Chapter M: A. S. Salm-Dyck. Monographia generum Aloes et Mesembryanthemi (15)

=ASPHODELUS= (from _a_, not, and _sphallo_, to supplant; in allusion to the beauty of the flowers). Asphodel. ORD. _Liliaceæ_. Very pretty hardy herbaceous perennials, with fleshy fasciculated roots. Perianth white or yellow, of six equal spreading segments; stamens six, hypogynous, alternately long and short. Leaves usually radical, tufted, narrow, or triquetrous. All the species enumerated thrive in good deep sandy loam, and are very suitable for borders and shrubberies. Propagated by division of the root, which is best done in early spring.

=A. æstivus= (summer). _fl._ white. Summer. _h._ 2ft. Spain, 1820.

=A. albus= (white).* _fl._ white; peduncles clustered the length of
the bracts. May. _l._ linear, keeled, smooth. Stem naked, simple.
_h._ 2ft. South Europe, 1596.

=A. creticus= (Cretan).* _fl._ yellow. July. _l._ filiform,
striated, toothed, ciliated. Stem leafy, naked above, branched.
_h._ 2ft. Crete, 1821.

=A. fistulosus= (pipe-stalked). _fl._ white. July, August. _l._
upright, striated, subulate, fistular. Stem naked. _h._ 18in. South
Europe, 1596.

=A. luteus= (yellow). A synonym of _Asphodeline lutea_.

=A. ramosus= (branchy). _fl._ large, white, with a reddish-brown
line in the middle of each segment, springing from the axils of
ovate-lanceolate bracts, and in very long dense racemes. Summer.
_l._ sword-shaped, stiff, sharply keeled below, channelled above.
Stem much branched. _h._ 4ft. to 5ft. South Europe, 1829.

=A. Villarsii= (Villars'). _fl._ white; raceme dense, elongated;
bracts dark brown. Stem simple or rarely branched. _h._ 1ft. to
2ft. Eastern France. See Fig. 164.

=ASPIDISTRA= (from _aspidiseon_, a little round shield; in reference to the form of the flower). SYN. _Porpax_ (of Salisbury). Including _Plectogyne_. ORD. _Liliaceæ_. Hardy, or nearly hardy, evergreen, foliage plants. Flowers insignificant, produced close to the ground, remarkable for the curious mushroom-like stigma, by which this genus is characterised. They thrive in almost any ordinary garden soil, but are best grown in rich loam, leaf soil, and sand; plenty of moisture being allowed. Propagated by suckers.

=A. elatior= (taller).* _l._ oblong, large, on long petioles,
leathery; plant stemless. _h._ 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. Japan, 1835. This
very easily cultivated and quite hardy foliage plant is much grown
for window gardening and other decorative purposes, for which it is
well suited.

=A. e. variegata= (variegated).* A fine variety with
alternately-striped green and white leaves.

=A. lurida= (lurid). _fl._ purple. July. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, on
long petioles. _h._ 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. China, 1822. A very graceful
species, with long evergreen leaves. It is an effective plant for
the outdoor garden during summer, and is nearly, if not quite,
hardy. See Fig. 165.

=A. punctata= (dotted). _l._ lanceolate, on long stalks. _h._ 1ft.
China. This is very closely allied to _A. elatior_, but of inferior
value.

=ASPIDIUM= (from _aspidion_, a little buckler; in allusion to the form of the involucre). Shield Fern. ORD. _Filices_. Including _Cyclodium_, _Cyclopeltis_, _Cyrtomium_, _Phanerophlebia_, and _Polystichum_. Stove, greenhouse, or hardy ferns. Sori sub-globose, dorsal or terminal on the veinlets; involucre orbicular, fixed by the centre. They thrive in a compost of sandy peat with a little loam. Several species are admirably adapted for the indoor fernery. The hardy species are best grown in the shade; a little sandstone should be incorporated with the soil. For general culture, _see_ =Ferns=.

=A. acrostichoides= (Acrostichum-like).* _sti._ 6in. to 8in.
long, densely scaly below. _fronds_ 1ft. to 2ft. long, 2in. to
6in. broad; pinnæ of the lower half barren, 2in. to 3in. long,
1/4in. broad, spinoso-serrated throughout, auricled at the base
above; the pinnæ of the upper half fertile, much smaller. _sori_
occupying the whole under side. North America. SYN. _Polystichum
acrostichoides_. Hardy.

=A. a. grandiceps= (large-crested).* A very handsome fern, having
the apices of the fronds and pinnæ heavily crested; equally
desirable for the hardy or temperate fernery. Of garden origin.

=A. a. incisum= (incised).* A variety with the pinnules deeply cut
and acutely pointed.

=A. aculeatum= (sharp-pointed).* The Hard Shield Fern. _sti._
tufted, 6in. to 12in. long, more or less scaly. _fronds_ 1ft. to
3ft. long, 6in. to 12in. broad, ovate-lanceolate; lower pinnæ
close, lanceolate, 4in. to 6in. long, 1/2in. to 3/4in. broad;
pinnules ovate-rhomboidal, unequal sided, auricled on the upper
base; teeth aristate. sori nearer the midrib than the edge. A
variable and hardy species, common throughout the world. SYN.
_Polystichum aculeatum_. _A. a. proliferum_ is a proliferous
Australian form. _A. a. vestitum_ has the rachis densely clothed to
the point, both with reddish-brown fibrillose and large lanceolate
dark brown scales. See Fig. 166.

=A. amabile= (lovely). _sti._ scattered, 6in. to 12in. long,
slightly scaly below. _fronds_ 1ft. or more long, 6in. to 12in.
broad, with a lanceolate terminal pinna, and three to six
lateral ones on each side, which are 3in. to 6in. long, 1in.
to 1-1/2in. broad, the lowest sometimes divided at the base;
segments sub-rhomboidal, with at least half the lower side cut
away, the upper side and part of the lower lobed and sharply
spinuloso-serrated. sori sub-marginal. Ceylon. Stove species. SYN.
_Polystichum amabile_.

=A. angulare= (angular). The Soft Shield Fern. Botanically this
is only a variety of _A. aculeatum_; but, to the cultivator, it
is abundantly distinct. The fronds are not so tapered at the
base, the pinnules are more equal in size, and the lower ones
distinctly stalked, while the texture is much less rigid than in
_A. aculeatum_, the caudex has a tendency to elongate. Almost
cosmopolitan in its distribution. SYN. _Polystichum angulare_.
There are an enormous number of varieties, many of which are
not under cultivation. Amongst the best found in gardens are
_alatum_, _Bayliæ_, _concinnum_, _corymbiferum_, _cristatum_,
_curtum_, _dissimile_, _grandiceps_, _imbricatum_, _Kitsoniæ_,
_lineare_, _parvissimum_, _plumosum_, _polydactylon_, _proliferum_,
_rotundatum_, _Wakeleyanum_, _Woollastoni_.

=A. a. grandiceps= (large-crested). This is a narrow fronded
variety, having the apices of the fronds branched and crested,
ultimately producing a broad tasselled head. A very handsome fern.
See Fig. 167.

=A. anomalum= (anomalous). _sti._ tufted, 1ft. to 2ft. long,
densely scaly below. _fronds_ 2ft. to 3ft. long, 1ft. or more
broad; lower pinnæ 6in. to 9in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad; pinnules
lanceolate, cut down in the lower part into oblong segments; teeth
blunt or slightly mucronate. _sori_ placed near the sinuses of the
pinnules. Ceylon. Stove species. SYN. _Polystichum anomalum_.

=A. aristatum= (awned).* _rhiz._ creeping. _sti._ scattered, 9in.
to 18in. long, very scaly below. _fronds_ 1ft. to 2ft. long, 9in.
to 12in. broad, ovate-deltoid, tri- or quadripinnatifid; lower
pinnæ largest, 4in. to 6in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad; lowest
pinnules much the largest, lanceolate-deltoid; teeth copious
aristate. _sori_ small, principally in two rows near the midrib.
Japan, Himalayas, New South Wales, &c. Greenhouse species. SYN.
_Polystichum aristatum_.

=A. a. coniifolium= (Conium-leaved).* _fronds_ more finely divided;
segments copiously toothed, with lower lobes distinct.

=A. a. variegatum= (variegated).* A handsome variety, with a broad
band of green running through the bases of the pinnules along the
course of the rachis.

