Chapter M: A. S. Salm-Dyck. Monographia generum Aloes et Mesembryanthemi (18)

=A. hispida= (bristly). _fl._ white, with a red border and a
tinge of red on the tube, which is wide and scarcely longer
than the segments, very clammy, leafy; stamens ten. July. _l._
long-lanceolate, hispid above, and smooth beneath, glaucous on both
surfaces, ciliated on the margins, and having the nerve bristly
beneath. Branches straight, and very hispid. _h._ 10ft. to 15ft.
New York, &c., 1734. A hardy deciduous species. (W. D. B. 1, 6.)

=A. ledifolia= (Ledum-leaved).* _fl._ pure white, showy; corolla
campanulate; in threes at the extremities of the branches; calyx
erect, glandular, and viscid. March. _l._ elliptic-lanceolate. _h._
2ft. to 6ft. China, 1819. The whole shrub is very hairy. Hardy;
evergreen. SYN. _A. liliiflora_. See Fig. 197. (B. M. 2901.)

=A. liliiflora= (lily-flowered). Synonymous with _A. ledifolia_.

=A. nudiflora= (naked-flowered).* _fl._ in terminal clustered
racemes, appearing before the leaves, rather naked, not
clammy; tube of corolla longer than the segments; teeth of
calyx short, rather rounded; stamens much exserted. June. _l._
lanceolate-oblong, nearly smooth and green on both surfaces,
ciliated on the margins, having the midrib bristly beneath, and
woolly above. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. North America, 1734. This species
hybridises very freely with _A. calendulacea_, _A. pontica_, _A.
viscosa_, &c., and descriptive lists of a host of hybrids of almost
every conceivable shade, both double and single, are to be found in
continental and home catalogues, to which the reader is referred.
Hardy. (W. F. A., t. 36.)

=A. pontica= (Pontic).* _fl._ leafy, clammy; corolla funnel-shaped;
stamens very long. May. _l._ shining, ovate, oblong, pilose,
ciliated. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. Levant, Caucasus, &c., 1793. The
varieties of this species are also numerous, differing principally
in the colour of the flowers and the hue of the leaves. The flowers
are of all shades, and frequently striped. The name generally
adopted, as above, must not be confounded with _Rhododendron
ponticum_. If the genus _Azalea_ is merged into Rhododendron, as is
done by most systematists, this plant must be called by Don's name,
_Rhododendron flavum_. (I. H. 1864, 415.)

=A. procumbens= (procumbent). _See_ =Loiseleria procumbens=.

=A. speciosa= (showy).* _fl._ scarlet and orange coloured; corolla
silky, with obtuse, ciliated, lanceolate, undulated segments; calyx
pubescent. May. _l._ lanceolate, ciliated, acute at both ends.
Branches hairy. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. North America. The varieties
of above are several, varying in the shape of the leaves and the
colour of the flowers. (L. B. C. 1255)

=A. viscosa= (clammy).* _fl._ white, sweet-scented, in terminal
clusters, downy, clammy, leafy; tube of corolla as long as the
segments. July. _l._ oblong-ovate, acute, smooth, and green on both
surfaces, ciliated on the margins, having the midrib bristly. _h._
2ft. to 4ft. North America, 1734. Like nearly all species belonging
to this genus, the varieties are many, varying in the colour of the
flowers and otherwise. (T. S. M. 438.)

=A. v. nitida= (shining).* _fl._ white, tinged with red, clammy,
leafy; tube of corolla a little longer than the segments. April.
_l._ oblanceolate, rather mucronate, leathery, smooth on both
surfaces, shining above, having the nerve bristly beneath, with
revolute, ciliated margins. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. New York, 1812.
Hardy; deciduous. (B. R. 5, 414.)

_Indian or Chinese Azaleas._ This is a section of greenhouse evergreen varieties obtained from _A. indica_ (which _see_), blooming continuously from November to June, or even later, and of the greatest value for all purposes, whether for decoration, cutting, or exhibition. Cultivation: Thorough drainage is essential, and a compost of half peat, the other half made up of fibrous loam, leaf soil, and sand, in equal quantities. They cannot have too much light and air, and may be grown to almost any size by shifting from one pot to a size larger. In repotting, the whole of the crocks should be taken away from the base of the ball of soil and roots, and the top should also be removed till the fine roots are reached. The plant should then be put in the new pot, and the additional soil rammed firm, in order to prevent the water running through it, and thus depriving the plant of any benefit therefrom. In all cases, the roots near the stem must be above the soil, so that the water may not sink in next the stem, or death will most certainly ensue. After potting, for a few days the plants should be kept close and freely syringed, and as the growth is completed, they may be well hardened off. The best time for potting is after flowering, before the new growth has been made. From October to June the plants should be in the greenhouse, and during the other months in a cold frame, or plunged in pots in the open; or, what is preferable in favoured localities, planted out in prepared beds; they will thus be kept cleaner, and the growth will be much superior. In autumn they may be lifted and repotted, placing in a shady position for a few days. Water in abundance must be given throughout the blooming and growing season; and the plants must, on no account, be allowed to become dry. At the same time, a proper amount of care is most essential, as an excessive amount of moisture is equally as fatal as drought. Cuttings should be placed in sand under a bell glass with moderate bottom heat; half-ripened ones are preferable. They must be cut up to a joint--the base of a leaf--the lower leaves for an inch stripped off, and the stem stuck into the sand, which should lay, about an inch thick, on the top of sandy peat soil; the bottom of the cuttings should reach, but not go quite into, the soil. The whole should be covered with a bell glass, which must be wiped dry every morning. Soon after the cuttings have commenced growing, place them in small pots. They are also very largely and easily increased by grafting; indeed, this is the only satisfactory method of securing standards. Seeds may be sown similar to the last section, but in the greenhouse, and, when well up, pricked out into little pots 1in. apart. Azaleas are liable to the attacks of thrips and red spider, the latter being especially troublesome if the plants are in a dry position; frequent syringing will materially help to eradicate both pests. If insufficient, syringe with a solution of Gishurst's Compound.

=A. amœna= (pleasing). _fl._ almost campanulate, rich crimson,
about 1-1/2in. across, hose-in-hose conformation, produced in great
profusion. April. _l._ small, size of the common Box, hairy. _h._
1ft. China. This is an elegant little neat and compact growing
shrub, which has proved to be quite hardy in England. (B. M.
4728.) A very beautiful series of hybrids have been obtained by
crossing this species with _A. indica_, which are most serviceable
and free. The following are most desirable: LADY MUSGRAVE, light
carmine; MISS BUIST, pure white; MRS. CARMICHAEL, rich magenta,
shaded crimson; PRIME MINISTER, soft pink, deep shaded, very free;
PRINCESS BEATRICE, light mauve, very distinct and free; PRINCESS
MAUDE, rich magenta, rose shaded.

=A. indica= (Indian).* _fl._ campanulate, terminal, solitary or
twin; calycine teeth long-lanceolate, obtuse, ciliated, spreading.
_l._ cuneate-lanceolate, finely crenelated, covered with sharp,
close-pressed rigid hairs, attenuated at both ends. Branches
also covered with sharp, close-pressed, rigid hairs. _h._ 3ft.
to 6ft. China, 1808. See Fig. 198. There are a great number of
garden seedlings of the Indian Azalea, including every shade and
colour. A selection to any extent may be made from the nurserymen's
catalogues, but, for the guidance of the amateur, we have made a
rigid selection of the best double and single varieties.

