Chapter M: A. S. Salm-Dyck. Monographia generum Aloes et Mesembryanthemi (2)

=ACER=, (from _acer_, hard or sharp; wood is extremely hard, and was formerly much used for making pikes and lances). Maple. ORD. _Sapindaceæ_. A genus comprised, for the most part, of handsome hardy deciduous shrubs, or trees, adapted for forming shrubberies, plantations, &c. Flowers greenish, except where mentioned. _A. Pseudo-platanus_ is one of our most useful forest trees. Several of the species produce very useful timber; sugar is one of the constituent parts of the sap of all of them, and is obtained in large quantities from _A. saccharinum_, in North America. They all prefer a somewhat sheltered position. The most satisfactory soil is one free, deep, loamy, and well drained; the latter is especially desirable with some of the Japanese varieties. The varieties of _A. japonicum_, and _palmatum_ are well worth growing in pots for conservatory decoration. Propagation: By seeds, sown either in autumn or spring, covering them not more than a 1/4in. deep; the common varieties may be sown outside, while the rarer ones should be sown in a frame. By layers, and by grafting; the latter method is adopted with many of the rarer species and varieties, especially the variegated kinds; they are also readily increased by budding in summer.

=A. austriacum= (Austrian). Synonymous with _A. campestre
austriacum_.

=A. campestre= (field).* Common Maple. _fl._ on erect racemes. May.
_fr._ wings of fruit much divaricated. _l._ small, cordate, with
five-toothed lobes. _h._ 20ft. Britain. A small tree with rough
bark, full of deep fissures; wood often beautifully veined, when it
is highly valued.

=A. c. austriacum= (Austrian).* _fl._ much larger than those of the
species. _fr._ smooth. Lobes of leaves somewhat acuminated. SYN.
_A. austriacum_.

=A. c. collinum= (hill-loving).* _fl._ smaller. _fr._ smooth. Lobes
of leaves obtuse. France.

=A. c. hebecarpum= (downy-fruited).* _fr._ clothed with velvety
pubescence.

=A. c. lævigatum= (smooth-leaved). _l._ very smooth and shining.

=A. c. nanum= (dwarf). Dwarf habit.

=A. c. tauricum= (Taurian).* _l._ larger and less divided than in
the species.

=A. c. variegatum= (variegated).* _l._ beautifully variegated with
blotches and stripes of white or whitish yellow; very distinct.

=A. circinatum= (circinate).* _fl._ deep red, umbellate. April.
_l._ seven to nine-lobed, serrulated. _h._ 5ft. to 6ft. North West
America, 1827. A very beautiful species, having pendulous branches
clothed with leaves, which change into a bright scarlet colour in
the autumn.

=A. creticum= (Cretan). _fl._ on few-flowered erect corymbs. May.
_fr._ smooth, with the wings hardly diverging. _l._ cuneated at
the base, acutely three-lobed at the top. _h._ 4ft. Levant, 1752.
Nearly evergreen.

=A. dasycarpum= (thick-fruited).* _fl._ conglomerate, on short
pedicels, apetalous. April. _l._ truncate at the base, palmately
five-lobed, with blunt recesses, and unequally and deeply-toothed
lobes. _h._ 40ft. North America, 1725. SYNS. _A. eriocarpon_, _A.
tomentosum_, _A. glaucum_, and _A. virginianum_.

=A. Douglasii= (Douglas). Synonymous with _A. glabrum_.

=A. eriocarpon= (hairy-fruited). Synonymous with _A. dasycarpum_.

=A. Ginnala= (Ginnalian).* _fl._ on compound, crowded, erect
racemes. Amur River. This is generally classed as a variety of _A.
tartaricum_, but its habit is much more graceful, and in this form
the leaves are prettily cut and lobed, whilst the leafstalks and
midrib are more deeply coloured.

=A. glabrum= (smooth).* _fl._ corymbose, on short two-leaved
branchlets, greenish-yellow. June. _l._ roundish-cordate, deeply
three to five-lobed, or partite; the lobes biserrate, of a
light green. _h._ 15ft. to 30ft. North West America. SYNS. _A.
Douglasii_, _A. tripartitum_.

=A. glaucum= (glaucous). Synonymous with _A. dasycarpum_.

=A. heterophyllum= (various-leaved).* _fl._ corymbose. May. _l._
small, ovate, entire, and three-lobed, slightly serrated, smooth.
_h._ 4ft. Levant, 1759. An evergreen. SYN. _A. sempervirens_.

=A. ibericum= (Iberian). _fl._ corymbose. May. _l._ bluntly
three-lobed; lobes with one or two teeth, lateral ones marked
with the middle nerve to the insertion of the petiole. _h._ 20ft.
Iberia, 1826.

=A. japonicum= (Japanese).* _fl._ deep purplish-red, large. April.
_l._ many-lobed, in early spring very light green. _h._ 20ft.
Japan, 1863. The varieties of this species, although not well fixed
in many cases, rank amongst the most handsome of the deciduous
small shrubs grown, but often change in character as they attain
any considerable size. Plants from 1-1/2ft. to 3ft. high are very
useful in cool conservatories, and in the highly kept grounds
surrounding the house.

=A. laurifolium= (laurel-leaved). Synonymous with _A. oblongum_.

=A. Lobelii= (Lobel's). _l._ very slightly heart-shaped,
irregularly toothed, five-lobed; lobes more or less abruptly
pointed.

=A. macrophyllum= (large-leaved).* _fl._ on erect, compound,
racemes. May. _l._ digitately five-palmate, with roundish recesses;
lobes somewhat three-lobed. _h._ 60ft. Northern California, 1812.

=A. monspessulanum= (Montpelier).* _fl._ on few-flowered corymbs,
erect. May. _l._ cordate, three-lobed; lobes almost or quite
entire, equal. _h._ 10ft. to 20ft. South Europe, 1739.

=A. montanum= (mountain). _fl._ on compound, erect racemes. May.
_l._ cordate, three or slightly five-lobed, unequally and coarsely
serrated. _h._ 18ft. Canada, 1750. SYN. _A. spicatum_.

=A. Negundo.= _See_ =Negundo fraxinifolium=.

=A. oblongum= (oblong). _fl._ on compound racemes, pale yellow.
February. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, acuminated, quite entire. _h._
20ft. Nepaul, 1824. SYN. _A. laurifolium_.

=A. obtusifolium= (obtuse-leaved). _fl._ drooping, corymbose. May.
_l._ rounded, bluntly three-lobed, crenately serrulate, about the
length of the petioles. _h._ 15ft. Crete.

=A. Opalus= (Opalus). A synonym of _A. opulifolium_.

=A. opulifolium= (Guelder-rose-leaved).* _fl._ on nearly sessile
corymbs. May. Ovaries and fruit smooth. _l._ cordate, five-lobed;
lobes obtuse, bluntly and coarsely toothed. _h._ 8ft. France, 1823.
SYN. _A. Opalus_.

=A. o. obtusatum= (bluntish).* A larger, strong growing,
round-headed tree, with dark green leaves, which are covered with
a whitish or rusty tomentum on the under surface.

=A. palmatum= (palmate-leaved).* _fl._ on five to seven-flowered
umbels. May. _l._ palmately divided into five to seven lobes beyond
the middle; lobes oblong, acuminated, serrated. _h._ 20ft. Japan,
1820.

=A. p. atropurpureum= (dark purple).* A vigorous handsome plant,
with bold dark purple foliage. Japan.

=A. p. crispum= (crispy or waved).* _l._ green, with red stalked,
convoluted edges. Japan, 1871. Very distinct, and like a miniature
Lombardy poplar in habit of growth.

=A. p. dissectum= (finely-divided).* _fl._ red, on terminal-stalked
racemes, five to six-flowered. May. _l._ nine to ten parted; lobes
oblong, acuminated, deeply serrated. _h._ 30ft. Japan, 1845.

=A. p. ornatum= (beautiful).* Very ornamental, having finely cut
deep red leaves, with lighter midribs. Japan, 1871. This variety is
also known as _dissectum_.

=A. p. palmatifidum= (palmatifid).* _l._ very finely palmately
divided, the lobes cut down quite to the midrib, of a beautiful
light green colour. 1875.

=A. p. reticulatum= (netted).* _l._ palmately seven-lobed; lobes
unequal, sharply serrate, emerald green, with dark green veins.
Japan, 1875. A very elegant variety, with slender branches.

