Chapter X: Preface (9)

"Adult male.--Above earthy brown, slightly tinged with rufous, more especially on the scapulars; wing-coverts clay-brown, greater series rather paler on the edges; edge of wing white; alula, primary-coverts, and quills black, slightly shaded with ashy; inner secondaries brown, tinged with rufous; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ashy gray, the last somewhat darker; tail-feathers black; crown and nape black; sides of face, ear-coverts, and sides of neck vinous, becoming chestnut on the long frill-like feathers of the latter; throat white, mesially streaked with yellowish buff, like the rest of under surface; thighs more tawny-rufous; lower abdomen and under tail-coverts white; on each side of upper breast a patch of dependent feathers, of a blackish ground with yellowish-buff margins; under wing-coverts and axillars pure white; quills slaty below, with paler gray at the ends. 'Eyelids and facial skin green; upper mandible dark brown on the culmen, and pinkish brown on the margins; lower mandible pinkish brown, turning to green towards the tip; the toes and tibio-tarsal joint pale yellow; tarsus dull flesh-color; claws horn-color; iris yellow.' (Oates). Length, 394; culmen, 51; wing, 124; tail, 38; tarsus, 44.

"Adult female.--Differs from the male in being more rufous above, the feathers of the upper surface being rufous-brown with yellowish-buff margins; the crown is black as in the male, the ear-coverts and sides of the face are yellowish buff, and the neck-frill is also washed with the latter color; the under surface of the body the same as that of the male, but having the mesial lines more strongly indicated by tawny-buff centers to the feathers of the throat and fore neck. 'Upper mandible dark brown, lower one greenish yellow; feet greenish yellow.' (Butler.) Length, 394; culmen, 53; wing, 132; tail, 41; tarsus, 51.

"Young.--Similar to the old female and streaked in the same manner, but distinguished by having wing-coverts broadly centered with dark brown; crown streaked instead of being uniform; feathers black with yellowish buff margins, and under surface of body much more distinctly streaked, centers of the feathers being dark brown on throat and fore neck; flank-feathers also streaked with brown." (Sharpe.)

"Extremely abundant about Lake Naujan, in Mindoro. It comes out on the mud flats to feed, but promptly takes refuge among the reeds if disturbed." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

150. IXOBRYCHUS CINNAMOMEUS (Gmelin).

CINNAMON BITTERN. [19]

Ardea cinnamomea Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, pt. 2, 643.
Ardetta cinnamomea Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1898), 26, 236;
Hand-List (1899), 1, 203; Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1898),
4, 402, fig. 98 (head); Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 132;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 35.

Ba-caú ca-né-lo, Manila.

Bohol (McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Bourns &
Worcester); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Leyte (Everett); Luzon
(Everett, Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Mindanao
(Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro (Steere Exp.,
Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Porter); Palawan (Bourns
& Worcester); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Samar
(Whitehead); Sibuyan (McGregor); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester);
Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor). China,
Eastern Siberia, Indian Peninsula, Indo-Malayan subregion;
Celebes in winter.

"Adult male.--Entirely cinnamon-rufous above, including wings and tail; sides of face and ear-coverts cinnamon-rufous; cheeks a little lighter rufous; throat ashy white, with a median streak of tawny-rufous, which extends down throat and fore neck, being streaked with blackish longitudinal marks on the outer webs of the feathers; lower throat, fore neck, breast, sides of body, and thighs tawny-rufous; abdomen white; under tail-coverts tawny-buff; on sides of upper breast a patch of dependent feathers, having black centers with tawny-buff or rufous margins; under wing-coverts tawny-buff; axillars and under surface of quills pale chestnut. 'Eyelids and facial skin reddish purple; bill nearly all yellow, the culmen alone being dark brown; legs and toes yellowish green; claws brown; iris yellow to pale red.' (Oates.) Length, 279; culmen, 46; wing, 140; tail, 41; tarsus, 48.

"Adult males in winter appear to be a little more dingy on the upper parts than in summer, the head and back being shaded with grayish brown.