_Double-Flowered_: A. BORSIG, pure white; ALICE, rich deep
rose, blotched with vermilion, very fine; BERNARD ANDRÉ, dark
violet-purple, large, semi-double; CHARLES LEIRENS, dark salmon,
good form and substance; COMTESSE EUGENIE DE KERCHOVE, white,
flaked with red-carmine, semi-double; DOMINIQUE VERVAENE, bright
orange, very fine; DR. MOORE, deep rose, with white and violet
shading, very fine; EMPEREUR DE BRÉSIL, rich rose, banded white,
the upper petals marked red; FRANCIS DEVOS, deep crimson;
IMBRICATA, pure white, sometimes flaked with rose; MADAME IRIS
LEFEBVRE, dark orange, shaded with bright violet, and blotched with
chocolate; PRESIDENT GHELLINCK DE WALLE, intense rose, upper petals
blotched with lake, and crimson-rayed; SOUVENIR DE PRINCE ALBERT,
rich rose peach, broadly margined with pure white, very free and
beautiful.

_Single-Flowered_: CHARMER, rich amaranth, very large; COMTESSE
DE BEAUFORT, rich rose, the upper petals blotched with crimson;
CRITERION, rich salmon pink, white-margined; DUC DE NASSAU, rich
rosy-purple, very free and large; ECLATANTE, deep crimson, rose
shaded; FANNY IVERY, deep salmon-scarlet, blotched magenta, very
fine; FLAMBEAU, rich glowing crimson, extremely showy; JOHN GOULD
VEITCH, lilac-rose, netted and bordered white, and blotched with
saffron, very showy; LA SUPERBE, rich lake, bordered orange,
and black spotted, a very fine variety; LA VICTOIRE, centre
reddish, white towards the edge, the upper petals spotted with
maroon-crimson; LOUIS VON BADEN, pure white, a grand variety;
MADAME CHARLES VAN ECKHAUTE, pure white, with beautifully crisped
edges, of excellent form and substance; MADAME VAN HOUTTE, richly
flaked with carmine and rose, very large and free; MARQUIS OF
LORNE, brilliant scarlet, of the finest form and substance; MRS.
TURNER, bright pink, white-margined, and spotted with crimson;
PRESIDENT VAN DEN HECKE, white, striped and speckled with crimson,
with a yellow centre; PRINCESS ALICE, pure white, one of the best;
REINE DES PAYS-BAS, rich violet-pink, margined with white; ROI
D'HOLLANDE, dark blood-red, spotted with black; SIGISMUND RUCKER,
rich rose, white bordered, with crimson blotches; WILSON SAUNDERS,
pure white, striped and blotched with vivid red, very fine.

=A. mollis= (soft). Synonymous with _A. sinensis_.

=A. sinensis= (Chinese). _fl._ campanulate, downy, flame coloured;
stamens equal in length to the petals. May. _l._ slowly deciduous,
elliptic, acutish, pilosely pubescent, feather-nerved, with
ciliated margins, greyish beneath. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. China and
Japan. A large number of seedlings and hybrids from this species
are in cultivation, known under the name of Japanese Azaleas, and
all are valuable for the decoration of the cool conservatory, or
for outdoor work. SYN. _A. mollis_. (L. B. C. 885.)

=AZARA= (in honour of J. N. Azara, a Spanish promoter of science, but of botany in particular). ORD. _Bixineæ_. Showy evergreen, hardy and half-hardy shrubs, with alternate, simple, stalked stipulate leaves, and fragrant flowers. They thrive well in a compost of loam, leaf soil, and sand. Ripened cuttings root readily if placed in sand, under glass, in slight heat. It is believed that all the species enumerated will prove hardy if a slight winter protection in midland and northern counties be afforded. This precaution will be unnecessary in more southern parts.

=A. dentata= (toothed). _fl._ yellow; corymbs sessile,
few-flowered. June. _l._ ovate, serrated, scabrous, tomentose
beneath; stipules leafy, unequal in size. _h._ 12ft. Chili, 1830.
(B. R. 1728.)

=A. Gillesii= (Gilles').* _fl._ bright yellow; panicles axillary,
densely packed. Spring. _l._ large, Holly-like, ovate, coarsely
toothed, smooth. _h._ 15ft. Chili, 1859. (B. M. 5178.)

=A. integrifolia= (entire-leaved).* _fl._ yellow, on numerous
short axillary spikes, of an aromatic fragrance. Autumn. _l._
obovate or oblong, entire, smooth; stipules equal, permanent. _h._
18ft. Chili (about Conception), 1832. The variegated-leaved form,
although rare, is very ornamental. The variegation consists of
greenish-yellow, with a blotch of dark green, and in a young state
edged with deep pink.

=A. microphylla= (small-leaved).* _fl._ greenish, corymbose,
succeeded by numerous small orange-coloured berries. Autumn. _l._
small, distichous, obovate, obtuse, dark-shining green. _h._ 12ft.
Chiloe and Valdavia, 1873. This shrub is very ornamental as a
standard, and also excellent for covering walls. Quite hardy. See
Fig. 199, for which we are indebted to Messrs. Veitch and Sons.

=BABIANA= (from _babianer_, the Dutch for baboon; in reference to the bulbs being eaten by baboons). ORD. _Iridaceæ_. A genus of very ornamental bulbous plants confined to the Cape of Good Hope, with the exception of a single species, which is found in Socotra. Flowers occasionally fragrant, and generally characterised by their rich self-colours, or the striking contrast of very distinct hues in the same flower; perianth regular and symmetrical, with six ovate divisions (tube varying in length). Stems from 6in. to 9in. high, arising from a small bulb-like corm, and bearing tapering plaited leaves, which are usually more or less densely covered with long hairs; the scapes are racemose, each bearing about six or more simultaneously expanding flowers. They may be successfully grown in pots. By this plan there is, perhaps, less danger of loss, and their flowering season can be prolonged considerably. A light sandy compost, with a small proportion of well-decayed manure, is required, and thorough drainage is also most essential. Use 48 or 60-sized pots, placing four or five corms in the former, and two or three in the latter, and keep moderately dry until they commence to form roots. October is the best time to pot. As soon as the plants appear above ground, water may be carefully given, and the supply proportionately increased as the plants develop. Very weak liquid manure, applied twice a week, just as the spikes are pushing up, will be beneficial. When the flowers fade, and the stems show signs of decay, the supply of water must be gradually decreased, thus inducing the thorough maturation of the corms, upon which the next season's display depends. When quite down, store the pots in a dry place till the time for repotting arrives, when the corms should be carefully cleaned, and all offsets separated, the latter being potted up in the same way as the parent corms in order to produce flowering specimens; or they may be kept in a pot of sand and planted in a warm border outside in March. Outdoor culture: A sheltered, sunny, and well-drained situation is most essential to success. Although not absolutely necessary, it is preferable to replant every year in early spring, placing the bulbs about 5in. or 6in. deep, with a little sand sprinkled about them. Planting may, of course, be done in autumn, when it will be necessary to cover with cocoa nut fibre refuse to the depth of 5in. or 6in. In warm, sheltered situations, the corms may remain undisturbed; but, as a rule, it is desirable to remove them late in autumn, when the leaves are dead, and store them in dry sand through the winter in a cool, airy position, free of frost. Mixed Babianas may be purchased from dealers at a cheap rate, and, for general purposes, they are best to plant. Propagation may be effected by offsets and seeds. The former is the best and quickest method. The offsets should be grown in boxes or planted out in light rich soil until large enough for flowering. Seeds sown in pans, and placed in a gentle heat, will grow at almost any time; the young plants will require to be carefully transplanted each season until they develop into blooming corms.

