Chapter M: A. S. Salm-Dyck. Monographia generum Aloes et Mesembryanthemi (28)

=C. capensis= (Cape). _fl._ flesh-coloured; pedicels compressed,
dilated under the flower; panicle trichotomously divided. Branches
opposite, or three in a whorl. _h._ 40ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1789.
This is supposed to be one of the finest trees at the Cape of Good
Hope. (G. C., 1883, xix., 217.) See Fig 330, for which we are
indebted to Mr. Bull.

=CALODRACON.= _See_ =Cordyline=.

=CALONYCTION.= _See_ =Ipomœa=.

=CALOPHACA= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _phake_, a lentil; in allusion to the beauty of the plant, and to its being one of the leguminous kind). ORD. _Leguminosæ_. A hardy deciduous shrub, with axillary pedunculate racemes of yellow flowers, and impari-pinnate leaves. This is well adapted for the front of shrubberies. It is somewhat difficult to propagate, except by seeds, which, however, in fine seasons, are produced in abundance. Grafted high on the common Laburnum, it forms an object at once singular, picturesque, and beautiful, whether covered with blossoms, or with its fine reddish pods.

=C. wolgarica= (Volga).* _fl._ yellow. May, June. _l._, leaflets
six or seven pairs, orbicular, velvety beneath, as well as the
calyces. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Siberia, 1786. (W. D. B. 83.)

=CALOPHANES= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _phaino_, to appear; alluding to the flowers). ORD. _Acanthaceæ_. A genus of about thirty species, widely distributed, principally in the tropical regions of both hemispheres. The best garden plant is that mentioned below; it is an interesting hardy herbaceous perennial, excellent for growing in borders, in loam and peat, or sandy loam soil; and may be propagated by dividing the roots, in March.

=C. oblongifolia= (oblong-leaved).* _fl._ blue; corolla
funnel-shaped, throat ventricose, limb bilobed, nearly equal; tube
of corolla one-half longer than the calyx; pedicels axillary.
August. _l._ opposite, oblong-spathulate, entire, acuminated. _h._
1ft. Florida, &c., 1832. (S. B. F. G., ser. ii., 181.)

=CALOPHYLLUM= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _phyllon_, a leaf; the leaves are large, of a beautiful green, and elegantly veined). ORD. _Guttiferæ_. Fine stove evergreen trees. Flowers disposed in axillary racemes. Leaves furnished with numerous transverse, parallel nerves. They thrive in a compost of loam, sand, and peat. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots will root in sand, if placed under a glass, in bottom heat.

=C. Calaba.= Calaba-tree. _fl._ white, sweet-scented, loosely
racemose; racemes lateral, very short. _fr._ green. _l._ obovate or
oblong, obtuse or emarginate. _h._ 30ft. West Indies, &c., 1780.

=C. inophyllum= (fibrous-leaved). _fl._ snow-white, sweet-scented,
loosely racemose; racemes axillary; peduncles one-flowered, usually
opposite. _fr._ reddish, the size of a walnut. _l._ oblong or
obovate, obtuse, but usually emarginate. Branches round. Tropics of
the Old World, 1793. A medium-sized tree.

=CALOPOGON= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _pogon_, a beard; in reference to the fringe on the lip). ORD. _Orchideæ_. Very pretty, hardy, tuberous-rooted orchids, admirably suited for a good shady position at the foot of the rockwork, or for an open situation in a hardy fernery. Propagated by offsets, taken from the tuberous roots; but this method of increase is very uncertain. Perhaps the only species in cultivation is the following:

=C. pulchellus= (beautiful).* _fl._ purple, with a very pretty pale
yellow beard or tuft of hairs growing from the lip; two or three to
a plant. Late summer. _l._ few, radical, grass-like. _h._ 1-1/2ft.
North America. 1791. SYN. _Limodorum tuberosum_. (S. B. F. G. 115.)

=CALOSANTHES INDICA.= A synonym of _Oroxylum indicum_.

=CALOSCORDUM= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _skorodon_, garlic). ORD. _Liliaceæ_. A genus of half-hardy bulbs, allied to _Allium_, but now referred to _Nothoscordum_. For culture, _see_ =Calochortus=.

=C. nerinæflorum= (Nerine-flowered).* _fl._ rose; umbels about
twelve-flowered; spathe one-valved. June and July. _l._ narrow,
semi-terete, channelled above. _h._ 6in. Chusan, 1843. (B. R. 1847,
5.)

=CALOSTEMMA= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _stemma_, a crown). ORD. _Amaryllidaceæ_. Handsome greenhouse bulbous plants, natives of New Holland. Flowers funnel-shaped, irregular; perianth with the orifice surmounted by a corona; stamens erect, united by their dilated bases; ovary three-celled, many-seeded. Leaves linear-lorate.

=C. album= (white). _fl._ white. May. _l._ ovate, acute, 3in. to
5in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad. _h._ 1ft. 1824.

=C. luteum= (yellow). _fl._ yellow. November. _l._ strap-shaped,
narrow. _h._ 1ft. 1819. (B. M. 2101.)

=C. purpureum= (purple). _fl._ purple. November. _l._ like those of
_C. luteum_. _h._ 1ft. 1819. (B. M. 2100.)

=CALOTHAMNUS= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _thamnos_, a shrub; in reference to the elegance of the shrubs, from their scarlet flowers and terete leaves). ORD. _Myrtaceæ_. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Flowers scarlet, axillary and solitary, sessile. Leaves scattered, crowded, terete. They require much the same culture as _Callistemon_. Cuttings of young wood, firm at the base, will root in sand, if covered by a hand glass, which requires to be occasionally taken off and wiped, to prevent damp.

=C. quadrifidus= (four-cleft). _fl._ scarlet, somewhat secund;
bundles of stamens four, distinct, equal. July. _l._ glabrous (as
well as the flowers). _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. West Australia, 1803. (B.
M. 1506.)

=C. villosa= (villous). _fl._ scarlet, quinquefid; bundles of
stamens equal, distinct. July to September. _l._ villous (as well
as the fruit). _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. West Australia, 1823. (B. R. 1099.)

=CALOTIS= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _ous_, _otos_, an ear; in reference to the chaffy scales of the pappus, or seed-head). Allied to _Bellium_. ORD. _Compositæ_. Greenhouse or half-hardy herbaceous perennials, rarely annuals, all natives of Australia. Receptacle naked; involucre nearly equal, many-leaved, in a single or double row. They may be grown successfully in any ordinary garden soil. Propagated by divisions of the root.

=C. cuneifolia= (wedge-leaved).* _fl.-heads_ blue, solitary,
terminal. July and August. _l._ cuneate, cut, toothed at end. _h._
1ft. 1819. Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. (B. R. 504.)

=CALOTROPIS= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _tropis_, a keel; literally "beautifully twisted," apparently in reference to the corolla of _C. gigantea_). ORD. _Asclepiadeæ_. A genus of stove evergreen shrubs, or small trees. The three species bear large handsome flowers, in interpetiolar umbels. They thrive best in a mixture of loam, sand, and peat. Young cuttings, thinly dibbled in a pot of sand, strike root freely under a hand glass, in heat. Care must be taken that they do not receive an excess of moisture, or they will rot.

=C. gigantea= (gigantic).* _fl._ very handsome, a mixture of
rose and purple; corona shorter than the gynostegium, obtuse,
circinately recurved at the base; umbels sometimes, though rarely,
compound, surrounded by several involucral scales. July. _l._
decussate, broad, wedge-shaped, bearded on the upper side at the
base, woolly-downy on the under side, 4in. to 6in. long, 2in. to
3in. broad. _h._ 6ft. to 15ft. India, &c., 1690. (B. R. i. 58.)

=C. procera= (tall). _fl._ white; petals spreading, marked at the
top by a purple spot. July. _l._ obovate-oblong, on short petioles,
whitish from wool. _h._ 6ft. Persia, 1714. (B. R. 1792.)

=CALPICARPUM.= _See_ =Kopsia=.

=CALPIDIA.= A synonym of =Pisonia= (which _see_).