=A. p. roseo-marginatum= (rose-margined).* _l._ freely divided, the
lobes deeply cut, light green, margined with rose. Japan, 1874. A
very distinct and charming variety.

=A. p. sanguineum= (blood-red).* _l._ deeply five-lobed, the lobes
serrated, of a deep reddish-crimson colour, much brighter than
the variety _atropurpureum_. 1874. This presents a very striking
contrast to the last.

=A. p. septemlobum= (seven-lobed).* _fl._ purplish, on numerous
flowered umbels. Spring. _l._ varying much, from palmately
five-lobed, with toothed undivided lobes, to deeply seven to
nine-lobed, with more or less finely cut divisions. Japan, 1864.
There are numerous beautiful forms of this variety.

There are many varieties of this much varying species, but we have only mentioned those best known; many are only known by their native names, and there is some doubt as to their distinctive characteristics. They are all extremely handsome.

=A. pennsylvanicum= (Pennsylvanian).* _fl._ in long drooping,
simple racemes. May. _l._ cordate, three-lobed, acuminated, finely
and acutely serrated. _h._ 20ft. Trunk elegantly striped with white
lines. North America, 1755. SYN. _A. striatum_.

=A. pictum= (painted).* _fl._ corymbose, stalked. _l._ five to
seven-lobed; lobes triangular or oblong, entire, acuminated.
_h._ 15ft. to 20ft. Temperate Asia, 1840. _A. p. connivens_
(converging), _A. p. marmoratum_ (spotted), _A. p. rubrum_ (red),
and _A. p. variegatum_ (variegated), are varieties differing
principally in the colouring of the leaves. All are very desirable.

=A. platanoides= (plane-like).* The Norway Maple. _fl._ on nearly
erect stalked corymbs. May, June. _l._ cordate, smooth, five-lobed;
lobes acuminated, with a few coarse acute teeth. _h._ 50ft. Europe,
1683. A very ornamental hardy tree, growing with great rapidity
when young. It prefers a deep, well-drained soil.

=A. p. aureo variegatum= (golden-variegated).* _l._ variegated with
yellow. Europe, 1383. This, to retain the variegation, requires to
be propagated by budding or grafting. The same remarks are equally
applicable to the other varieties.

=A. p. laciniatum= (cut-leaved).* _l._ deeply and variously cut,
green and yellow.

=A. p. Schwedleri= (Schwedler's).* _l._ very large, deep
bronzy-red. A vigorous grower, and most effective.

=A. p. variegatum= (variegated).* _l._ variegated with white.
There are several other varieties, but of less importance than the
foregoing.

=A. Pseudo-platanus= (Mock-plane tree).* Sycamore. _fl._ on rather
compound pendulous racemes. May. _l._ cordate, with five acuminated
unequally-toothed lobes. _h._ 30ft. to 60ft. Europe. There are
few deciduous trees so well adapted for standing singly in rough
exposed situations. A deep, soft, dry soil is most suitable for it,
but it will grow in soils of very opposite qualities.

=A. P. albo variegata= (white-variegated).* A very beautiful form,
in spring especially. _l._ white and green.

=A. P. flavo variegata= (yellow-variegated). _l._ variegated with
yellow.

=A. P. longifolia= (long-leaved).* _l._ more deeply cut, and the
petioles much longer than in the species.

=A. P. purpureum= (purple).* _l._ purple underneath. The tree,
when slightly ruffled by the wind, alternately appearing clothed
in purple and pale green. Numerous other varieties of more or less
excellence are grown.

=A. rubrum= (red).* Scarlet Maple. _fl._ scarlet, handsome,
conglomerate, corymbose. _l._ cordate at the base, deeply and
unequally toothed, palmately five-lobed, with acute recesses.
Branches and fruit also scarlet. _h._ 20ft. Canada, 1656. A variety
with leaves splashed with yellow is rare. An excellent species,
thriving well in damp, swampy situations, and is commonly increased
by layers.

=A. rufinerve= (red-nerved).* "The leaves vary both in size and
outline, from 2-1/2in. to 4in. each way; three to five-lobed, with
irregularly toothed margins, glabrous above, but with reddish
hairs along the nerves beneath. The young branches are conspicuous
on account of the bluish-grey glaucescence with which they are
covered."

=A. r. albo-limbatum= (white-margined).* differs only from the
species in having a very distinct white margin--not always
constant. Japan, 1869.

=A. saccharinum= (Sugar Maple).* _fl._ yellow, on drooping corymbs,
on short peduncles; pedicels pilose. April. _l._ cordate, smooth,
palmately five-lobed; lobes accuminated, sinuately toothed. _h._
40ft. N. America, 1735.

=A. s. nigrum= (blackish).* _fl._ on sessile corymbs, nodding.
April, May. _l._ cordate, with the recess closed; palmately
five-lobed. _h._ 40ft. North America, 1812.

=A. Semenovi= (Semenov's).* A slender and graceful species, with
leaves closely resembling those of _A. Ginnala_, but smaller.
Turkestan, 1879.

=A. sempervirens= (evergreen). Synonymous with _A. heterophyllum_.

=A. spicatum= (spiked). Synonymous with _A. montanum_.

=A. striatum= (striated). Synonymous with _A. pennsylvanicum_.

=A. tartaricum= (Tartarian).* _fl._ white, on crowded, erect,
compound racemes. May. _l._ more or less cordate, acuminated,
serrated, with obsolete lobes. _h._ 20ft. 1759. This species is one
of the first to expand its leaves in spring.

=A. tomentosum= (tomentose). Synonymous with _A. dasycarpum_.

=A. tripartitum= (three-parted). Synonymous with _A. glabrum_.

=A. Van Volxemii= (Van Volxem's). _fl._ not known in England. _l._
palmately three to five-lobed, very large, light green above,
silvery and quite glabrous beneath. Caucasus, 1877. Distinct and
fine.

=A. villosum= (hairy). _fl._ fragrant, on lateral racemes. April.
Buds, fruit, and young leaves, silky, villous. _l._ cordate,
five-lobed, villous beneath as well as the petioles; lobes ovate
acute. _h._ 50ft. Himalaya, at high elevations. Not hardy.

=A. virginianum= (Virginian). Synonymous with _A. dasycarpum_.

=ACERACEÆ.= An order of very ornamental hardy trees, of which the sycamore and maple are well-known representatives.

=ACERAS= (from _a_, without, and _keras_, a horn; the lip having no spur). ORD. _Orchidaceæ_. An interesting genus of terrestrial orchids. Calyx of three ovate, equal, converging sepals; petals two, narrow, oblong; lip spurless, much longer than the calyx, narrow, oblong, with four linear lobes. The most interesting species is the native one. Indigenous to dry, chalky pastures in the south-east of England, and it will only thrive in similar soils when grown in gardens. Propagated by careful divisions of tubers only.

=A. anthropophora= (The Green Man Orchis). _fl._ greenish, on
a long spike, lip longer than the ovary; lip and petals often
margined with red. June. _l._ lanceolate. _h._ 1ft. See Fig. 10.

=ACERATIUM= (from _a_, not, and _keras_, a horn; the stamens being destitute of the terminal bristles so conspicuous in its near ally, _Elæocarpus_). ORD. _Tiliaceæ_. An interesting stove evergreen tree, very closely allied to _Tilia_. It thrives well in a mixture of loam and peat, and is increased by ripe cuttings, which root readily if placed in sand, under a hand glass, in heat.

=A. oppositifolium= (opposite-leaved).* _fl._ white, on terminal
three-flowered peduncles. June. _l._ opposite, elliptic-oblong,
furnished with a few mucronated teeth. _h._ 20ft. Amboyna, 1818.

=ACEROSE, ACEROSUS.= Needle-pointed, fine, and slender, with a sharp point.

=ACETARIOUS.= An adjective applied to plants used in salads.

=ACEUS.= A termination expressing a resemblance to the thing whose name it terminates--_foliaceus_, leaf-like, of the texture of a leaf or _folium_.

=ACHANIA.= _See_ =Malvaviscus=.

=ACHENE.= A hard, dry, one-seeded, superior seed-vessel.

=ACHERONTIA ATROPOS.= _See_ =Sphinx Atropos=.

