Chapter M: A. S. Salm-Dyck. Monographia generum Aloes et Mesembryanthemi (26)

_Savoys._ The seed of these should be sown in March or April, according to the locality, in the same way as described above, in seed beds; and the after treatment is also very similar. The young plants must not be allowed to starve in the seed bed, but should be kept watered, and planted out in June and July, choosing dull weather for the operation. The ground should occasionally be hoed between the plants, to keep the surface open and destroy weeds. Distances of from 15in. to 30in. between the plants, according to the variety, must be allowed. See Fig. 305.

_Coleworts._ Seed of these should be sown about the end of June, and planted out 1ft. apart on a sheltered border, when large enough. Rosette is one of the best varieties; but the early Cabbages are often grown and used as Coleworts before they have had time to form close hearts.

_Pickling Cabbage._ The Red Dutch is the variety generally grown for pickling, and is probably the best to keep its colour when so treated. Seed should be sown in August, to stand the winter, and again in February for a succession; only a few plants will, in the majority of cases, be required, as, if liberally treated, they grow to a good size.

_Sorts of White Cabbage._ These are extremely numerous, and selections or improved forms are of annual appearance. Some of the old types are, however, still much cultivated. The following are a selection of the best sorts for general purposes: Atkins' Matchless, Carter's Heartwell, Early Battersea, Early York (see Fig. 306), Ellam's Early Dwarf, Enfield Market, Little Pixie, Oxheart (see Fig. 307), St. John's Day (see Fig. 308), Sugarloaf, Wheeler's Imperial, and Portugal or Couve Tronchuda. The last-named variety was introduced from Portugal some years ago, where it is much grown. It has a large midrib, and does not form very close hearts. It is very tender when cooked, and is only suitable for culture in summer. Under the name of Gilbert's Cabbage Broccoli, or Chou de Burghley, a variety of Cabbage was recently distributed which produces, if left long enough, hearts resembling Broccoli. Although there are different opinions as to its merits, it is said to be very tender when cooked, and is considered a decided acquisition.

Of Savoys, the best are: Drumhead, Dwarf Green Curled, Early Ulm, Large Late Green, and Tom Thumb.

_Insects, &c._ The majority of the Cabbage tribe is attacked by a very large number of different caterpillars and other pests, both above and below ground. The plants in their young stages are always a prey for snails and slugs, and often require a dusting of soot and lime as a protection. When planting out, many of the plants are often found with a protuberance at the root, caused by an insect, and termed "clubbing." Those so injured should be thrown away if they can possibly be spared, and the others dipped in a thick solution of soot water. This is the worst kind of disease the Cabbage tribe is subject to. The caterpillars of several moths and butterflies are very destructive in summer, often eating through the hearts of Cabbages and Cauliflowers, and so rendering them totally unfit for use. Hand-picking, or dusting with lime, is apparently the only means of diminishing the numbers of these pests.

=CABBAGE CATERPILLARS.= _Large Cabbage White_ (_Pieris brassicæ_). From May to July, and again in September and October, this, the most common of our butterflies, may be seen in great numbers, frequenting gardens, lanes, and fields, being especially numerous where Cabbages are growing. Their beautiful yellow eggs are laid singly on the under surface of the leaves, and securely fastened by a natural glue; from these, in due time, issue the small, but destructive, "green caterpillars." Shortly after birth, they become quite green in front and yellow behind. They then get hairy and dotted over with black; they have eight pairs of feet, of which the three front ones only are "true" legs, or those which ultimately develop into the legs of the butterfly. They change their skin several times, and at each moult become larger in size. When full grown, they are about 1-1/2in. long, of a light green or bluish hue above, and yellow beneath; along the back of the adult caterpillar is a conspicuous yellow line, edged on each side with black dots.

The chrysalis, or pupa, is commonly found on window-ledges, palings, walls, and similar places; but is sometimes attached to the plant (see Fig. 309). It is a rather curious object, of the colour of stone, and prettily chiselled. It is fastened to the plant by the tail and by a belt of silk round the middle.

The perfect male insect has the body black and wings white on the upper side, except the tips of the fore-wings, which are black and crescent-shaped; and on the upper edge of the hinder wings there is a black spot. On the under side, the fore wings are white with yellow tips, and two black patches on each; the hind wings are yellow, with small black markings. The antennæ are alternately black and yellow, with the club black above and yellow beneath. The female (see Fig. 310) differs from the male in having two large black spots on each of the fore or upper wings, and a spot on the inner margin.

_The Small White_ (_Pieris rapæ_, see Fig. 311) has two broods in the year, the first batch about April, and the second in July. The eggs are always placed on the upper side of the leaf, and are hatched in from ten to thirteen days, the caterpillars becoming full grown in about three weeks after emerging. The colour of the caterpillar is dark green, with a fine line of yellow, and a row of yellow spots down the sides. The chrysalis is attached by the tail and a band of silk to the place selected by the caterpillar, and varies greatly in colour, although generally it is of a whitish-brown.

_Cabbage Moth_ (_Mamestra brassicæ_). Newman, in his "British Moths," thus describes the Cabbage Moth: "The antennæ are rather long and slender, and scarcely ciliated in either sex; the fore-wings are dark, smoky, grey brown, mottled and marbled with confused markings, both darker and paler; the orbicular spot is inconspicuous, but decidedly to be traced; the reniform stigma is delicately outlined with white or whitish-grey, and has a pale anterior disc, in which the same pale grey colour predominates; the hind wings are dark, smoky brown with rather pale base, and rather darker crescentic discoidal spot and wing-rays; the head, thorax, and body have the same colour as the fore and hind wings." The eggs are laid on Cabbages, or similar plants, and are hatched in a few days. The caterpillars are very voracious, feeding by day and night, and, what is worse, they spoil with their excrement, in the case of Cabbages, more than they eat. They are of a dark colour, with a kind of marbling, more or less distinct, on the back, the effect being produced by a triangular mark containing two white dots on each of their segments. On being disturbed, they roll themselves into a tight ring, and so remain until they suppose that danger is over. They descend into the earth for change to smooth red-brown chrysalids, and remain there till the following spring. If the chrysalids were collected and destroyed during the autumn and winter digging, much injury would be obviated through the succeeding spring and summer.

The destruction of these pests is a very troublesome matter, as the grubs of the last-named kind bore into the heart of the cabbage. Hand-picking is the only sure method. Anything emitting a distasteful odour will also keep them at bay. Miss Ormerod recommends throwing gas-lime over the plants, but it must be previously weakened by a few months' exposure. The following remedy may also be recommended:

_Paraffin_, or _Coal Oil_. Mix one ounce of oil with a gallon of soapsuds, and water the plants with the mixture before the caterpillars appear. If any have appeared, an application at the rate of two ounces to the gallon will generally clear them off. Of course, this operation must not be performed less than a month previous to cutting the cabbages, on account of the smell. Soapsuds alone will also clear caterpillars from most smooth-leaved subjects if frequently applied.