=CALTHA= (a syncope of _kalathos_, a goblet; in allusion to the form of the perianth, which may be likened to a golden cup). Marsh Marigold. ORD. _Ranunculaceæ_. Hardy herbaceous perennials, of easy culture on the margin of a piece of water, or in a marshy bog, or in the ordinary border, where their showy blossoms look very brilliant. Propagation is readily effected by dividing the roots, in early spring, or in summer after flowering.

=C. leptosepala= (slender-sepaled).* _fl._ pure white, one to
two upon erect, scape-like peduncles. May, June. _l._ radical,
cordate, the margins nearly entire, or sometimes crenate. _h._ 1ft.
Northwestern America, 1827. (H. F. B. A. 1, 10.)

=C. palustris= (marsh).* _fl._ golden-coloured, large;
peduncles furrowed. Spring. _l._ cordate, somewhat orbicular,
roundly-crenate, with rounded auricles. Stems dichotomous, erect.
_h._ 1ft. Great Britain. (Sy. En. B. 40.) The double forms of
this species, under the names of _nana plena_ and _monstrosa
plena_ (see Fig. 331) are excellent plants, and, though growing
best in the immediate vicinity of water, and most appropriate
for rough scenery, they, like the type, do very well in ordinary
well-enriched soil. A variety named _purpurascens_, from Southern
Europe, is also showy, more erect, and branching; the shoots and
pedicels purplish.

=C. p. biflora= (two-flowered). A twin-flowered variety of _C.
palustris_. North America, 1827. This is not quite so tall as the
type, and the flowers are rather larger.

=C. p. parnassifolia= (Parnassia-leaved). _fl._ yellow, on
few-flowered peduncles. April, May. _l._ cordate-ovate, crenated.
_h._ 3in. to 4in. North America, 1815.

=C. radicans= (rooting).* _fl._ bright yellow, several in small
cyme. April, May. _l._ reniform-cordate, sharply crenate-serrate,
spreading. _h._ 6in. Scotland. (Sy. En. B. 41.)

=CALTROPS.= _See_ =Tribulus=.

=CALTROPS, WATER.= _See_ =Trapa natans=.

=CALUMBA, FALSE.= _See_ =Coscinium fenestratum=.

=CALUMBA ROOT.= _See_ =Jateorrhiza Calumba=.

=CALUMBA WOOD.= _See_ _Coscinium fenestratum_.

=CALYCANTHACEÆ.= A natural order of shrubs, with square stems, having four woody axes surrounding the central one. Flowers solitary, lurid; calyx of numerous coloured sepals compounded with the petals. Leaves opposite, entire, exstipulate. The two genera known are _Calycanthus_ and _Chimonanthus_.

=CALYCANTHUS= (from _kalyx_, _kalykos_, a calyx, and _anthos_, a flower; in reference to the calyx being coloured, and appearing like a corolla). Allspice. ORD. _Calycanthaceæ_. A genus of hardy, deciduous, North American shrubs. Flowers lurid purple, axillary, and terminal, stalked, sweet-scented; stamens numerous. Leaves opposite, oval or ovate-lanceolate, entire, generally rough on the surface; sweet-scented. All are handsome and well worth growing. They thrive best in a peaty compost, but grow freely in almost any soil. Increased by layers, put down in the summer; or by seed, sown as soon as ripe, or in spring, in a cold frame.

=C. floridus= (Floridan).* Carolina Allspice. _fl._ with a sweet
apple scent. May. _l._ ovate, downy beneath, as well as the
branchlets. Branches spreading. Wood and roots smelling strongly
of camphor. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. Carolina, 1726. See Fig. 332. (B. M.
503.) There are several varieties of this species.

=C. glaucus= (glaucous).* _fl._ lurid purple, not strongly scented.
May. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, acuminated, glaucous and pubescent
beneath. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. Carolina, 1726. SYN. _C. fertilis_. (B.
R. 404.) _C. oblongifolius_ is a variety with ovate-lanceolate
elongated leaves.

=C. lævigatus= (smooth-leaved).* _fl._ lurid purple. May. _l._
oblong, thin, either blunt or taper-pointed, bright green,
and glabrous, or nearly so, on both sides, or rather pale
beneath. Branches strictly erect. _h._ 3ft. to 6ft. Mountains of
Pennsylvania, &c., 1806. See Fig. 333. (B. R. 481.)

=C. macrophyllus= (large-leaved). A garden synonym of _C.
occidentalis_.

=C. occidentalis= (Western).* _fl._ brick-red, sweet-scented, 3in.
to 4in. across, each petal about 2in. long and 1/2in. broad. June
to October. _l._ oblong or ovate-cordate, acuminate, slightly
pubescent on the veins only beneath. _h._ 6ft. to 12ft. California,
1831. In California, this is called the Sweet-scented Shrub. SYN.
_C. macrophyllus_, of gardens. (B. M. 4808.)

=CALYCIFLORÆ.= A sub-division of dicotyledonous plants, having the stamens inserted on the calyx or disk.

=CALYCIFORM.= Formed like a calyx.

=CALYCINE.= Of, or belonging to, the calyx.

=CALYCOPHYLLUM= (from _kalyx_, a calyx, and _phyllon_, a leaf; in allusion to one of the teeth of the calyx being expanded into a large petiolate coloured leaf). ORD. _Rubiaceæ_. Stove evergreen shrubs, requiring a compost of loam, peat, and a little sand and charcoal. Cuttings of half ripe shoots will root in sand if placed under a bell glass, in bottom heat.

=C. candidissimum= (whitest).* _fl._, corolla white, campanulate,
with a bearded throat, three together, the middle one bearing a
petiolate leaf, but the two lateral ones naked; corymbs terminal.
_l._ ovate, bluntly acuminated, 2in. to 3in. long. _h._ 30ft. Cuba,
1830.

=CALYCOTOME= (from _kalyx_, _kalykos_, calyx, and _tome_, a section; lips of calyx fall off). ORD. _Leguminosæ_. A small genus of hardy, divaricately-branched, spiny shrubs, formerly included as a section of _Cytisus_. Flowers yellow, disposed in short branched leafy fasicles. For culture, _see_ =Cytisus=.

=C. spinosa= (spiny). _fl._ yellow. June and July. _l._, leaflets
obovate-oblong. Branches angular, spiny. _h._ 5ft. to 6ft. Genoa,
Corsica, &c., 1846. (B. R. 55.)

=CALYCULATE.= Having bracts so placed as to resemble an external or additional calyx.

=CALYMMODON.= _See_ =Polypodium=.

=CALYPSO= (from the beautiful nymph, _Calypso_, or from Greek _kalypto_, to conceal; in reference to its place of growth). ORD. _Orchideæ_. An elegant terrestrial monotypic genus. It thrives well in half-shady spots on the margins of a rock garden or artificial bog, in a light, moist, vegetable soil, composed of peat, leaf soil, and sand, mulched with cocoa-nut fibre refuse in winter. Propagated by offsets.

=C. borealis= (Northern).* _fl._ solitary, delicate rose and brown,
with a yellow crest on the lip; labellum longer than the sepals,
the lateral lobes cohering in their upper part over the saccate
central one, which is usually bifid at the tip, resembling those of
a Cypripedium. Summer. _l._ solitary, thin, many-nerved, ovate or
cordate. Stems usually thickening into pseudo-bulbs. _h._ 1ft. High
latitudes of Northern hemisphere, 1820. (B. M. 2763.)

=CALYPTRA.= Literally an extinguisher; applied to the hood which covers the theca in mosses.

=CALYPTRANTHES= (from _kalyptra_, a covering, and _anthos_, a flower; in allusion to the operculum of the flower). ORD. _Myrtaceæ_. Strong-growing stove evergreen shrubs or small trees. Peduncles axillary, many-flowered. Leaves feather-veined. They are of easy culture, in a compost of loam and peat, and may be propagated by layers, or by cuttings, placed in heat.