=ACHILLEA= (named after Achilles, who is said to have first discovered the medicinal qualities of this plant). Including _Ptarmica_. Milfoil. ORD. _Compositæ_. A large genus (about fifty species), containing numerous hardy, border and alpine plants. Flower-heads small, corymbose; involucral scales oblong, often with a shrivelled appearance; receptacle with membranous scales, resembling chaff; ray florets few, sometimes rather large and showy; pappus none. Leaves ternate, simple or compound. All the species are easily cultivated in ordinary garden soil. _A. Eupatorium_ and other large-growing kinds are well suited for borders or groups, whilst the alpine section should be planted on the rockery. A great number of species, although excellent for naturalising in rough shrubberies, are totally unfitted for garden culture. Propagated, during spring, by root divisions, cuttings, and seeds.

=A. ægyptiaca= (Egyptian).* _fl.-heads_ rich bright yellow, in
closely packed terminal corymbs, which are from 2in. to 4in.
across. Summer. _l._ pinnate; leaflets obtusely lanceolate,
serrate, silvery white, 6in. to 8in. long. _h._ 1-1/2ft. to
2-1/2ft. Levant, 1640. Handsome perennial, thriving best in a warm
position.

=A. Ageratum= (ageratum-leaved).* _fl.-heads_ pure white, large,
borne singly on stalks about 6in. or 8in. high. Summer. _l._
narrow, arranged in a dense silvery rosette, the margins prettily
crimped. Greece. A pretty alpine, of compact habit.

=A. asplenifolia= (asplenium-leaved).* _fl.-heads_ rose-coloured,
small, in a compound corymb. June to September. _l._ lower ones
stalked, pinnatifid, lobes pinnate; upper ones pinnate. _h._ 18in.
North America, 1803.

=A. atrata= (black-cupped).* _fl.-heads_ white. August. _l._ in a
rosette, pinnatifid, deep shining green. Austria, 1596. A pretty
alpine.

=A. aurea= (golden-flowered).* _fl.-heads_ golden yellow, borne
singly on stems 18in. high. Summer and autumn. _l._ larger than in
_A. ageratifolia_, with which species it is sometimes confused.
Levant, 1739. Habit tufted. Requires a warm position.

=A. Clavennæ= (Clavenna's).* _fl.-heads_ white, in neat and compact
heads. Spring and summer. _l._ bipinnatifid; segments linear,
obtuse, slightly denticulated at the apex. _h._ 10in. Austria,
1656. A very neat and pretty species, having dwarf tufted habit and
a hoary appearance. See Fig. 11.

=A. decolorans= (staining). _fl.-heads_ whitish yellow. July. _l._
undivided. _h._ 1ft. Native country unknown. 1798.

=A. Eupatorium= (fern-leaved).* _fl.-heads_ brilliant yellow,
in dense convex, compound corymbs, which are often 5in. across,
lasting two months in full beauty. June to September. _l._
numerous, linear, pinnate, lobed and serrated, hairy, rough.
_h._ 4ft. to 5ft. Caucasus, 1803. This noble plant should be
grown at the back of the border, and kept neatly staked. SYN. _A.
filipendula_. See Fig. 12.

=A. filipendula= (dropwort-leaved). Synonymous with _A.
Eupatorium_.

=A. Herba-rota= (Herba-rota).* _fl.-heads_ white, in lax corymbs,
on slender stems. May. _l._ lanceolate, serrated. _h._ 6in. France,
1640. When touched, this pretty little plant gives off an agreeable
aromatic perfume. To attain full beauty it requires sandy loam and
a sunny position.

_A. macrophylla_ (large-leaved). _fl.-heads_ white. July. _l._ long
and broad pinnate; leaflets horizontal. _h._ 3ft. Italy, 1810.

=A. Millefolium roseum= (rosy).* _fl.-heads_ rose-coloured, in
small ovoid heads, which are produced continuously for several
months. _l._ strap-shaped; segments very narrow. _h._ 1ft. to 3ft.
England. It is well worth growing, both as a border plant, and for
cutting purposes.

=A. mongolica= (Mongolian). _fl.-heads_ white. July. _l._
undivided. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Siberia, 1818.

=A. moschata= (musky).* _fl.-heads_ white, in lax corymbs. June.
_h._ 6in. _l._ bright green, about 2in. long, pinnatifid. Italy,
1775. A pretty tufted alpine.

=A. nana= (dwarf). _fl.-heads_ white. June to August. _l._ pinnate;
leaflets horizontal. _h._ 6in. Italy, 1759. A rockery species.

=A. odorata= (sweet-scented). _fl.-heads_ white, fragrant. June to
August. _l._ bipinnate. _h._ 6in. Spain, 1729.

=A. pectinata= (comb-leaved).* _fl.-heads_ white. June. _l._ bright
green, about 2in. long, pinnatifid. Italy, 1775. A pretty tufted
alpine.

=A. Ptarmica flore-pleno= (double sneezewort).* _fl.-heads_ pure
white, freely produced in terminal corymbs. All through the summer
and autumn. _l._ lanceolate, serrulate. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. England.
This is one of the most useful white border perennials grown,
increasing very readily. When out of flower the stems should be cut
down to the surface.

=A. santolinoides= (lavender-cotton-like). _fl.-heads_ white. July.
_l._ pinnate; leaflets transverse. _h._ 1ft. Spain.

=A. serrata= (serrated).* _fl.-heads_ clear white, large, in small
corymbose clusters, forming a somewhat spreading panicle. Summer.
_l._ white, with adpressed hairs, sessile, lanceolate, deeply
serrated. _h._ 15in. Switzerland, 1686.

=A. tomentosa= (downy).* _fl.-heads_ bright yellow, in repeatedly
compound corymbs. Summer. _l._ woolly, bipinnatifid; segments
linear, acute. _h._ 8in. to 12in. Europe. One of the best
yellow-flowered species for the rock garden, having a dense habit.
See Fig. 13.

=A. umbellata= (umbel-flowered).* _fl.-heads_ white, six to eight
in a simple umbel. June. _l._ regularly lobed; lobes obovate,
entire; clothed with a dense, silvery pubescence, on which account
the plant is chiefly cultivated. _h._ 4in. to 5in. Greece. A very
pretty, dwarf rock plant.

=A. vallesiaca= (Vallesian). _fl.-heads_ white. June to August.
_l._ pinnate; leaflets horizontal. _h._ 1ft. Switzerland, 1819.

=ACHIMENES= (from _cheimaino_, to suffer from cold; alluding to the general tenderness of the species). Including _Scheeria_. ORD. _Gesneraceæ_. A large genus of handsome, stove or warm greenhouse, branched, generally hairy, herbaceous perennials, with scaly, catkin-like stolons underground (see Fig. 14), and sometimes from the axils of the leaves. Corolla funnel-shaped; tube rather oblique, gibbous behind at the base; pedicels one-flowered, axillary, solitary or fasciculated, bracteated. Leaves opposite, or three in a whorl, serrated.

To be successfully cultivated, they must be started and grown in stove heat till they commence flowering, when they may be removed to the conservatory or greenhouse, there to remain till after flowering. Batches of tubercles should be started in heat from February till the end of April, so as to give a succession of blossom. Shake each variety out of the old compost and insert separately in light, sandy soil; water sparingly at first, but when active they may receive more frequent supplies. When the shoots are about 2in. high, the tubercles may be transplanted to the pots, pans, or baskets in which it is intended to grow them, using as potting compost fibrous peat and leaf-soil in equal proportions, with about a sixth part of sheep's or rotten cow manure, and sufficient silver sand to make the whole porous and of a whitish appearance. Thorough drainage is indispensable, and a layer of the rougher soil, or sphagnum, should be placed over the potsherds, to prevent the loose soil stopping the drainage. Place the pans as near the glass as possible, and shade from bright sunshine. Give liberal supplies of water, with occasional doses of liquid manure; and, as the shoots lengthen, they may be pinched, to induce sturdy growth and a larger number of flowering branches. Place neat stakes to each stem, and keep well tied, arranging the stakes as symmetrically as possible, so as to ensure an even outline, but do not allow them to be seen. Light syringing with clear water, morning and evening, is beneficial. After the plants have done flowering, they should gradually have less water as the foliage and stems decay; a light airy situation is needed to mature and ripen the tubers. When the tops are quite dead, they may be removed, and the pots stored on the sides in any warm dry corner where the temperature will not fall below 50deg., keeping the plants quite dry until the time of starting again. Achimenes are liable to attacks of thrips, red-spider, and green-fly, especially if the atmosphere is kept dry; these are easily destroyed by fumigation with tobacco. This must only be done when the foliage is quite dry, otherwise the plants will suffer. Achimenes are especially beautiful when well arranged, especially if two or three varieties are mixed together, as white, red, and purple (Fig. 15). There are several methods of increasing these:--(1) By cuttings; these need not be cut off at a joint, as they will root from any portion of the stem. Insert them thickly in well-drained pots of sandy soil--say a mixture of equal parts of peat and sand--and place in bottom heat. (2) By leaves, which should be severed from the stems, and pricked in pots of similar soil to the cuttings, placing all the petiole below the surface; stand the pots in bottom heat. (3) By scales from the corms, which should be carefully rubbed off and sown, like seeds, in pots or pans of the same compost, barely covered with sand, and placed in bottom heat. (4) By seeds, which are very small, and, consequently, require to be carefully sown. The pans must be thoroughly drained and filled nearly to the rim, levelled, and well watered with a fine rose, after which the seed should be thinly scattered, covered very lightly with sand, and placed in a shady position. Keep nicely moist, and apply water very lightly, or the tiny germs will be disturbed. Place a sheet of glass over the seed-pans. When the seedlings are large enough to handle, they may be pricked off and afterwards treated like rooted cuttings. The best time for all modes of propagating is early spring.