=A. auriculatum= (eared).* _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 6in. long,
scaly below or throughout. _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, 2in. to
4in. broad; pinnæ numerous, sub-sessile, usually close, 1in. to
2in. long, about 1/2in. broad, ovate-rhomboidal, falcate, acute,
spinoso-serrated, the upper base auricled, the lower one truncate.
_sori_ in two rows. India, widely distributed. Stove species. SYNS.
_A. ocellatum_, _Polystichum auriculatum_.

=A. a. lentum= (pliant). Pinnæ cut into oblong mucronate lobes
about half-way down to the rachis, the auricle sometimes quite free.

=A. a. marginatum= (margined).* A variety with more coriaceous
texture; upper edge of the pinnæ slightly lobed.

=A. capense= (Cape).* _sti._ scattered, 1ft. to 2ft. long, densely
scaly below. _fronds_ 1ft. to 3ft. long, 12in. to 18in. broad,
sub-deltoid; lowest pinnæ the largest, 6in. to 9in. long, 3in. to
4in. broad; pinnules and segments lanceolate, the latter bluntly
lobed. _sori_ very large and copious. South America, New Zealand,
Cape Colony, Natal, &c. Greenhouse species. SYNS. _A. coriaceum_,
_Polystichum capense_.

=A. confertum= (compressed). Synonymous with _A. meniscioides_.

=A. coriaceum= (leathery). Synonymous with _A. capense_.

=A. falcatum= (hooked).* _sti._ tufted, 6in. to 12in. long, densely
scaly below. _fronds_ 1ft. to 2ft. long, 6in. to 9in. broad, simply
pinnate; pinnæ numerous, the lower stalked, ovate-acuminate,
falcate, 3in. to 5in. long, 1in. to 2in. broad; edge entire or
slightly undulated, the upper side narrowed suddenly, sometimes
auricled, the lower rounded or obliquely truncate at the base.
_sori_ small, copious, scattered. Japan, China, Himalayas, &c. SYN.
_Cyrtomium falcatum_.

=A. f. caryotideum= (Caryota-like) has pinnæ sometimes larger,
sharply toothed, slightly lobed, sometimes auricled on both sides.
SYN. _Cyrtomium caryotideum_.

=A. f. Fortunei= (Fortune's).* This differs from the type in having
pinnæ narrower and more opaque. All are most useful house ferns,
and quite hardy in many parts of the country. SYN. _Cyrtomium
Fortunei_.

=A. falcinellum= (finely-hooked).* _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 8in.
long, densely scaly. _fronds_ 9in. to 18in. long, 3in. to 6in.
broad; central pinnæ 2in. to 3in. long, 1/4in. broad; point acute;
edge finely serrated; the upper side bluntly auricled, the lower
obliquely truncate at the base. _sori_ in two long rows. Madeira.
Greenhouse species. SYN. _Polystichum falcinellum_.

=A. flexum= (bending). _rhiz._ stout, wide-creeping. _sti._
scattered, 1ft. long, scaly. _fronds_ 2ft. to 3ft. long, 9in. to
12in. broad; lower pinnæ lanceolate-deltoid, 4in. to 6in. long,
2in. to 4in. broad; pinnules lanceolate-deltoid, cut down to the
rachis below into oblong bluntly-lobed segments. _sori_ large, in
two rows, copious. Juan Fernandez. Stove species. SYN. _Polystichum
flexum_.

=A. fœniculaceum= (Fennel-leaved).* _rhiz._ creeping. _sti._
scattered, 6in. to 12in. long, densely scaly below. _fronds_ 1ft.
to 2ft. long, and 9in. to 12in. broad, lanceolate-deltoid, four to
five pinnatifid; lower pinnæ 6in. to 8in. long, 3in. to 4in. broad;
ultimate divisions linear, awned, with a firm texture. _sori_
solitary. Greenhouse species. Sikkim, 7,000ft. to 10,000ft. SYN.
_Polystichum fœniculaceum_.

=A. frondosum= (leafy). _sti._ scattered, 1ft. to 2ft. long,
densely scaly below. _fronds_ 18in. to 24in. long, 1ft. or more
broad, sub-deltoid; lower pinnæ much the largest, long stalked;
pinnules lanceolate; segments very unequal sided, pinnatifid,
with rounded mucronate lobes, obliquely truncate at the base
below. _sori_ large, copious. Madeira. Greenhouse species. SYN.
_Polystichum frondosum_.

=A. Hookeri= (Hooker's). _sti._ 1ft. or more long, naked. _fronds_
2ft. to 3ft. long; pinnæ 6in. to 8in. long, 1in. broad, cut down
to a broadly-winged rachis into nearly close, spreading, entire,
linear-oblong lobes 1/8in. broad. _sori_ nearer the edge than the
midrib. Malay Archipelago. Stove species. SYNS. _A. nephrodioides_
and _Cyclodium Hookeri_.

=A. laserpitiifolium= (Laserpitium-leaved).* _sti._ 4in. to 6in.
long, stramineous, scaly at base. _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long,
6in. to 9in. broad, ovate-deltoid, tripinnate; lower pinnæ the
largest, with pinnules on the lower side prolonged, lanceolate,
imbricated with small, distinct, bluntly-lobed segments. _sori_
in two rows, very copious. Japan. A very desirable greenhouse
species. SYNS. _Lastrea Standishii_ (of gardens) and _Polystichum
laserpitiifolium_.

=A. lepidocaulon= (scaly-stemmed). _sti._ tufted, 6in. to 9in.
long, densely clothed with large cordate scales. _fronds_ 1ft. or
more long, 4in. to 6in. broad, sometimes elongated and rooting
at the point: pinnæ 2in. to 3in. long, 1/2in. to 3/4in. broad,
lanceolate-falcate, the two sides unequal, the upper one auricled
at the base. _sori_ principally in two rows, near the midrib.
Japan. Greenhouse species. SYN. _Polystichum lepidocaulon_.

=A. Lonchitis= (spar-like).* The Holly Fern. _sti._ densely tufted,
1in. to 4in. long, scaly at base. _fronds_ 1ft. to 2ft. long, 1in.
to 3in. broad, pinnate throughout; pinnæ 1/2in. to 1-1/2in. long,
1/4in. to 1/2in. broad, ovate-rhomboidal, sub-falcate, the two
sides unequal, point mucronate, edge spinuloso-serrated, the upper
side sharply auricled at the base, the lower obliquely truncate.
Britain, &c. A very widely-spread hardy species. SYN. _Polystichum
Lonchitis_.

=A. meniscioides= (Meniscium-like). _sti._ 1ft. to 2ft. long, scaly
below. _fronds_ 2ft. to 3ft. long, 1ft. or more broad, pinnate;
barren pinnæ sessile, 6in. to 9in. long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad,
oblong-acuminate, nearly entire; fertile pinnæ much smaller. _sori_
in two close rows between the primary veins. West Indies, &c. Stove
species. SYNS. _A. confertum_ and _Cyclodium meniscioides_.

=A. mohrioides= (Mohria-like). _sti._ tufted, 2in. to 6in. long,
more or less densely scaly. _fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long, 2in. to
3in. broad, bipinnate; pinnæ numerous, frequently imbricated,
lanceolate, cut down below into slightly toothed, oblong-rhomboidal
pinnules. _sori_ copious. Patagonia and the Cordilleras of Chili.
Greenhouse species. SYN. _Polystichum mohrioides_.

=A. mucronatum= (mucronated).* _sti._ tufted, 2in. to 4in.
long, densely scaly. _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, 1-1/2in.
to 2in. broad, pinnate throughout; pinnæ very numerous, often
imbricated, 3/4in. to 1in. long, 1/4in. to broad, sub-rhomboidal,
unequal-sided, mucronate, sub-entire, distinctly auricled at the
upper base. _sori_ in a long row on each side the midrib. West
Indies. Stove or greenhouse species. SYN. _Polystichum mucronatum_.

=A. munitum= (armed).* _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 9in. long, densely
scaly. _fronds_ 1ft. to 2ft. long, 4in. to 8in. broad; pinnæ close,
2in. to 4in. long, about 1/2in. broad, acuminate, finely spinulose
and serrated throughout, the upper side auricled, and the lower
obliquely truncate at the base. _sori_ in two rows near the edge.
California, &c. Hardy; very fine. SYN. _Polystichum munitum_.