"Adult female.--Mantle and back uniform dark brown; wing-coverts dingy brown, but mottled with sandy-buff margins and checkered notches, which appear also on scapulars and inner secondaries, and have also subterminal markings of darker brown on many of the coverts; greater coverts, primary-coverts, and quills chestnut, with a good deal of dusky at base and on the inner webs, primary-coverts also dusky towards the ends; tail-feathers dull chestnut; crown and nape dusky brown; frilled feathers on the sides of neck brown in the center, with yellowish margins; sides of face yellowish buff, streaked with brown; whole of the under surface yellowish buff, very thickly streaked with dark brown, sides of throat whiter, feathers composing the broad mesial streak down the middle of throat and fore neck having a distinct rufous shade; on each side of the upper breast a patch of dependent plumes, black in the center with yellowish-buff margins; thighs chestnut; under wing-coverts yellowish buff like the chest; axillars and quill-lining dull chestnut, the feathers with a good deal of gray in them. 'Facial skin, margins of upper mandible, and nearly the whole of the lower mandible yellow, remainder of bill black; back of tarsus and soles yellow; claws yellowish brown; iris yellow.' (Oates.) Length, 330; culmen, 51; wing, 136; tail, 43; tarsus, 44.

"The young birds are very like the female, as determined by Mr. Oates and myself, but the whole back is variegated with yellowish-buff spots and markings, as well as the wings, so that the uniform brown mantle is a sign of the adult female, and the spotted mantle of a young bird. Mr. Everett gives the soft parts of a young female as follows: 'Legs and feet bright olive-green; bill greenish yellow at base, the culmen of a dark olive-brown tint; iris golden yellow.'

"Considerable variation in the tint of the cinnamon plumage of this species is observable in a series, and specimens from more southern localities are decidedly the darker and richer in color." (Sharpe.)

Genus NANNOCNUS Stejneger, 1887.

Very similar to Ixobrychus but the lower part of tibia unfeathered and the quills and tail-feathers blackish.

151. NANNOCNUS EURHYTHMUS (Swinhoe).

SCHRENCK'S BITTERN.

Ardetta eurhythma Swinhoe, Ibis (1873), 74, pl. 2; Meyer and
Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (1898), 2, 856, pl. 45.
Nannocnus eurythmus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1898), 26,
242; Hand-List (1899), 1, 203; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902),
2, 133; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 35.

Mindanao (Bourns & Worcester); Negros (Keay). Eastern Siberia,
China, Japan, Borneo, Celebes.

"Adult male.--Above chestnut-brown; lesser wing-coverts and feathers round bend of wing also chestnut-brown; alula-feathers chestnut, outer ones blackish internally, with white on the outer margins; remainder of wing-coverts olive-clay-color, ashy near the ends of the feathers, innermost greater-coverts chestnut like scapulars; innermost secondaries also washed with chestnut, remainder of quills and primary-coverts ashy brown, paler at the tips, which are fringed with whitish, the first primary margined with ocherous; tail dark brown; crown and nape dusky brown; sides of face, ear-coverts, and neck-frill maroon; a broad band of white running from the middle of the cheeks down the sides of the neck; fore part of cheeks, throat, and under surface of body ocherous-buff; under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillars white; on the throat some slight indications of longitudinal dusky spots; feathers of the fore neck elongated; on each side of chest a patch of black feathers with ocherous margins. 'Bill blackish brown on culmen, yellowish brown on the rest, darker on the sides of upper mandible near tomia, light on sides of lower and on gonys; cere and bare skin round eye purplish flesh-color, ringed with green; legs and toes grass-green, yellow near the tarso-tibial joint and on the under surface of the tarsus; soles clay-colored; claws light yellowish brown; iris straw-color.' (Swinhoe.) Length, 305; culmen, 50; wing, 150; tail, 39; tarsus, 51.

"Adult female.--Different from the male. Dusky reddish brown, spotted all over with ocherous-buff, the feathers externally spotted or notched with this color; wing-coverts like the back, but largely edged and spotted with ocherous; head like the back; sides of face dull chestnut, with a band of white from the hinder cheeks down the sides of the neck; under surface of body ocherous-buff, plentifully streaked with blackish brown, tinged with rufous; the lower abdomen and under tail-coverts whiter; under wing-coverts deep ocherous, with ashy bases; a patch of brown feathers at the sides of the breast, all edged with ocherous. Length, 305; culmen, 49; wing, 140; tail, 29; tarsus, 48.

"Young.--Like the old female, but blackish brown above, the wing-coverts maroon-chestnut, and all the upper parts spotted with white instead of ocherous. 'Bill bright yellow, tinged with green; culmen black; feet yellowish green; iris golden yellow.' (Everett.)" (Sharpe.)