=A. atrosanguinea= (dark-crimson).* _fl._ crimson; tube of corolla
1-1/2.in. long, cylindrical, saccate at base, pilose; limb small,
spreading; peduncle one-flowered. July, August. _l._ pilose,
oblong, sub-cordate, serrated, unequal. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Guatemala,
1848.

=A. candida= (white).* _fl._ white; tube of corolla gibbous at
base; limb oblique, the front segment largest; peduncles axillary,
pilose, three-flowered. June. _l._ unequal, oblique at base,
serrated, pilose. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Guatemala, 1848.

=A. coccinea= (scarlet).* _fl._ scarlet; peduncles solitary,
axillary. August. _l._ three in a whorl, ovate, acuminated,
serrated, with minute leaves in the axils. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Jamaica,
1778.

=A. cupreata= (coppery). _fl._ scarlet; calyx spotted inside, with
a fringed mouth; petals ciliately toothed; peduncles one-flowered.
April. _l._ elliptic, serrated, wrinkled, coloured. _h._ 6in.
Mexico, 1845. Plant creeping, downy.

=A. gloxiniæflora= (gloxinia-flowered).* _fl._ whitish, large,
axillary; tube of corolla 2in. long; limb broad, spreading; lobes
finely serrated, dotted with purple inside. June. _l._ serrated
from middle to top. Stem slender, flexuous. _h._ 1ft. Mexico, 1845.

=A. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* _fl._ violet purple, very
large, solitary, axillary; limbs of corolla spreading. June. _l._
equal, ovate, oblique at base, sparingly serrated. _h._ 1-1/2ft.
Mexico, 1842.

=A. heterophylla= (various-leaved). _fl._ solitary or twin; corolla
scarlet; lobes ciliated. July. _l._ opposite, one smaller than the
other, cordate ovate, acuminated, coarsely serrated. _h._ 1ft.
Mexico. Plant rather hairy.

=A. hirsuta= (hairy). _fl._ reddish, with yellow eye; limb
of corolla flat, with rounded serrulate segments; peduncles
one-flowered. July. _l._ cordate, serrated. _h._ 2-1/2ft. Stem
bulbiferous. Guatemala, 1842. Plant hairy.

=A. Kleei= (Klee's).* _fl._ lilac; corolla dark near the mouth,
with a dash of yellow in the throat; calyx downy; peduncles
one-flowered. August. _l._ ovate, acuminate, serrated. _h._ 6in.
Guatemala, 1848. Plant hairy.

=A. longiflora= (long-flowered).* _fl._ violet; segments of calyx
lanceolate, erect; corolla with a long tube, and an ample spreading
limb; pedicels one-flowered. July and August. _l._ three to four in
a whorl, ovate or oblong, coarsely serrated. _h._ 1ft. Guatemala,
1841. Plant hairy. See Fig. 16.

=A. multiflora= (many-flowered).* _fl._ pale lilac; sepals linear;
corolla funnel-shape; tube curved; lobes roundish, lower one
fringed; peduncles axillary, three to five-flowered. August. _l._
opposite, or three in a whorl, ovate, deeply and doubly serrated.
_h._ 1ft. Brazil, 1843. Plant hairy.

=A. ocellata= (eye-spotted).* _fl._ reddish yellow, with dark
spots, solitary, drooping; petals nearly equally spotted. Autumn.
_l._ on longish petioles, ovate, acuminate, serrated, wrinkled,
coloured beneath. _h._ 1-1/2ft. 1845. Plant hairy.

=A. patens= (spreading). _fl._ violet, blue; calyx downy; tube of
corolla shorter than limb, which is spreading. June. _l._ ovate,
acuminate, hispid above, serrate. _h._ 1ft. Mexico, 1845.

=A. pedunculata= (long-stalked).* _fl._ scarlet, with yellow eye;
corolla drooping, gibbous at base; peduncles in the axils of the
upper leaves. July. _l._ rather unequal, obliquely cordate, ovate,
serrated. _h._ 2ft. Stem simple, downy. Guatemala, 1840.

=A. picta= (painted).* _fl._ scarlet, with yellow eye; tube
of calyx turbinate; lobes of corolla roundish, three lower
ones smallest; peduncles solitary or two-flowered, axillary
one-flowered. July. _l._ opposite, or three in a whorl,
cordate-ovate, coarsely serrated, velvety, and elegantly painted.
_h._ 1-1/2ft. Mexico, 1843.

=A. rosea= (rosy). _fl._ rose, pilose; limb of corolla equal to
tube; peduncles filiform, many-flowered. June. _l._ sometimes three
in a whorl, pilose. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Guatemala, 1848.

The foregoing are the most important species known. Hybrid varieties are innumerable, and even surpass the species in beauty, the best of which are enumerated below in their respective colours.

=Blue and Purple Flowered.= ADVANCE,* flowers reddish-purple,
lighter at the eye, dwarf, and free habit; ARGUS,* rich plum, with
deep orange eye, large and free; DR. BUENZOD,* flowers rich crimson
purple, spotted with orange in the centre, very free; EXCELSIOR,
rich violet-purple, very large and free, with compact habit; GEM,*
flowers small, of good form, rich carmine-purple; GIBSONI,* flowers
very large, clear mauve, with the tube white outside; GRANDIS, rich
violet purple, with large orange eye, carmine shaded, a charming
variety; LADY SCARSDALE,* flowers of fair size, very free, rich
plum purple, shaded carmine; LONGIFLORA MAJOR,* a stronger grower
than the type, freely producing large rich blue flowers, one of the
finest varieties grown; MADAME GEORGE, deep purple shaded crimson;
MAUVE QUEEN,* flowers very large, of a distinct mauve, with a
brownish eye-shade, very profuse, with a grand habit, one of the
best; PURPUREA ELEGANS,* deep claret purple, orange throat with
dark spots, a very attractive variety; ROLLISONII,* flowers large,
deep lavender-blue, yellow throat, spotted with deep crimson, very
effective; VIVICANS,* dark carmine-purple, with crimson eye, a few
blue rays streaking from the eye, habit good, and very free.

=Crimson and Scarlet Flowered.= AURORA,* rich rosy-scarlet, with
yellow throat, very large, fully 2in. across; CARL WOOLFORTH,* deep
crimson, shaded lighter at the eye, very free; DAZZLE, flowers
small, brilliant scarlet, pale yellow eye, very pretty and free;
DIADEM,* crimson lake, shaded carmine, with deep yellow eye;
ECLIPSE,* rich orange-scarlet, spotted with carmine, extremely
floriferous, with a good habit; FIREFLY,* deep carmine red, golden
eye, spotted with crimson, one of the best; HARRY WILLIAMS,* bright
cerise red, yellow, maroon spotted, the edge prettily fringed, a
very charming variety; LOVELINESS, rich magenta crimson, golden
eye, spotted with maroon; METEOR, flowers rather large, bright
crimson-scarlet, yellow eye, spotted carmine, very dwarf and
free; SCARLET PERFECTION,* rich carmine-scarlet, deep orange eye,
very beautiful; SIR TREHERN THOMAS,* deep crimson-lake, very
profuse, with a good habit; STELLA, deep magenta, with orange eye,
the margins fringed, very large and free, 2in. or more across;
WILLIAMSII,* flowers large, stout, brilliant scarlet, orange
throat, habit dwarf and free-branching, one of the finest varieties
grown.