=CABBAGE FLY= (_Anthomyia brassicæ_). Among the injurious insects which infest Cabbages, none commit greater havoc to both stem and root, than the maggots of the Cabbage Fly. "They are whitish, cylindrical, and legless, tapering to the head, and blunt at the tail, which has short teeth on the lower margin, and two brown tubercles in the middle. When full grown, they are about 1/3in. long. They then leave the plants, and turn, in the earth, to pupæ, with a few black spots at the head, and short teeth at the tail, inside which the flies form, and emerge in about a fortnight or three weeks. The fly is of an ashen-grey colour, and smaller than the Onion Fly, which it much resembles. The male is of a darker grey, and has a short black stripe along the back between the wings, with a curved one on each side of it, and one black stripe along the abdomen" (Ormerod). The presence of these maggots may be easily detected by the flagging and change of colour of the leaves. The infested plants should be immediately removed and destroyed. The following remedy will be found beneficial:

_Lime._ Hot lime should be soaked in water for about twenty-four hours. When clear, the infested Cabbages should be well washed with the liquid. Superphosphate of lime may also be applied with advantage.

=CABBAGE GALL WEEVIL= (_Ceutorrhynchus sulcicollis_). This is a pretty little beetle, about three-quarters of a line or one line in length. Its colour is dark, but the insect is really of a coppery hue; on the thorax and head are rather large depressions; the wing-cases vary in colour from green to greenish-blue, or even black, and along the entire length of the elytra are parallel lines or holes, as may be seen with the aid of an ordinary lens. This insect, which causes much damage to plants of the _Brassica_ family, is, in some places, very difficult to eradicate. It is also very destructive to other crops, and, therefore, any effectual remedy is valuable. The following methods may be recommended:

_Carbolic Acid._ Mix 1oz. Calvert's No. 5 carbolic acid with two gallons of soapsuds, and add sufficient loam or clay to make a thin paste. Dip the roots of the whole of the plants into this before they are set out. Well stir the mixture, and put the plants out in a damp soil, so that watering will not be necessary.

_Paraffin_, or _Coal Oil_. This, applied in the same manner as recommended for Carbolic Acid, is also very good.

_Guano, Superphosphate of Lime, and Nitrate of Soda._ A good dressing of either of these, given after the ground is dug, and in wet weather, about a month before the plants are put out, has been found very beneficial; but, although preventatives, they do not totally clear the crop from insects for the season.

_Soot and Lime._ Take equal parts of air-slaked lime and soot, and mix together. Set the plants with a trowel, and, having placed some soil over the roots, throw in a little of the mixture, filling up the hole with soil.

=CABBAGE MOTH.= _See_ =Cabbage Caterpillars=.

=CABBAGE PALM.= _See_ =Euterpe oleracea=.

=CABBAGE POWDERED-WING= (_Aleyrodes brassicæ_). A small four-winged powdery fly, closely allied to the Aphides. As implied by its name, this pest infests the various sorts of Cabbages. It is more particularly prevalent in autumn. Its presence may be readily detected by the partial discoloration of the leaves attacked. The head and body between the wings are black, with yellow variegation; abdomen yellow or rosy; wings white and mealy (whence its common name), the upper pair each having a darker spot, near the centre. Its destructive power resides in the rostrum, or sucking-tube, with which its head is furnished.

_Remedies._ The only effectual means of exterminating this pest is to destroy the leaves, preferably by burning. If its presence is detected early, an application of tobacco water, or diluted soft soap, may prove beneficial.

=CABBAGE ROOT-EATING FLY.= _See_ =Root-eating Fly=.

=CABBAGE-TREE.= _See_ =Euterpe oleracea=.

=CABBAGE WEEVIL.= _See_ =Cabbage Gall Weevil=.

=CABOMBA= (the native name in Guiana). ORD. _Nymphæaceæ_. SUB. ORD. _Cabombeæ_. Small and very interesting aquatics. They thrive well in a cistern 1ft. deep, with 2in. of loam in the bottom, for the plants to root in, then filled up with water, and placed in a warm part of the greenhouse during summer, being allowed a rest in a cool part of the stove in winter. Propagation may be effected by root division.

=C. aquatica= (water-loving). _fl._ yellow, small; peduncles long,
axillary, solitary, one-flowered. July. Submerged leaves opposite,
stalked, cut into five divisions even to the petiole; segments
multifid; floating leaves alternate, on long petioles, peltate,
orbicular, entire. Guiana, 1823. SYN. _Nectris aquatica_.

=C. caroliniana= (Carolina) is somewhat similar to _C. aquatica_.
It is a native of the Southern United States.

=CACALIA= (from _kakalia_, a name used by Dioscorides). ORD. _Compositæ_. A genus of hardy herbaceous perennials, here treated as distinct from _Senecio_, of which genus, from a botanical point of view, it is but a section. Heads five to many-flowered; florets all tubular and perfect; scales of the involucre in a single row; receptacle naked; pappus of numerous capillary bristles. For culture, _see_ =Senecio=.

=C. atriplicifolia= (Atriplex-leaved). _fl.-heads_ white. August.
_l._, lower ones triangular-kidney shaped, or slightly cordate;
the upper rhomboid, toothed. Stem terete. _h._ 3ft. to 6ft. United
States of America.

=C. hastata= (hastate). _fl.-heads_ white, nodding, racemose.
Autumn. _l._ stalked, three-lobed, hastate, serrate. _h._ 1ft.
Siberia, 1780.

=C. reniformis= (reniform). _fl.-heads_ white, disposed in large
corymbs. August. _l._ dilated, fan-shaped, 1ft. to 2ft. broad,
repandly-toothed and angled, petiolate. Stem grooved and angled.
_h._ 4ft. to 9ft. New Jersey, 1801.

=C. suaveolens= (sweet-scented).* _fl.-heads_ white. Autumn. _l._
triangular-lanceolate, halbert-shaped, pointed, serrate; those of
the stem on winged petioles. Stem grooved. _h._ 3ft. to 5ft. North
America, 1752.

=C. tuberosa= (tuberous).* _fl.-heads_ whitish. June. _l._ thick;
lower ones lanceolate or oval, nearly entire, tapering into long
petioles; upper ones on short margined petioles, sometimes toothed
at the apex. Stem angled and grooved. _h._ 2ft. to 6ft. North
America.

=CACOUCIA= (its name in Guiana). ORD. _Combretaceæ_. A small genus of stove twining or climbing shrubs. Flowers large, showy, racemose. Leaves opposite, oblong or ovate-elliptical. For culture, _see_ =Combretum=.

=C. coccinea= (scarlet).* _fl._ scarlet, alternate, bracteate at
the base, disposed in long terminal racemes. May. _l._ ovate,
acuminated, shortly petiolate. Guiana. (A. G. i., 179.). A handsome
stove climber.