=B. cœrulescens= (bluish). Synonymous with _B. plicata_.

=B. disticha= (two-ranked).* _fl._ with a Hyacinth-like fragrance;
perianth pale blue; divisions narrow; margins undulated or crisped.
June, July. _l._ lanceolate, acute. _h._ 6in. 1774. (B. M. 626.)

=B. plicata= (folded).* _fl._ with a very fragrant clove
carnation-like perfume; perianth pale violet-blue; anthers blue,
and stigmas yellow. May, June. _l._ lanceolate, distinctly plicate.
_h._ 6in. 1774. SYNS. _B. cœrulescens_, _B. reflexa_. (B. M. 576.)

=B. reflexa= (reflexed). Synonymous with _B. plicata_.

=B. ringens= (gaping).* _fl._ scarlet, irregular in form, gaping,
very handsome. May, June. _l._ narrow, acute, deep green. _h._ 6in.
to 9in. 1752. (L. B. C. 1006.)

=B. sambucina= (Elder-scented). _fl._ bluish-purple, with an
Elder-like fragrance; perianth divisions spreading. April, May.
_l._ lanceolate, slightly plicate. _h._ 6in. to 9in. 1799. SYN.
_Gladiolus sambucinus_. (B. M. 1019.)

=B. stricta= (strict).* _fl._, perianth segments narrow, acute,
outer three white, inner three lilac-blue, with a dark blotch near
the base of each. May. _l._ broadly lanceolate, obtuse, ciliated.
_h._ 1ft. 1795. (B. M. 621.)

=B. s. angustifolia= (narrow-leaved). _fl._ fragrant; perianth
bright blue, slightly pink in the tube. May and June. _l._ linear,
acute, light green. _h._ 1ft. 1757. (B. M. 637.)

=B. s. rubro-cyanea= (red-and-blue).* _fl._ 2in. or more in
diameter; upper half of the perianth very brilliant blue, and
the lower part rich crimson, forming a central zone, in striking
contrast to the blue portion. May, June. _l._ broad, acuminated,
downy on the under surface. _h._ 6in. to 8in. 1796. See Fig. 200.
(B. M. 410.)

=B. a. sulphurea= (sulphur-coloured).* _fl._ cream-coloured or
pale yellow; anthers blue, and stigmas yellow; segments spreading.
April, May. _l._ narrow-obtuse. _h._ 9in. 1795. SYNS. _Gladiolus
sulphureus_, _G. plicatus_. (B. M. 1053.)

=B. s. villosa= (villous).* _fl._, perianth smaller than the last,
with the narrower segments rather more widely spreading than in
_B. s. rubro-cyanea_, brilliant crimson, with violet-blue anthers.
August. _h._ 6in. 1778. (B. M. 583.)

=BABINGTONIA= (named after C. C. Babington, Professor of Botany at Cambridge, and a distinguished botanical author). ORD. _Myrtaceæ_. A very pretty greenhouse evergreen shrub, allied to _Bæckea_, from which it differs in having the stamens collected in groups opposite the sepals. Cuttings of the young unflowering shoots may be planted in sand under a bell glass, and kept in a moderate heat until rooted, when they should be placed singly in small pots, in a compost of equal parts loam and peat, with the addition of a little sand. As the small pots fill with roots, the plants should be removed into larger ones, and the compost have less sand in it; but this should not be done until the next February. The established plants must have a good shift about March or April, and should be kept in a light, airy greenhouse; the first shoots may be topped to moderate their vigour, and to produce a greater profusion of less luxuriant ones. In May, when most plants are removed from the greenhouse, these should be set to grow under a frame which, while shielding them from heavy rains, and supporting some slight shading in the hottest parts of the sunny days, will not prevent a free circulation of air. To this end, the frame should be elevated from the rests or supports at its corners; the lights should be left off at night in fine, mild weather, and on dull, cloudy days, being only replaced during heavy rains, and when shading is necessary. Towards autumn, the plants must be returned to the greenhouse.

=B. Camphorasmæ= (camphor-smelling).* _fl._ pinkish-white, in
little cymes, disposed in long terminal racemes. Summer. _l._
linear, opposite, nerved. _h._ 7ft. Australia, 1841. (B. R. 28, 10.)

=BACCATE.= Berried, fleshy; having a pulpy texture.

=BACCHARIS= (from Bacchus, wine; referring to the spicy odour of the roots). Ploughman's Spikenard. ORD. _Compositæ_. A genus of hardy, stove, or greenhouse herbs, shrubs, or trees. Flower-heads many-flowered, diœcious, terminal. Involucre sub-hemispherical or oblong, in many series, imbricated. Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous, oblong-lanceolate, notched, serrated, or entire. Shrubs of short duration. These plants are neither beautiful nor ornamental, but are of easy cultivation in ordinary soil. Propagated by cuttings.

=B. halimifolia= (Halimus-leaved). Groundsel Tree. _fl.-heads_
white. July. _l._ oblong-cuneate, obovate, coarsely toothed;
branches angular. _h._ 6ft. to 12ft. Northern United States, 1683.
Hardy.

=BACHELORS' BUTTONS.= The double-flowered forms of _Ranunculus acris_, _Lychnis diurna_, &c.

=BACKHOUSIA= (commemorative of the late James Backhouse, a botanical traveller in Australia and South Africa). ORD. _Myrtaceæ_. A greenhouse evergreen shrub, requiring a compost of fibry peat, loam, and a little white sand. Propagated, in April, by half-ripened cuttings, inserted in sand, under a bell glass, in a cool house.

=B. myrtifolia= (Myrtle-leaved).* _fl._ white, disposed in corymbs,
and often produced on cuttings soon after having struck root. May.
_l._ ovate, acuminate, smooth. Branches slender. _h._ 16ft. New
South Wales, 1844. (B. M. 4133.)

=BACONIA.= A synonym of =Pavetta= (which _see_).

=BACTRIS= (from _baktron_, a cane; the young stems being used for walking sticks). ORD. _Palmaceæ_. Very ornamental, slender growing, and prickly stove palms. Peduncle of the spadix bursting through about the middle of the leaf sheath. Drupes small, ovate, or nearly round, and generally of a dark blue colour. Leaves pinnatisect; segments generally linear and entire. Instead of being confined to the apex of the trunk, the leaves are scattered over nearly the whole surface, and the lower ones retain their verdure long after the upper ones have fully developed. Stems slender, varying from 2ft. to 10ft. in height. Some of the species are of easy culture in a compost of loam, peat, loaf mould, and sand, in equal parts; but most of them are very difficult to manage. Propagation may be effected by suckers, which are very freely produced. Many species are ornamental only when in a young state.

=B. baculifera= (cane-bearing). _l._ pinnate, bifid at the apex,
2ft. to 6ft. long; pinnæ arranged in clusters about 1ft. long and
2in. broad, dark green above, paler below; petioles sheathing and
densely clothed with sharp brown and black spines, 1-1/2in long.
South America.