=A. nephrodioides= (Nephrodium-like). Synonymous with _A. Hookeri_.

=A. ocellatum= (spotted). Synonymous with _A. auriculatum_.

=A. pungens= (stinging). _rhiz._ stout. _sti._ scattered, 1ft.
long, scaly below only. _fronds_ 2ft. to 3ft. long, 9in. to 12in.
broad; lower pinnæ 4in. to 6in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad; pinnules
ovate-rhomboidal, unequal-sided, often deeply pinnatifid. _sori_
principally in two rows near the midrib. Cape Colony. Greenhouse
species. SYN. _Polystichum pungens_.

=A. repandum= (wavy-leaved). _sti._ 1ft. to 2ft. long, naked.
_fronds_ 2ft. or more long, 12in. to 18in. broad, apex deeply
pinnatifid, with linear-oblong, slightly sinuated lobes; lower
pinnæ four to eight on each side, 6in. to 8in. long, 1-1/4in.
to 1-1/2in. broad, acuminate; edge bluntly sinuated, the lowest
stalked and forked. _sori_ in two distinct rows near the main vein.
Philippines. Stove species.

=A. rhizophyllum= (frond-rooting). _sti._ tufted, 1in. to 2in.
long, slender. _fronds_ 2in. to 6in. long, 3/4in. broad, with the
long, narrow upper half of the frond lengthened out and rooting,
the lower half cut down to a flattened fibrillose rachis into
oblong-rhomboidal sub-entire lobes about 1/2in. broad, 1/4in. deep.
_sori_ scattered. Jamaica, 1820. Stove or cool house species. SYN.
_Polystichum rhizophyllum_.

=A. semicordatum= (half-cordate). _sti._ scattered, 6in. to 12in.
long. _fronds_ 2ft. to 3ft. long, 8in. to 12in. broad, simply
pinnate; pinnæ spreading, 4in. to 6in. long, 1/2in. to 3/4in.
broad, nearly entire, acuminate, cordate or truncate at the base.
_sori_ in one to three rows on each side, the inner one close to
the midrib. Tropical America, &c. SYN. _Polystichum semicordatum_.

=A. trapezioides= (Trapezium-like). Synonymous with _A. viviparum_.

=A. triangulum= (triangular).* _sti._ tufted, 2in. to 6in. long,
base scaly. _fronds_ 1ft. or more long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad;
pinnæ numerous, sessile, lower ones distant, central ones 3/4in. to
1in. long, about 5/8in. broad, sub-deltoid, lower side obliquely
truncate; apex mucronate, edge sub-entire or slightly lobed, with
blunt or spinose teeth, one or both sides auricled at the base.
_sori_ principally in two rows near the edge. West Indies. Stove or
greenhouse species. SYN. _Polystichum triangulum_.

=A. trifoliatum= (three-leaved). _sti._ tufted, 1ft. or more long,
base only scaly. _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, 6in. to 12in.
broad, with a large ovate-acuminate terminal pinna, narrowed or
forked at the base, and one or two lateral ones on each side, the
lowest mostly forked. _sori_ in rows near the main veins. Tropical
America. Stove species.

=A. t. heracleifolium= (Heracleum-leaved). A form with pinnæ
pinnatifid on both sides at the base.

=A. tripteron= (three-winged). _sti._ 6in. to 9in. long, densely
scaly at base. _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, with a large terminal
and two small spreading lateral pinnæ at the base of it, the former
2-1/2 in. to 3in. broad, with very numerous spreading pinnules on
each side, 1-1/2in. long, about 1/2in. broad, unequal sided, acute,
deeply inciso-pinnatifid, the lower lobes again toothed; lateral
pinnæ 3in. to 5in. long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad. _sori_ principally
in two rows midway between midrib and edge. Japan. Greenhouse
species. SYN. _Polystichum tripteron_.

=A. varium= (variable).* _rhiz._ sub-creeping. _sti._ 6in. to 12in.
long, densely fibrillose below. _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, 9in.
to 12in. broad, lanceolate-deltoid; lower pinnæ much the largest,
sub-deltoid, unequal sided, 4in. to 6in. long, 3in. to 4in. broad;
pinnules lanceolate, imbricated, with oblong, blunt, slightly
toothed segments. _sori_ principally in two rows near the midrib.
Japan. Greenhouse species. SYNS. _Lastrea varia_ and _Polystichum
varium_. It is frequently met with in gardens under the former
name.

=A. viviparum= (bud-producing). _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 6in. long,
scaly at the base. _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, 4in. to 6in.
broad; pinnæ numerous, nearly lanceolate, the central ones 2in. to
3in. long, about 1/2in. broad, mucronate, sometimes bud-bearing,
the edge more or less deeply lobed, in the lower part sometimes
quite down to the rachis, the upper side auricled. _sori_ in two
or four rows. West Indies. Stove or greenhouse species. SYNS. _A.
trapezioides_ and _Polystichum viviparum_.

=ASPLENIUM= (from _a_, not, and _splen_, spleen; referring to the medicinal properties formerly attributed to the genus). Spleenwort. ORD. _Filices_. Including _Anisogonium_, _Athyrium_, _Ceterach_, _Cænopteris_, _Darea_, _Diplazium_, _Hemidictyum_, _Neottopteris_. A very large and widely-spread genus, including species suitable for the stove, temperate, and hardy ferneries. Sori dorsal or submarginal, linear or oblong. Involucre similar in shape, straight or occasionally curved, single or double, plane or tumid, bursting along the outer edge. The tropical species should be grown in a compost of peat, loam, and sand; the hardy sorts in a mixture of fibrous peat and sand. Good drainage is at all times required. For general culture, _see_ =Ferns=.

=A. abscissum= (clipped). _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 8in. long.
_fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long, 3in. to 4in. broad, sometimes
proliferous at the apex, with twelve to twenty horizontal pinnæ on
each side, which are 1-1/2in. to 2in. long, about 1/2in. broad,
bluntish; edge inciso-crenate, the upper one narrowed suddenly
at the base, the lower one obliquely truncate. _sori_ short, in
two regular rows, falling short of both midrib and edge. Tropical
America. Stove species. SYN. _A. firmum_.

=A. acuminatum= (taper-pointed).* _sti._ 6in. to 9in. long.
_fronds_ 1ft. to 2ft. long, 9in. to 12in. broad, with very numerous
close-placed lanceolate-oblong pinnæ on both sides, which are
4in. to 6in. long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad; pinnules numerous,
unequal-sided, lanceolate, acuminate; edges sharply toothed,
the lower base obliquely truncate. _sori_ in two rows in the
upper part, of the pinnules, often diplazioid. Sandwich Islands.
Greenhouse species. SYN. _A. polyphyllum_.

=A. Adiantum-nigrum= (Black Spleenwort). _sti._ tufted, 6in.
to 9in. long. _fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long, 4in. to 6in. broad
sub-deltoid; lower pinnæ deltoid, 2in. to 3in. long, 1-1/2in. to
2in. broad; all the pinnæ pinnate. _sori_ copious, at last often
occupying the whole under surface of the segments. Great Britain.
World-wide in its distribution. Hardy. _A. solidum_, from Cape
Colony, is supposed to be a mere form of this species. There are
several varieties the best of which are described below. See Fig.
168.

=A. A.-n. acutum= (acute). _fronds_ 9in. to 15in. long, deltoid,
tripinnate; ultimate segments linear, and very acute. Ireland. A
copiously divided and very elegant variety. Habit more graceful
than the type.

=A. A.-n. grandiceps= (large-crested). _fronds_ 6in. to 12in.
long; pinnæ comparatively short, and slightly crested; apex freely
divided, and expanded into a broad crest, which gives the frond a
very graceful contour. Frame or greenhouse variety. See Fig. 169.

=A. A-n. oxyphyllum= (sharp-leaved). _fronds_ 4in. to 6in. long,
ovate-lanceolate; ultimate segments narrow and very acute. A very
pretty little variety.

=A. affine= (related). _sti._ 6in. to 12in. long. _fronds_ 12in
to 18in. long, 6in. to 12in. broad, bipinnate, with numerous
pinnæ on each side, the lower ones lanceolate-rhomboidal;
pinnules rhomboidal, inciso-serrate. _sori_ copious, linear.
Mascaren Islands, &c. Stove or warm greenhouse species. SYN. _A.
spathulinum_.