=CACTEÆ.= A large order of succulent plants, with remarkable spines clustered on the cylindrical, angular, two-edged, or leafy stems. Flowers very variable, showy or minute, usually solitary, sessile, rarely in fascicles, ephemeral; petals disposed in two or more series, hardly distinguishable from the inner sepals, and sometimes united with them; sepals numerous, united and adnate a great length to the ovarium. Fruit fleshy, one-celled, many-seeded. Well-known genera are _Cereus_, _Melocactus_, _Mammillaria_, _Opuntia_, _Pereskia_, and _Rhipsalis_.

=CACTUS= (from _kaktos_, a name used by Theophrastus to describe a spiny plant). This generic term is popularly applied to all members of the extensive family _Cacteæ_, which order may be distinguished by the following characteristics: Calyx composed of many sepals, usually indefinite in number, the inner series not readily distinguishable from the petals, united and adnate a great length to the ovary; with the tube smooth in the genera _Mammillaria_, _Melocactus_, and _Rhipsalis_; or with the lobes of the sepals crowning the fruit, and having the tube scaly, as in the genera _Cereus_, _Opuntia_, and _Pereskia_. Petals disposed in two or more series, hardly distinguishable from the inner sepals, and somewhat united to them; sometimes irregular, and disposed in a long tube at the base, but distinct at the apex, as in the genera _Mammillaria_, _Melocactus_, and _Cereus_; sometimes equal and distinct to the very base, forming a rotate corolla, as in the genera _Opuntia_, _Pereskia_, and _Rhipsalis_. Stamens indefinite, disposed in many series, more or less cohering with the petals or inner sepals; filaments slender, filiform; anthers ovate, versatile, two-celled. Ovarium obovate, fleshy, one-celled. Fruit fleshy, one-celled, many seeded, either smooth and crowned by the calyx, or covered with scales, scars, or tubercles, and umbilicate at the apex. This order contains fleshy or succulent shrubs, very variable in habit and size. Flowers very variable, showy, or minute, usually solitary, sessile, rarely in fascicles, ephemeral, expanding by night or day. Leaves usually wanting, but, when present, small, caducous, and terete, rarely flat and expanded, sometimes alternate and disposed in a spiral order, always glabrous and fleshy. Prickles or bristles disposed in fascicles, rising from the axils of the leaves. In the leafless genera, the fascicles of spines are disposed on the angles of the stem, rising from tubercles. Stems usually angular, winged, or regularly beset with tubercles, rarely terete, usually jointed; joints compressed. A group of Cacti is shown at Fig. 312, for which we are indebted to Herr Fr. Ad. Haage, jun., of Erfurt, Germany. _See_ =Cereus=, =Disocactus=, =Echinocactus=, =Epiphyllum=, =Leuchtenbergia=, =Mammillaria=, =Melocactus=, =Nopalea=, =Opuntia=, =Pelecyphora=, =Pereskia=, =Phyllocactus=, and =Rhipsalis=.

_Cultivation._ Perhaps no class of plants more easily accommodate themselves to a general system of treatment, than do these; although certain genera would undoubtedly thrive better than when subjected to the lower temperature, suited to the requirements of those coming from cooler regions. Notwithstanding that nearly all the species are natives of the western hemisphere, they occur in various geographical and altitudinal areas, in which the temperature is proportionately lessened or increased, as the case may be; yet, presuming a special house is set apart for their culture, the majority of the species may be happily suited therein. The warmest end of the structure should be selected for the tropical kinds; while those found in cooler regions may be grown in the other portions of the house; even those which are hardy in our climate are really best wintered in a house or frame. Granted that several species will endure our winter outside, it is yet necessary to give them the shelter of a friendly ledge of the rockery, or frame, or to cover them in their permanent position with a hand light, or sheet of glass, in order to prevent the ill-effects of excessive moisture. Generally, a winter temperature of from 50deg. to 55deg., and a summer one of from 70deg. to 80deg. during shade, or in sunshine up to 90deg., will be found advantageous. When thus treated, it will be necessary to keep the tropical species, on the whole, very dry during the winter. As regards soil, potting, and general treatment, all may be treated alike, except _Epiphyllum_, _Disocactus_, and _Pereskia_ (which _see_). Some growers give them the protection of a house in winter, and stand them outside during the summer, which is not, however, a very commendable plan, as, in consequence of the very variable character of our climate being especially prejudicial to several of the tender and more delicate species, the often excessive amount of moisture they would receive, will produce a weakly state of health in many, while others will be lost. It is far better if their culture is attempted at all, to give them the proper treatment. The numerous species and varieties found on the Rocky Mountains are a most interesting series, and may be well managed in a cold frame facing south, arranging them on shelves as close to the glass as possible, and keeping them very dry through the winter. If the weather is very severe, the lights should be matted. One of the best collections of these in the country, is in the possession of E. G. Loder, Esq., Floore House, Weedon, Northampton, where a great number are admirably grown in frames, and under a large ledge of the rockery outside. Amateurs may grow quantities of handsome Cacti either in dwelling rooms near the window, or in small frames or greenhouses. As they are slow growing, not much space will be occupied; at the same time, a great deal of interest will be centred in their culture. As regards watering and insect pests, they are but little trouble. Miniature Cacti, of numerous kinds, are now often sold in small pots, and most attractive little subjects they prove.

1. Opuntia.
2. Cereus.
3. Opuntia streptacantha.
4. Cereus candicans.
5. Mammillaria.
6. Cereus peruvianus monstrosus.
7. Echinocereus electracanthus.
8. Mammillaria.
9. Echinopsis formosa.
10 Echinocactus Visnaga.
11. Cereus peruvianus var.
12. Opuntia candelabriformis.
13. Cereus strictus.
14. Pilocereus senilis.
15. Cereus Tweedii.
16. Cereus chilensis.

FIG. 312. GROUP OF CACTI.]

_Soil, Drainage, and Potting._ Good ordinary fibrous loam should form about one-half of the compost, the other half should be made up of sand, broken bricks, and lime rubbish in equal quantities; the whole to be carefully mixed together, and not used until it is moderately dry. It is absolutely necessary to ensure perfect drainage; a good "stopper" should, therefore, be placed over the hole at the bottom of the pot, and about one-third of its depth filled with draining material. The best time for potting is during February and March. Turn out the plants, and remove nearly all the old soil from the roots, taking away any dead or decaying roots which may be observable. Place some of the roughest soil next the crocks, and gradually fill the pots with the finer material, well working the same amongst the roots; finally press the soil moderately firm. Do not water for a few days after potting, but syringe every evening, especially if the weather be fine; a little extra heat may be given after potting, to excite new, healthy growth. It will not be necessary every year to repot specimens in large vessels. A good top-dressing, with an occasional dose of weak liquid manure, is all they will require for several seasons.

_Watering._ This must be discriminately managed, especially during the winter; for, whatever their treatment as regards temperature during that season, they must be studiously watered, and anything like a saturated condition of the soil should be avoided. If the temperature is brisk, a little water may be given once a week, or perhaps not quite so often. If the plants are subjected to very cool treatment, water must be sparingly administered during November, December, and January; after which, they should be examined weekly, and very carefully attended to. During the summer months, when in active growth, they will not suffer if watered twice a week; and, on bright afternoons, light syringings may be advantageously given.