=B. caryotæfolia= (Caryota-leaved).* _fl._, spathe ovate, prickly;
branches of spadix simple, flexuous. _l._, pinnæ wedge-shaped,
three-lobed, and erose; rachis, petioles, and caudex, prickly. _h._
30ft. Brazil, 1825.

=B. flavispina= (yellow-spined). Synonymous with _B. pallidispina_.

=B. major= (greater). _fl._ greenish-yellow, with a broadly ovate
spathe. _h._ 25ft. Carthagena, 1800.

=B. Maraja= (Maraja). Maraja Palm. _fl._ yellow, with a prickly
spathe. _h._ 30ft. to 50ft. Bahia, 1868.

=B. pallidispina= (pale-spined).* _l._ pinnate, bifid at the apex;
pinnæ clustered, 6in. to 12in. long, 1in. wide, dark; petioles
sheathing at the base and furnished with a profusion of long,
yellow spines, which are tipped with black. Brazil. SYN. _B.
flavispina_.

=BACULARIA= (from _baculum_, a walking-stick). ORD. _Palmaceæ_. A small genus containing a couple of stove species, which are amongst the smallest palms of the Old World. Both are confined to the east coast of tropical Australia. _B. monostachya_--in allusion to its slender stem, which rarely exceeds in thickness that of the thumb--is known as the Walking-stick Palm.

=B. minor= (lesser). _l._ attaining 3-1/2ft. Stems, several from
same rhizome, 2ft. to 5ft. high, 1/2in. thick. Queensland.

=B. monostachya= (one-spiked). _l._ pinnate, pendent, 6in. to 12in.
long, bifid at the apex; pinnæ about 4in. across, broad, irregular
in shape, with ragged and irregular ends; dark green. Stem slender,
petioles sheathing. _h._ 10ft. New South Wales, 1824. SYN. _Areca
monostachya_. (B. M. 6644.)

=BADGER'S BANE.= _See_ =Aconitum meloctonum=.

=BÆA= (commemorative of Rev. Dr. Beau, of Toulon, brother-in-law to Commerson, the discoverer of the genus). SYN. _Dorcoceras_. ORD. _Gesneraceæ_. Curious and pretty greenhouse herbaceous perennials, requiring a rich sandy loam. They are easily propagated by seeds. Probably the only species in cultivation is the following:

=B. hygrometrica= (hygrometric).* _fl._ pale blue-coloured,
yellowish at the throat; segments of the limb more or less
reflexed; corolla five-lobed, somewhat resembling that of the
Violet; scapes numerous, naked, few-flowered. Summer. _l._ in a
rosette, thinly covered with coarse white hairs, ovate acute at
both ends, crenate serrate. _h._ 6in. North China, 1868. (B. M.
6468.)

=BÆCKEA= (named after Abraham Bæck, a Swedish physician, and an esteemed friend of Linnæus). ORD. _Myrtaceæ_. Very pretty greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Flowers white, pedicellate, small. Leaves opposite, glabrous, dotted. They thrive in a compost of sandy peat, leaf soil, and lumpy, fibrous loam. Cuttings, taken from young wood, root readily, if pricked in a pot of sand, with a bell glass placed over them, in a cool house.

=B. diosmæfolia= (Diosma-leaved).* _fl._ axillary, solitary,
approximate, sessile. August to October. _l._ oblong, rather
cuneated, keeled, acute, crowded, imbricate, and are, as well as
the calyces, ciliated. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. New Holland, 1824.

=B. frutescens= (shrubby).* _fl._ solitary; pedicels axillary.
November. _l._ linear, awnless. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. China, 1806. (B.
M. 2802.)

=B. parvula= (little). _fl._, peduncles axillary, umbelliferous.
_l._ elliptic-oblong, obtuse, rather mucronate. _h._ 1ft. New
Caledonia, 1877. This is very close to _B. virgata._ (R. G. 886, 2.)

=B. virgata= (twiggy).* _fl._, peduncles axillary, umbelliferous.
August to October. _l._ linear-lanceolate. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. New
Caledonia, 1806. (B. M. 2127.)

=BÆRIA= (named in honour of Professor Baer, of the University of Dorpat). ORD. _Compositæ_. A genus consisting of about half a dozen species. Probably the only one in cultivation is that mentioned below; it is a very pretty plant, of easy culture in ordinary garden soil. Propagated by seeds, sown in spring.

=B. chrysostoma= (golden-mouthed). _fl.-heads_ bright yellow,
solitary, terminal, about 1in. across; involucre of about ten
leaflets, in two series. Early summer. _l._ linear, opposite,
entire. Stems erect, downy. _h._ 1ft. California, 1835. (S. B. F.
G. ii. 395.)

=BAGGED.= Swelled like a sac or bag.

=BAHIA= (probably from Port of Bahia, or San Salvador, in South America). SYN. _Phialis_. ORD. _Compositæ_. An ornamental, hardy, herbaceous perennial, much branched from the base of the stem, and having a greyish appearance. It may be increased by seeds, or by divisions.

=B. lanata= (woolly). _fl.-heads_ yellow, solitary, produced in
great numbers. Summer. _l._ alternate, or with the lower ones
sometimes opposite, deeply divided, and sometimes ligulate and
entire. _h._ 6in. to 15in. North America. This species thrives on
borders of light and well-drained sandy soil. (B. R. 1167.)

=BALANIUS.= _See_ =Nut Weevil=.

=BALANTIUM= (of Kaulfuss). _See_ =Dicksonia=.

=BALANTIUM= (of Desvaux). _See_ =Parinarium=.

=BALBISIA= (commemorative of Giovanni Battista Balbis, a Professor of Botany at Turin). SYN. _Ledocarpum_. ORD. _Geraniaceæ_. A very ornamental half-hardy evergreen shrub, requiring a cool, dry atmosphere. As it is very liable to rot off, water must be applied with great care. Propagated by cuttings of half-ripened wood, inserted in sand, under a hand glass; or by seeds.

=B. verticillata= (whorled). _fl._ yellow, large, with a whorl
of narrow bracts beneath. Autumn. _l._ opposite, three-parted;
segments linear-oblong. Branches slender, glaucous. _h._ 3ft. to
6ft. Chili, 1846. (B. M. 6170.)

=BALCONY.= A projection from the external wall of a house, usually resting on brackets, and having the sides encompassed by a balustrade. It should at all times be prettily decorated with plants, which in the summer is a comparatively easy matter. During winter, evergreens of various kinds are most serviceable, the best being Arbutus, Aucubas, Boxes, Euonymuses, Hollies, Irish and Goldon Yew, Portugal Laurel, Retinosporas, Vincas, &c. These may be grown in pots, and when replaced by the summer occupants, should be plunged in some reserve quarter, where they should receive plenty of water; by this means, they will increase in size, and keep in a healthy condition. Very little water will be required during the winter. Climbing plants, such as Ivy, Passion Flower, Virginian Creeper, Climbing Roses, &c., are indispensable for covering the trellises, and draping the pillars and arches.

=BALDINGERA.= A synonym of =Premna=.

=BALL.= This term is used in reference to the roots and mass of earth as they are moulded into form and pressed into hardness by the pot. The masses of roots and earth which, in the case of fibrous-rooted subjects (such as Rhododendrons), must be taken intact when removing the plants, are also termed Balls.