"A single specimen secured by us while with the Steere Expedition has been identified by Grant as Ardetta eurythma." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus DUPETOR Heine and Reichenbach, 1890.

This genus appears to be very near Ixobrychus but it may be recognized by the blackish or slate-colored upper parts.

152. DUPETOR FLAVICOLLIS (Latham).

BLACK BITTERN.

Ardea flavicollis Latham, Index Ornith. (1790), 2, 701.
Dupetor flavicollis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1898), 26,
247; Hand-List (1899), 1, 203; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902),
2, 133; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 36.

Cebu (Bourns & Worcester); Luzon (Heriot); Marinduque (Steere
Exp.); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Goodfellow); Negros
(Keay). Celebes, Ceylon, Malay and Indian Peninsulas, Indo-Chinese
countries, Greater Sunda Islands, southern and central China.

"Adult male.--Above dark slaty gray, feathers of back and scapulars somewhat pointed and with a slight hoary gloss; wings and tail blackish, glossed with slate-color on the coverts, and with green on some of the latter and on the quills; crown and crest-plumes slaty gray; sides of face and cheeks black, the latter slightly mottled with rufous; from the hinder part of the cheeks a band of golden straw-color runs down the sides of the neck, the lower feathers being elongated; throat and fore neck prettily variegated with chestnut, black, and white, the chestnut predominating on the outer webs of the feathers and the white on the inner webs, with a longitudinal streak of black at the end of the latter, the long overlapping feathers on the sides of the chest being slaty gray with white margins, so that the general appearance of the throat and chest is streaked; remainder of under surface of body slaty gray, including the under wing-coverts, axillars, and quill-lining. 'Bill dusky reddish brown, lighter below; facial skin purplish brown; eyelids bluish; feet dark brown; claws dark horn-color; iris golden brown or pale red.' (Oates). Length, 508; culmen, 84; wing, 203; tail, 63; tarsus, 67; middle toe with claw, 76.

"Adult female.--Does not differ from the male. Length, 508; culmen, 31; wing, 203; tail, 68; tarsus, 66; middle toe with claw, 74.

"The slaty gray shade in the plumage appears to be a sign of the breeding season, as some of the winter specimens are black with a greenish gloss on the upper surface.

"Young birds are much browner than the adults, and can immediately be recognized by their more freckled appearance, the feathers of the upper surface having ochraceous margins. The mottling of the rufous on the neck is much as in the adult birds but there is more white and less rufous, and the chest-feathers are much more broadly edged with white; the breast is dusky brown as well as the sides of the body; the abdomen is white; the sides of the face and ear-coverts are chestnut, with a little streak of white at the base of the mandible.

"Nestling.--Similar in color to the young bird described above, but very much shaded with rufous, and having a great deal of rufous on the sides of the face; the crown covered with down of an ocherous color, the throat and chest very rufous." (Sharpe.)

Genus BOTAURUS Stephens, 1819.

The genus Botaurus is distinguished by its large size, comparatively short and stout bill and heavy legs; culmen much less than tarsus, the latter less than middle toe with claw; secondaries and scapulars nearly or quite as long as primaries.

153. BOTAURUS STELLARIS (Linnæus).

COMMON BITTERN.

Ardea stellaris Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 144.
Botaurus stellaris Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1898), 26, 253;
Hand-List (1899), 1, 204; Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1898),
4, 405, fig. 99 (head); Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 134;
McGregor, Bur. Government Laboratories (1905), 34, 29; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 36.

Luzon (Babbitt). Temperate Palaearctic region, northwestern India,
Burma, China.