=A. alatum= (winged).* _sti._ 4in. to 6in, long, slender, the upper
part and the rachis, winged. _fronds_ 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. long, 3in.
to 4in. broad, with twelve to twenty horizontal sessile pinnæ on
each side, which are 1in. to 1-1/2in. long, and about 1/2in. broad,
bluntish; edge uniformly inciso-crenate, the base nearly equal on
both sides. _sori_ distant, not reaching either the midrib or edge.
West Indies, &c. A very elegant stove species.

=A. alismæfolium= (Alisma-leaved). _sti._ 2in. to 6in. long.
_fronds_ varying in shape, from simple oblong-lanceolate, 6in.
to 9in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad; apex acuminate; edges entire,
to ternate or pinnate, with a large terminal and three pairs of
lateral pinnæ, each like the entire frond of the simple state;
texture coriaceous. Isle of Luzon. Stove species. SYN. _Anisogonium
alismæfolium_.

=A. alternans= (alternated). _sti._ tufted, 1in. to 2in.
long. _fronds_ 6in. to 8in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad,
lanceolate-oblong, cut down into numerous bluntly-rounded lobes on
each side, which reach very nearly down to the rachis, the lower
gradually reduced. _sori_ copious. N. W. Himalayas. Greenhouse
species. SYN. _A. Dalhousiæ_.

=A. alternifolium= (alternate-leaved). Synonymous with _A.
germanicum_.

=A. angustifolium= (narrow-leaved).* _sti._ tufted, about 1ft.
long. _fronds_ 18in. to 24in. long, 4in. to 6in. broad, simply
pinnate, lanceolate-oblong, flaccid, with twenty to thirty
sub-sessile pinnæ on each side, sterile ones largest, 2in. to 3in.
long, 1/2in. broad, acuminate; edge obscurely-crenate, base rounded
and equal on both sides; fertile pinnæ narrower and more distant.
_sori_ very close and regular, extending from the midrib nearly to
the edge. Canada, &c. Greenhouse species.

=A. anisophyllum= (unequal-leaved). _sti._ tufted, 6in. to
12in. long. _fronds_ 1ft. to 2ft. long, 6in. to 9in. broad,
oblong-lanceolate, simple pinnate, with ten to sixteen sub-sessile
pinnæ on each side which are 3in. to 5in. long, about 1in. broad,
acuminated, crenate, the two sides unequal, the upper one narrowed
suddenly, the lower one obliquely truncate at the base. _sori_
distant, elliptical, reaching half-way from the edge to the margin.
Cape Colony, &c. Greenhouse species.

=A. apicidens= (apex-toothed). A variety of _A. Vieillardii_.

=A. arborescens= (tree-like). _cau._ oblique. _sti._ 1ft. to 2ft.
long. _fronds_ 3ft. to 4ft. long, 2ft. to 3ft. broad, deltoid,
tripinnatifid, with numerous pinnæ, the lower ones 12in. to 18in.
long, 4in. to 6in. broad; pinnules 3in. long, about 1/2in. wide,
acuminate, edge cut two-thirds of the way down to the rachis into
nearly entire lobes, 1/4in. deep, 1/8in. broad. Lower _sori_
1/8in. long. Mauritius, &c., 1826. Stove species. SYN. _Diplazium
arborescens_.

=A. Arnottii= (Arnott's). _sti._ smooth, angular. _fronds_ ample,
tripinnatifid; lower pinnæ 9in. to 12in. long, 4in. to 6in. broad;
pinnules 3in. to 4in. long, 1in. or more broad, cut down below to a
distinctly winged rachis into deeply crenate, blunt, oblong lobes,
1/2in. deep, 1/4in. broad. _sori_ copious, nearly all diplazioid,
and filling up when mature nearly the whole surface of the lobes.
Sandwich Islands, 1877. Greenhouse species. SYNS. _A. diplazioides_
and _Diplazium Arnottii_.

=A. aspidioides= (Aspidium-like). _sti._ tufted, 6in. to
12in. long. _fronds_ 1ft. to 2ft. long, 8in. to 12in. broad,
ovate-deltoid, tripinnatifid; lower pinnæ 6in. to 8in. long,
lanceolate-deltoid; pinnules lanceolate, cut down below nearly to
the rachis into inciso-pinnatifid ovate segments, two lines broad.
_sori_ copious, oblong, the lower ones curved. Tropical America,
&c. Greenhouse species. SYN. _A. multisectum_.

=A. attenuatum= (attenuated). _sti._ tufted, 3in. to 4in. long.
_fronds_ simple, linear-lanceolate, about 1ft. long, about 1/2in.
broad, narrowed upwards very gradually, sometimes proliferous at
the point, the margin toothed; the lower third also lobed; the
lowest roundish, lobes reaching down nearly or quite to the rachis.
_sori_ reaching nearly to the edge. Queensland, &c. Greenhouse
species.

=A. aureum= (golden). A variety of _A. Ceterach_.

=A. auriculatum= (auriculated).* _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 8in. long.
_fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, 4in. to 6in. broad, simply pinnate,
lanceolate-oblong, with ten to twenty-stalked horizontal pinnæ
on each side, which are 2in. to 4in. long, 3/4in. to 1in. broad,
lanceolate, often sub-falcate; edge deeply crenate, the two sides
unequal, the upper one with a cordate auricle, the lower one
obliquely truncate. _sori_ distant, not reaching either the midrib
or edge. Tropical America, 1820. Stove species.

=A. auritum= (eared). _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 8in. long. _fronds_
6in. to 12in. long, 2in. to 4in. broad, simply pinnate, with ten to
fifteen stalked horizontal pinnæ on each side, which are 2in. to
3in. long, and about 1/2in. broad, acute or bluntish; edge sharply
toothed or often lobed, especially on the upper side towards the
base. _sori_ in two broad rather oblique rows. Tropical America.
Stove species.

=A. australasicum= (Australian). A variety of _A. Nidus_.

=A. Baptistii= (Baptist's).* _sti._ 6in. to 8in. long. _fronds_
1ft. long, bipinnate, broadly ovate; pinnæ stipitate, the lower
about 5in. long, with four narrow stipitate linear-toothed
pinnules, 2in. long, and a terminal lobe, 3-1/2in. long, 1/4in.
broad, furnished with distinct linear marginal teeth, pointing
forwards, and terminating in a long attenuated point, which is
toothed nearly to the end. _sori_ linear-oblong, straight, parallel
with, and close to, the midrib. South Sea Islands, 1879. A very
handsome stove species.

=A. Belangeri= (Belanger's).* _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 8in. long.
_fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad, bipinnate; pinnæ
numerous, 1in. to 1-1/2in. long, 1/2in. broad, rounded at the
point, truncate at the base on the lower side; pinnules linear,
erecto-patent, half line broad; one vein and sorus to each segment,
the latter marginal. Malayan Peninsula. Stove species. SYNS. _A.
Veitchianum_, _Darea_, _Belangeri_, &c.

=A. bipartitum= (twice-partite). _sti._ tufted, 3in. to 6in. long.
_fronds_ 6in. to 8in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad, bipinnate, with
about ten to fifteen stalked pinnæ on each side, which are 1in. to
1-1/2in. long, 1/2in. to 3/4in. broad, bluntish, cut down at the
base on the upper side into one distinctly-stalked cuneate pinnule,
sometimes into two or three, the outer edge inciso-crenate, the
base on the lower side obliquely truncate. _sori_ in two regular
rows, reaching nearly to the edge. Mascaren Isles. Stove species.

=A. bisectum= (bisected).* _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 6in. long.
_fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, 4in. to 6in. broad, bipinnatifid,
with twenty to thirty horizontal pinnæ on each side, which are
2in. to 3in. long, 1/4in. broad, with a very long, narrow, deeply
inciso-pinnatifid upper portion, the base on the upper side
narrowed suddenly, on the lower obliquely truncate. _sori_ almost
all in two parallel rows close to the midrib. West Indies, &c.
Stove species.