=BALM= (_Melissa officinalis_). A perennial herb, often used in the manufacture of a drink for sick persons, and sometimes employed for culinary purposes. It may be grown in ordinary garden soil, and is propagated by divisions, in spring. A pretty variegated form is sometimes met with, having the additional advantage of being equal to the normal species for medicinal purposes.

=BALM OF GILIAD.= _See_ =Cedronella triphylla= and =Populus balsamifera=.

=BALSAM= (_Impatiens Balsamina_). A well-known ornamental and tender annual, native of India. It is one of the showiest of summer and autumn flowers, and well deserves a place in every garden. Although of comparatively easy cultivation, good blooms and well-grown plants are far too rarely seen. A good Balsam bloom should be quite as double as a perfect Camellia, and to show to the greatest advantage should appear like one in the arrangement of the petals. To secure this, seeds should only be saved from the finest and most perfect flowers, although the quantity must, of necessity, be small. They should be sown, about the third week in March, in properly prepared pans of rich sandy soil, and placed in a gentle bottom heat of about 65deg. As soon as the first rough leaf appears, the plants should be potted off into 3in. pots, care being taken to let the cotyledon, or seed leaves, be close to the soil. When the roots touch the sides of the pots, the plants should be moved into larger ones, and this should be repeated until they are in 8in. or 10in. pots. Some growers place one or two seeds in small pots, so as to avoid the first shift, and a good plan it is. During the time the plants are under glass, they should be kept as near the light as possible, and be frequently turned around, so that they do not draw to one side; and careful training must be given to those that are required in fine form. Disbudding is also necessary to such as are wanted at their best, removing all bloom from the main stem and base of branches until the plants are of sufficient size, and then the buds at the tops will bloom almost simultaneously. The buds that will be formed afterwards will cause a continuance of blossom for a long time, in fact, for some months, if the plants are liberally supplied with liquid manure. If it is desired for them to flower out of doors, the plants should be transferred, about May, to a frame where the heat is not above 50deg., and be kept in a steady growing state, air being admitted on all suitable occasions, cold winds and heavy rains avoided, and water supplied when needed; never allow them to get dry. They require training and disbudding the same as those grown in the greenhouse. About June, the plants should be fully exposed during the day; and, when danger of frost is over, the lights may be kept off altogether. These should bloom at the end of July. In all cases, plenty of drainage must be allowed, as the amount of water required is very great. Insects must be sharply looked after, as well as slugs and snails. There are several sections, such as Camellia-flowered (see Fig. 201), Rose-flowered, &c., each containing variously striped, spotted, and entire coloured blooms, and it is best to pay an extra figure to secure a good strain.

=BALSAM APPLE.= _See_ =Momordica Balsaminea=.

=BALSAMINA.= _See_ =Impatiens=.

=BALSAMINEÆ.= A tribe of plants belonging to the order _Geraniaceæ_. Sepals and petals all coloured, consisting of six segments, "two outer ones small, flat, and oblique; the next large, hood-shaped, ending below in a conical spur; the fourth opposite to it, small, very broad, concave; the two innermost very oblique, and more or less divided into two unequal lobes." The best known genus is _Impatiens_.

=BALSAMODENDRON= (from _balsamon_-an old Greek word used by Theophrastus-balm or balsam, and _dendron_, a tree). ORD. _Burseraceæ_. Greenhouse or stove balsamiferous trees. Flowers small, green, axillary, often unisexual; calyx four-toothed, permanent; petals four, linear-oblong, induplicately valvate in æstivation; stamens eight, inserted under the annular disk, having elevated warts between them. Berry, or drupe, ovate, acute, one to two-celled, marked with four sutures. Leaves with three to five sessile, dotless leaflets. They thrive in a compost of thoroughly drained sandy loam. Propagated by cuttings of ripe young wood, taken in April, and placed under a hand glass, in bottom heat. The species named below doubtfully belongs to this genus, as the characteristics above enumerated will show.

=B. zeylanicum= (Ceylon).* _fl._ white, three-petaled, glomerated,
involucrated; racemes interrupted, downy. _l._ impari-pinnate, with
five to seven-stalked, ovate, acute leaflets. _h._ 30ft. Ceylon.

=BALSAM OF CAPEVI.= _See_ =Copaifera=.

=BALSAM-TREE.= _See_ =Clusia=.

=BAMBOO CANE.= _See_ =Bambusa=.

=BAMBUSA= (from _bambu_, the Malay name). Bamboo Cane. ORD. _Gramineæ_. A genus of ornamental, shrubby, greenhouse, half-hardy or hardy shrubs, each culm flowering but once. Flowers usually hexandrous. Leaves, as a rule, relatively shorter than the stems, lanceolate, and narrowed at the base. Stems jointed, flexuose, branching, usually hollow, and, when mature, of a hard, woody nature. In well drained, sheltered situations, in the open, with rich, loamy soil, some of the species make extremely graceful objects, particularly so in the more southern counties of England, and in parts of Scotland. Unless a very severe winter is experienced, they may be left without protection. Plants of all the species, however, should have the shelter of a cold greenhouse till about the end of April; when they should be gradually hardened off, and transferred to a warm, sheltered spot, such as in woodlands, by the margins of lakes, &c., as they like plenty of moisture during the summer. A good watering must be given after planting, to settle the soil. Propagation is effected by careful division of well-developed plants, which should be done in early spring, just as new growth is commencing; and it is advisable to establish the divisions in pots. _See also_ =Arundinaria=.

=B. arundinacea= (reed-like).* Stem very stout, rising like a
beautiful column to some 50ft. or 60ft. in height; the laterals
producing a profusion of light green leaves, the whole presenting
the appearance of a huge plume of feathers. India, 1730. This
species is best treated as a stove plant, but it may be placed out
of doors in summer. See Fig. 202. (B. F. S. 321.)

=B. aurea= (golden).* _l._ lanceolate, acute, light green,
distinguished from _B. nana_ by having their under surface less
glaucescent, and the sheath always devoid of the long silky hairs.
China. This very handsome species forms elegant tufts, with its
slender much-branched stems, which attain a height of from 6ft. to
10ft., and are of a light green colour in a young state, ultimately
changing into a yellowish hue. Hardy in most parts of the country.
See Fig. 203.

=B. Fortunei= (Fortune's).* _l._ linear-lanceolate, abruptly
pointed, somewhat rounded at the base, on very short hairy stalks,
serrated and often fringed with long hairs on the margin, downy
on both sides, and distinctly variegated, the transverse veins
often of a bottle-green colour. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Japan. A dwarf
tufted species, with very slender stem. Quite hardy. There are only
variegated varieties of this in cultivation, viz., _variegata_ and
_argenteovittata_. (F. d. S. 1863, t. 1535.)

=B. glauca= (milky-green). A synonym of _B. nana_.

=B. japonica= (Japanese). Synonymous with _Arundinaria Metake_.

=B. Maximowiczii= (Maximowicz's). Synonymous with _Arundinaria
Maximowiczii_.

=B. Metake= (Metake). Synonymous with _Arundinaria Metake_.

=B. mitis= (small). _l._ deep green, lanceolate, acute, striated,
clasping the stem; panicle simple, erect, close; spikes long,
imbricated. Stem tapering. _h._ 40ft. Cochin China and Japan. This
vigorous-growing species can be cultivated out of doors during
summer, and, in most localities, it may be left out all the year.