"Adult male.--Above tawny-yellow and black, the latter predominating and occupying the center of the feathers, the sides of which are tawny-buff, freckled and irregularly barred with black; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts pale tawny-buff, mottled with bars or cross-lines of dusky brown; marginal wing-coverts rufous, regularly barred across with black; median and greater coverts tawny-buff, with irregular bars or arrow-shaped markings of blackish brown, much less pronounced on the greater coverts, all of which have a rufescent tinge near the base; alula, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, barred with rufous, the bars somewhat broken up on the inner webs of the quills, which are also paler; the inner secondaries like the scapulars, being tawny-buff on their edges and mottled in a similar manner; tail-feathers tawny-buff, irregularly mottled with black bars or cross-markings, more pronounced on the middle of the feathers; crown of head uniform black, with a frill of erectile plumes on the nape, these being tipped with tawny-buff, and the pale tips crossed with lines of black; eyebrow, sides of face, and sides of the neck tawny-buff, the eyebrow uniform except on the under edge, where the feathers are barred with black; ear-coverts scarcely marked at all, but the plumes of the sides of the neck narrowly barred with black, and elongated into a frill which covers the hind neck, the latter being clothed in dense down of a tawny-buff-color; the feathers below the eye, and a streak along the cheeks and down the sides of the neck, black; malar line of feathers and throat creamy white, with a central line of reddish buff feathers slightly mottled with black bases; the lower throat also creamy white, with four or five tolerably defined broad lines of tawny-buff and black-mottled feathers; the lower part of the ruff on the fore neck with narrow wavy lines of black; the breast covered with down of a tawny-buff-color, and hidden by a large patch of loose plumes on each side of the chest, which are mostly black with tawny-buff margins; remainder of under surface creamy white, streaked with black centers to the feathers, the black markings slightly broken up with mottlings of tawny-buff; thighs and under tail-coverts with scarcely any markings whatever; under wing-coverts and axillars tawny-buff, the former narrowly lined with blackish, the axillars more distinctly barred with dusky blackish. 'Bill greenish yellow; legs and feet yellowish green; claws dark brown; iris yellow; bare space before the eye yellowish green.' (Seebohm.) Length, about 610; culmen, 69; wing, 330; tail 112; tarsus, 96.

"Two of the three specimens collected by Mr. Robert Bergman at Yokohama are apparently young birds and have the primary-coverts and quills almost uniform, with a certain amount of rufous mottlings confined to the inner webs; in this state of plumage B. stellaris has a great resemblance to B. poeciloptilus but is always to be distinguished from the last-named bird by the tawny-colored frill on the sides of the neck, instead of the smoky brown one peculiar to the Australian bird." (Sharpe.)

Order ANSERIFORMES.

DUCKS AND GEESE.

Bill stout, compressed at base, flattened at tip, which is blunt or rounded or rarely spatulate (Spatula), and covered with soft, leathery membrane except the hard overhanging "nail" at tip; nostril from subbasal to subterminal, open and usually oval; neck small and usually long; body compact, heavy, flattened, densely covered with short feathers; wings stiff, strong, and rather pointed; tail usually short and rounded and fairly stiff, never forked and but rarely long and pointed (Dafila); legs short; toes stout and palmate; hind toe simple or lobate. Eggs six to one dozen or more, white, cream-color, or light buff; nest usually lined with down from the breast of the old bird; young covered with down and able to swim at birth. [20]

Family ANATIDÆ.

Characters same as those given for the Order.

Subfamilies.

a1. Smaller; culmen less than 25 mm.; throat, breast, and abdomen white. ... Plectropterinæ (p. 185) a2. Larger; culmen more than 32 mm.; throat, breast, and abdomen not uniform in color.

b1. Head, neck, and breast not of a uniform color; no occipital
crest. ... Anatinæ (p. 187)
b2. Head, neck, and breast brownish black, in adult male glossy
black; adult male with a pointed occipital crest. ... Marilinæ
(p. 197)

Subfamily PLECTROPTERINÆ.

Genus NETTAPUS Brandt, 1836.

Members of this genus are distinguished by their small size and short stout bill.

154. NETTAPUS COROMANDELIANUS (Gmelin).

INDIAN DWARF GOOSE.

Anas coromandeliana Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, pt. 2, 522.
Nettopus coromandelianus Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1895),
27, 68; Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1898), 4, 433, fig. 110
(head); Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 209; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs
(1902), 2, 144; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 36.

Pa-ti-kí, Manila.

Luzon (Zelebor, Worcester, McGregor). Indian Peninsula, Burmese
countries, Greater Sunda Islands, China, Celebes.

"Adult male in summer.--Forehead, crown, and nape hair-brown, the former darkest; remainder of head, whole neck, and lower plumage white; a broad collar round the neck black in front, glossy green behind; white of breast produced round the neck and forming another collar below the black one; back, scapulars, rump, tertiaries, and wing-coverts deep glossy green; secondaries glossy green, broadly tipped with white; primaries dark brown on the basal halves, then white with the tip black; under wing-coverts greenish black; upper tail-coverts white freckled with brown; under tail-coverts dark brown mottled with white; sides of the body vermiculated with brown. 'Bill black; iris bright red; legs, toes, and webs black, sides of tarsus and toes dusky yellow; claws horny brown.' (Oates.) Length, 330; wing, 165; tail, 76; culmen, 23; tarsus, 25.