=C. Chytraculia= (Chytraculia). _fl._ white, small, glomerate;
peduncles axillary and terminal, trichotomous, panicled, and are,
as well as the flowers, clothed with rufous velvety down. March.
_l._ ovate, attenuated at the apex, stiffish, glabrous. _h._ 10ft.
Jamaica, 1778. (N. S. 1, 26.)

=C. Syzygium= (Syzygium). _fl._ white, on short pedicels; peduncles
axillary, trichotomous, many-flowered. May to July. _l._ ovate,
obtuse, stiff. _h._ 10ft. to 12ft. Jamaica, 1779.

=CALYPTRARIA.= _See_ =Centronia=.

=CALYPTRATE.= Resembling an extinguisher.

=CALYPTRIFORM.= Shaped like an extinguisher.

=CALYPTRION.= _See_ =Corynostylis=.

=CALYPTROCALYX= (from _kalyptra_, an extinguisher, and _kalyx_, a calyx, in allusion to the form of the outer perianth segments). ORD. _Palmeæ_. A monotypic genus of stove palms. For culture, _see_ =Calamus=.

=C. spicatus= (spiked). _fl._, spadices elongated, spicate, leafy
at base; spathe opening longitudinally. _l._ terminal, pinnatisect;
segments reduplicate, linear, acuminate, bifid at the apex; petiole
fibrous at the base. Caudex finally smooth. _h._ 12ft. Moluccas.
SYNS. _Areca_ and _Pinanga globosa_.

=CALYPTROGYNE= (from _kalyptra_, an extinguisher, and _gyne_, a woman--pistil--in allusion to the form of the pistil). Including _Calyptronoma_. ORD. _Palmeæ_. A small genus comprising five species of handsome stove palms, allied to _Geonoma_ (which _see_ for cultivation).

=C. Ghiesbreghtiana= (Ghiesbreght's). _fl._, peduncles erect,
overtopping the leaves, bearing a single cylindrical, undivided
spadix, 9in. to 12in. in length. _l._ pinnate, 2ft. to 5ft.
long; pinnæ opposite or alternate, sessile, of unequal breadth,
the narrower ones one to two-nerved, the broader ones six to
ten-nerved, usually from six to twelve on each side of the rachis;
the intervals between the pinnæ vary from 1in. to 2in.; petiole
broadly sheathing at the base, from a few inches to 1-1/2ft.
long. Stem short or absent. Mexico. A very elegant dwarf-growing
species. SYNS. _Geonoma Ghiesbreghtiana_, _G. magnifica_ and _G.
Verschaffeltii_. (B. M. 5782.)

=C. spicigera= (ear-bearing). _l._ irregularly pinnate, 2ft. to
3ft. long, 1ft. broad, deeply bifid at apex, rich bright green;
petioles short, sheathing at the base, flat on the upper side,
rounded below. Stems stout. _h._ 5ft. Guatemala. A very elegant
species.

=C. Swartzii= (Swartz's). _l._ equally pinnatisect; pinnæ deeply
reduplicate at the base, bifid at the top. Trunk smooth. _h._ 50ft.
to 60ft. Jamaica, 1878. A handsome plant when young, and useful for
general decorative purposes. SYN. _Calyptronoma Swartzii_.

=CALYPTRONOMA SWARTZII.= _See_ =Calyptrogyne Swartzii=.

=CALYSTEGIA= (from _kalyx_, a calyx, and _stege_, a covering; in reference to the two large persistent bracts enclosing the calyx). Bearbind. ORD. _Convolvulaceæ_. Hardy, glabrous, twining or prostrate herbs. Peduncles solitary, one-flowered; corolla campanulate, five-plicate. All the species are of easy cultivation in common garden soil. Propagation may be effected by dividing the plants; or by seeds, sown in spring.

=C. dahurica= (Dahurian).* _fl._, corolla of a rosy-purple;
sepals lanceolate, acute, the two outer ones broadest; peduncles
tetragonal, tomentose; bracts broad-ovate, acute, longer than the
calyx. July. _l._ glabrous or hairy, oblong-cordate, having the
margins and nerves on the under side tomentose. Dahuria, 1826. (B.
M. 2609.)

=C. inflata= (inflated). Synonymous with _C. sepium incarnata_.

=C. pubescens flore-pleno= (downy, double-flowered).* _fl._ 2in. to
3in. across; petals long, narrow, wavy, and reflexed, flesh-colour,
but ultimately bright rose; pedicels 2-1/2in. to 3-1/2in. long.
Summer and autumn. _l._ alternate, hastate, downy. China, 1844. See
Fig. 334.

=C. sepium= (hedge). Common Bindweed. _fl._ white, sometimes tinged
with red; peduncles tetragonal, exceeding the petioles; bracts
cordate, keeled, acute, longer than the calyx, but one-half shorter
than the corolla. Summer. _l._ sagittate or cordate, very acute;
hind lobes obtuse, or truncate, entire. Britain. A very troublesome
weed. (Sy. En. B. 924.) There is a variety named _incarnata_, with
rose-coloured flowers. North America. SYN. _C. inflata_. (B. M.
732.)

=C. Soldanella= (Soldanella-like).* Sea Bells. _fl._ pale red, with
five longitudinal, yellowish plaits, large; peduncles angular,
angles winged; bracts large, ovate, blunt, mucronate, generally
shorter than the calyx. June. _l._ rather fleshy, reniform, entire
or a little angular. Sea-shores, Britain. This pretty species can
only be grown with success in a very sandy soil. (Sy. En. B. 925.)

=CALYTHRIX= (from _kalyx_, a calyx, and _thrix_, a hair; in reference to the lobes of the calyx, which each end in a long hair). ORD. _Myrtaceæ_. A genus of very pretty and interesting greenhouse Heath-like shrubs, natives of Australia. Flowers small; bracteoles two under each flower; they are either free or joined together at the base, sometimes in the form of an operculum. Leaves scattered, crowded, opposite, full of dots, axillary, solitary, almost sessile. They grow well in a mixture of loam, peat, and sand, with good drainage and firm potting. Cuttings, made from young shoots, will root in April or May, if placed in sand, under a bell glass, in a cool house.

=C. ericoides= (Heath-like). A synonym of _C. tetragona_.

=C. glabra= (glabrous). A synonym of _C. tetragona_.

=C. tetragona= (tetragonal).* _fl._ white; bracts one-half shorter
than the tube of the calyx. _l._ scattered, petiolate, glabrous;
stipules deciduous. _h._ 2ft. 1825. SYNS. _C. ericoides_, _C.
glabra_. (B. R. 409.)

_C. angulata_, _aurea_, and _breviseta_ are other species which
have been introduced, but are not worth house room when that
described above is grown.

=CALYX.= The external whorl of floral leaves.

=CAMARIDIUM= (from _kamara_, an arched roof; in reference to the arched tip of the stigma). ORD. _Orchideæ_. A pretty stove orchid, allied to _Cymbidium_. It thrives best if grown in a shallow basket, or raised above the surface of the pots with sphagnum and broken pots.

=C. ochroleucum= (yellowish-white).* _fl._ yellowish-white. July.
_l._ ligulate. Pseudo-bulbs oblong, compressed, smooth. _h._ 1ft.
Trinidad, 1823. SYN. _Cymbidium ochroleucum_. (B. M. 4141.)

=CAMAROTIS.= _See_ =Sarcochilus=.

=CAMASSIA= (from _Quamash_, so called by the North American Indians, who eat the bulbs). SYN. _Sitocodium_. ORD. _Liliaceæ_. A small genus (two species) of handsome bulbous plants. Perianth of six segments, slightly connected at base, and spreading out horizontally, but not equally. Leaves narrow, about 1ft. long, grooved down the inside. They thrive best in a sheltered, partially-shaded situation, but will do fairly well in almost any ordinary good garden soil. A compost of loam and leaf mould, with a liberal mixture of sharp sand, suits them best. They need not be disturbed for several years; but a top-dressing of rich soil or well-rotted manure may be given yearly. Propagated by offsets and seeds. The plants are so hardy that they ripen seeds in warm situations. These may be sown as soon as ripe, or the following spring, either in a warm situation out of doors, or in pots or boxes, under glass. The young plants make rapid progress, and should remain for at least two years in the seed beds. The best time for final transplanting is in February. Offsets are produced very freely, and should be removed either when in a dormant condition, or just previously to starting into fresh growth, and arranged in clumps or lines, placing a little sand about them.