=A. brachypteron= (broadly-winged). _sti._ tufted, 2in. to
4in. long. _fronds_ 4in. to 6in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad,
bipinnate, with twelve to twenty-four horizontal pinnæ on each
side, of which from half to nearly the whole of the lower side
is cut away, the largest 1/2in. to 5/8in. long, cut down to the
rachis into simple or forked linear pinnules, 1in. to 1-1/2in.
long. _sori_ solitary, often quite marginal. Madagascar, &c. Stove
species. SYN. _Darea brachypteron_.

=A. brevisorum= (shortly-soriate). _sti._ 12in. to 18in. long.
_fronds_ 2ft. to 3ft. long, 9in. to 18in. broad, tripinnate; lower
pinnæ 1ft. or more long; pinnules lanceolate, distant, 2in. to
3in. long, and 1-1/2in. broad; segments lanceolate, 3/4in. long,
two lines broad, deeply and sharply toothed. _sori_ small, six to
twelve to a segment, in two rows near the midrib, the lower ones
curved, often double. Jamaica, &c. Stove species. SYN. _Athyrium
brevisorum_.

=A. bulbiferum= (bulb-bearing). _sti._ tufted, 6in. to 12in. long.
_fronds_ 1ft. to 2ft. long, 8in. to 12in. broad, oblong-deltoid,
with numerous horizontal pinnæ on each side, which are often
proliferous from the upper surface, the largest 4in. to 8in. long,
1-1/2in. to 2in. broad; pinnules lanceolate-deltoid, slightly
toothed. _sori_ oblong, when mature often filling the whole breadth
of the segments. New Zealand, &c., very widely distributed.
Greenhouse species.

=A. b. Fabianum= (Fabia's). Lower segments deeply pinnatifid, with
narrow divisions and sub-marginal sori. SYN. _A. Fabianum_.

=A. b. laxum= (loose). Habit more slender; segments narrow, so that
the sori are often as if marginal.

=A. caudatum= (tailed). Probably a form of _A. falcatum_, but
having the sori more confined to the centre of the pinnæ, being
often restricted to two parallel rows close to the rachis.
Polynesia, &c. Greenhouse species.

=A. Ceterach.=* Scale or Scaly Fern. _sti._ densely tufted, 1in. to
3in. long, scaly. _fronds_ 4in. to 6in. long, 1/2in to 1in. broad,
cut down nearly or quite to the rachis into alternate, blunt,
sub-entire, broadly-oblong or roundish pinnæ, with a rounded sinus
between them; upper surface naked, lower densely clothed with deep
brown membranous scales. _sori_ linear oblique. Britain, throughout
Europe, Northern Asia, &c. This is a variable species, but the
forms do not remain constant under cultivation. It should be firmly
planted in a vertical chink of the rockery in loam, lime rubbish,
rock chippings, and sand, and be watered freely during the summer.
SYN. _Ceterach officinarum_. See Fig. 170.

=A. C. aureum= (golden).* A large variety, producing fronds from
9in. to 15in. long, 1-1/2in. to 3in. broad, and pinnæ more oblong
than the type; scales toothed. Canaries and Madeira. This is a
charming fern, requiring greenhouse treatment. SYN. _Ceterach
aureum_.

=A. cicutarium= (Cicuta-leaved).* _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 8in. long.
_fronds_ 6in. to 15in. long, 4in. to 6in. broad, tripinnate, with
ten to fifteen horizontal pinnæ on each side, the lower ones 2in.
to 3in. long, 1in. broad, cut down to the rachis into numerous
ovate-rhomboidal pinnules, which are 3/8in. to 1/2in. long, 1/4in.
broad, obliquely-truncate on the lower side; segments once or
twice cleft at the apex. _sori_ principally in two rows along the
pinnules. Tropical America, &c. Stove species.

=A. Colensoi= (Colenso's). _sti._ tufted, 3in. to 4in. long.
_fronds_ 6in. to 9in. long, 2in. to 4in. broad, tripinnatifid,
with numerous rather rigid erecto-patent pinnæ, the lower on
stalks 1/4in. to 1/2in. long; lower pinnules spreading, deeply
inciso-pinnatifid, with linear segments. _sori_ oblong, solitary.
New Zealand. A beautiful greenhouse species. SYN. _A. Hookerianum_.

=A. compressum= (compressed). _sti._ tufted, 6in. to 8in. long.
_fronds_ 2ft. to 3ft. long, 8in. to 12in. broad, simply pinnate,
lanceolate-oblong, with ten to twenty sessile pinnæ on each side,
which are 4in. to 6in. long, about 1in. broad, acute or bluntish
at the point, edge slightly dentate, the upper ones decurrent at
the base upon the stout fleshy compressed rachis, the upper side
narrowed suddenly at about a right angle, the lower one obliquely
truncate. _sori_ broad, distant, not reaching either the midrib or
edge. St. Helena. Stove or greenhouse species.

=A. contiguum= (contiguous). _sti._ tufted, 6in. to 9in. long.
_fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, 4in. to 6in. broad, with twenty
to thirty horizontal sub-falcate pinnæ on each side, which are
acuminated at the apex; edge more or less serrated, the base
narrowed suddenly, and sometimes auricled on the upper, obliquely
truncate in a curve on the lower side. _sori_ close, copious,
falling considerably short of the margin. Sandwich Isles.
Greenhouse species.

=A. crenatum= (crenated).* _sti._ 6in. to 12in. long, scattered.
_fronds_ 9in. to 15in. each way, deltoid, tri- or quadripinnate,
with nine to twelve pinnæ on each side, the lowest much the
largest, 6in. to 9in. long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad; pinnules
lanceolate, cut down to the rachis except towards the point on
each side into four to six blunt oblong segments, two lines
long, one line broad, which are bluntly toothed. _sori_ two to
six to a segment, oblong, usually nearly straight, often double.
Scandinavia, &c. Hardy species.

=A. cultrifolium= (hook-leaved).* _sti._ 4in. to 6in. long.
_fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long, 4in. to 6in. broad, bipinnate,
deltoid-ovate, with a lobed terminal point and six to ten pinnæ on
each side, which are 3in. to 4in. long, 1/2in. to 3/4in. broad,
acute; edge broadly toothed, sometimes lobed below nearly or quite
to the rachis, the base nearly at a right angle on the upper, but
obliquely truncate on the lower side. _sori_ falling short both
of the edge and midrib. West Indies, 1820. Stove species. SYN.
_Diplazium cultrifolium_.

=A. cuneatum= (wedge-shaped). _sti._ tufted, 6in. to 9in.
long. _fronds_ 6in. to 15in. long, 6in. to 9in. broad,
tripinnatifid, narrow-deltoid, with numerous spreading pinnæ on
each side, the lower 3in. to 4in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad,
lanceolate-deltoid, cut down to the rachis into several distinct
ovate-cuneate pinnules, which are dentate and cut down in the lower
part nearly or quite to the rachis. _sori_ linear, sub-flabellate.
West Indies, and widely distributed in both hemispheres, 1832. A
very handsome stove species.

=A. Dalhousiæ= (Dalhouse's). Synonymous with _A. alternans_.

=A. decussatum= (decussate). _sti._ 1ft. to 2ft. long. _fronds_
2ft. to 4ft. long, simply pinnate, with numerous pinnæ on each
side, which are 6in. to 12in. long, 1in. to 2in. broad, often
proliferous in the axils; edge nearly entire. _sori_ reaching
nearly to the edge, and copiously double. Polynesian and Malayan
Islands, &c. Stove species. SYN. _Anisogonium decussatum_.

=A. dentatum= (dentated).* _sti._ tufted, 2in. to 6in. long.
_fertile fronds_ 2in. to 3in. long, 1in. broad, with six to eight
pairs of stalked, sub-opposite pinnæ, which are 1/2in. broad,
3/8in. deep, oblong-rhomboidal, the lower side at the base truncate
in a curve, the outer edge irregularly crenate. _sterile fronds_
smaller, on shorter stalks. _sori_ copious, in two parallel rows.
West Indies, &c., 1820. A pretty little greenhouse species.

=A. dimidiatum= (unequal-sided).* _sti._ tufted, 6in. to 12in.
long. _fronds_ 6in. to 15in. long, 4in. to 6in. broad, deltoid,
simply pinnate, with six to nine opposite pairs of pinnæ, which
are 2in. to 3in. long, 3/4in. to 1in. broad, acuminated, sharply
serrated. _sori_ radiant, narrow, long linear. Tropical America.
Stove species.