"Female.--Forehead and a supercilium dirty white; crown and nape dark brown; lores and line through eyes blackish; remainder of head, the whole neck, and upper breast dull white, mottled with brown, the marks on breast and hind neck becoming well-defined wavy lines; lower plumage dull white, streaked and distinctly barred with brown; whole upper surface, wings, and tail brown; secondaries tipped with white and inner primaries also more narrowly tipped with white; upper tail-coverts white, freckled with brown; under wing-coverts brown, each feather margined with white. 'Bill brown above, yellowish below; iris brown; legs and toes greenish yellow.' (Oates.) Size a trifle less than the male.

"Male in winter.--Similar to the female, but always retains the conspicuous white patch on the primaries.

"Young.--'Similar to the female till the first spring.' (Oates.)

"Young in down.--Upper parts, flanks, and under tail-coverts blackish brown; a broad superciliary stripe, cheeks, throat, front neck, and breast white; a broad line through the eyes; two broad white spots on each side of back, one near the base of wings, and the other, much longer, on the sides of the rump; feathers of tail blackish, very long, and stiff." (Salvadori.)

A male collected near Anao, Tarlac Province, Luzon, March 14, 1904, measured, 290 in length; wing, 165; tail, 68; culmen from frontal feathers, 21; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 42. A female from the same locality and of the same date measured: Length, 290; wing, 165; tail, 66; culmen from frontal feathers, 22; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 39.

"The eggs of the Indian dwarf goose, or 'cotton teal,' are generally truly elliptical in form, occasionally compressed at the smaller end, very smooth and glossy, and cream-color. They measure from 39 to 44 in length and from 30 to 35 in breadth." (Oates.)

This little bird is the only species of goose so far recorded from the Islands; it occurs on the Laguna de Bay and a few specimens were secured in Tarlac Province, Luzon. Oates lists three eggs of this species as having been collected in Siquijor by the Steere Expedition but Steere does not mention the species. A large goose has been reported as occurring in the northern part of Luzon but no specimen has been taken.

Subfamily ANATINÆ.

Genera.

a1. Bill not spatulate.

b1. Central tail-feathers not greatly lengthened.

c1. No wing-speculum; lower portion of tarsi with small reticulate
scales in front. ... Dendrocygna (p. 187)
c2. Wing-speculum present; lower portion of tarsi with transverse
scutella in front.

d1. Larger; bill broader; culmen more than 50 mm.

e1. Bill uniform blackish. ... Anas (p. 189)
e2. Bill with a broad yellow band at the tip. ... Polionetta
(p. 190)

d2. Smaller; bill narrower; culmen less than 45 mm.

e1. Larger; wing more than 230 mm. ... Mareca (p. 191)
e2. Smaller; wing less than 215 mm.

f1. Secondary-coverts brown; greater part of head and neck
chestnut in adult. ... Nettion (p. 192)
f2. Secondary-coverts blue-gray; head and neck not
chestnut. ... Querquedula (p. 195)

b2. Central tail-feathers greatly lengthened. ... Dafila (p. 194)

a2. Bill flattened and spatulate. ... Spatula (p. 196)

Genus DENDROCYGNA Swainson, 1837.

General color largely blackish and reddish or yellowish brown; breast more or less spotted; no bright colored speculum nor white wing-patch; inner web of first primary deeply scooped near its middle; next three quills slightly emarginate.

Species.

a1. Wing-coverts deep chestnut.

b1. Fore part of head white. ... viduata [21]
b2. Fore part of head brown; breast rufous-chestnut with small
black spots. ... arcuata (p. 187)

a2. Wing-coverts blackish brown; breast and sides marked with round white spots. ... guttulata (p. 189)

155. DENDROCYGNA ARCUATA (Horsfield).

WANDERING TREE DUCK.

Anas arcuata Horsfield, Zool. Res. in Java (1822), pl. 65.
Dendrocygna arcuata Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1895), 27,
153; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 158.
Dendrocygna arcuata Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 214; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 37.

Ba-li'-uis, Luzon; ná-ga, Ticao; ga-kit', Bohol.