=C. esculenta= (edible).* Camash or Quamash. _fl._ blue, about
2in. across; racemes loose, ten to twenty-flowered, borne on
stout scapes; perianth six-cleft, the five upper segments close
together, the sixth standing by itself. Summer. _l._ linear, about
1ft. high. Columbia, &c., 1837. The colour of the flowers varies
from a deep blue to nearly white. See Fig. 335. (B. R. 1486.) The
white-flowered form is figured in B. M. 2774, under the name of
_Scilla esculenta flore albo_.

=C. e. Leichtlini= (Leichtlin's).* _fl._ creamy-white, larger than
those of the type, with more numerous nerves in the keel of the
segments of the perianth; racemes longer, and sometimes compound.
Spring. _h._ 2ft. Columbia, 1853. This also differs from the type
in its more robust habit and broader leaves. SYN. _Chlorogalum
Leichtlini_. (B. M. 6287.)

=C. Fraseri= (Fraser's).* _fl._ pale blue, smaller than those of
_C. esculenta_; pedicels and scape much more slender. _l._ narrow,
acute; capsule more acutely angled. _h._ 1ft. Eastern States of
North America. A smaller and more slender plant. (B. M. 1574, as
_Scilla esculenta_.)

=CAMBESSEDESIA= (named after James Cambessedes, coadjutor of Auguste St. Hilaire, in his "Flora Brasiliæ Meridionalis," and author of several botanical memoirs). ORD. _Melastomaceæ_. A genus of elegant, erect, or ascending, dichotomously branched stove shrubs or herbaceous plants. Flowers terminal and axillary, in paniculate cymes; petals five, obovate; calyx bell-shaped. Leaves sessile, opposite or verticillate, obovate, oblong or linear. They thrive best in a compost of peat and sand. Propagated by half-ripened cuttings, which root freely in a similar mixture, if placed in heat and under a hand glass. There are about eight species known to science, but probably that mentioned below is the only one in cultivation.

=C. paraguayensis= (Paraguay). _fl._ rose-red, 2/3in. in diameter,
in terminal corymbose, glandular, hairy panicles. July. _l._ nearly
1in. long, sessile, ovate, acute, three-nerved, pale green, with
entire ciliate margins. Stem annual, herbaceous, leafy. _h._ 10in.
to 18in. 1880. (B. M. 6604.)

=CAMBIUM.= The formative fluid found between the bark and wood of Exogens, in spring.

=CAMBUY FRUIT.= _See_ =Eugenia=.

=CAMELLIA= (named in honour of George Joseph Camellus or Kamel, a Moravian Jesuit and traveller in Asia, who wrote a history of the plants of the Isle of Luzon, which is inserted in the third vol. of John Ray's "Historia Plantarum"). Japanese Rose. Including _Thea._ ORD. _Ternstrœmiaceæ_. A genus of elegant hardy or nearly hardy evergreen shrubs or trees. Flowers large; sepals five or six, gradually passing from bracts into petals, the latter slightly cohering at the base; stamens numerous. Leaves coriaceous. By close attention to a few particulars in the management of these beautiful plants, much disappointment may be avoided, and a succession of flowers obtained from October till the following July. The fact of the buds frequently dropping off, deters many would-be growers from attempting the culture of the Camellia. Dryness of the atmosphere, and want of water at the roots, are generally the primary causes of failure; the remedy for these evils rests with the cultivator. The roots are apt to get matted together, compressing the earth around them into a hard ball, impervious to water; hence attention is necessary to see that the water poured into the pot thoroughly moistens all the soil. In order to form handsome plants, they should be trained with single stems to rods, and pruned, so as to make them throw out side branches from every part of the stem; they must not be placed too close to each other on the stage, or when planted out. A liberal supply of water is always necessary, but especially so during the flowering period. Plants that are required to flower early may remain in the warm house till they commence to blossom, when they should be removed to a cold place, such as the back of a greenhouse, giving them plenty of light. Those kept in a hothouse or vinery during summer, will flower in the beginning or middle of October; and a large plant, having from fifty to one hundred buds, will continue in flower till the month of January. Those that are removed early, will blossom in January, and so succeed the others. The plants that have finished flowering should be brought back to the hothouse, where they will begin to make new wood, and be ready to come in succession next season. By thus shifting the plants from a warm to a cold situation, a regular succession will be secured from October to July. The soil should be kept constantly moist, and in the summer months the leaves occasionally syringed. Camellias flower best when kept in small pots or tubs. In order to raise and exhibit these handsome plants to the best advantage, they should be grown in a separate house, of ample height, as they never look so well as when 6ft. or 8ft. high, trained in a conical form, with branches from the root upwards; and the plants should be raised near to the glass on a movable stage, which should be lowered as they grow. In summer, they may either be placed in the open air in a sheltered spot, or the glass roof of the house can be taken off. The hardier sorts, such as the Double-red, Blush, and Pæony-flowered, succeed in the bed or border of a conservatory, if the roof can be taken off in summer, so as to admit air. If this cannot be managed, they are better grown in portable pots or boxes. The most suitable time for shifting Camellias is directly after flowering; they should then be put into a vinery or hothouse, where there is a little heat; or the warmest part of a greenhouse. They will soon begin to make new wood, where they should be allowed to remain, amply supplied with water, till they form their flower buds, at the extremity and sides of the young growth. A few should then be removed to a cold place, and shaded during strong sunshine. In a few weeks afterwards, others may also be transferred, so as to have a regular succession of flowering plants.

_Propagation._ The red Camellias are generally propagated by layers, but cuttings will also succeed; the single red Camellia being raised by either cuttings, layers, or seeds. This latter forms suitable stocks on which to inarch or graft the rarer kinds. The ripened shoots of the preceding summer should be taken off in August, cutting them smoothly at a joint or bud. Two or three of the lower leaves should be taken off, and the cuttings planted firmly in the soil with a dibble. Some growers use peat earth and sand to strike in, while others prefer a loam mixed with sand and peat. The pans containing the cuttings should be kept in a plant or cold frame, without being covered with glasses, but shaded during powerful sunshine. In the following spring, such as have struck will begin to push, when they need to be placed in a gentle heat. The following September or October, the rooted plants will be fit to pot off, and in the second or third spring they may be used as stocks. Inarching or grafting is done in early spring, as soon as growth commences. When this process is completed, care must be taken to fix the pot containing the stock so that it may not be disturbed during the connection of the scion with the parent plant. The grafting being clayed over, is then covered with moss, to prevent its cracking. When independent grafting is resorted to, the mode called "side grafting" is generally employed, as in the case of Orange-trees; but the operation of tongueing is generally omitted, as tending to weaken the stock. Liquid or other manure is not required; nor is it desirable to apply it, as it often, sooner or later, causes the destruction of the plants. As a rule, insects do not trouble this class of plants; but scale will sometimes appear, and can easily be removed by hand. Thrips occasionally put in an appearance, but a little smoke will quickly get rid of them.

=C. euryoides= (Eurya-like). _fl._ white; peduncles lateral,
one-flowered, scaly. May to July. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
serrated, silky beneath. Branches hairy. _h._ 4ft. China, 1822. (B.
R. 983.)

=C. japonica= (Japanese).* Common Camellia. _fl._ variously
coloured, axillary, sessile. _l._ ovate, acuminate, acutely
serrated. _h._ 20ft. Japan and China, 1739. The innumerable hybrids
are chiefly the offspring of this species. See Fig. 336.

=C. j. anemonæflora= (Anemone-flowered). All, or nearly all, the
stamens, &c., in this variety are transformed into small petaloid
bodies, and the flower has the general aspect of a double Anemone.
See Fig. 337. (B. M. 1654.)