=A. dimorphum= (two-formed).* _sti._ tufted, 6in. to 12in. long.
_fronds_ 2ft. to 3ft. long, 12in. to 15in. broad, ovate-deltoid,
sterile and fertile ones different or combined; lower pinnæ
ovate-deltoid, 6in. to 8in. long, 2in. broad, bluntly toothed, and
the base on the lower side obliquely truncate; fertile pinnæ the
same size, but with very narrow simple or forked pinnules. _sori_
linear, solitary, marginal. Norfolk Island. One of the handsomest
warm greenhouse species. SYNS. _A. diversifolium_ (of gardens), and
_Darea dimorpha_.

=A. diplazioides= (Diplazium-like). A synonym of _A. Arnottii_.

=A. diversifolium= (diverse-leaved). A garden synonym of _A.
dimorphum_.

=A. diversifolium= (diverse-leaved). Synonymous with _A. maximum_.

=A. ebeneum= (ebony-stalked).* _sti._ tufted, 3in. to 6in.
long. _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad,
linear-lanceolate, with twenty to forty sessile pinnæ on each side,
which are about 1in. long, 1/8in. broad; point acute or bluntish;
edge faintly serrate; base hastately auricled, often cordate.
_sori_ ten to twelve on each side, oblong, short. Canada, &c.,
widely distributed, 1779. Greenhouse species. _A. ebenoides_ is
very like this, but the pinnæ are not cut down to the rachis, and
the frond has an elongated point, which is only sinuated with a
single row of sori on each side.

=A. erectum= (erect). Synonymous with _A. lunulatum_.

=A. erosum= (bitten). _sti._ tufted, 6in. to 9in. long. _fronds_
6in. to 12in. long, 4in. to 8in. broad, deltoid, with nine to
fifteen pinnæ on each side, which are 3in. to 4in. long, 1/2in.
to 3/4in. broad, the edge slightly lobed and crenato-dentate, the
point acuminate, the two sides unequal. _sori_ falling short of the
edge. West Indies. Stove species.

=A. esculentum= (edible).* _cau._ sub-arborescent. _sti._ 1ft. to
2ft. long. _fronds_ 4ft. to 6ft. long, pinnate or bipinnate; lower
pinnæ 12in. to 18in. long, 6in. to 8in. broad; pinnules 3in. to
6in. long, about 1in. broad, acuminate; edge more or less deeply
lobed; base narrowed suddenly, often auricled; lines of _sori_
often on all the lateral veinlets. India, &c., 1822. Stove species.
SYN. _Anisogonium esculentum_.

=A. extensum= (extended). _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 6in. long.
_fronds_ 12in. to 24in. long, about 1in. broad, with twenty to
forty sessile pinnæ on each side, which are 1/2in. long, 1/4in. to
3/8in. deep, blunt and entire, the upper side rather the broadest
and often cordate, the lower merely rounded at the base. _sori_
linear-oblong, two or three on each side of the midrib. Andes of
Columbia and Peru. A very rare greenhouse species, allied to our
native _A. Trichomanes_.

=A. Fabianum= (Fabia's). Synonymous with _A. bulbiferum Fabianum_.

=A. falcatum= (hooked).* _sti._ tufted, 6in. to 9in. long. _fronds_
6in. to 18in. long, 4in. to 6in. broad, lanceolate, with six to
twenty stalked, nearly horizontal pinnæ on each side, which are
2in. to 3in. long, 1/2in. to 1in. broad, acuminated, the edges
lobed often one-third of the way down, and the lobes sharply
toothed, the two sides unequal, and the lower one at the base
obliquely truncate. _sori_ in long irregular lines reaching nearly
to the edge. Polynesian Islands, &c., widely distributed. A very
elegant greenhouse species.

=A. fejeense= (Fijian).* _rhiz._ wide-climbing. _sti._ 6in. long,
scaly below. _fronds_ 18in. to 24in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in.
broad, lanceolate, caudate, or acuminate at the apex, and often
proliferous, narrowed below to a truncate base, the margin nearly
entire. _sori_ reaching from the midrib nearly to the edges. Fiji,
Samoa. &c. Stove species.

=A. Fernandesianum= (Juan Fernandez). A variety of _A. lunulatum_.

=A. Filix-fœmina= (Lady Fern).* _sti._ tufted, 6in. to 12in. long.
_fronds_ 1ft. to 3ft. long, 6in. to 12in. broad, oblong-lanceolate,
with numerous pinnate pinnæ, the lower ones spreading, lanceolate,
3in. to 6in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad; pinnules deeply
inciso-pinnatifid. _sori_ linear-oblong, the lower ones often
curved. Britain, and world-wide in its distribution. SYN. _Athyrium
Filix-fœmina_. This handsome deciduous species has a great number
of varieties, the most important of which are described below:

=A. F.-f. acrocladon= (summit-branched).* _fronds_ 9in. to 15in.
long, slender, bi- or tripinnate, the lower part very narrow, with
the apices of the pinnæ sometimes crested; upper portion of the
frond freely branched, divisions narrow and crested, the whole
forming a broad head.

=A. F.-f. acuminatum= (taper-pointed).* _fronds_ 9in. to 12in.
long, lanceolate-acuminate in outline, with closely set pinnæ,
which are similarly characterised, and particularly tapering at the
apices.

=A. F.-f. apiculatum= (apiculate).* _fronds_ 6in. to 15in. long,
2in. to 4in. broad, lanceolate-acuminate in outline, with variously
furcate apices; pinnæ closely set with distinctly acuminated
apices, and small roundish obtuse serrated pinnules.

=A. F.-f. Applebyanum= (Appleby's).* _fronds_ narrow, 12in. to
24in. long, with short blunt pinnæ, while the extremities are
dilated into a broad furcated crest, which is very striking upon
such a narrow frond.

=A. F.-f. Barnesii= (Barnes's).* _fronds_ 9in. to 15in. long, 3in.
to 4in. wide, lanceolate in outline, abrupt at the top, bipinnate;
pinnæ alternate, closely set, lanceolate, acutely pointed, with
densely set, narrow, acutely serrate pinnules, with a very
membranous texture.

=A. F.-f. calothrix= (beautiful-hair).* _fronds_ 9in. to 15in.
long, copiously divided into exquisitely fine segments, so that the
fronds present a very light and delicate appearance.

=A. F.-f. contortum= (contorted).* _fronds_ very diversified,
the various pinnæ occasionally combining the characters of the
varieties _Applebyanum_ and _Victoriæ_.

=A. F.-f. coronatum= (coronate).* _fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long, 2in.
wide; pinnæ distinctly forked, sometimes slightly crested at the
apices; the upper extremity of the frond copiously forked, and by
the ramification of the divisions a broad crest is formed, about
3in. to 4in. across.

=A. F.-f. corymbiferum= (corymbose).* _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long,
4in. to 7in. broad, lanceolate-acuminate in general outline; pinnæ
closely set, usually forked and crested at the apices, while the
extremities of the fronds are dilated into broad crests, nearly or
quite as wide at the broadest portion of the frond.

=A. F.-f. crispum= (crispy or curled).* _fronds_ 6in. long, densely
set with very finely divided pinnæ, which are thickly curled,
presenting a crispy appearance.

=A. F.-f. dissectum= (dissected).* _fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long,
ovate or broadly lanceolate in form, with irregular and unequal
pinnæ; the pinnules also differ very much, and are deeply cut,
nearly down to the rachises.

=A. F.-f. Elworthii= (Elworth's).* _fronds_ 12in. to 20in. long,
lanceolate, tripinnate, terminated with a very dense crest, from
4in. to 6in. across; pinnæ and frequently the pinnules also more or
less forked and crested.

=A. F.-f. Fieldiæ= (Field's).* _fronds_ 12in. to 20in. long,
narrow, with regular or variously-forked divided pinnæ, sometimes
arranged crosswise, with a very graceful disposition.

=A. F.-f. Friselliæ= (Frisell's).* _fronds_ pendent, sometimes
2ft. long, rarely exceeding 1in. wide, bi- or tripinnate; pinnæ
alternate, imbricated, flabellate, with the margins of the pinnules
or ultimate divisions dentated.

=A. F.-f. grandiceps= (large-crested).* _fronds_ 9in. to 15in.
long, lanceolate in outline, copiously forked both at the
extremities of the pinnæ and frond. The latter is furnished with
a very large globose crest, which causes the frond to present a
beautifully arched appearance.