=Orange-Flowered.= GEORGIANA DISCOLOR, flowers large, bright
orange, with a distinct yellow centre; HENDERSONI,* rich
orange-salmon, with yellow eye; MAGNET,* deep orange, spotted with
crimson, with a distinct carmine zone, a very free-flowering and
beautiful variety; PARSONSI* is a decided improvement upon the last.

=Rose-Flowered.= ADMIRATION, deep rose, white throat, spotted with
carmine; CARMINIATA SPLENDENS,* bright rose yellow, spotted in the
centre, a charming variety; LEOPARD, bright magenta rose, freely
spotted at the throat; LONGIFLORA ROSA,* rich lilac rose, deeper
in centre, of medium size, very free and dwarf; MASTERPIECE,*
deep rose, violet shaded, with a distinct white throat; _Pink
Perfection_,* rich rose, the eye rich carmine and violet rayed,
one of the best; ROSEA MAGNIFICA,* bright rose, with a yellow
eye, very finely spotted, a very lovely variety; ROSE QUEEN,*
flowers very large, rich rosy-lake, shaded deep purple, with a well
defined orange throat; UNIQUE,* rosy-pink, deep yellow eye, spotted
crimson, a very charming variety.

=White-Flowered.= AMBROSE VERSCHAFFELT,* flowers of good size, pure
white, with a dark rayed centre; LONGIFLORA ALBA,* similar in form
and habit to Longiflora, but with large white flowers, slightly
marked in the centre; MADAME A. VERSCHAFFELT,* flowers large,
pure white ground, heavily veined with purple, a very attractive
variety; MARGARETTA,* flowers of medium size, pure white, and
destitute of any markings whatever.

=ACHLAMYDEOUS.= Without floral envelope.

=ACHRAS.= _See_ =Sapota=.

=ACHYRANTHES.= _See_ =Chamissoa= and =Iresine=.

=ACHYRONIA.= Included under =Priestleya= (which _see_).

=ACHYROPAPPUS.= Included under =Schkuhria= (which _see_).

=ACICULAR.= Needle-shaped.

=ACINETA= (from _akineta_, immovable; the lip being jointless). ORD. _Orchideæ_. A small genus of cool house, robust, sub-terrestrial orchids allied to _Peristeria_. Flowers sub-globose, fleshy, arranged on stout, pendulous racemes. Leaves lanceolate, membranous, ribbed. Pseudo-bulbs angular, about as large as hens' eggs. The compost should consist of equal parts of fibrous peat and living sphagnum. In planting, first place a somewhat thick layer of the moss all round the inside of the basket, and press the soil firmly round the plant. During the growing season, the baskets should be taken down twice or three times a week and dipped into a tub of water, so that the whole may become saturated. In addition, the plants should be sprinkled with the syringe morning and evening, for they delight in an abundant supply of water and plenty of shade. When the growth is finished, they must be kept very dry, an occasional syringing, to keep the leaves from shrivelling, being all that is necessary.

=A. Arcei= (Arce's). _fl._ yellow. Central America, 1866.

=A. Barkeri= (Barker's).* _fl._ yellow and dark crimson, on stout
scapes, produced from the base of the bulbs, and bearing fifteen
to thirty fragrant flowers. Midsummer. _l._ broadly lanceolate,
2ft. long. Pseudo-bulbs 5in. to 7in. long. Mexico, 1837. SYN.
_Peristeria Barkeri_.

=A. chrysantha= (yellow-flowered).* _fl._ yellow, white, and
crimson, fragrant; lower part of the lip having a blunt, papillose
horn; racemes erect. May. _h._ 2ft. Mexico, 1850.

=A. densa= (dense-flowered).* _fl._ sub-globose, and of a waxy
consistence, lemon-yellow, dotted brown, sweet-scented; racemes
rather short. Costa Rica, 1849. A robust-growing species, very like
_A. Barkeri_. SYN. _A. Warczewiczii_.

=A. Humboldtii= (Humboldt's).* _fl._ straw-colour, dotted with
brown; scapes 2ft. long. May. _l._ broadly lanceolate, generally
four. Columbia, 1872. A handsome species, but the flowers speedily
fade. SYNS. _Anguloa superba_, _Peristeria Humboldtii fulva_.

=A. sulcata= (grooved). _fl._ bright yellow. Columbia, 1879. Very
like the last species, from which it differs in mere botanical
detail.

=A. Warczewiczii= (Warczewicz's). A synonym of _A. densa_.

=ACINOS.= _See_ =Calamintha=.

=ACIOTIS= (from _akis_, a point, and _ous_, an ear; in allusion to the shape of the petals). ORD. _Melastomaceæ_. A small genus of pretty, stove, evergreen plants. Flowers small; panicles slender, loose, terminal; petals four, obliquely awned at the apex. Leaves thin, membranous. For culture, _see_ =Melastoma=..

=A. aquatica= (water-loving). _fl._ white, small, on loose,
terminal, filiform panicles. June. _l._ cordate, ovate-oblong. _h._
6in. to 12in. South America, 1793. The pots in which this species
is grown should be kept in pans of water.

=A. discolor= (various-coloured).* _fl._ small, red, in spicate
racemes. _l._ petiolate, elliptic-oblong, purple beneath, deep
shining green above. _h._ 1ft. Trinidad, 1816.

=ACIPHYLLA= (from _ake_, a point, and _phyllon_, a leaf, referring to the sharply pointed segments of the leaf). ORD. _Umbelliferæ_. A genus of curious and remarkable erect hardy perennials, with densely fascicled, spicate, or panicled umbels of flowers; and pinnate or bi-tripinnate leaves. They are most suited for the rockwork, in a light sandy soil. Propagated by seeds or divisions in spring.

=A. Colensoi= (Colenso's).* _fl._ white. This extraordinary
evergreen forms a circular bush, 5ft. or 6ft. in. diameter, of
bayonet-like spines, having flowering stems 6ft. to 9ft. high,
covered with spreading spinous leaflets. New Zealand, 1875.

=A. squarrosa= (rough-headed).* _fl._ white. _h._ 6ft. to 9ft. New
Zealand. More frequently met with than the preceding, of very dense
growth. Commonly known as the Bayonet Plant.

=ACIS= (named after Acis, shepherd of Sicily, son of Faunus and the nymph Simæthis). ORD. _Amaryllidaceæ_. A genus of very pretty dwarf bulbous plants, suitable for the rockery, in sunny sheltered situations. This genus was formerly included with _Leucojum_, from which it is distinguished by its dwarf slender habit, filiform style, and membranous capsule. All are delicate little plants, with narrow linear leaves and bell-shaped flowers. They require a free, open, rich soil, and should remain and bloom undisturbed for years; divide the clumps every three or four years, and renew the soil.

=A. autumnalis= (autumn-blooming).* _fl._, perianth white, delicate
pink at the base, preceding the leaves; two to three on a stem.
Autumn. _l._ few in number, very slender, sheathing the stems at
the base. _h._ 4in. to 6in. Portugal, 1629. A charming species, and
the only one at all common.

=A. grandiflorus= (large-flowered).* _fl._, perianth white, larger
than those of the last. August. _h._ 6in. Numidia, 1820. Somewhat
rare in cultivation.

=A. roseus= (rose-coloured).* _fl._, perianth rose red, not more
than 1/4in. long; scape one to three-flowered. August. _l._ narrow,
blunt, linear. _h._ 3in. Corsica, 1820. Very rare.

=A. tingitanum= (Tangiers). Of recent introduction; has a
many-flowered umbel, and very long leaves.

=A. trichophyllus= (hair-leaved).* _fl._, perianth white, about
1/2in. long; segments loosely nerved, with a faint flush of red at
the base. January. _h._ 6 in. Spain, 1820.

=ACISANTHERA= (from _akis_, a point, and _anthera_, an anther; anthers jointed). ORD. _Melastomaceæ_. A monotypic stove genus allied to Rhexia, of semi-shrubby habit. It grows well in a mixture of loam, sand, and peat; and cuttings root freely in the same soil in stove temperature.

=A. quadrata= (square-branched). _fl._ purple, ventricose,
alternate, axillary, solitary. July. _l._ three-nerved, ovate,
crenated; branches square. Habit erect, branched at the apex. _h._
1ft. to 1-1/2ft. Jamaica, 1804. More curious than ornamental.