=C. oleifera= (oil-yielding).* _fl._ white, very numerous,
fragrant, solitary. November. _l._ elliptic-oblong, acute,
serrated, coriaceous, shining. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft. China, 1820. See
Fig. 338. (B. R. 942.)

=C. reticulata= (netted-leaved). _fl._ bright rose, large,
semi-double. l. oblong, acuminated, serrated, flat, reticulated.
_h._ 10ft. China, 1824. There is a form of this species with full
double flowers.

=C. theifera= (Tea-bearing). _fl._ white, spreading, of five
sepals and five petals, axillary. November to spring. _l._
elliptical-oblong, obtuse, serrated, more than twice as long as
broad, dark green. _h._ 2ft. to 6ft. China, Japan, and India, 1780.
This species varies very considerably. In different countries,
it has become modified by cultivation. The Green and Black Teas,
formerly supposed to be produced by different species, are obtained
from the same bushes, but subjected to different processes.

Less-known species are: _drupifera_, _lanceolata_, _rosæflora_, and _Sasanqua_.

The true species are rarely seen in cultivation. The following is a selection of the best forms of _C. japonica_; the list is a limited one, and is capable of great extension:

ALBA PLENA,* double white; ARCHIDUCHESSE AUGUSTA, petals deep red,
veined with blue, a white band; ARCHIDUCHESSE MARIE,* flowers
bright red, banded with white, imbricated; AUGUSTE DELFOSSE, bright
reddish-orange, stripes down the centre of petals; AUGUSTINA
SUPERBA,* flowers clear rose, free bloomer; BEALII ROSEA, one of
the best and latest deep crimson varieties known; BICOLOR DE LA
REINE, white and rose; BONOMIANA,* ground colour white, banded
with intense deep red; CARYOPHYLLOIDES,* white, marbled with
rosy-carmine, flowers very large; CHANDLERII ELEGANS,* flowers
large, light rose; COMTE DE GOMER,* petals soft rose, striped
with crimson, beautifully imbricated; COMTE DE PARIS, rich pink,
large and full; CONTESSA LAVINIA MAGGI, pure white, broadly flamed
with rosy-cerise; CONTESSA LAVINIA MAGGI ROSEA, flowers rich
rosy-red, fine form, a superb variety; CORRADINO, rose, veined
with salmon, centre delicate blush pink; COUNTESS OF DERBY,*
beautifully imbricated, white, striped with rose; COUNTESS OF
ELLESMERE,* colour varying from pure white to flesh, streaked with
carnation; COUNTESS OF ORKNEY, pure white, striped with carmine,
sometimes pink, shaded with deep rose; CUP OF BEAUTY,* pure white
and rose, a beautifully imbricated flower; DAVID BOSCHI, clear
pink, shaded with deep rose; DE LA REINE, petals white, striped
with carmine; DONCKELAARII,* large flowers, semi-double, rich
crimson, marbled white; DUCHESSE DE NASSAU,* flowers light pink,
very large, and of superb form; DUCHESS OF BERRY, pure white, and
cupped, beautifully imbricated, one of the most beautiful of all
the double whites; EMPEROR OF RUSSIA, large crimson; FANNY BOLIS,
white, striped and splashed with deep crimson; FIMBRIATA ALBA,*
similar to _Alba plena_, outer petals notched at the edges; GENERAL
CIALDINI, beautifully imbricated, bright carmine, flaked with red;
HENRI FAVRE, flowers rosy-salmon, finely imbricated; HOVEY, C.
H.,* bright crimson, well imbricated; HOVEY, C. M.,* deep velvety
crimson, darkly shaded, very distinct; HOVEY, MRS.,* delicate pink,
very smooth in outline, medium size; IL CYGNO, flowers pure white,
petals Ranunculi-formed and imbricated; IL 22 MARZO, clear rose,
the petals sometimes banded with white; IMBRICATA, deep carmine,
occasionally variegated; JARDIN D'HIVER, a fine variety, flowers
beautifully imbricated, colour bright rose; JEFFERSONII, fine
crimson; JENNY LIND,* flowers imbricated to the extreme centre,
broad, and of good substance, white, striped and marbled with
rose; JUBILEE,* flowers very large, with broad, round, imbricated
petals, white, marbled with rose, centre pure white; LADY HUME'S
BLUSH,* flowers flesh-colour, and of excellent form; LA MAESTOSA,
rose, mottled with white; LEEANA SUPERBA, flowers salmon-red, very
fine; LEON LEGUAY, rich crimson; MADAME AMBROISE VERSCHAFFELT,*
white, shaded with blush, and dotted with red; MADAME LEBOIS,
bright rose, finely imbricated, and of good form; MATHOTIANA,*
flowers brilliant red, and beautifully imbricated, extra fine;
MATHOTIANA ALBA, flowers large, finely imbricated to the centre,
pure white; MONTIRONI,* a fine pure white flower; MRS. ABBEY
WILDER, ivory-white, striped with rose, well imbricated; MRS.
COPE,* white, delicately shaded with pink, and striped with rose;
MRS. DOMBRAIN,* shape and substance excellent, colour beautiful
soft pink; NAPOLEON III., flowers rose, beautifully veined with
deep rose, and edged with pure white; PRINCE ALBERT, white,
beautifully flaked with carmine; PRINCESS BACCIOCCHI,* rich velvety
carmine; PRINCESS FREDERICK WILLIAM,* flowers white, tipped with
bright carmine; QUEEN OF ROSES, flowers delicate rose; REINE DES
BEAUTÉS,* very delicate clear rose, fine form, extra fine variety;
REINE DES FLEURS,* finely imbricated, petals of good substance
and perfect symmetry, colour vermilion-red, flaked occasionally
with white; RUBENS, deep rose-white stripes; SACCOIANA,* a finely
imbricated flower, colour very variable, occasionally clear rose,
at other times spotted with pure white; SARAH FROST, flowers
bright red; STORYI, outer petals bright rose, centre almost white;
TARGIONI, flowers beautifully imbricated, pure white, striped with
cerise; TEUTONIA, flowers sometimes red, at other times white,
but occasionally half red and half white; THOMAS MOORE,* flowers
4-1/2in. across, perfectly round, and well imbricated, petals also
round, and well filled up in the centre, colour rich carmine,
shaded with crimson; TRICOLOR DE MATHOT, flowers red, marbled with
white, semidouble; TRICOLOR IMBRICATA PLENA, blush white, flaked
with carmine and rose; VALTEVAREDA, colour bright rose, often
spotted with snowy white; WILDERII,* soft rose, of excellent form.

1. C. lactiflora.
2. C. rotundifolia Hostii.
3. C. carpathica turbinata.
4. C. carpathica alba.

FIG. 339. GROUP OF CAMPANULAS.]

=CAMOENSIA= (named in honour of Luis Camoens, a celebrated Portuguese poet). ORD. _Leguminosæ_. A genus containing a couple of handsome species. _C. maxima_ is the largest-flowered leguminous plant known. It thrives well in rich loam and leaf mould. Cuttings root in sandy loam, in bottom heat, if placed under a bell glass. It has not yet flowered in this country. The other species has not been introduced.

=C. maxima= (greatest).* _fl._ cream-colour, yellow, 1ft. long, in
short axillary racemes. Angola, 1878. (T. L. S. 25, 36.)

=CAMOMILE.= _See_ =Chamomile=.

=CAMPANEA= (from _campana_, a bell; alluding to the shape of the flowers). ORD. _Gesneraceæ_. Stove herbaceous climbing perennials, the only one at present introduced being _C. grandiflora_. For cultivation, _see_ =Gesnera=.

=C. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* _fl._ in axillary tufts,
at ends of long, axillary, and terminal peduncles; corolla
white, lined and dotted with crimson. June. _l._ opposite, oval,
acuminated, oblique, soft, crenated, stalked. Plant hairy. _h._
2ft. Santa Fé, 1848. (R. H. 1849, 241.)