=A. F-f. Grantæ= (Grant's).* _fronds_ 9in. to 12in. long,
lanceolate, or broadly so, very thickly set with pinnæ, copiously
divided, with the apices of the latter turned up, so that the plant
has a crisp or bristly appearance.

=A. F.-f. Jonesii= (Jones's).* _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long,
oblong-lanceolate in outline, slightly acuminate, bipinnate,
furnished at the extremities with a small crest; pinnæ alternate,
copiously forked and crested at the apices, even having larger
crests than the one at the upper extremity of the frond; pinnules
narrow, dentate, slightly crested.

=A. F.-f. minimum= (smallest).* _fronds_ 4in. to 6in. long, 1in.
wide, lanceolate, bipinnate; pinnules densely set, imbricated, and
crispy.

=A. F.-f. Moorei= (Moore's).* _fronds_ 4in. to 8in. long, linear,
terminated with a broad tasselled crest, 3in. or more in diameter;
pinnæ small, scattered, variously forked, crested, and slender.

=A. F.-f. multifidum= (many-fid).* A very vigorous growing variety,
producing fronds as large as those of the type, terminated with
large tasselled crests; pinnæ and pinnules narrow, the former
furnished with small crested apices. A variety known as _nanum_
much resembles the foregoing, but the crests are more dense, and
the fronds are usually not more than half the length.

=A. F.-f. pannosum= (pannose).* _fronds_ 10in. to 20in. long,
lanceolate in outline, from 4in. to 6in. in the broadest part, bi-
or (rarely) tripinnate; pinnæ thickly set, closely alternated,
lanceolate-acuminate in form, with deep cut pinnules, and
distinctly but irregularly lobed; the whole frond is frequently
tinged with reddish-purple.

=A. F.-f. plumosum= (feathery).* _fronds_ 12in. to 30in. long,
4in. to 10in. broad, broadly lanceolate in outline, tripinnate,
beautifully arched; pinnæ of the same form as the frond, copiously
divided; pinnules again divided into very fine segments. There are
several forms of this charming variety.

=A. F.-f. Pritchardii= (Pritchard's).* _fronds_ 12in. to 30in.
long, very narrow, tapering especially towards the apices; pinnæ
decussate, imbricate, rather irregular, with the margins of the
pinnules dentate. There is also a variety named _cristatum_, which
is finely crested at the apices of the pinnæ, and is particularly
striking.

=A. F.-f. ramosa= (branched).* _fronds_ 9in. to 12in. long, the
lower portion sparsely set with short irregular pinnæ, sharply cut
into finely dentate pinnules; the upper part is divided into two
main branches, which are again variously forked, and furnished with
short pinnæ, the ultimate divisions furcate and slightly crested.

=A. F.-f. scopæ= (heavily-crested).* _fronds_ 6in. to 16in. long,
with a few scattered irregular pinnæ along the main rachis; some
of the pinnæ are almost obsolete, while others are an inch long
with oblong-dentate pinnules and a heavy terminal crest; the upper
portion has several ramifications, each of which is copiously
forked and heavily crested, the whole forming a corymbose head 3in.
or 4in. in diameter, which gives the plant a pendent habit.

=A. F.-f. sub-lunatum= (half-crescent-shaped).* _fronds_ 9in. to
20in. long, less than 1in. wide, with curious alternated, nearly
crescent-shaped, much contracted pinnæ, sparingly divided, arching.

=A. F.-f. Victoriæ= (Victoria's).* _fronds_ long, lanceolate in
outline, with the apices crested, as well as those of the pinnæ;
the latter are forked at the base, the divisions being divergent,
and crossing those of the neighbouring pinnæ. A form named
_gracilis_ has narrower fronds, is more compact, and cresting
rather thicker. There is also another form named _lineare_, having
very small heavily crested fronds, and an extremely elegant
appearance. The foregoing are the most important varieties, but
a very comparative few of the total number. Although forms of an
essentially hardy species, the greater number--and particularly the
rarer sorts--should have a winter protection; or, what is far more
preferable and satisfactory, they should be grown in the frame or
temperate fernery.

=A. firmum= (firm-textured). Synonymous with _A. abscissum_.

=A. fissum= (cut).* _sti._ tufted, 2in. to 6in. long. _fronds_ 2in.
to 5in. long, 1in. to 2in. broad, oblong-deltoid, tripinnatifid,
with a few distant pinnæ on each side; pinnules flabellato-cuneate,
deeply pinnatifid; ultimate segments under half a line broad.
_sori_ linear-oblong, when mature occupying the whole breadth of
the segments. South Europe. A pretty little frame or greenhouse
species.

=A. flabellifolium= (fan-leaved).* _sti._ tufted, 3in. to 6in.
long. _fronds_ procumbent, wide straggling, elongated, and rooting
at the apex, 6in. to 12in. long, 3/4in. to 1in. broad, with ten to
fifteen sessile flabellate pinnæ on each side, which are 1/4in. to
1/2in. each way, broadly lobed; lobes sharply toothed, the base
cut away in a curve on the lower side. _sori_ oblique, irregular,
copious. Temperate Australia, &c. Greenhouse species.

=A. f. majus= (greater). This is a larger form, with longer fronds
and broader pinnæ.

=A. flaccidum= (relaxed). _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 8in. long.
_fronds_ 1ft. to 3ft. long, 4in. to 8in. broad, often pendent,
with numerous lanceolate pinnæ, which are 4in. to 8in. long, and
about 1/2in. broad, sometimes rather rigid and recurved, sometimes
quite flaccid and drooping, like the main rachis, sometimes
deeply pinnatifid, but more often cut down to the thick rachis in
oblique or sub-falcate linear lobes. _sori_ in the divided form
quite marginal. New Zealand, &c. SYNS. _A. odontites_ and _Darea
flaccida_.

=A. fœniculaceum= (Fennel-like). A variety of _A. fragrans_.

=A. fontanum= (rock).* _sti._ tufted, 2in. to 4in. long. _fronds_
3in. to 6in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad, oblong-lanceolate; lower
pinnæ short, reflexed; central ones horizontal, about 1/2in. long;
pinnules stalked, lower ones oblong, deeply inciso-pinnatifid.
_sori_ copious, covering nearly the whole under surface of the
pinnule. England, &c. Hardy. This requires to be planted in a
well-drained chink of the rockery, in rich gritty soil. SYN. _A.
Halleri_. _A. refractum_ is a well-marked variety. See Fig. 171.

=A. formosum= (beautiful). _sti._ tufted, very short. _fronds_
12in. to 18in. long, 1in. broad, with twenty to thirty sessile
horizontal pinnæ on each side, which are 1/2in. long, one
and a-half to two lines deep; upper edge deeply cut, point
rather obtuse, lower edge truncate in a straight line. _sori_
linear-oblong, short, oblique, placed one to four on each side
of the midrib. Tropical America, &c., 1822. A very elegant stove
species.

=A. fragrans= (fragrant).* _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 8in. long,
_fronds_ 6in. to 9in. long, 3in. to 6in. broad, sub-deltoid,
tripinnate, with numerous close placed deltoid pinnæ on each
side, the lowest 3in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad; pinnules
lanceolate-deltoid; segments sub-spathulate, one line broad,
dentate round the outer edge. _sori_ copious. Tropical America,
1793. _A. fœniculaceum_ is a variety with narrowly linear ultimate
segments. Both are very handsome stove plants, the latter being
especially beautiful.

=A. Franconis= (Franconis).* _sti._ tufted, 1ft. long. _fronds_
1ft. to 2ft. long, 9in. to 15in. broad, deltoid, with numerous
pinnæ on each side, the lower ones 6in. to 8in. long, much
acuminated, cut down in the lower half into distinct pinnules,
1-1/2in. to 2in. long, 1/2in. broad, lanceolate, unequal sided, the
edge cut half-way down below into oblong sharply-toothed lobes;
the lower side obliquely truncate. _sori_ in parallel rows, not
reaching the edge. Mexico, &c. Stove species. SYN. _Diplazium
Franconis_.