_Propagation._ Three methods are adopted, viz., by cuttings or offsets, grafting, and seeds; the former is the plan generally adopted. The cuttings or offsets should be removed with a sharp cut, and laid upon a sunny shelf until the wound is healed and roots are emitted, when they should be potted in sandy soil, and placed with the others. They will thrive freely if kept syringed. Grafting is resorted to with delicate kinds, which, from some reason or another, will not grow freely except upon the stock of a stronger species; and, by this means also, such delicate kinds can be kept from the damp soil, which frequently causes incipient decay. The stocks usually employed are those of _Cereus tortuosus_, _C. peruvianus_, &c., according to the species intended for working; they readily unite with each other. If the scion and stock are both slender, wedge-grafting should be adopted; if both are broad, it is best to make horizontal sections, placing them together and securing in proper position by tying with matting, but not too tightly, or the surface may be injured. Propagation by seeds is not often adopted, as it is a very slow method; they should be sown in very sandy soil, and placed in a semi-shady position until germination commences, when they may be exposed, and very carefully watered.

=CACTUS DAHLIA.= _See_ =Dahlia Juarezii=.

=CADUCOUS.= Falling off soon; deciduous.

=CÆNOPTERIS.= _See_ =Asplenium=.

=CÆSALPINIA.= (in honour of Andreas Cæsalpinus, a celebrated Italian botanist, 1519-1603). Brasiletto. ORD. _Leguminosæ_. An ornamental genus of stove evergreen trees or shrubs, not much grown, on account of the space required and the time the species take to flower. Flowers yellow or red, produced in racemes, having a top-shaped calyx, divided at the end into five parts, the lowest larger than the others; petals five, unequal-stalked, upper one shortest; stamens ten. A mixture of loam and leaf mould suits them best. Cuttings are somewhat difficult to root, but sometimes will succeed if taken off from the mother plant in a growing state and planted in sand, with a hand glass placed over them, in heat.

=C. alternifolia= (alternate-leaved). _fl._ orange, clustered. _l._
alternate, very elegant, compound. Central America, 1868.

=C. brasiliensis= (Brazilian). Brazil Wood. _fl._ orange; racemes
rather panicled. _l._ with seven to nine pairs of pinnæ, each pinna
bearing about fifteen or sixteen pairs of oval-oblong, obtuse,
glabrous leaflets. Brazil, 1739. Plant unarmed.

=C. Sappan= (Sappan). _fl._ yellow, panicled. _l._ with ten to
twelve pairs of plane, each pinna bearing ten to twelve pairs of
unequal-sided, obliquely oval-oblong leaflets, which are emarginate
at the apex. _h._ 40ft. Tropical Asia, 1773. This tree furnishes
the Sappan-wood of commerce.

=C. sepiaria= (hedge). _fl._ yellow. April. _l._ compound; pinnæ
with about ten pairs of pinnules. _h._ 60ft. India, 1857. SYN.
_Biancea scandens_.

=CÆSIOUS.= Lavender-colour, bluish-grey.

=CÆSPITOSE.= Growing in tufts.

=CAFFER BREAD.= _See_ =Encephalartos Caffra=.

=CAFFER TEA.= _See_ =Helichrysum nudifolium=.

=CAFTA.= _See_ =Catha edulis=.

=CAHOUN NUTS.= A name applied to the fruits of _Attalea Cohune_, which yield a valuable oil.

=CAIOPHORA.= _See_ =Blumenbachia= and =Loasa=.

=CAJAN.= _See_ =Cajanus=.

=CAJANUS= (_Catjang_ is the Amboyna name). Cajan. ORD. _Leguminosæ_. A genus of erect stove evergreen shrubs, clothed with velvety pubescence. Flowers yellow, distinctly peduncled, corymbose, racemose; standard sometimes beautifully veined with red. Leaves pinnately trifoliate. A light rich soil suits these plants well. Young cuttings will root in sand, with a hand glass placed over them, in heat; but plants are usually raised from seeds, obtained from the West Indian Islands and India.

=C. indicus= (Indian).* Pigeon Pea. _fl._ yellow, or
purple-spotted, in axillary racemes. July. _l._ pinnately
trifoliate; leaflets lanceolate. _h._ 6ft. to 10ft. India. (B. M.
6440.)

=C. i. bicolor= (two-coloured). _fl._ yellow. July. _h._ 4ft.
India, 1800. (B. R. 31, 31.)

=C. i. flavus= (yellow). _fl._ yellow. July. _h._ 4ft. India, 1687.

=CAJUPUT OIL= and =CAJUPUT-TREE=. _See_ =Melaleuca leucadendron minor=.

=CAKILE= (derived from the Arabic). Sea Rocket. ORD. _Cruciferæ_. A pretty hardy annual, frequently found on sea-shores. It is of easy culture in most sandy soils. Propagated by seed, sown in spring.

=C. maritima= (sea). _fl._ lilac, large, densely corymbose. Summer
and autumn. _fr._ a succulent pod, divided, when mature, by a
horizontal partition into two cells, the upper containing a single
erect seed, the lower a pendulous one. _l._ oblong, deeply lobed,
fleshy. Stem much branched. _h._ 1ft. Sea-shores of Europe and
North America.

=CALABASH NUTMEG.= _See_ =Monodora Myristica=.

=CALABASH, SWEET.= _See_ =Passiflora maliformis=.

=CALABASH-TREE.= _See_ =Crescentia Cujete=.

=CALABA-TREE.= _See_ =Calophyllum Calaba=.

=CALADENIA= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _aden_, a gland; in reference to the disk of the labellum being finely beset with glands). ORD. _Orchideæ_. A genus of pretty greenhouse terrestrial orchids from New Zealand and Australia. They should be kept in a cool frame or greenhouse, and carefully watered, when not in a growing state. A compost of peat, loam, and sand, in equal parts, suits them well. Over thirty species are enumerated, but probably none are seen out of botanic gardens.

=CALADIUM= (derivation of name doubtful; probably of Indian origin). ORD. _Aroideæ_. Stove perennials, chiefly grown for the great beauty and varied hue of their leaves. Spathe hood-like, rolled round at the base; spadix, upper portion entirely covered with stamens, but ultimately becoming bare at the extreme top, provided with blunt glands or sterile stamens in the middle, and ovaries beneath; anthers shield-shaped and one-celled; ovaries numerous, two-celled, with from two to four ascending ovules in each cell. Leaves upon long petioles, more or less sagittate, ovate, and usually very richly coloured. Fruit a one or two-celled berry, with few seeds. They are all of easy culture, and grow freely in a humid atmosphere. In March, when the tubers have been kept dry or rested for some time, they may be started into growth again, in small pots, placed in a stove or pit, where a night temperature of from 60deg. to 65deg. is maintained, and syringed daily once or twice at least. As soon as indications of activity are presented, they may be shifted into 4in., 5in., or 6in. pots, or larger ones may be used if good sized specimens are required. If the tubers should be in large pots, it is best to turn them out, dividing if necessary, and placing all the crowns in small pots, from which they can be removed when root action and growth are resumed, and they require more room. Large tubers, if sound, may be divided, and the pieces placed in pots of such sizes as it is desired to grow them in.