=CAMPANULA= (diminutive of _campana_, a bell; in reference to the shape of the flowers). Bell-flower; Slipperwort. ORD. _Campanulaceæ_. A genus of mostly perennial--rarely annual or biennial--herbs. Flowers blue or white, for the most part pedunculate, usually racemose, rarely spicate or glomerate. Radical leaves usually different in form from the cauline ones, especially in size. All the species of this genus are elegant when in flower (see Fig. 339), and are very largely grown. The dwarf varieties make excellent subjects for pot culture, rockeries, or the fronts of borders. A rather rich sandy loam, with plenty of drainage, suits these plants. The forms of _C. pyramidalis_ may be kept in cold frames during the winter, and firmly repotted in summer, the crown of the plant being kept just a trifle raised above the soil, or they are at times liable to damp off, through the water lodging around the necks. During hot weather, the pots should be plunged in a bed of ashes. Campanulas are easily raised from seeds, which should be sown in spring.

_General Culture._ As a rule, few plants are so easily cultivated as these. The strong-growing kinds may be grown with the greatest success in ordinary garden soil, well enriched with manure, while the alpine kinds are easily managed on the rockery. Sow seeds of the annuals in April, and of the biennials in June, in the open, or in a cold frame. The perennials are chiefly propagated by dividing the roots, or by young cuttings, in spring--the latter is by far the best method of propagation with many of the species--or by seeds. Those kinds requiring special treatment are particularised, and those suitable to the rockery are so designated. Perennials, except where otherwise mentioned.

=C. Adami= (Adam's). _fl._ bluish, nearly erect, one on the top of
each stem; corolla funnel-shaped. July. _l._ slightly ciliated;
radical ones on long petioles, cuneate-spathulate, coarsely toothed
at the apex; cauline ones sessile, obovate or linear. _h._ 6in.
Caucasus, 1821. Alpine.

=C. Allionii= (Allioni's).* _fl._ usually blue, rarely white,
subnutant, large, solitary. July to September. _l._, radical ones
linear-lanceolate, nearly entire, ciliated; lower ones rosulate,
bluntish. Stem rather pilose. Root creeping. _h._ 3in. to 4in.
Piedmontese Alps, &c., 1820. A little gem, requiring a well-drained
position, in rich sandy loam, with plenty of grit in it, and an
abundance of moisture when growing. SYNS. _C. alpestris_ and _C.
nana_. (B. M. 6588.)

=C. alpestris= (rocky). A synonym of _C. Allionii_.

=C. alpina= (alpine).* _fl._ deep blue, few or numerous,
scattered in a pyramidal manner along the whole stem. July. _l._
linear-lanceolate, repandly-crenate, woolly; radical ones crowded,
narrowed at the base. Stem glabrous or woolly. _h._ 3in. to 9in.
Europe, 1779. Rockery. (B. M. 957.)

=C. americana= (American). _fl._ erect, one to three from the axil
of each bract; corollas blue, a little longer than the calycine
lobes. July. _l._, radical ones rosulate, ovate, acute, a little
cordate, petiolate, serrated; cauline ones ovate-lanceolate,
acuminated at both ends, serrulated. _h._ 3ft. to 6ft. North
America, 1763. Borders.

=C. barbata= (bearded).* _fl._ nutant, disposed in a loose, often
secund raceme; pedicels one-flowered, rising from the axils of
the superior leaves; corolla pale blue or white (in the variety
_alba_), glabrous outside, but woolly in the mouth. June. _l._
villous, nearly entire; radical ones crowded, lanceolate; cauline
ones few, ligulate. _h._ 6in. to 18in. European Alps, 1752. This is
best grown on the rockery. The white variety is very handsome. (B.
M. 1258.)

=C. Barrelierii= (Barrelier's). A synonym of _C. fragilis_.

=C. betonicæfolia= (Betony-leaved).* _fl._ terminal and axillary,
the branchlets usually bearing three; corollas purplish-blue, with
a pale yellow base, tubular. May. _l._ elliptic-oblong or ovate,
acute, crenate-toothed; radical ones shortly petiolate. Stems much
branched. Plant pilose. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Mount Olympus in Bithynia,
1820. Borders. (S. F. G. 210.)

=C. bononiensis= (Bononian).* _fl._ bluish-violet, rather small,
numerous, disposed in long racemes. July. _l._ serrulated, ovate,
acuminate, dark green above, pale beneath; radical ones cordate,
petiolate; upper ones stem-clasping. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Europe,
1773. Borders. There is also a very showy white-flowered variety.

=C. cæspitosa= (tufted).* _fl._ drooping, terminal, solitary, and
sometimes three to four at the top of each stem; corollas deep blue
or pure white (in the variety _alba_). May to August. _l._, radical
ones crowded, on short petioles, ovate, glandularly toothed,
shining. Stems numerous, tufted. Root fibrous, creeping. _h._ 4in.
to 6in. Temperate parts of Europe, 1813. Rockery, delighting in
rich fibrous loam and leaf mould.

=C. carpathica= (Carpathian).* _fl._ blue, broadly campanulate,
disposed in loose panicles, on long peduncles, which are elongated,
naked, and terminated by an erect flower. June to August. _l._,
lower ones on long petioles, ovate-roundish, cordate, toothed;
upper ones on short petioles, ovate, acute. Stems leafy, branched.
_h._ 9in. Transylvania, 1774. Borders or rockery. See Fig. 340. (B.
M. 117.)

=C. c. alba= (white).* _fl._ quite white, otherwise like the type.
See Fig. 339.

=C. c. pelviformis= (pelvis-formed).* _fl._ lilac, nearly 2in.
across, numerously produced in lax panicles on much-branched stems,
9in. to 18in. high; fragrant. August. _l._ ovate, cordate, toothed.
A distinct seedling from _C. c. turbinata_. See Fig. 341.

=C. C. turbinata= (top-shaped).* _fl._ nearly 2in. across, erect;
corolla deep purple, campanulate. Summer. _l._ ovate, rigid,
greyish-green, toothed, and pointed, with cordate bases, in stiff
tufts. Stems short, erect. _h._ 6in. to 12in. Transylvania,
1868. Borders or rockery. See Figs. 339 and 342. There is also a
desirable variety named _pallida_, with very pale purple flowers.

=C. c. t. Hendersoni= (Henderson's). _fl._ rich mauve, in large
pyramidal racemes, rather open. July to September. _l._, lower ones
cordate, or ovate cordate, slightly crenulated, on long stalks;
upper ones oblong, sessile. _h._ 1ft. Very handsome hybrid for
borders.

=C. caucasica= (Caucasian). _fl._ few, terminal and axillary,
drooping; corollas glabrous outside, but bearded inside, of a
violaceous-blue colour. July. _l._ crenulated; lower ones obovate,
obtuse, petiolate; upper ones lanceolate, sessile. Stems erect,
branched, terete, scabrous, pilose. _h._ 6in. to 9in. Caucasus,
1804. Rockery; very pretty.

=C. celtidifolia= (Nettle-tree-leaved).* A synonym of _C.
lactiflora_.

=C. cenisia= (Mont Cenis).* _fl._ deep blue, solitary, terminal,
erect. June. _l._ entire; radical ones rosulate, obovate, obtuse;
cauline ones ovate-oblong. Stems numerous, glabrous, or slightly
pilose. _h._ 3in. Italy, &c., 1775. A rare little rockery gem,
requiring a deep gritty loam and leaf soil, between stones. (A. F.
P. 3, 6.)

=C. Cervicaria.= Throatwort. _fl._ blue, pilose outside; heads
terminal, round, bracteate. July. _l._ crenately serrated; radical
ones linear-lanceolate, bluntish, on short petioles; cauline ones
linear-acuminated. Stem simple. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Mountains of
Europe, 1768. Biennial. Borders. (L. B. C. 452.)

=C. collina= (hill).* _fl._ deep blue, funnel-shaped, few, secund,
disposed in a long raceme. July. _l._, lower ones on long petioles,
ovate-oblong, crenulated; middle ones lanceolate; upper ones
linear-acuminated. Stems simple, rather pilose. _h._ 1ft. Caucasus,
1803. Borders. (B. M. 927.)