Bantanyan (McGregor); Basilan (Steere Exp., McGregor); Bohol
(Everett, McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Catanduanes
(Whitehead); Cebu (Everett); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Leyte
(Everett); Luzon (Cuming, Worcester, McGregor); Masbate (Bourns
& Worcester); Mindanao (Everett, Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro
(Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Clarke MS.) [22]; Panay
(Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Jagor, Steere Exp., Whitehead);
Sibuyan (McGregor); Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
Celestino); Ticao (McGregor). Indo-Malayan Islands, Moluccas,
Celebes, New Guinea, Australia, Oceania.

"Adult male and female.--Upper part of head and a line down back of neck brown-black; sides of head and neck pale fulvous; throat almost white; back and scapulars black, with the edges bright rufous-chestnut, on upper back the black part of the feathers with rufous spots or bars; rump black; median upper tail-coverts black, lateral ones buffy white, more or less spotted with black; breast pale rufous, each feather with black dots or crescent-like spots in the middle, and shading into the bright rufous-chestnut of abdomen; lower abdomen and under tail-coverts whitish buff, the latter uniform, but the abdomen with brown spots; feathers of flanks with broad mesial buffy white streaks, edged with black; lesser and median wing-coverts bright chestnut, the greater ones, quills, and tail black. Iris brown; bill blackish or dark ashy; tarsi and feet dark ashy. Length, about 432; wing, 216; tail, 71; culmen, 43; tarsus, 47." (Salvadori.)

A male from Sevilla, Bohol, March 22, 1906, measures: Length, 424; wing, 188; tail, 56; exposed culmen, 41; tarsus, 45; middle toe with claw, 71.

A female of the same locality and date measures: Length, 424; wing, 175; tail, 58; exposed culmen, 42; tarsus, 46; middle toe with claw, 66.

A young bird from Taguig, Laguna de Bay, January 12, 1902, (length of skin 305 mm.) has upper parts covered with dark gray down and lower parts covered with white down; on crown, scapulars, breast, sides, and flanks the feathers of the adult dress are more or less developed.

"The eggs of the wandering tree duck in the collection are almost elliptical in shape, one end being very slightly compressed. They are cream-colored and have a fair amount of gloss. Four specimens measure respectively: 52 by 38; 48.2 by 35.5; 47.4 by 38; 48.2 by 36.3." (Oates.)

"Common in favorable localities throughout the islands. Frequently met with in very large flocks. Found breeding in the Island of Siquijor in the month of February." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

This tree duck is usually found in large flocks on lakes and fresh-water marsh-land. When flushed the flock circles about and generally the birds can be killed without the precautions which are usually necessary in duck-shooting. A hard-shelled egg was taken from a bird killed on the Laguna de Bay in January. Oates records two eggs collected by Moseley in May.

156. DENDROCYGNA GUTTULATA Wallace.

SPOTTED TREE DUCK.

Dendrocygna guttulata Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1863), 36;
Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 215; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 37.
Dendrocygna guttata Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1895), 27,
164, pl. 1.

Basilan (McGregor); Mindanao (Platen). Celebes, Moluccas, New
Guinea, Tenimber Islands.

"Adult male and female.--Upper part of head dark brown; a black line along hind neck; back and wings dusky brown; feathers of back, scapulars, and wing-coverts edged with pale brown; lores brown; superciliary stripe, sides of head, and upper part of neck grayish, with dusky cross-lines, giving a mottled appearance; chin and throat uniform whitish; lower part of neck dusky with white spots; rump brown; upper tail-coverts black, basal ones broadly barred with white; upper breast rufous-brown, each feather with a white spot at the tip; lower breast and abdomen whitish, with faint dusky lines across; feathers of flanks with large, white, round spots, the longer feathers are almost barred with black; under tail-coverts whitish, with black bars; quills brown; tail almost black. 'Bill black; tarsi and feet ashy, more or less tinged with reddish; iris brown or chestnut.' (D'Albertis.) Length, about 432; wing, 215; tail, 74; culmen, 41; tarsus, 41.

"'Young.--Feathers of the flanks paler and with the white spots elongated and lanceolated.' (Schlegel.)" (Salvadori.)

A male from Basilan, December 26, 1906, measures: Length, 444; wing, 216; tail, 67; exposed culmen, 45; tarsus, 45; middle toe with claw, 71.

Of the earlier collectors Platen was the only one to secure this tree duck in the Philippines; more recently it has been taken in Basilan but it appears to be a rare species.