_Soil._ Turfy loam, leaf mould, turfy peat, and a little well decomposed manure, in equal parts (not broken up too fine), with a good sprinkling of sharp sand, form an excellent compost, the whole being well incorporated together. Thorough drainage must be insured, as these plants require an abundance of water. After potting, they should be placed in a stove temperature, and kept well moistened by syringing two or three times daily. If accommodated with mild bottom heat at this time, they will make much freer and more vigorous growth than if otherwise treated. Water sparingly at first, but as soon as the leaves expand, increase the supply; and, when the pots are well filled with roots, apply clear liquid manure at every other time of watering. As the season advances, the temperature and humidity of the house should be increased. During bright sunshine, Caladiums should be slightly shaded for a few hours in the middle of the day, with some thin material, just to break the fierceness of the sun's rays; but the more they are exposed to the light at other times during growth, the brighter, richer, and more beautiful will the foliage be. As soon as the plants have attained a good size, some of them should be placed in the coolest part of the house, and partially hardened off; they may then be taken to the conservatory, allowing them a situation free from currents of cold air, and giving water only when really necessary. They may remain here for some time, but care must be taken to return them to the stove before they suffer from cold.

Small neatly grown specimens make beautiful ornaments for table decoration, and their suitability for exhibition purposes is well known, and largely taken advantage of. Towards autumn, and as the foliage begins to fade, the supply of water should be gradually lessened, until all the leaves die down; the pots should then be placed under the stage in the stove, where they can be looked to now and then, and a little water given if required. By no means allow the tubers to get dried up, as is often done; for, if so, they will frequently rot away inside; whereas, kept in a semi-moist condition, even the most delicate can be preserved. In this state, they may remain until the following season. Caladiums will not endure a very low temperature; from 55deg. to 60deg. is as low as they can be safely kept. Very few of those known as "true species" are grown, being superseded, for general decorative purposes, by the numerous hybrids which have been raised of late, principally from _C. bicolor_.

=C. argyrites= (silvery).* _l._ small, sagittate, round colour
light green; centre and margins white, with many irregular white
blotches scattered over the remaining portion. Para, 1858. One of
the smallest and most elegant of the genus, and much esteemed for
table decoration. (I. H. 1858, 185.)

=C. Baraquinii= (Baraquin's). _l._ from 20in. to 30in. long; centre
deep red; margin dark green. Para, 1858. (I. H. 1850, 257.)

=C. bicolor= (two-coloured).* _fl._, spadix shorter than the
hooded spathe, which is contracted in the middle. June. _l._
peltate-cordate, sagittate, coloured in the disk. _h._ 1ft.
Brazil, 1773. (B. M. 820.)

=C. Cannartii= (Cannart's). _l._ green, with pale blotches; veins
deep red. Para, 1863.

=C. Chantinii= (Chantin's).* _l._ chiefly brilliant crimson,
irregularly blotched with white, and margined with dark green.
Para, 1858. See Fig. 313.

=C. Devosianum= (Devosie's).* _l._ angular, blotched white and
pink. Para, 1862.

=C. esculentum= (edible). Synonymous with _Colocasia esculenta_.

=C. Hardii= (Hardy's). _l._ red-tinged, slightly spotted with
white. Para, 1862.

=C. Kochii= (Koch's).* _l._ spotted with white. Para, 1862.

=C. Lemaireanum= (Lemaire's). _l._ green, with whitish venation.
Brazil, 1861. (I. H. 1862, 311.)

=C. Leopoldi= (Prince Leopold's).* _l._ green, marbled with red,
and blotched with pink. Para, 1864.

=C. macrophyllum= (large-leaved).* _l._ large, palish green,
blotched with greenish-white. Para, 1862.

=C. maculatum= (spotted).* _l._ oblong, acuminate, cuspidate,
cordate at base, finely spotted with clear white. Plant erect,
caulescent. South America, 1820. See Fig. 314.

=C. marmoratum= (marbled).* _l._ broad, peltate, upwards of 1ft.
long, sagittate-ovate, acute or shortly acuminate, the two basal
lobes being slightly divergent, dark bottle-green, variegated with
greyish or silvery angular spots and blotches; petioles terete,
greenish, mottled with purple. Guayaquil. SYN. _Alocasia Roezlii_.
The variety _costata_ differs from the type in having the midrib
(or costa) marked out by a tapering band of silver grey.

=C. Rougieri= (Rougier's). _l._ green, with white spots; the centre
pale green, with red veins. Para, 1864.

=C. rubronervium= (red-nerved). A synonym of _C. rubrovenium_.

=C. rubrovenium= (red-veined).* _l._ greyish-green in the centre,
with red veins. Para, 1862. SYN. _C. rubronervium_.

=C. sanguinolentum= (blood-red blotched).* _l._ with a white
midrib, blotched with red. Amazons, 1872.

=C. Schoelleri= (Schoeller's). A synonym of _C. Schomburgkii_.

=C. Schomburgkii= (Schomburgk's).* _l._ green, with white veins.
Brazil, 1861. SYNS. _C. Schoelleri_ and _Alocasia argyroneura_.

=C. S. Schmitzii= (Schmitz's). _l._, centre whitish, with green
network; midrib and veins red. 1861. SYN. _Alocasia erythræa_.

=C. sub-rotundum= (half-round). _l._ roundish, spotted with red and
white. Brazil. 1858.

=C. Verschaffeltii= (Verschaffelt's).* _l._ somewhat heart-shaped;
ground colour brilliant green, entire surface irregularly spotted
with bright red. Para.

=C. Wallisii= (Wallis's). _l._ dark olive green, with large
irregular shaped spots and blotches of the purest white, and the
veins all yellowish-white. Para, 1864.