=C. colorata= (coloured). _fl._ purple; corolla tubular, velvety;
peduncles elongated, terminal and axillary. September. _l._
scattered, lanceolate, acute, repandly denticulated. Stem branched,
downy. Sikkim Himalayas, 1849. This requires frame protection
during winter. (B. M. 4555.)

=C. dichotoma= (forked). _fl._ bluish-purple, with a paler tube,
drooping, terminal, solitary in the forks of the branches and stem.
July. _l._, cauline ones ovate, acute, a little crenated. Stem
erect, with dichotomous branches. Plant clothed with stiff hairs.
_h._ 6in. South-western Europe, 1820. Annual. Borders. (S. F. G.
211.)

=C. drabifolia= (Draba-leaved). _fl._ pedicellate, opposite the
leaves; corolla inflated, with a white tube and a violaceous-blue
limb. July. _l._ elliptic-oblong, toothed. Stem many times forked,
slightly erect. Plant hispid. _h._ 3in. Island of Samos, 1823.
Annual. Rockery. (S. F. G. 215.)

=C. Elatines= (Elatine).* _fl._ scattered over the upper part of
the plant, sometimes racemose, and sometimes panicled; corollas
bluish-purple. June to August. _l._ cordate, coarsely and acutely
toothed, ovate-acute; lower ones roundish. Stem branched. Plant
downy. _h._ 3in. to 6in. Piedmont, 1823. Rockery. (A. F. P. 3, 7.)

=C. Erinus= (Erinus).* _fl._ terminal and axillary, situated
in the angles of the forks of the branches; corollas of a pale
bluish-rose-colour, or white, pilose at the base, tubular. May to
August. _l._ obovate or ovate, toothed. Stem much branched. Plant
hispid. _h._ 3in. to 9in. Europe, 1768. Annual. Rockery. (S. F. G.
214.)

=C. excisa= (excised). _fl._ drooping; stem one-flowered; corollas
blue, funnel-shaped. June. _l._ entire, or remotely-denticulated,
linear-acuminated. Stems numerous, erect, slender, simple, naked at
top. _h._ 3in. to 6in. Switzerland and Transylvania, 1820. Rockery.
A rare species, requiring to be treated like _cenisia_. (L. B. C.
561.)

=C. floribunda= (many-flowered). A synonym of _C. isophylla_.

=C. fragilis= (fragile).* _fl._ clear lilac-purple, white in
the centre, solitary or in pairs, axillary, erect, or nearly
so, on spreading branches. July and August. _l._, radical ones
reniform, or roundish-cordate, rather deeply lobed; cauline ones
broadly-ovate, slightly cordate, all stalked. _h._ 4in. to 6in.
South Italy. SYN. _C. Barrelierii_. (B. M. 6504.)

=C. garganica= (Gargano).* _fl._ axillary, in fascicles; corollas
blue, rotate, deeply five-lobed. May to September. _l._, radical
ones reniform, on long petioles; cauline ones cordate, all
crenately toothed, downy. _h._ 3in. to 6in. Italy, 1832. An
extremely variable species. Rockery, in rich sandy loam. (B. R.
1768.)

=C. glomerata= (clustered).* _fl._ sessile, disposed in terminal
heads on the branches and stems; corollas bluish-violet or
white, glabrous, except the nerves outside, funnel-shaped.
May to September. _l._ serrulated; radical ones ovate, acute;
bracts ovate, acuminated. Stems simple, or branched. _h._ 1ft.
to 2ft. Britain, &c. Borders. See Fig. 343. (Sy. En. B. 866.) A
double-flowered variety, and also a white-flowered form, are very
desirable. There are numerous varieties of this species which are
frequently described as distinct species. The following are among
the number:

=C. g. cervicaroides= (Cervicaria-like). _fl._ bluish-violet,
terminal and axillary. Lower leaves on long petioles. Stem
flexuous, hairy.

=C. g. elliptica= (elliptical). _fl._ blue, large, capitate. _l._
on long petioles, elliptic; bracts large, often longer than the
flowers.

=C. g. nicæensis= (Nice). _fl._ bluish-violet, disposed in short,
dense spikes. _l._ approximate, ovate, acute, sessile.

=C. g. pusilla= (diminutive).* _fl._ few, capitate. _l._ round,
cordate. _h._ 1in. to 2in. In addition to these, there are
_aggregata_ and _speciosa_ (= _dahurica_). The latter is an
excellent variety, with large heads of deep-coloured flowers.

=C. grandiflora= (large-flowered). _See_ =Platycodon grandiflorum=.

=C. grandis= (large).* _fl._ pale violet-blue, broadly bell-shaped,
with large pointed divisions, axillary and alternate, on the upper
part of the stem. June. _l._ sessile, lanceolate, serrated. Stem
simple, furrowed. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Siberia, 1842. Borders. There
is also a very showy white-flowered variety named _alba_.

=C. haylodgensis= (Hay Lodge). _fl._ light blue, rather open,
bell-shaped, few, at the ends of the stems. August. _l._,
radical ones tufted, roundish-cordate, with the margins slightly
indented; cauline ones ovate-cordate, conspicuously toothed, light
green. _h._ 6in. to 9in. Rockery. This is a hybrid, raised by
Mr. Anderson-Henry, Hay Lodge, Edinburgh, probably between _C.
carpathica_ and _C. pusilla_.

=C. hederacea= (Ivy-like). _See_ =Wahlenbergia hederacea=.

=C. Hostii= (Host's).* A synonym of _C. rotundifolia Hostii_.

=C. isophylla= (equal-leaved).* _fl._ numerous, erect, disposed
in a corymb; corolla lilac-blue, with a grey centre, large,
salver-shaped, deeply five-lobed. August. _l._ broadly ovate,
cordate, and toothed. Stems firm. North Italy, 1868. Borders and
rockery. SYN. _C. floribunda_. (B. M. 5745.)

C. i. alba (white).* _fl._ pure white; in other respects like the
species. It is a charming rockery plant, flowering very freely.

=C. laciniata= (cut-leaved). _fl._ long-stalked, in lax panicles.
Stem erect, branchy, somewhat hairy. _h._ 1ft. Islands in Grecian
Archipelago, 1790. This biennial species is impatient of much
moisture during winter, and is therefore best kept in a cold frame.
See Fig. 344.

=C. lactiflora= (milk-coloured-flowered).* _fl._ in loose panicles;
peduncles erect, short, usually three-flowered; corollas erect,
milk-coloured, tinged with blue, or quite blue, as in the variety
named _cœrulea_. July to September. _l._ sessile. ovate-lanceolate,
acutely serrated. Stems branched. _h._ 2ft. to 6ft. Caucasus, 1814.
Borders. SYN. _C. celtidifolia_. See Fig. 339. (B. R. 241.)

=C. Langsdorffiana= (Langsdorff's). _fl._ blue, either solitary or
in few-flowered panicles, not unlike those of _C. rotundifolia_.
_l._ either entire or toothed. _h._ 3in. to 9in. Mountains of
Northern Asia and America. Perennial. See Fig. 345.

=C. latifolia= (broad-leaved). _fl._ disposed in spicate racemes;
peduncles erect, one-flowered; corolla blue, but sometimes white
(in the variety _alba_) campanulately funnel-shaped, large. July.
_l._ large, doubly serrated; radical ones petiolate, cordate,
ovate-oblong; cauline ones sessile, ovate-acuminated. Stems simple,
smooth. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Britain. (Sy. En. B. 868.)

=C. l. eriocarpa= (woolly-fruited). _fl._, tube of calyx very
hispid. _l._ less acuminated. Stem and leaves pilose and pale.
Caucasus, 1823. Borders.

=C. l. macrantha= (large-flowered).* _fl._, corollas purplish-blue,
larger than those of the type. Stem and leaves rather pilose; teeth
of leaves more distinct. A hybrid. Borders.

