm localities and sheltered positions, they may be flowered outside. A frame, in a sunny situation, is the best possible place for their cultivation. Here they may be fully exposed to the sun and air, during mild weather, through the winter; and, when expedient, they may be protected from excessive moisture, as that is the primary cause of failure, rather than cold, for they are perfectly hardy, and capable of enduring all the frost we are likely to get. From May onwards, the lights might be wholly removed. From the end of June to August, the bulbs will be in bloom, when, if necessary, the flowers should be fertilised to secure seed; and when the capsules are forming, material assistance would be given by placing the lights on again, allowing plenty of air. Assuming that fresh bulbs are being planted, they should be in the soil early in the autumn, as nothing is more prejudicial than keeping them dry through the winter. A good depth of soil should be provided, composed of fibrous loam, leaf soil, and sand, in equal proportions, in a well-drained position. The bulbs must be planted 3in. deep, and some sand placed about them; they may be left undisturbed for years. Of course, where no frame can be provided, they may be planted in a well-drained, sunny position in the same soil. They are also easily managed in pots, but it is necessary to pot in the autumn, and keep in a frame. Through the winter, they must never be allowed to get dry, until the leaves are withering in the autumn, when water may be withheld.

_Propagation._ This may be effected by seeds or offsets, and by the tiny bulbs frequently produced on the upper portion of the stem. Sow seeds in pans, in a cool house or frame, as soon as ripe, or in the early part of the year, and keep the plants close to the glass during their early stages, as they are very liable to damp off. Sow thinly, so as to enable the young plants to pass a second season in the seed pots or pans. Early in the third season, pot off and plant out singly, encouraging them to grow freely. Propagation by offsets is the most usual method. With liberal treatment, most of the species increase pretty freely. The offsets are best removed when the plants are in a dormant state. They may be either grown in pots or pans, or planted out in pits or frames, until they reach flowering size. During the season of rest, it is the safest plan, with those in pots, to keep them in the earth in which they were grown.

=C. albus= (white).* _fl._ snow-white, with a rich blotch, bearded
and ciliated, large, globose, pendent; umbels many-flowered, on
stems from 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. high. California, 1832. This handsome
species is rare. SYN. _Cyclobothra alba_. (B. R. 1661.)

=C. Benthami= (Bentham's).* _fl._ rich yellow; petals obtuse,
densely covered with yellow hairs; stem three to six-flowered.
July, August. _l._ linear, much elongated. _h._ 4in. to 8in. Sierra
Nevada. SYN. _C. elègans lutea_.

=C. cœruleus= (bluish).* _fl._ lilac, more or less lined and dotted
with dark blue, the petals covered and fringed with slender hairs;
stem two to five-flowered. July. _l._ solitary, linear. _h._ 3in.
to 6in. Sierra Nevada.

=C. elegans= (elegant).* _fl._ greenish-white, purplish at base;
stems three-flowered; petals not ciliate on the margin, or
sparingly so. June. _h._ 8in. California, 1826. This is a rare
species.

=C. e. lutea= (yellow). A synonym of _C. Benthami_.

=C. Gunnisoni= (Gunnison's).* _fl._ light lilac, yellowish-green
below the middle, with a purple band encircling the base of the
perianth; large, 2in. to 3in. in diameter. Rocky Mountains.

=C. Leichtlinii= (Leichtlin's). A synonym of _C. Nuttallii_.

=C. lilacinus= (lilac).* _fl._ pale pink, hairy below the middle,
1-1/2in. across, with three segments narrow and three broad; scape
slender, leafy, bearing one to five flowers. _l._ solitary, narrow
lanceolate, radical. _h._ 6in. to 8in. California, 1868. SYN. _C.
umbellatus_. (B. M. 5804, under the name of _C. uniflorus_.)

=C. luteus= (yellow).* _fl._ terminal, two or three together;
exterior segments of the perianth greenish; the inner yellow,
bordered with purple hairs. September. _h._ 1ft. California, 1831.
(B. R. 1567.)

=C. l. oculatus= (eyed). _fl._ very charming bright yellow, with a
bold eye on the inside of each petal.

=C. macrocarpus= (large-capsuled). _fl._ very large,
lavender-coloured, on stems 1ft. high. August. California, 1826.
(B. R. 1152.)

=C. Maweanus= (Mawe's). _fl._, sepals purplish, broadly obovate
acute; petals white or bluish-purple, longer than the sepals, the
surfaces more or less covered with long purplish hairs. June, July.
_l._ glaucous, linear. Stem three to six-flowered. _h._ 6in. to
10in. San Francisco, &c. (B. M. 5976, figured under the name of _C.
elegans_.)

=C. Nuttallii= (Nuttall's).* _fl._ large, 2-1/2in. across; the
three smaller segments of the perianth of a greenish colour
streaked with red; the three larger segments pure white, with a
purple spot at the base on the inner surface; two or three flowers
on a stalk. June. _l._ linear, glaucous. _h._ 6in. California,
1869. SYN. _C. Leichtlinii_. (B. M. 5862.)

=C. pulchellus= (beautiful).* _fl._ bright yellow, globular,
drooping; umbels three to five-flowered, on stems from 10in. to
12in. high. Summer. California, 1832. A lovely species. (B. R.
1662.) SYN. _Cyclobothra pulchella_.

=C. purpureus= (purple).* _fl._, outer segments of the perianth
green and purple outside and yellow within; inner segments purple
outside and yellow within. August. _h._ 3ft. Mexico, 1827. (S. B.
F. G. ser. ii., 20.)

=C. splendens= (splendid).* _fl._ clear lilac, large. August. _h._
1-1/2ft. California, 1832. (B. R. 1676.)

=C. umbellatus= (umbelled). A synonym of _C. lilacinus_.

=C. venustus= (charming).* _fl._ large, white, nearly 3in. in
diameter, yellow at the base, deeply stained with crimson, and
blotched on each segment with crimson. _h._ 1-1/2ft. California,
1836. See Fig. 329. (B. R. 1669.) There are three varieties of
this species, viz., _brachysepalus_ (short-sepaled), _lilacinus_
(lilac), and _purpureus_ (purple-flowered).

=CALODENDRON= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _dendron_, a tree). ORD. _Rutaceæ_. A very handsome greenhouse evergreen tree. Flowers in terminal panicles. Leaves large, opposite, simple, crenated. It will grow freely in a mixture of loam and peat. Cuttings of half-ripened wood root in sand if placed under a bell glass, in gentle bottom heat.