The following descriptive list of hybrid varieties is, for the most part, a selection from Mr. Bull's catalogue, and contains all of importance:

ADOLPHE ADAMS, green leaf-ground, densely speckled with white, and
rose-coloured midribs; ADOLPHE AUDRIEN,* a very attractive variety,
with fine large richly-coloured foliage; AGRIPPINE DIMITRY, leaves
large, with white ground, narrow green margin and veins, and pink
centre; ALCIBIADE,* crimson-rayed centre, surrounded with pale
green, and blotched with pure white, green margin; ALFRED BLEU,
leaves rich green, with pure white spots, and flesh-coloured
centre; ALFRED MAME,* carmine-red, bordered with white, and
profusely spotted with rose; ALPHAND, green, spotted with red,
crimson centre; ALPHONSE KARR, rosy-carmine centre and red spots;
ARISTIDE, light green, with crimson centre; AUGUSTE LEMONIER,*
fine large leaves, with soft green centre, and rosy-crimson ribs
and veins; AUGUSTE RIVIERE, white centre and rays upon a light
green ground, with crimson spots; BARILLET,* bright rosy-crimson
centre, and ribs on green ground, with broad margin of rich green;
BARON DE ROTHSCHILD, rich blood-red centre, and spots, on mottled
green leaf-ground; BARONNE JAMES DE ROTHSCHILD,* young leaves of a
bright rose colour, the more matured foliage soft rose, with red
veins; BARRAL, bright green, with a fine red centre, and large
spots of rose; BEETHOVEN,* ground colour white, intersected and
veined with green, centre rib delicate rose; BELLEYMEI,* fine white
variegated leaves; BELLINI, mottled pale green ground, with rosy
centre and spots; BLANQUÆRTI, dark green, with grey veins and white
spots; BUREL, dark bluish-green, veined bright rose, marked with
rosy-violet, and spotted orange-red; CHANTINII FULGENS,* rich dark
metallic-green, with attractive crimson centre and white spots;
CHELSONI,* bright glossy green, suffused with brilliant red, and
blotched with crimson; CLIO, ground colour deep rose, shaded white,
green ribs and narrow green margin; DE CANDOLLE,* rich green,
with beautiful rose-coloured spots and creamy white centre rays;
DE HUMBOLDT, a fine variety, having glossy green leaves, spotted
with scarlet; DEVINCK, leaves heart-shaped, delicate pink centre
ribs, interspersed with white spots; DR. BOISDUVAL, centre rayed
crimson, snow-white blotches on a green ground; DR. LINDLEY,*
crimson centre, the green ground marked with rose blotches; DUC
DE CLEVELAND, deep red centre, surrounded with pea-green, largely
spotted with red; DUC DE MORNY,* deep green leaf borders, with
large crimson-rayed centre; DUC DE NASSAU,* brilliant red centre
and ribs, white spot on emerald green leaf borders; DUC DE RATIBOR,
green ground, with red midribs marked with white spots; DUCHARTRE,
leaf-ground white, flushed rose, green veins and red spots; EDOUARD
ANDRE, crimson centre, and rose blotches; EDOUARD MOREAUX, mottled
green ground, with lake centre; EDOUARD RODRIGUES,* deep carmine,
margined with light green, and spotted with rose; E. G. HENDERSON,*
green, with transparent rose spots and mottled crimson rays and
centre; ELVINA, bright green, blotched with red, grey centre and
veins; EMILIE VERDIER,* leaves of a light transparent rose colour,
spotted with red; ETOILE D'ARGENT,* bright green, midribs and veins
creamy-white, shaded with grey; EUCHARIS, rose centre, with violet
reflections, margined with bright green, very fresh and bright
looking; FELICIEN DAVID,* centre of leaf dark carmine, surrounded
with white and beautifully veined with red on a light green ground;
GOLDEN QUEEN, leaves large, pale golden yellow, uniform in colour;
GRETRY, carmine centre, with white spots on a dark green ground;
HELEVY, white midribs and marked with crimson blotches, on a green
ground; HEROLD,* dark carmine veins, surrounded by light green,
blotched with pure white, and margined dark green; IBIS ROSE,* a
magnificent variety, with beautiful rich rose-coloured foliage,
extremely attractive; ISADORA LEROY, rich metallic green, with
crimson-red centre rays; JULES DUPLESSIS, bright rose centre,
shaded with rich red and bordered with green; JULES PUTZEYS, rich
green, with crimson midrib and veins, centre mottled grey, and
the whole surface blotched with red; LAINGII,* reddish-carmine
centre, surrounded with yellowish-green, the whole of the leaf
sprinkled with white; LAMARTINE, deep crimson centre, with white
and red spots; LA PERLE DU BRÉSIL,* exceedingly attractive, large
leaves, white, delicately tinted with rose, midrib and veins
dark green; LEPLAY, leaves attractively marked with white, and
beautifully veined with rosy-violet; LOUISE DUPLESSIS, red rays
and veins on a white ground, green margin; LUDDEMANNII,* deep
crimson ribs, the leaf blotched with magenta and white, border pea
green; MADAME ALFRED BLEU, deep green, with large white blotches,
and broad crimson-scarlet veins; MADAME ALFRED MAME, light green,
covered with large white spots, rosy-carmine centre; MADAME DE
LA DEVANSAYE, leaves white, shaded rose, and veined with red and
green; MADAME DOMBRAIN,* centre and ribs pale yellowish-green,
shaded rose, surface covered with large white and rose spots;
MADAME FRITZ KŒCHLIN,* white ground, with violet-rose ribs and
green veins, a beautiful dwarf-growing variety; MADAME HEINE,*
silvery white, stained and edged with pale green, distinct; MADAME
HUNNEBELLE, leaves veined with light garnet colour on a white
ground, and margined with green veins; MADAME JULES MÉNOREAU,
fine large leaves, with white centre tinted rose, veined rich
bright rose, and margined green; MADAME LAFORGE, centre and ribs
reddish-crimson, with green margin; MADAME MARJOLIN SCHEFFER,*
a beautiful variety, with white foliage, charmingly veined and
netted with pure rosy-lake; MADAME WILLAUME, a charming variety,
with transparent leaves, of a delicate salmon-rose colour; MARQUIS
DE CAUX, red centre and veins, with rose blotches on margins;
MARTERSTYGINUM, crimson centre and white spots; MERCADANTE, pale
copper-coloured centre and veins, bordered with green; MEYERBEER,*
white leaf-ground, green veins, and red midribs; MINERVE,* silvery
white midrib and rays, surrounded with greyish white, green margin,
with snowy white spots; MITHRIDATE, ground colour crimson-lake,
with darker ribs, and dark bronze-green margin; MONSIEUR A. HARDY,
rich reddish-carmine veins on white ground, tinted with rose and
spotted with green; MONSIEUR J. LINDEN,* a fine large whitish leaf,
with metallic reflections, coral-rose veins, and reticulated green
border; MRS. LAING,* white ground, deep rose centre and veins,
green margin; MURILLO,* centre and veins metallic-red, with large
crimson blotches, broad margin of lustrous bronzy-green; NAPOLEON
III.,* flamed crimson centre, with forked rays, and carmine spots
on green ground; ONSLOW, deep rosy-crimson centre, with broad
green margin, spotted with rose; PAILLET, crimson centre, broad
green margin, splashed with crimson, and dotted with white; PAUL
VERONESSE, large leaves, with pinkish-white centre, deep scarlet
ribs, and broad green margin; PHILIPPE HERBERT, deep mottled
crimson rays, and clear white margin, spotted with crimson;
PICTUM, green blotched, and spotted with white; PRINCE ALBERT,*
dark emerald green, rich crimson midrib, radiating from centre
to margins, the intervening spaces spotted with white; PRINCE OF
WALES,* a very handsome variety, with large golden-yellow leaves;
PRINCESS ALEXANDRA,* rosy-salmon leaf, green centre rib, bordered
with magenta-crimson, green margin, with light pink chain; PRINCESS
OF TECK,* ground colour bright orange-yellow, the veins suffused
with deep red; PRINCESS ROYAL, leaves of a golden ground, with
crimson centre; PYRRHUS, centre and ribs deep crimson, pea-green
margins; QUADRICOLOR, centre of leaf pale yellowish-green, ribs
white, edged rosy-crimson, and margined green; RAMSAU, centre and
ribs deep reddish-crimson, surface covered with white blotches,
shaded red; RAULINII, rich red centre and veins, finely spotted
with white; REGALE, silvery grey centre, rosy-red ribs, spotted
with vermilion-red; REINE MARIE DE PORTUGAL,* violet-rose centre,
with red veins, dark maroon zone, and green border, very handsome;
REINE VICTORIA,* green veins and margins, spotted or marbled with
white and rich crimson; ROSSINI, large leaf, with pale centre,
pink midribs, and red blotches; ROUILLARD, glossy green margin,
pale green centre, midrib and rays rich violet-plum, the whole
leaf spotted crimson; SANCHONIANTHON, crimson centre, deep glossy
crimson ribs, and pea-green margin; SIEBOLDII, rich green, with
fiery-red crimson-rayed centre, green spaces, spotted with claret
red; SOUVENIR DE MADAME E. ANDRE,* large deep green leaves, marbled
with pure white, veins fine rosy crimson; SPONTINI, pea-green, with
white spots, and rosy-pink ribs and veins; THIBAUTII, fine large
leaf, with rich crimson veins on a red ground; TRICOLOR, edges of
leaves grey-green, intersected with dark green, centre red-lake,
carmine midribs; TRIOMPHE DE L'EXPOSITION,* crimson centre, with
red ribs, and green border; VERDI, crimson-lake centre with small
green zone and apple-green margin; VESTA, greenish-white veins,
surrounded with crimson, the whole of the leaf spotted bright rose;
VICOMTESSE DE LA ROQUE-ORDAN, red midrib, and rays bordered with
white, the margin beautiful emerald green; VILLE DE MULHOUSE, a
beautiful variety, with greenish-white leaves, shaded rose, and
rich green centre; VIRGINALE,* clear shining white, veined with
dark bluish-green, a handsome variety.