=C. Loefflingii= (Lœffling's). _fl._ solitary, terminating the
naked branchlets, loosely panicled, drooping; corolla blue or
violaceous, with a deeper-coloured zone beneath the middle,
white at the base, both inside and out, funnel-shaped. July.
_l._ crenulated; lower ones ovate-reniform; superior ones ovate,
stem-clasping. Stem much branched. Annual. _h._ 6in. to 18in.
South-west Europe, 1818. (B. R. 29, 19.)

=C. Loreyi= (Lorey's). A synonym of _C. ramosissima_.

=C. lyrata= (lyrate). _fl._ disposed in a long, many-flowered,
loose raceme; corolla blue, tubular, with rather pilose nerves.
June. _l._, lower ones petiolate, cordate, ovate, acute, crenated;
superior ones sessile, ovate-lanceolate, serrate-toothed. Stem
branched. Eastern Europe, Levant, &c., 1823. Borders.

=C. macrostyla= (large-styled). _fl._ dull purple, reticulated with
violet, solitary, on stout stalks; hairy towards the base. July.
_l._, lower ones ovate-oblong, acute; upper ones ovate-lanceolate,
recurved, small for the size of the plant, hispid on both surfaces,
and ciliated with bristles. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Taurus Mountains.
Annual. Borders. The rigid habit, bristly, almost prickly, stem
and leaves, curious calyx appendages, short gaping corolla, and
wonderful stigma, mark this as the most singular Campanula hitherto
introduced. See Fig. 346.

=C. Medium= (middle-sized).* Canterbury Bells. _fl._ numerous,
large, disposed in racemes; corolla blue, purple, and white,
campanulate, inflated, single and double. July. _l._ sessile,
ovate-lanceolate, crenately toothed. Stem erect, branched. _h._
1ft. to 4ft. South Europe, 1597. See Fig. 347. A well-known and
very handsome biennial, of which there are numerous varieties.
Borders.

=C. muralis= (wall).* A synonym of _C. Portenschlagiana_.

=C. nana= (dwarf). A synonym of _C. Allionii_.

=C. nitida= (shining).* _fl._ blue or white, disposed in spicate
racemes; corolla campanulately rotate. Summer. _l._ in rosettes,
leathery, very dark and shining green, oblong, crenated; cauline
ones linear-lanceolate, almost entire. Stem simple. _h._ 3in. to
9in. North America, 1731. Borders. There are also double blue and
white flowered forms of this species. SYN. _C. planiflora_.

=C. nobilis= (noble).* _fl._ drooping, crowded towards the
ends of the branchlets; corollas reddish-violet, or white, or
cream-coloured, spotted, 3in. or more long. July. _l._ hairy; lower
ones petiolate, ovate, toothed; upper ones lanceolate, nearly or
quite sessile. _h._ 2ft. China, 1844. Borders. (B. R. 32, 65.)
There is also a white-flowered variety.

=C. patula= (spreading). _fl._ panicled, terminal, and axillary, on
long pedicels, large, erect; corollas blue or white, funnel-shaped.
July. _l._, radical ones crowded, obovate, crenated; cauline ones
linear-lanceolate, sessile, nearly entire. Stems branched. Branches
diverging. Europe. Borders. (Sy. En. B. 873.)

=C. peregrina= (foreign).* _fl._ disposed in a dense spicate
raceme, sessile; corollas of a dark violet colour at the base,
not so deep in the middle, and paler towards the margins,
funnel-shaped. July. _l._ crenated; lower ones obovate; superior
ones ovate, acute. Stem simple, angular. _h._ 2ft. Mount Lebanon,
1794. Borders. (B. M. 1257.)

=C. persicæfolia= (Peach-leaved).* _fl._ terminal and axillary,
pedunculate, solitary, inclined, racemose; corollas blue and all
the intermediate shades to white, large, broadly campanulate. July.
_l._ glabrous, stiff, crenulated; radical ones lanceolate-obovate;
cauline ones linear-lanceolate. Stems nearly simple. _h._ 1ft. to
3ft. Britain. (Sy. En. B. 871.) The forms of _C. persicæfolia_ are
very numerous in gardens. The following are well worth growing:
_alba_, pure white, single-flowered; _alba coronata_, pure white,
semi-double; _alba fl.-pl._, flowers very double and Camellia-like,
constituting one of the best hardy flowers for cutting; _cærulea
coronata_, blue, in form like the white; _cærulea fl.-pl._, flowers
semi-double.

=C. phrygia= (Phrygian). _fl._, corolla bluish-violet,
spreading, having the nerves more intensely coloured. July. _l._
ovate-lanceolate, crenated; lower ones obtuse, upper acute. Stem
branched. Branches very naked, divaricate, each terminating in
a single flower. _h._ 3in. to 6in. Mount Olympus, 1820. Rockery
annual.

=C. planiflora= (flat-flowered). A synonym of _C. nitida_.

=C. Portenschlagiana= (Portenschlag's).* _fl._ light blue-purple,
erect, or nearly so, bell-shaped, with spreading segments, several
at the ends of the shoots, and one or two in the upper axils.
June, July. _l._, radical ones broadly reniform, conspicuously but
irregularly toothed, on long slender petioles; cauline ones passing
from reniform to ovate. _h._ 6in. to 9in. South Europe. Rockery.
SYN. _C. muralis_. (B. R. 1995.)

=C. primulæfolia= (Primula-leaved). _fl._ disposed in a spicate
raceme; corolla blue or purple, with a whitish downy bottom,
campanulately rotate, nearly glabrous. July. _l._ unequally and
doubly crenated; radical ones lanceolate, bluntish; cauline ones
ovate-oblong, acute. Stem hispid, simple. _h._ 1ft. to 3ft.
Portugal. Borders. (B. M. 4879.)

=C. pulla= (russet).* _fl._ terminal, large for the size of the
plant; corollas violaceous-blue, campanulate. June. _l._ glabrous,
crenulately toothed; lower ones on short petioles, ovate-roundish;
superior ones sessile, ovate, acute. Stems rarely pilose at the
base. _h._ 3in. to 6in. Eastern Europe, 1779. Rockery, in rich
sandy peat and leaf soil. (L. B. C. 554.)

=C. pumila= (dwarf). A synonym of _C. pusilla_.

=C. punctata= (dotted). _fl._ whitish, spotted with red on the
inner surface; large, pendulous. _l._ ovate-acute, somewhat
crenate. Stem simple, erect, few-flowered. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Siberia,
Japan, &c. Border perennial. See Fig. 348.

=C. pusilla= (small).* _fl._ axillary and terminal at the upper
part of the slender stems, pendulous, bell-shaped, passing from
deep blue to white. July, August. _l._, radical ones tufted,
broadly ovate or roundish, slightly cordate, obtusely serrated, on
petioles longer than the laminæ; cauline ones linear-lanceolate,
distinctly toothed, sessile. _h._ 4in. to 6in. Southern Europe.
SYN. _C. pumila_. (B. M. 512.) There is a pale-coloured variety
named _pallida_, and a pure white variety named _alba_, both
of which, as well as the species, are most desirable for the
embellishment of rockeries, or for planting in sandy soil as a
front line for a border.

=C. pyramidalis= (pyramidal).* Chimney Bell-flower. _fl._ very
numerous, pedicellate, usually three together from the same bract,
the whole disposed in a large pyramidal raceme, which is loose at
the base; corollas pale blue or white, with a dark base. July.
_l._ glandularly toothed; lower ones petiolate, ovate-oblong,
somewhat cordate; cauline ones sessile, ovate-lanceolate. Stem
nearly simple, but furnished with floriferous branchlets. _h._ 4ft.
to 5ft. Europe, 1596. See Figs. 349 and 350. There are several
excellent varieties, but the light and dark blue and white are the
best. Borders, and for pot culture.

=C. Raineri= (Rainer's).* _fl._ blue, erect; corolla turbinate.
June. _l._ almost sessile, ovate, tomentose, remotely serrated;
lower ones the smallest, obovate. Stems erect, firm, branched.
Branches one-flowered, leafy. _h._ 2in. to 3in. Switzerland, Italy,
&c., 1826. A beautiful little alpine, requiring a warm position in
rich gritty soil; it must be religiously protected against slugs.
(F. d. S. 1908.)