=ACMADENIA= (from _akme_, a point, and _aden_, a gland; in allusion to the anthers being terminated by pointed glands). ORD. _Rutaceæ_. A small genus of beautiful greenhouse shrubs. Flowers terminal, solitary, or few, furnished with imbricate sepal-like bracts; petals five, with long claws, which are bearded on the inside. Leaves imbricate, linear-oblong, or roundish. They thrive best in a mixture of peat and sand, with a little turfy loam; thorough drainage is also necessary. Young cuttings pricked in a pot of very sandy soil, covered with a bell glass, and shaded, will root freely in a cool house.

=A. tetragona= (four-angled).* _fl._ white, large, sessile,
solitary. June. _l._ roundish-rhomboidal, with scabrous margins.
_h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1798.

=ACMENA= (from _Acmenæ_, nymphs of Venus, who had an altar at Olympia). ORD. _Myrtaceæ_. A small genus of greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Flowers in dense trichotomous cymes, with five small distant petals, and very conspicuous and pretty berries. They grow well in an equal mixture of peat, loam, and sand. Propagated readily by placing half-ripened cuttings in sand, under a glass, without heat.

=A. floribunda= (many-flowered).* _fl._ white, in threes, disposed
in a terminal panicled thyrse. May to September. _l._ full of
pellucid dots, oval-lanceolate, acuminated at both ends. Berries
globose, bright purple. _h._ 4ft. New Holland, 1790.

=A. ovata= (ovate-leaved).* A new species, having, according to Mr.
W. Bull, ovate leaves, which, along with the stems and petioles,
are dark purple, giving the plants, when making new growth, a
striking appearance. It has a neat habit.

=ACOKANTHERA.= _See_ =Toxicophlœa=.

=ACONIOPTERIS.= _See_ =Acrostichum=.

=ACONITE.= _See_ =Aconitum=.

=ACONITE, WINTER.= _See_ =Eranthis=.

=ACONITUM= (from _Aconæ_, or _Acone_, a harbour of Heraclea, in Bithynia, near where it is said to abound). Aconite; Monk's Hood; Wolf's Bane. ORD. _Ranunculaceæ_. An extensive genus of very ornamental hardy perennials. Flowers in terminal racemes; sepals five, the upper one helmet shaped, the two sides broader than the two back ones; petals five, small, the two upper with long claws hooded at the tip; the three inferior smaller or undeveloped. Leaves palmate. They thrive well in any ordinary garden soil. If left undisturbed for several years, they will attain a goodly size, and produce fine panicles of handsome flowers. They are invaluable for growing beneath the shade of trees, where they succeed better than almost any other class of plants. All are very easily propagated by divisions of the roots and seeds; the latter should be sown as soon as ripe in a cold frame. Care should be taken not to leave pieces of the roots about, for, with but one exception, those of all the species are very poisonous. Although very unlike horse-radish, they have frequently been mistaken for it, with fatal results; and none of the species should be cultivated in or near the kitchen garden.

Sect. I. Roots Tuberous.

=A. acuminatum= (taper-pointed). _fl._ bluish purple; spur
capitate; helmet closed, conical, beaked. July. _l._ with cuneate,
bipinnate lobes. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. Switzerland, 1819.

=A. album= (white-flowered).* _fl._ pure white, large, with erect
helmet, very freely produced. _l._ dark green, with oblong-cuneate
divisions. August. _h._ 4ft. to 5ft. Levant, 1752. This is a rare
and very handsome species.

=A. alpinum= (alpine). Synonymous with _A. rostratum_.

=A. ampliflorum= (large-flowered). _fl._ bluish-purple, large; spur
obtuse, straight. June. _l._ with blunt segments. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft.
Austria, 1823.

=A. angustifolium= (narrow-leaved).* _fl._ deep blue, in spiked
panicles; spur capitate; helmet closed, hemispherical; lip bifid.
June. _l._ palmately cut into linear lobes. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft.
Siberia, 1824.

=A. biflorum= (twin-flowered).* _fl._ pale blue, usually twin,
sessile, the middle rather obscure and with yellowish edges,
covered on the back with spreading down; spur truncate; helmet
depressed; beak drawn out. June. _l._ lower ones on long stalks,
with linear segments. _h._ 6in. Siberia, 1817. A very rare alpine
species.

=A. Cammarum= (Cammarum). _fl._ rich deep purple, on rather loose
spikes; spur capitate; helmet closed, hemispherical. July to
September. _l._ with short, bluntish lobes. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft.
Austria, 1752.

=A. cernuum= (drooping). _fl._ violet, large, on nodding, loose,
hairy racemes; spur capitate, or a little hooked; helmet large,
arched, beaked. July and August. _l._ with trapeziform, pinnate
lobes. Branches axillary, spreading. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. Europe, 1800.

=A. delphinifolium= (Delphinium-leaved).* _fl._ pale bluish
purple, large, on loose racemes; spur a little hooked; helmet
hemispherical. June. _l._ smooth, deeply cut into five parts. Stems
slender. _h._ 6in. to 2ft. North America, 1820. A rare alpine
species.

=A. elatum= (tall). _fl._ blue, very large, in loose panicled
spikes; peduncles pubescent; spur capitate, inclining. June. _l._
with linear acute segments. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. Europe, 1822.

=A. eminens= (eminent).* _fl._ blue, on erectly spreading pubescent
peduncles; spur capitate; helmet closed; lip very long, refracted.
June. _l._ with cuneate bipinnate lobes. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. Europe,
1800.

=A. eriostemon= (woolly-stamened). _fl._ bluish-purple, disposed
in long, beautiful, erect-spreading spikes; spur capitate; helmet
closed, arched. June. _l._ with cuneate, bipinnate lobes. _h._ 4ft.
Switzerland, 1821.

=A. exaltatum= (exalted). _fl._ blue, on loose panicles, with
ascending stiff branches; spur thick, somewhat hooked; helmet
conical; beak elongated. July. _l._ with trapeziform, pinnate
lobes. _h._ 6ft. Pyrenees, 1819. SYN. _A. hamatum_.

=A. flaccidum= (flaccid). _fl._ pale violet, large, on erect
spreading peduncles; racemes branched; spur hooked at the apex;
helmet high, arched, inclining forwards, gaping. July and August.
_l._ multifid, ciliated (as well as the petioles), when young. _h._
6ft. Siberia, 1822.

=A. gibbosum= (swollen). Synonymous with _A. nasutum_.

=A. Gmelini= (Gmelin's). _fl._ cream-coloured, middle-sized, on
very long loose racemes; spur straight, obtuse; bottom of the
helmet rounded, cylindrical. July. _l._ on long stalks, villous
beneath and shining above; lobes divided into narrow segments. _h._
2ft. Siberia, 1817. SYN. _A. nitidum_.

=A. gracile= (slender).* _fl._ pale blue or violet, large, on loose
racemes; spur erect, clavated-hooked; helmet with a middle sized
beak. June. _l._ smooth, with trapeziform, pinnate lobes. Stems
slender. _h._ 2ft. Italy, &c.

=A. Halleri= (Haller's).* _fl._ opaque violet, on elongated, loose
racemes, with a few lateral ascending ones; spur capitate; helmet
convex-hemispherical, gaping. June. _l._ lobes linear, dilated,
very long. Stem straight, long, branched. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft.
Switzerland, 1821.

=A. H. bicolor= (two-coloured).* _fl._ white, variegated with blue,
disposed in spikes or panicles. June.

=A. hamatum= (hooked). Synonymous with _A. exaltatum_.

=A. hebegynum= (blunt-styled). Synonymous with _A. paniculatum_.

=A. heterophyllum= (various-leaved). _fl._ pale yellow, and deep
blue in front, large, numerous, dense. August. _l._ petiolate
below, sessile above, broadly cordate, coarsely toothed at
the edge, and deep green. _h._ 2ft. Himalayas, 1874. A new
introduction, said to be non-poisonous, and used as a tonic in
India.

=A. illinitum= (anointed). _fl._ pale or deep violet, on very loose
and much branched panicles, large; spur thick, long, abruptly
pointed; beak blunt; helmet sub-conical. July. _l._ with broad
cuneiform lobes, and obtuse lobules. _h._ 4ft. 1821.