=CALAIS.= _See_ =Microseris=.

=CALAMAGROSTIS= (from _calamos_, a reed, and _agrostis_, grass). ORD. _Gramineæ_. An extensive genus of grasses, for the most part hardy. Panicle more or less spreading; spikelets compressed, one-flowered; empty glumes two, sub-equal, lanceolate, pointed, keeled, awnless. They thrive in any ordinary garden soil. Seeds may be sown during autumn.

=C. lanceolata= (lanceolate). _fl._ purple, spreading in all
directions; panicle erect, loose, much branched. July. Culms about
3ft. high, smooth, slender. Britain (moist woods and hedges). (Sy.
En. B. 1724.)

=C. stricta= (upright). _fl._ brown, spreading in all directions;
panicle erect, close. June. Culm about 2ft. high, very slender,
smooth. England, &c. (bogs and marshes), but very rare. (Sy. En. B.
1725.)

=CALAMANDER WOOD.= _See_ =Diospyros quœsita=.

=CALAMINT.= _See_ =Calamintha=.

=CALAMINTHA= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _mintha_, mint). Calamint. ORD. _Labiatæ_. A genus of hardy herbaceous plants, having the following essential characters: Calyx two-lipped; stamens diverging; upper lip of corolla nearly flat; tube straight. Rather pretty plants, with Thyme-like flowers, well suited for furnishing rock gardens. They grow in almost any garden soil. Increased by seeds, cuttings, or divisions of the roots, in spring.

=C. Acinos= (Acinos). Basil Thyme. _fl._ bluish-purple, variegated
with white and dark purple, disposed in whorls, one on each
flower-stalk. July and August. _l._ acute, serrate. Stems branched,
ascending, leafy. _h._ 6in. England. Annual. SYNS. _Acinos
vulgaris_ and _Thymus Acinos_. (Sy. En. B. 1048.)

=C. alpina= (alpine). _fl._ purplish, almost sessile, four to six
in a whorl, June to September. _l._ petiolate, roundish or ovate,
slightly serrated. _h._ 6in. S. Europe, 1731. A freely branched,
tufted plant.

=C. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* _fl._ purplish, 1-1/2in. long,
in loose racemes; throat much inflated. June. _l._ petiolate,
ovate, acute, coarsely toothed, rounded at the base, 2in. to 3in.
long. Herbaceous stems branched at the base, and decumbent. _h._
1ft. 1596.

=C. patavina= (Paduan). _fl._ pale or purplish-red, rather large.
June. _l._ petiolate, ovate, acute, pubescent. _h._ 6in. to 9in. S.
Europe, 1776.

=CALAMPELIS.= _See_ =Eccremocarpus=.

=CALAMUS= (from _kalamos_, a reed; old Greek name used by Theophrastus). ORD. _Palmeæ_. An elegant genus of stove palms. Flowers small, usually of a rose or greenish colour, clustered upon branching spikes, each branch having a separate spathe, which is not large enough to enclose it. Fruit one-seeded, and covered with smooth, shining scales. Leaves pinnate. Stems reed-like, 1in. to 2in. in thickness. When in a young state, these palms are most effective as drawing or diningroom decorations; and, when in a more mature condition, they are excellent as stove ornaments and for exhibition purposes. They are all of slender growth, and of easy culture in a compost of equal parts loam and vegetable mould; a copious supply of water being needed to keep them in a flourishing state. Propagated by seeds. _C. Rotang_, _C. viminalis_, and several other species furnish the canes usually employed in this country for the bottoms of chairs, couches, &c.

=C. accedens= (yielding). _l._ long, arching, dark green, pinnate;
pinnæ long, narrow, closely set; petioles with slender black
spines. India. A rare, but elegant, slender-growing, miniature tree.

=C. adspersus= (scattered). _l._ pinnate; pinnæ 6in. to 8in. long,
narrow, deep green; petioles about 6in. in length, sheathing at
the base, clothed with long, slender, black spines. Stem not much
stouter than a large wheat straw. _h._ 20ft. Java, 1866.

=C. asperrimus= (very rough).* _l._ pinnate, 3ft. to 12ft. long;
pinnæ 1ft. to 2ft. in length, 1in. in breadth, pendent, light
green, upper side with two rows of hair-like spines; petioles
broadly sheathing at the base, densely armed with long, stout,
black spines. Java, 1877. A beautiful species, which attains a
considerable size. (I. H. 275.)