=B. nana= (dwarf).* _l._ lanceolate, acute, glaucous, stoutish,
with the footstalks slightly downy. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft. India, 1826.
A rather tender species, requiring to be grown in the stove or
greenhouse. SYNS. _B. glauca_ and _B. viridi-glaucescens_. See Fig.
204.

=B. nigra= (black). _See_ =Phyllostachys nigra=.

=B. Ragamowski= (Ragamowsk's).* _l._ 9in. to 18in. long, and about
1in. to 3in. broad. China and Japan. This species "can readily
be recognised by the tomentose line on one side of the midrib,
running nearly the whole length of the leaf on the underside, this
line being always on the longer side of the leaf." Hardy. SYN. _B.
tessellata_.

=B. Simonii= (Simon's).* _l._ narrow, nearly 6in. to 10in. long,
occasionally striped with white. Stems growing with great rapidity,
mealy-glaucous at the joints; branchlets numerous, rather closely
crowded. _h._ 10ft. China and Japan, 1866.

=B. striata= (striated).* _l._ linear-oblong; culms striped yellow
and green. _h._ 6ft. to 20ft. China, 1874. A very slender and
graceful, rather tender, species. May be grown in the open air
during summer, and in very favoured spots it is probably hardy,
especially if covered with a mat in winter. It makes an excellent
pot plant. SYN. _B. viridi-striata_. (B. M. 6079.)

=B. tessellata= (tessellated).* A synonym of _B. Ragamowski_.

=B. violescens= (nearly-violet).* _l._ green above, bluish-grey
beneath, with an elongated ligule, surrounded by a bundle of
black hairs. Stems much branched, blackish-violet. China, 1869.
This handsome and vigorous species is intermediate between
_Phyllostachys nigra_ and _B. nana_. It requires protection during
winter.

=B. viridi-glaucescens= (glaucous-green). A synonym of _B. nana_.

=B. viridi-striata= (green-striped). A synonym of _B. striata_.

=BANANA=, or =PLANTAIN=. _See_ =Musa=.

=BANEBERRY.= _See_ =Actæa=.

=BANISTERIA= (named after John Baptist Banister, a traveller in Virginia in the seventeenth century, author of a catalogue of Virginian plants, inserted in Ray's "Historia Plantarum"). ORD. _Malpighiaceæ_. Stove trees or shrubs, frequently climbing. Flowers yellow; calyx five-parted; petals furnished with long stalks; stamens ten. Leaves simple, stalked. They are for the most part very ornamental, but are not often seen in flower in this country. They will grow in a mixture of loam, leaf soil, and peat, with some sharp sand added. Cuttings, made from ripened wood, will root freely in sandy soil, under a hand glass, in stove heat, taking about three or four weeks to do so.

=B. chrysophylla= (golden-leaved).* _fl._ deep orange, axillary,
corymbose. _l._ ovate, oblong, acutish, somewhat sinuated towards
the top, clothed beneath with golden shining down. Brazil, 1793.
Climber.

=B. ciliata= (ciliated).* _fl._ large, orange-coloured, umbellate.
June. _l._ cordate, orbicular, smooth, ciliated. Brazil, 1796.
Twiner.

=B. ferruginea= (rust-coloured). _fl._ yellow; racemes panicled.
June. _l._ 2in. long, ovate, acuminated, smooth above, and shining,
rusty beneath, and are, as well as the petioles, clothed with close
pressed hairs. Brazil, 1820. Climber.

=B. fulgens= (glowing).* _fl._ yellow, in umbellate corymbs. _l._
ovate, acuminated, smooth above, and clothed with silky pubescence
beneath, as well as the petioles. Branches dichotomous. West
Indies, 1759. Climber.

=B. Humboldtiana= (Humboldt's).* _fl._ yellow; umbels lateral and
terminal, sessile. _l._ roundish-ovate, cordate, rather acuminated,
mucronate, membranaceous, smoothish above, clothed beneath with
soft hoary down as well as the branchlets. South America, 1824.
Climber.

=B. sericea= (silky). _fl._ yellow, racemose. July. _l._ ovate,
obtuse, with a mucrone; younger ones downy on both surfaces, adult
ones only on the under surface; down of a golden shining colour.
Brazil, 1810. Climber.

=B. splendens= (splendid).* _fl._ yellow; racemes axillary,
dichotomous, umbellate. Floral leaves orbicular, and nearly
sessile. _l._ cordate, kidney-shaped, orbicular, clothed with silky
down beneath. South America, 1812. Climber.

=BANKS.= These are usually formed with a view to increasing the amount of surface ground, and for the acceleration or retarding of vegetable crops, such as strawberries, &c. They should be from 6ft. to 12ft. apart, according to the depth of soil, and run from east to west. In constructing Banks of a uniform size, great care, and a constant use of the garden line, will be found necessary. For the warmest side of the Banks, Dwarf French Beans, Peas, Vegetable Marrows, Cucumbers, New Zealand Spinach, Capsicums, &c., may be grown. On the opposite side, and when a prolonged supply is desired, Cauliflower, Broccoli, Lettuce, Turnip, Spinach, &c., may be sown thinly in drills, to be thinned out, and remain. It needs but little discretion to produce valuable crops by this method.

=BANKSIA= (named in honour of Sir Joseph Banks, once President of the Royal Society, and a distinguished patron of science, particularly of Natural History). ORD. _Proteaceæ_. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, natives of Australia, principally grown for the beauty of their foliage. Leaves variable in form, usually dark green, clothed with white or rufous down beneath; margins deeply serrated or spinous, rarely entire. The following is the mode of culture recommended many years ago by Sweet. The pots should be well drained, by placing a potsherd about half way over the hole at the bottom of the pot, then laying another piece against it that it may be hollow, afterwards putting some smaller pieces all around them, and on the top of these some others broken very small. All the plants belonging to the order _Proteaceæ_ should be drained in a similar manner, as the roots are very fond of running amongst the broken potsherds, and consequently there is less danger of their being overwatered. Care must also be taken not to allow them to flag, as they seldom recover if once allowed to get very dry. The plants should be placed in an airy part of the house when indoors. Cuttings are generally supposed to be difficult to root, but this is not the case if properly managed. Let them be well ripened before they are taken off; then cut them at a joint, and place them in pots of sand, without shortening any of the leaves, except on the part that is planted in the sand, where they should be taken off quite close. The less depth they are planted in the pots the better, so long as they stand firm when the sand is well closed round them. Place them under hand glasses in the propagating house, but do not plunge them in heat. Take the glasses off frequently to give them air, and dry them, or they will probably damp off. When rooted, transfer to small pots; after which, place them in a close, unheated frame, and harden by degrees. Seeds are a very unsatisfactory means of multiplying the stock.

=B. æmula= (rivalling).* _l._ 6in. to 10in. long, 1in. broad,
linear-oblong, tapering slightly at the base; edges deeply toothed,
deep green on both sides; midrib of under surface clothed with rich
brown hairs. _h._ 20ft. 1824. SYN. _B. elatior_. (B. M. 2671.)

=B. australis= (southern). A synonym of _B. marginata_.

=B. Caleyi= (Caley's). _l._ 6in. to 12in. long, linear, deeply and
regularly toothed from base to apex, dark green above, paler below.
_h._ 5ft. to 6ft. 1830. Said to be an elegant species.