=A. intermedium= (intermediate). _fl._ blue, on a loose panicle,
with ascending stiff branches; spur supine, somewhat hooked; helmet
arched. June. _l._ with trapeziform, pinnate lobes. _h._ 3ft. to
4ft. Alps of Europe, 1820.

=A. japonicum= (Japanese).* _fl._ flesh-coloured, on loose
panicles, with ascending branches; helmet exactly conical, abruptly
mucronate; beak acute, straight. July to September. _l._ stalked,
trifid; lateral lobes bifid, middle lobe trifid, all blunt and
deeply toothed. Stem round, smooth. _h._ 6ft. Japan, 1790. One of
the best species grown.

=A. j. cœruleum= (blue). _fl._ blue. Japan.

=A. laciniosum= (jagged). _fl._ pale blue, or with a white base,
large, on somewhat contracted racemes; spur clavated-hooked;
helmet arched, conical. June. _l._ with jagged, trapeziform pinnate
lobes. _h._ 3ft. Switzerland, 1820.

=A. lycoctonum= (true Wolf's-bane).* _fl._ livid-violet, rather
large; racemes more or less pubescent, branched at the base;
bottom of helmet cylindrical; beak elongated. July. _l._ large,
seven-parted. Stem slender, simple, upright. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft.
Europe, 1596.

=A. maximum= (largest). _fl._ pale blue; panicle loose, furnished
with a few long distant, few-flowered, pubescent branches; spur
short, incurved; helmet hemispherico-conical, obtuse. July. _l._
multifid, large, smooth. _h._ 6ft. Kamtschatka, 1823.

=A. meloctonum= (Badger's-bane). _fl._ cream-coloured, loose,
pubescent; panicle large, with diverging branches; spur arched;
bottom of helmet conico-cylindrical. July. _l._ five to
seven-parted, deep green. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. Piedmont, 1821.

=A. Meyeri= (Meyer's). _fl._ bluish purple, on pubescent peduncles;
spur capitate, inclining. June. _l._ with cuneate bipinnate lobes.
_h._ 2ft. to 4ft. Bavaria, 1823.

=A. molle= (soft). _fl._ violet, large, puberulous; racemes
panicled, pubescent; helmet irregularly conical, obtuse; front
erect; spur capitate, or a little hooked. June. _l._ smooth, with
trapeziform, pinnate lobes. _h._ 2ft. to 6ft. 1820.

=A. Napellus= (little turnip).* Common Monk's Hood. _fl._ blue,
large, on a large terminal raceme; peduncles erect, pubescent;
spur capitate; helmet convex-hemispherical, gaping, smoothish;
lip revolute. Summer. _l._ pedately five-lobed. _h._ 3ft. to
4ft. There are a great number of varieties of this species
cultivated and introduced. The following are some of the names
representing slightly varying forms which have, however,
been regarded as species by Reichenbach and other authors:
_acutum_, _amœnum_, _Bernhardianum_, _Braunii_, _callibotryon_,
_Clusianum_, _commutatum_, _firmum_, _formosum_, _Funkianum_,
_hians_, _Hoppeanum_, _Kœhleri_, _lætum_, _laxiflorum_, _laxum_,
_Mielichhoferi_, _napelloides_, _neomontanum_, _neubergense_,
_oligocarpus_, _rigidum_, _strictum_, _tenuifolium_, _venustum_,
_virgatum_. One of the most virulent of poisonous plants, both to
cattle as well as human beings; and, notwithstanding its eminently
handsome appearance, it should only be planted in places where no
danger is likely to arise from its presence. See Figs. 17 and 18.

=A. nasutum= (great-nosed). _fl._ violet; panicle contracted, quite
smooth; spur elongated, arched; helmet conical, bending forward;
beak short. June. _l._ with broad, trapeziform, pinnate lobes. _h._
3ft. Caucasus, &c., 1818. SYN. _A. gibbosum_.

=A. nitidum= (shining). Synonymous with _A. Gmelini_.

=A. Ottonianum= (Otto's).* _fl._ blue, variegated with white; young
peduncles nodding; spur supine, somewhat hooked; helmet arched.
July, August. _l._ with trapeziform, pinnate lobes. _h._ 2ft. to
4ft. Carpathian Mountains, 1824.

=A. paniculatum= (paniculate).* _fl._ large, violet; panicle
terminal, much branched, loose or contracted, more or less
pubescent; helmet conical, beaked; front sinuate. June to
September. _l._ smooth, with trapeziform, pinnate lobes. _h._ 2ft.
to 3ft. France and Switzerland, 1815. SYN. _A. hebegynum_.

=A. plicatum= (folded). Synonymous with _A. tauricum_.

=A. productum= (long-lipped). _fl._ violet, downy, on few-flowered,
loose, pubescent racemes; helmet straight, irregularly
convex-conical, with a drawn-out beak; spur capitate. June. _l._ on
long stalks with three-parted lobes. _h._ 1ft. Siberia.

=A. rostratum= (beaked).* _fl._ violet; panicle rather loose; spur
thick, depressed, globose; helmet conical, elongated, abruptly
pointed in front; beak stretched out. June. _l._ with trapeziform,
pinnate lobes. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Switzerland, 1752. SYN. _A.
alpinum_.

=A. Schleicheri= (Schleicher's). _fl._ blue or violet,
middle sized, on short racemes; spur capitate; helmet
convex-hemispherical, gaping, smoothish. Summer. _l._ with finely
jagged lobes. Stem straight (or infracted), simple, slender. _h._
2ft. to 3ft. Europe. SYN. _A. vulgare_.

=A. semigaleatum= (half-helmeted). _fl._ pale blue, pubescent when
young, on very loose racemes; peduncles elongated; spur hooked;
helmet convex, navicular. June. _l._ multifid, few, membranous,
smooth; root about the size and form of a pea. _h._ 6in. to 2ft.
Kamtschatka, 1818.

=A. Sprengelii= (Sprengel's). _fl._ bluish purple; spur obtuse,
straight. June. _l._ with blunt, bipinnate lobes. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft.
Europe, 1820.

=A. tauricum= (Taurian).* _fl._ deep blue, disposed in dense
racemes; peduncles erect, smooth; lateral sepals smooth inside;
spur blunt; helmet closed, hemispherical. June. _l._ segments
almost pedately disposed and divided into linear acuminate lobes.
_h._ 3ft. to 4ft. Germany, 1752. SYN. _A. plicatum_.

=A. tortuosum= (twisting). _fl._ pale or deep violet, large;
panicle loose, few flowered; spur thick, long, abruptly pointed
(neither arched, nor convolute). July. _l._ smooth, with narrow
wedge-shaped lobes, and acute lobules. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft. North
America, 1812.

=A. toxicum= (very poisonous). _fl._ violet, large, pubescent, on
loose, also pubescent, racemes; spur hooked; helmet large, arched,
with a blunt beak. June. _l._ smooth, with trapeziform pinnate
lobes. Stem flexuous, almost simple. _h._ 2ft. America, 1825.

=A. uncinatum= (hooked).* _fl._ generally lilac, large, smooth;
racemes loose, rather umbellate at the apex, very rarely panicled;
spur somewhat spiral, inclined; helmet regularly conical,
compressed. July. _l._ with trapeziform pinnate lobes. Stem with
branches rising from the axils of the leaves. _h._ 4ft. to 8ft.
North America, 1768.

=A. variegatum= (variegated).* _fl._ blue, large, smooth; racemes
panicled, loose; spur erect, clavated-hooked; helmet bent forward,
inflated; beak ascending. July. _l._ lower, on long stalks; upper,
sessile, smooth, thickish. _h._ 1ft. to 6ft. Europe, 1597. See Fig.
19.

=A. v. albiflorum= (white-flowered).* _fl._ white, small; helmet
straight.

=A. v. bicolor= (two-coloured).* _fl._ white, edged with blue or
lilac; helmet straight.

=A. vulgare= (common). A synonym of _A. Schleicheri_.

=A. Willdenovii= (Willdenow's).* _fl._ bluish-purple; peduncles
pubescent; spur obtuse, straight. June. _l._ with blunt segments.
_h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Carniola, 1823.

Sect. II. Roots Fibrous or Napiform.

=A. Anthora= (Anthora).* _fl._ pale yellow; panicles generally
pubescent; spur refracted; lip obcordate; helmet arched. July. _l._
palmately cut into linear lobes. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Pyrenees, 1596.
The following varieties of _A. Anthora_ are erroneously classed as
species by some authors:

=A. a. Decandollii= (Decandolle's). _fl._ yellow; panicle and
flowers pubescent; helmet rather conical, bent, with a short,
abrupt, and acuminated beak. _l._ with rather large dark green
lobes. Alps of Jura, 1873.