=A. furcatum= (forked).* _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 8in. long, _fronds_
6in. to 18in. long, 4in. to 6in. broad, with twelve to twenty
pinnæ on each side, which are lanceolate-deltoid, 2in. to 3in.
long, 3/4in. to 1in. broad, nearly or quite pinnate; pinnules
linear-cuneate, sharply serrated on the outer edge. _sori_ linear,
distant. Very widely distributed in the tropical and sub-tropical
regions of both hemispheres. A most elegant greenhouse species.
SYN. _A. præmorsum_.

=A. germanicum= (German).* _sti._ densely tufted, 2in. to 4in.
long. _fronds_ 2in. to 3in. long, 1/2in. to 1in. broad, lanceolate,
cut down to the rachis into a few narrow flabellato-cuneate pinnæ
on each side, the lowest of which are again deeply cleft. _sori_
linear, when mature covering the whole breadth, but falling short
of the point of the pinnæ. Scotland and Norway to Hungary and
Dalmatia. Hardy or frame species. SYN. _A. alternifolium_.

=A. giganteum= (gigantic). A synonym of _A. radicans_.

=A. Goringianum pictum= (painted).* A very pretty form of _A.
macrocarpum_; the fronds are from 6in. to 18in. long, pendulous,
somewhat lanceolate in form; rachis reddish, with the pinnæ next
it on each side variegated, forming a central grey band throughout
its entire length. Japan. Greenhouse species, or hardy in sheltered
positions.

=A. grandifolium= (large-leaved). _sti._ 1ft. or more
long. _fronds_ 2ft. to 3ft. long, 9in. to 12in. broad,
deltoid-lanceolate, the point pinnatifid, with twelve to twenty
pinnæ on each side; the lower ones 2in. or more apart, distinctly
stalked, 4in. to 6in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad, acuminate;
edge slightly toothed, and sometimes broadly lobed below, the base
equally rounded on both sides. _sori_ irregular, falling slightly
short of both midrib and edge. Tropical America, 1793. Stove
species. SYN. _Diplazium grandifolium_.

=A. Grevillei= (Greville's). _fronds_ undivided, 12in. to 18in.
long, 2in. to 3in. broad, lanceolate-spathulate, narrowed to an
acute apex, and suddenly below to a broadly winged stipe, which
grows very gradually narrower downwards; the margin entire. _sori_
usually extending within a short distance of the edge. India. Stove
species.

=A. Halleri= (Haller's). Synonymous with _A. fontanum_.

=A. Hemionitis= (Hemionitis).* _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 8in. long.
_fronds_ 4in. to 6in. each way, hastate, with a triangular, acute
terminal lobe, and two large, cordate, acute lateral ones, again
bluntly or acutely lobed at the base; the basal sinus rounded,
1in. or more deep, and the lobes on each side imbricated over one
another and the petiole. _sori_ narrow upon the simple veins. South
Europe, &c. A pretty greenhouse species. SYN. _A. palmatum_.

=A. H. cristatum= (crested).* Similar in frond form and size to the
species, but the apices are crested and tasselled. Where variety is
sought, this should certainly be grown.

=A. H. multifidum= (much-divided).* _fronds_ quite as broad as
long; the main divisions again freely divided or deeply cut, so as
to give them a fringed outline. Azores.

=A. heterocarpum= (various-fruited).* _sti._ scattered, 4in. to
9in. long. _fronds_ 6in. to 15in. long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad,
narrow-lanceolate, with very numerous close-placed dimidiate
pinnæ on each side, which are 3/4in. to 1in. broad, 1/4in. deep;
the lower edge quite entire, the upper broadest towards the
base, where it is narrowed suddenly, deeply incised throughout.
_sori_ one, or rarely two, together in the teeth. Himalayas, and
widely distributed in south-eastern Asia. A very lovely stove or
greenhouse species.

=A. heterodon= (variously-toothed). Synonymous with _A. vulcanicum_.

=A. Hookerianum= (Hooker's). Synonymous with _A. Colensoi_.

=A. incisum= (incised). _sti._ tufted, 1in. to 3in. long. _fronds_
6in. to 12in. long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad, lanceolate, with
numerous pinnæ on each side; lower distant and blunt, central
ones 1in. long, 1/2in. broad, lanceolate-deltoid; pinnules
ovate-rhomboidal, pinnate, much truncated at the base on the lower
side and deeply inciso-pinnatifid. _sori_ linear-oblong, one to
each vein. Japan, &c. Greenhouse species.

=A. javanicum= (Javanese). _See_ =Allantodia Brunoniana=.

=A. lanceolatum= (lanceolate).* _sti._ tufted, 3in. to 4in. long.
_fronds_ 6in. to 9in. long, 2in. to 4in. broad; lower pinnæ
distant, 1in. to 1-1/2in. long, 1/4in. to 3/8in. broad; pinnules
oblong-rhomboidal, sharply toothed, and often broadly lobed below.
_sori_ copious, when mature covering nearly the whole under
surface. South-west Europe, including southern England, &c. Hardy
species.

=A. l. crispatum= (curled).* _fronds_ 4in. to 8in. long,
broadly-lanceolate, bipinnate, with the margins of the pinnules
involute and sharply toothed, giving them a curled appearance.

=A. l. microdon= (small-toothed).* _fronds_ 4in. to 6in. long,
simply pinnate, with deeply lobed pinnæ, the margins of the lobes
very finely dentated and toothed. A pretty little gem, well adapted
for case culture.

=A. lanceum= (lance-shaped). _sti._ scattered, 4in. to 6in. long.
_fronds_ 6in. to 9in. long, 3/4in. to 1in. broad, attenuated
gradually upwards and downwards, the edge entire or slightly
undulated. _sori_ linear, irregular, reaching nearly to the edge,
but not to the midrib. Himalayas, &c. Greenhouse species. SYN. _A.
subsinuatum_ and _Diplazium lanceum_.

=A. laserpitiifolium= (Laserpitium-leaved).* _sti._ tufted, 6in.
to 12in. long, naked. _fronds_ 1ft. to 4ft. long, 4in. to 18in.
broad, deltoid-lanceolate, with numerous pinnæ on each side, 2in.
to 9in. long, and from 2in. to 6in. broad, cut down to the rachis
into numerous distinct pinnules, the lowest with rhomboidal-cuneate
segments. _sori_ short, irregular. Polynesian Islands, North
Australia, &c. A very handsome greenhouse species.

=A. laxum= (loose). A variety of _A. bulbiferum_.

=A. lineatum= (streaked). _sti._ tufted, 6in. to 9in. long.
_fronds_ 1ft. to 2ft. long, 4in. to 8in. broad, oblong-lanceolate,
with twenty to thirty pinnæ on each side, which are 3in. to 4in.
long, about 1/2in. broad, acuminate, dentate, nearly or quite
sessile, the base cuneate. _sori_ very regular, reaching from
the midrib nearly to the edge. Mauritius, &c. There are several
forms of this species: those with small narrow cuneate pinnules,
_inequale_; those with deeply bifid or pinnatifid pinnules,
_bifida_. Stove species.

=A. longissimum= (longest).* _sti._ tufted, 3in. to 12in.
long. _fronds_ 2ft. to 8ft. long, 4in. to 8in. broad,
lanceolate-elongate, pendulous, proliferous, and rooting at the
apex, with very numerous pinnæ on each side, which are 2in. to 4in.
long, 1/4in. broad, acuminated, the two sides nearly equal, with a
distinct central midrib; edge slightly toothed, the base on both
sides often auricled. _sori_ numerous, in two regular rows on each
side the midrib, and reaching nearly to the edge. Malacca, &c.,
1840. A very distinct stove fern for baskets.

=A. lucidum= (clear). A synonym of _A. obtusatum lucidum_.

=A. lunulatum= (crescent-shaped).* _sti._ tufted, 2in. to 4in.
long. _fronds_ 6in. to 18in. long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad, simply
pinnate, narrowly lanceolate-oblong, with twelve to twenty pinnæ on
each side, which are 1in. to 1-1/2in. long, 1/4in. to 1/2in. broad,
bluntish or acute, more or less deeply inciso-crenate throughout,
the two sides unequal; the upper one on the base narrowed suddenly,
the lower one obliquely truncate; lower pinnæ often deflexed.
_sori_ falling short of both edge and midrib. Tropics. SYN. _A.
erectum_.

=A. l. Fernandesianum= (Fernandez).* A form with a more rigid
rachis and sub-coriaceous, rather narrower pinnæ. Juan Fernandez.