=B. collina= (hill-loving).* _l._ 2in. to 3in. long, 1/2in. broad,
linear; apex præmorse, as if bitten straight off; upper surface
dark green, silvery below. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft. 1822. This forms
a dense and handsome shrub, especially with its large head of
yellow flowers. SYNS. _B. Cunninghami_, _B. ledifolia_, and _B.
littoralis_. (B. M. 3060.)

=B. Cunninghami= (Cunningham's). A synonym of _B. collina_.

=B. dryandroides= (Dryandra-like).* _l._ 6in. to 10in. long,
1/4in. broad, pinnatifid, divided almost to the midrib; lobes
triangular, deep green above, and reddish-brown below. Stem clothed
with reddish-brown hairs. _h._ 6ft. 1824. This plant is extremely
graceful and elegant as a table decoration.

=B. elatior= (taller). Synonymous with _B. æmula_.

=B. integrifolia= (whole-leaved). _l._ cuneate-oblong, 6in. long,
nearly 1in. wide at the broadest part; edges entire; upper side
dark green, silvery white beneath. _h._ 10ft. to 12ft. 1788. SYNS.
_B. macrophylla_, _B. oleifolia_. (B. M. 2770.)

=B. i. compar= (well-matched). _l._ very densely set upon the
branches, oblong, tapering at the base, blunt at the apex; edges
serrulate; upper side dark olive green, silvery white beneath. _h._
6ft., finely branching. 1824.

=B. latifolia= (broad-leaved). _l._ 6in. to 10in. long, 3in. broad,
obovate-oblong; edges serrated; upper surface deep green, beneath
clothed with woolly greyish hairs, those on the midrib bright
brown. _h._ 20ft. 1802. (B. M. 2406.)

=B. ledifolia= (Ledum-leaved). Synonymous with _B. collina_.

=B. littoralis= (shore). Synonymous with _B. collina_.

=B. macrophylla= (large-leaved). Synonymous with _B. integrifolia_.

=B. marginata= (margined). _l._ 1in. to 2in. long, 1/2in. broad,
blunt at the apex, armed with several short spines, and tapering
at the base, deep green on the upper surface, snowy white beneath.
_h._ 5ft. to 6ft. 1822. SYN. _B. australis_. (B. M. 1947.)

=B. occidentalis= (western).* _fl._ yellow, rather handsome,
in spikes about 4in. long. April to August. _l._ 5in. to 6in.
long, 1/4in. broad. _h._ 5ft. 1803. West coast of New Holland. A
beautiful species. (B. M. 3535.)

=B. oleifolia= (olive-leaved). Synonymous with _B. integrifolia_.

=B. Solanderi= (Solander's).* _l._ 4in. to 6in. long, and over 2in.
wide, deeply pinnatifid, with three to six pairs of lobes on each
leaf; apex as if bitten off; upper side dark green, under silvery
white. _h._ 6ft. 1830.

=B. speciosa= (showy).* _l._ 8in. to 14in. long, about 1/2in. wide,
pinnatifid, but divided almost to the midrib; lobes semicircular,
with a spine on the end of each; upper side deep green, beneath
silvery white, with the midrib clothed with ferruginous woolly
hairs. _h._ 6ft. 1805. Both this and the preceding species are very
handsome, and highly deserving of the most extensive culture.

=B. quercifolia= (Oak-leaved). _l._ cuneate-oblong, deeply incised
at the margins, and having a short spine upon each lobe. _h._ 5ft.
1805. (B. R. 1430.)

=BANKSIA= (of Forster). A synonym of =Pimelea=.

=BAOBAB-TREE.= _See_ =Adansonia=.

=BAPHIA= (from _baphe_, a dye; the tree produces the camwood of commerce). Camwood or Barwood. ORD. _Leguminosæ_. A stove tree, requiring a loam and peat soil. Cuttings, not deprived of any of their leaves, will root in a pot of sand, under a hand glass, in heat.

=B. nitida= (shining). _fl._ white; corolla with a roundish
spreading vexillum, linear wings, which are about the length of
the vexillum, and an acute carina; pedicels two to three together,
one-flowered, axillary. June. _l._ entire, oval-oblong, acuminated,
shining. _h._ 30ft. Sierra Leone, 1793. (L. B. C. 367.)

=BAPTISIA.= (from _bapto_, to dye; so named from the economical use of some of the species). ORD. _Leguminosæ_. North American hardy herbaceous plants, with trifoliate, rarely simple leaves, and racemes of yellowish or blue flowers. They are somewhat shy bloomers, but grow freely in a loamy soil. Propagated by divisions, or, more easily, by seed, which latter may be sown in sand and leaf mould in the open, or in pots placed in a cold frame.

=B. alba= (white).* _fl._ white; racemes terminal. June. _l._
stalked, glabrous; leaflets elliptic-oblong, obtuse; stipules
deciduous, subulate, shorter than the petioles. Branches
divaricate. _h._ 2ft. 1724. (B. M. 1177.)

=B. australis= (southern).* _fl._ blue; racemes few-flowered,
elongated, shorter than the branches. June. _l._ stalked, smooth;
leaflets oblong-cuneated, obtuse, four times longer than the
petiole; stipules lanceolate, acute, twice the length of the
petiole. Stem branched, diffuse. _h._ 4ft. to 5ft. 1758. (Flora,
1856, 2; B. M. 509.)

=B. confusa= (confused). _fl._ dark blue, alternate, bracteate;
racemes elongated. June. _l._ stalked, smooth; leaflets
oblong-cuneated or obovate; stipules linear-lanceolate, twice the
length of the petioles. Stem branched. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1758.

=B. exaltata= (exalted).* _fl._ deep blue; racemes many-flowered,
elongated, twice the length of the branches. June. _l._ ternate,
stalked; leaflets lanceolate-obovate, five times longer than the
petioles; stipules lanceolate, acuminated, three times longer than
the petioles. Stem erect, branched. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. 1812. (S. B.
F. G. 97.)

=B. leucophæa= (dusky-white). _fl._ cream-coloured; racemes
many-flowered, lateral, with the flowers leaning to one side. July.
_l._ sessile, somewhat villous; leaflets rhomboid-obovate; stipules
and bracts ovate, acute, broad, leafy. _h._ 1ft. 1870. (B. M. 5900.)

=B. minor= (less). _fl._ blue; racemes axillary, bracteate. June.
_l._, leaflets rhomboid-lanceolate; stipules lanceolate, longer
than the petioles. Stem erect, solid. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1829.

=B. perfoliata= (perfoliate-leaved).* _fl._ yellow, small,
axillary, solitary. August. _l._ perfoliate, roundish, quite
entire, rather glaucous. _h._ 3ft. 1793. (B. M. 3121.)

=B. tinctoria= (dyers').* _fl._ yellow, with wings each furnished
with a callosity, or lateral tooth; racemes terminal. _l._ stalked,
upper ones nearly sessile; leaflets roundish-obovate; stipules
setaceous, almost obsolete. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. 1759. (L. B. C. 588.)