=C. ciliaris= (fringed).* _l._ pinnate, clothed with a quantity of
soft hair-like bristles; petioles sheathing at the base. Stem erect
and slender. India, 1869. From the plume-like habit of the leaves,
it makes a splendid plant for table decoration, as well as being a
beautiful specimen for exhibition.

=C. draco= (dragon). _l._ 4ft. to 6ft. in length, beautifully
arched, pinnate; pinnæ 12in. to 18in. long, narrow, slightly
pendent, dark green; petioles sheathing at base, armed with long,
flat, black spines. _h._ 20ft. to 30ft. India, 1819. A very
handsome species, with a robust constitution.

=C. fissus= (cleft). _l._ ovate in outline, pinnate, when young
bright cinnamon; leaflets pendent, dark green, bearing on the upper
side a few black hair-like bristles; petioles armed with dark,
stout spines. Borneo. A very ornamental species.

=C. flagellum= (whip-like). _l._ 6ft. to 8ft. in length when fully
grown, pinnate; pinnæ pendent, about 1ft. in length and 1in. in
breadth, dark green, furnished on the upper side with two rows of
long, white, hair-like spines; petioles sheathing, copiously armed
with stout white spines, much swollen at the base, and tipped with
black. Stem slender.

=C. Hystrix= (bristly). _l._ pinnate; petioles spiny. A
compact-growing and very graceful species.

=C. Jenkinsianus= (Jenkins's). _l._ pinnate, gracefully arched,
2ft. to 6ft. long; pinnæ 6in. to 12in. long, 1in. broad, rich dark
green; petioles slightly sheathing at the base, armed with long
flat spines. Sikkim.

=C. leptospadix= (slender-spadix).* _l._ pinnate; pinnules about
1/3in. wide, and from 6in. to 12in. long, subulately acuminate;
upper surface with three bristle-bearing ribs; a few smaller
bristles are disposed along the midrib underneath; margins finely
and regularly toothed with small ascending bristles; petiole
channelled, tomentose towards the base, bearing three or four
solitary needle-like spines, about 1in. long. India. A rare
species, and described as one of the most graceful.

=C. Lewisianus= (Lewis's).* _l._ ultimately spreading, 2ft. to 6ft.
long, pinnate: pinnæ equidistant, 1/2in. broad, and front 13in.
to 15in. long: veins on the upper surface bristled, under surface
smooth; margins rough, with appressed bristles; petioles white,
with a broad, sheathing, blackish-brown base, densely armed with
long, flat, black spines. India. A fine, but somewhat rare, species.

=C. Rotang= (Rotang). _l._ pinnate, from 3ft. to 4ft. in length.
very gracefully arched; pinnæ 6in. to 12in. long, less than 1in.
broad; upper side dark green, with two rows of hair-like spines;
petioles and stems armed sparingly with stout, slightly reversed
spines. Stems slender. India. When young, especially, this plant is
very handsome.

=C. Royleanus= (Royle's).* _l._ pinnate, arching; pinnæ very
numerous, narrow, pendent, deep green; petioles with few spines,
dark green. North-west Himalayas.

=C. spectabilis= (showy).* _l._ pinnate, with a few pairs of smooth
linear-lanceolate, three-ribbed leaflets, measuring 6in. to 8in.
long; petioles green, furnished with numerous short conical white
spines, tipped with brown. Malacca. A slender-growing species.

=C. verticillaris= (whorled). _l._ pinnate, with a very ornamental
plume-like appearance; pinnæ long, broad, drooping; petioles with
the spines arranged verticillately. Malacca. This beautiful species
is extremely rare.

=C. viminalis= (twiggy).* _l._ 1ft. to 2ft. long, pinnate; pinnæ
about 6in. long, narrow, light green; petioles sheathing, densely
armed with long flat white spines. When only 3ft. or 4ft. in
height, its spiny whip-like spikes of flowers are often produced.
Stem slender. _h_. 50ft. Java, 1847.

The following are other, but less-known, species: _australis_,
_elegans_, _micranthus_, _niger_, _oblongus_, and _tenuis_.

=CALAMUS AROMATICUS.= An old name of =Acorus Calamus= (which _see_).

=CALAMUS ODORATUS.= An old name of =Andropogon Schœnanthus= (which _see_).

=CALANDRINIA= (in honour of L. Calandrini, an Italian botanist, who lived in the beginning of the eighteenth century). ORD. _Portulaceæ_. A rather large genus of fleshy, glabrous, annual or perennial, herbaceous plants, some fourteen or fifteen species growing in Australia, the rest occurring in the New World. Flowers usually rose or purple, solitary, or in terminal umbels or racemes. Leaves quite entire, radical or alternate. Only four or five species are cultivated in this country; these are treated as half-hardy annuals--with the exception of _C. umbellata_, which is best treated as a biennial--and as such they are extensively grown in small gardens, with most satisfactory results. They should be sown in the spots where they are intended to flower, as transplantation, unless performed with more than ordinary care, will considerably check their growth or result in loss. Their flowers only expand during bright sunshine, and, consequently, they are less grown than they otherwise would be. The plants thrive in a light sandy soil. _C. umbellata_ may be sown in a pan, placed in a cold frame, in May or June; and when the plants are large enough to handle, they should be potted off, or placed out in colonies where they are to bloom.

=C. discolor= (two-coloured). _fl._ bright rose, with a yellow
tuft of stamens in the centre, 1-1/2in. across; raceme long. July,
August. _l._ fleshy, obovate, attenuated at the base, pale green
above, purple beneath. _h._ 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. Chili, 1834. (B. M.
3357.)

=C. grandiflora= (large.flowered).* _fl._ rosy, about 2in. across;
calyx spotted; raceme simple, loose. Summer. _l._ fleshy, rhomboid,
acute, petiolate. Stem suffruticose. _h._ 1ft. Chili, 1826. (B. R.
1194.)

=C. Menziesii= (Menzies').* FL. deep purple-crimson, from 1/2in. to
1in. across, terminal and axillary, solitary. June to September.
_l._ elongated, spathulate, much attenuated at the base. Stems much
branched, prostrate. California, 1831. SYN. _C. speciosa_. See Fig.
315. (B. R. 1598.)

=C. nitida= (shining). _fl._ rose-coloured, about 2in. across;
raceme leafy, many-flowered. Summer. _l._ oblong-spathulate,
sub-acute, glabrous, attenuated at the base, 1in. to 2in. in
length. _h._ 6in. Chili, 1837. A very pretty hardy annual, forming
a tuft from 4in. to 6in. across.

=C. speciosa= (showy). A synonym of _C. Menziesii_.

=C. umbellata= (umbellate).* _fl._ of a dazzling magenta-crimson,
about as large as a sixpence; corymb cymose, terminal,
many-flowered. Summer. _l._ radical, linear, acute, pilose. _h._
6in. Peru, 1826. A very charming half-hardy biennial. See Fig. 316.
(P. M. B. 12, 271.)

Other species occasionally met with are: _compressa_, _micrantha_, and _procumbens_; they are, however, inferior to those described above.