=A. a. eulophum= (well-crested). _fl._ yellow; panicles and flowers
puberulous; helmet conical. Caucasus, 1821.

=A. a. grandiflorum= (large-flowered). _fl._ yellow, large;
panicle, flowers, and fruit pubescent; helmet rather conical. Alps
of Jura, 1821.

=A. a. Jacquinii= (Jacquin's). _fl._ yellow, smooth; helmet
somewhat conical, drawn out into an elongated beak.

=A. a. nemorosum= (grove-loving).* _fl._ yellow; panicle and
flowers pubescent; helmet somewhat conical, bent; beak short. _l._
with broad lobes.

=A. autumnale= (autumn-flowering).* _fl._ bluish-purple, in
loose panicles; peduncles rigidly spreading; spur capitate;
helmet closed; lip very long, refracted. July. _l._ with cuneate,
bipinnate lobes. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. Europe.

=A. barbatum= (bearded).* _fl._ cream coloured, middle sized;
racemes dense, puberulous; spur straightish, obtuse; bottom of
helmet conical; middle sepals densely bearded. July. _l._ opaque,
with the lobes divided into many linear segments, on long stalks,
which are villous as well as the nerves. _h._ 2ft. to 6ft. Siberia,
1807. SYN. _A. squarrosum_.

=A. chinense= (Chinese).* _fl._ intense and very bright blue, in
large compound racemes; pedicels slightly hairy above. Summer. _l._
lower ones large, deeply cut into three wedge-shaped segments,
tapering at the base; upper ones sessile, gradually becoming more
entire. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. China, 1833.

=A. Lamarckii= (Lamarck's). _fl._ cream-coloured, pubescent;
racemes long, cylindrical, crowded, branched at the base; spur
spiral; helmet constricted, clavate. July. _l._ large, seven to
nine-parted, with the lobes unequally cleft. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft.
Pyrenees, 1800.

=A. lupicidum= (Wolf's-bane). Synonymous with _A. Vulparia_.

=A. macrophyllum= (large-leaved). _fl._ yellow, numerous, panicled;
spur arched; helmet large, somewhat ventricose at the apex. July.
_l._ large, more or less dissected. _h._ 4ft. to 8ft. Germany.

=A. Nuttallii= (Nuttall's). Synonymous with _A. ochroleucum_.

=A. ochroleucum= (yellowish-white).* _fl._ cream coloured, large;
spur arched; bottom of helmet conico-cylindrical; middle sepals
covered with short hairs; racemes puberulous, rather loose.
July. _l._ five to seven-parted, deep green, the first ones are
puberulous above. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. Russia, 1794. SYNS. _A.
Nuttallii_, _A. pallidum_.

=A. Pallasii= (Pallas'). Probably a mere variety, with a continuous
spur, of _A. anthora_.

=A. pallidum= (pale). Synonymous with _A. ochroleucum_.

=A. pyrenaicum= (Pyrenean).* _fl._ yellow, rather large; spur
hooked; bottom of helmet cylindrical, rounded; racemes elongated,
dense, puberulous. June. _l._ parted almost to the base, with
pinnatifid lobes, rather hispid beneath, but smooth above, on long
stalks. _h._ 2ft. Pyrenees, &c., 1739.

=A. squarrosum= (rough). Synonymous with _A. barbatum_.

=A. vulparia= (Fox-bane).* _fl._ pale yellow, smooth; spur spiral;
helmet cylindrical, large; beak stretched out, acute; racemes
crowded. July. _l._ three or five-lobed, ciliated. _h._ 1ft. to
3ft. Europe, 1821. SYN. _A. lupicidum_. The principal varieties of
this species are:--

=A. v. carpaticum= (Carpathian). _fl._ panicled, of a lurid colour,
sometimes variegated with yellow; helmet conico-cylindrical,
compressed; peduncles smooth. _l._ profoundly cut. Stems smooth.
_h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Carpathian Mountains, 1810.

=A. v. Cynoctonum= (tall Dog's-bane). _fl._ (and stem) yellow,
smoothish, numerous, panicled. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. France, 1820.

=A. v. moldavicum= (Moldavian). _fl._ violet, panicled; helmet
cylindrical, compressed. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. Moldavia.

=A. v. rubicundum= (reddish). _fl._ livid violet, panicled,
villous, variegated with yellow; helmet conico-cylindrical,
compressed. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Siberia, 1819.

=A. v. septentrionale= (northern).* _fl._ blue, panicled, villous;
helmet conico-cylindrical, compressed. _h._ 4ft. North Europe, 1800.

=ACONTIAS.= _See_ =Xanthosoma=.

=ACORN.= The seed or fruit of the oak. _See_ =Quercus=.

=ACORUS= (from _a_, without, and _kore_, the pupil of the eye; in allusion to its reputed medicinal qualities). ORD. _Aroideæ_. A small genus of hardy herbaceous plants. Flowers on a sessile spadix; perianth six-cleft, inferior, persistent. They thrive best in a moist soil, and are very suitable for the banks of water, or even as aquatics in shallow water. Propagated easily by divisions during spring.

=A. Calamus= (sweet-flag).* _fl._ yellowish, small, borne on a
cylindrical spadix 4in. to 6in. long. Summer. _l._ sword-shaped,
erect, striated 3ft. long. The root is cylindrical, channelled, and
very fragrant. Europe. The variety with gold-striped leaves is more
useful as a decorative plant. See Fig. 20.

=A. gramineus= (grass-leaved). China, 1796. This is much smaller in
all its parts than the above, but very pretty.

=A. g. variegatus.=* A pretty variety with white striped leaves,
forming handsome little tufts.

=ACOTYLEDONS.= Plants having no cotyledons, or seed leaves, as in _Cuscuta_, but usually applied to cryptogamic or flowerless plants, such as ferns, mosses, &c.

=ACRADENIA= (from _akra_, top, and _aden_, a gland; referring to the five glands on the top of the ovary). ORD. _Rutaceæ_. An excellent neat and compact evergreen bush, suitable for the cool conservatory. It requires a rich loam and leaf mould. Propagated by seeds and cuttings under a bell glass.

=A. Frankliniæ= (Lady Franklin's).* _fl._ white, produced in great
profusion, in terminal clusters. August. _l._ fragrant, opposite,
trifoliate, gland-dotted. _h._ 8ft. Tasmania, 1845.

=ACRE= (from _agros_, an open field). The English Statute acre consists of 160 square rods (perches, poles, roods, or lugs); or 4840 square yards; or 43,560 square feet. The following list shows the differentiation in the number of square yards per acre in the various districts of Great Britain and Ireland: Cheshire, 10,240; Cornish, 5760; Cunningham, 6250; Derby (W.), 9000; Devonshire, 4000; Herefordshire, 3226-2/3; Irish, 7840; Leicestershire, 2308-3/4; Scotch, 6150; Wales, North (customary), 3240; ditto (erw), 4320; Westmoreland, 6760; Wiltshire, 3630.

=ACRIDOCARPUS= (from _akris_, a locust; and _karpos_, fruit; meaning not obvious). ORD. _Malpighiaceæ_. A handsome sub-tropical or warm greenhouse climber, requiring plenty of water, and a very free drainage. Increased by imported seeds, and by cuttings in bottom heat.

=A. natalitius= (Natal).* _fl._ pale yellow; petals five, rounded,
wedge-shaped, crenately-toothed at the edge; racemes simple,
elongated, terminal. July. _l._ oblong or obovate, obtuse,
leathery. Natal, 1867.

=ACRIOPSIS= (from _akros_, top, and _opsis_, eye). ORD. _Orchidaceæ_. A small genus of pretty stove epiphytal orchids, almost unknown to cultivation. Flowers small, arranged in loose panicles; lip adnate to the very curious column, from which it projects at right angles.

=A. densiflora= (crowded-flowered).* _fl._ green and pink. May.
_l._ linear-lanceolate. _h._ 6in. Borneo, 1845.

=A. javanica= (Javanese). _fl._ yellow, green. May. _l._
linear-lanceolate. _h._ 3in. Java, 1840.

=A. picta= (painted).* _fl._ white, green, and purple. May. _l._
solitary, linear. _h._ 6in. Bantam, 1843.