=BARBACENIA.= (named after M. Barbacena, a Governor of Minas Geraes). Formerly placed in ORD. _Hæmodoraceæ_, but now referred by Bentham and Hooker to _Amaryllidaceæ_. Very singular and pretty stove evergreen herbaceous perennials, allied to _Vellozia_. Flowers purple, large, showy; perianth funnel-shaped, resinosely hairy on the outside; limb spreading; scapes one-flowered, usually clothed with glandular hairs. Leaves firm, spiral, spreading, acutely keeled. Lindley says that they are capable of existing in a dry, hot air without contact with the earth, on which account they are favourites in South American gardens, where, with Orchids and Bromeliads, they are suspended in the dwelling houses, or hung to the balustrades of the balconies, in which situation they flower abundantly, filling the air with their fragrance. They are rarely seen in our gardens. They may be grown in baskets of fibrous loam and peat, with some nodules of charcoal added.

=B. purpurea= (purple).* _fl._ funnel-shaped, six-cleft, terminal,
solitary; ovarium elongated, tuberculated. July. _l._ linear,
keeled, with spiny serratures. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Brazil, 1825. See Fig.
205. (B. M. 2777.)

=B. Rogieri= (Rogers').* _fl._ purple; scape and ovaria tubercled;
filaments broad, bifid. July. _l._ linear, acuminated, imbricate,
with broad stem-clasping bases, finely spinely serrated on the
margin, and keel recurved; caudex short. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Brazil,
1850. (L. J. F. 82.)

=BARBADOS CHERRY.= _See_ =Malpighia=.

=BARBADOS GOOSEBERRY.= _See_ =Pereskia aculeata=.

=BARBADOS LILY.= _See_ =Hippeastrum equestre=.

=BARBAREA= (anciently called Herb of St. Barbara). Winter Cress; American Cress. ORD. _Cruciferæ_. Hardy glabrous perennial herbs. Flowers yellow; racemes erect, terminal. Stems erect. They are of easy culture, but scarcely worth growing in the pleasure garden. Propagated by cuttings, suckers, divisions, or seeds.

=B. præcox= (early). _l._, lower ones lyrate; terminal lobe ovate;
upper ones pinnate-parted; lobes linear-oblong, quite entire. _h._
1ft. to 1-1/2ft. Commonly known as American, or Black American
Cress. Here and there on roadsides, and in dry gravelly places in
Great Britain. An escape from cultivation. (Sy. En. B. 124.)

=B. vulgaris= (common). _l._, lower ones lyrate; terminal lobe
roundish; upper ones obovate, toothed, or pinnatifid. _h._ 1-1/4ft.
The double flowering form of this native species is the only one
of this genus worth growing for beauty; it is generally known as
Double Yellow Rocket. The variegated form is also rather pretty,
and comes true from seed. (Sy. En. B. 120.)

=BARBATUS.= Having long weak hairs, in one or more tufts; bearded.

=BARBERRY.= _See_ =Berberis=.

=BARBIERIA= (in honour of J. B. G. Barbier, M.D., a French physician and naturalist, author of "Principes Generaux de Pharmacologie ou de Matière Medicale," Paris, 1806). ORD. _Leguminosæ_. An ornamental stove evergreen, requiring a mixture of peat, loam, and sand. Propagated by cuttings of half-ripened wood, which should be placed in sand, under a glass, in stove heat.

=B. polyphylla= (many-leaved).* _fl._ scarlet, 2in. long;
racemes axillary, few-flowered, shorter than the leaves. _l._
impari-pinnate, with nine to eleven pairs of elliptic-oblong,
mucronate leaflets, pubescent in an adult state. Porto Rico, 1818.
SYNS. _Clitorea polyphylla_ and _Galactia pinnata_.

=BARBS.= Hooked hairs.

=BARK.= The outer integuments of a plant beyond the wood, and formed of tissue parallel with it.

=BARK-BOUND.= This condition is generally the result of very rich soil, or insufficient drainage. In most fruit trees a gummy exudation takes place. If caused by stagnancy, thorough drainage should immediately be effected. Scrubbing the stem is also recommended. Slitting the bark with a knife is likely to do more harm than good, particularly so in the hands of the inexperienced.

=BARKERIA= (name commemorative of the late G. Barker, of Birmingham, an ardent cultivator of orchids). ORD. _Orchidaceæ_. From a scientific point of view, this genus should be included in _Epidendrum_. Very handsome, deciduous, epiphytal, cool-house orchids, having slender pseudo-bulbs, from 6in. to 12in. high, from the top of which the numerous flower-stems are produced. In a cool, airy temperature, these plants grow vigorously, suspended in pans or small baskets close beneath the glass, and slightly shaded with tiffany. They succeed well also on flat blocks of wood, on the top of which they should be tied, without any moss, as their freely-produced, thick, fleshy roots soon cling to the blocks. During the season of growth, a good supply of water is needed, and in hot weather it may be applied three or four times daily; the blocks and plants are best immersed in water; but when at rest, a slight watering twice or three times a week will suffice. Propagated by divisions, just previous to the commencement of new growth.

=B. elegans= (elegant).* _fl._ in loose racemes, four or five in
each; each blossom about 2in. across; sepals and petals dark rose;
lip reddish crimson, spotted and edged with a lighter colour.
Winter. _h._ 2ft. Mexico, 1836. Of this beautiful slender-growing
species, there are two or three varieties in cultivation. (B. M.
4784.)

=B. Lindleyana= (Lindley's).* _fl._, raceme 2ft. long, very
slender, bearing from five to seven blossoms near its apex; sepals
and petals rosy purple; lip white, with a deep purple blotch at its
apex. September, remaining in beauty for a considerable time. _h._
2ft. Costa Rica, 1842. (B. M. 6098.)

=B. L. Centeræ= (Center's).* _fl._ rosy lilac; lip oblong; margins
crenulated or crisped; apex blotched deep purple. Costa Rica, 1873.

=B. melanocaulon= (dark-stemmed).* _fl._ on an erect spike; sepals
and petals rosy lilac; lip broader at the base than at the top,
reddish-purple, having a blotch of green in the centre. August.
_h._ 1ft. Costa Rica, 1848. Very rare.

=B. Skinneri= (Skinner's).* _fl._ deep rose-coloured; spikes
6in. to 9in. long, from the apices of the ripened growth, often
branched, forming a dense mass of deep purple blossoms, which, if
kept dry, lasts from eight to ten weeks. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Guatemala.
(P. M. B. 15, 1.)

=B. S. superbum= (superb).* _fl._ dark rose; lip somewhat deeper
tinted, and marked towards the base with yellow streaks. Guatemala.
This far surpasses the type in size and number of flowers, as well
as in brilliancy of colour. (W. S. O. 38.)

=B. spectabilis= (showy).* _fl._ quite 2in. across, produced
eight or ten together, on a spike issuing from the top of the
pseudo-bulb; sepals and petals oblong, acuminate, rosy lilac; lip
white, margined with deep lilac or rosy purple, and dotted or
spotted with crimson. This very distinct and desirable species
lasts from eight to ten weeks in beauty, and forms a very handsome
object when placed in the drawing-room and covered over with a
large glass shade. Guatemala, 1843. (B. M. 4094.)

=BARKING-IRONS.= Instruments used in taking off the bark of trees.

=BARKLYA= (named after Sir H. Barkly, formerly Governor of South Australia). ORD. _Leguminosæ_. A large greenhouse tree, thriving in a compost of loam and leaf mould. Propagated by seeds and cuttings; the latter should be half ripened, and placed in sandy soil, under a bell glass, in a cool house.