Genus ANAS Linnæus, 1758.

Bill of moderate length, the sides nearly parallel; wings long and pointed; a wide band of metallic color across the secondaries forming the speculum; tail pointed but not of great length.

157. ANAS LUZONICA Fraser.

PHILIPPINE MALLARD.

Anas luzonica Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1839), 113; Salvadori,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1895), 27, 205; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899),
1, 216; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 37.

Du-ma-ras', Manila; da-mu-l'og, Ticao.

Catanduanes (Whitehead); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Lubang (McGregor);
Luzon (Cuming, Jagor, Heriot, Whitehead, McGregor, Worcester);
Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns and Worcester); Mindanao
(Mearns); Mindoro (McGregor); Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Samar
(Whitehead); Siquijor (Steere Exp.); Ticao (McGregor).

"Adult male and female.--General plumage brownish gray, almost uniform, without any dark markings in the center of the feathers; upper part of head and upper part of nape blackish brown; superciliary stripe, sides of head, throat, and sides of upper part of neck rufous; a blackish brown band runs across the eyes from lores to occiput; back dark gray, changing into brown on rump and upper tail-coverts; wing-speculum glossy green, bounded anteriorly by a velvety black band at the tip of greater wing-coverts and by a narrower white one at the tip of the last row of median upper wing-coverts; posteriorly the speculum is bounded by a velvety black, subapical band, and by a narrow, apical, white band; under wing-coverts and axillars white; under parts brownish gray, deepening into brown on under tail-coverts; tail brown; colors of the bill and feet not recorded, but apparently dark olive. Length, about 500; wing, 250; tail, 114; culmen, 51; tarsus, 43.

"Young.--Similar to the adults, only much paler on the head and throat, which are scarcely tinged with rufous; the speculum less bright, and with some purple reflections." (Salvadori.)

Iris brown; bill dark blackish blue, its nail black; legs and claws dark brown. A male from Luzon measures: Length, 635; wing, 262; tail, 114; exposed culmen, 51; bill from nostril, 40; tarsus, 43; middle toe with claw, 63.

The Philippine mallard does not often occur in large numbers; usually, however, it may be found in pairs in tide creeks, small ponds, or other suitable localities.

"We found this fine mallard to be rare in all the localities visited by us with the single exception of the region about the town of Milagros, on the west coast of the Island of Masbate. In the last-mentioned district it was very abundant, occurring in great flocks." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

"Extraordinarily abundant on the Abulug River in northern Luzon in March, 1906. Flocks of twenty-five to two hundred were constantly met with on the lower river." (Worcester.)

Genus POLIONETTA Oates, 1899.

A wide yellow band across the tip of bill, otherwise like Anas from which it is scarcely separable.

158. POLIONETTA ZONORHYNCHA (Swinhoe).

ZONE-BILLED DUCK.

Anas zonorhyncha Swinhoe, Ibis (1866), 394; Salvadori, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. (1895), 27, 211.
Polionetta zonorhyncha Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 217; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 37.

Calayan (McGregor). Eastern Siberia, Mongolia, China, Japan,
Kurile Islands.

"Adult male.--Upper part of head and a broad stripe from lores through eyes to some distance behind them dark brown; superciliary stripe, sides of head, and throat whitish; from gape toward eyes a slightly indicated dusky band, formed by dusky streaks; upper parts brown, back and scapulars paler, with edges of feathers pale grayish; rump and upper tail-feathers uniform dark brown; lower part of fore neck and upper breast dull whitish buff, with centers of the feathers dusky; lower breast and abdomen almost uniform brown, deepening into black-brown on under tail-coverts; wings brown; speculum glossy blue, more or less with a green luster, bordered anteriorly and posteriorly by two velvety black bands; tips of the secondaries narrowly edged with white; tertials brown, with only the apical part of outer web white; tail brown, the edges of the feathers whitish. 'Bill black, with the apical portion, except the tip of the nail, yellow, no red spots at base; feet light bright red, the web slightly dusky; iris yellowish brown.' (Holst.) Length, about 580; wing, 295; tail, 117; culmen, 56; tarsus, 44.

"Female.--Smaller and paler, the feathers of the breast for a greater extension than in the male having broader whitish edges.

"Young.--Paler even than the female, with smaller dusky spots on the under parts; edges of upper wing-coverts pale; a broad subapical white band across the greater wing-coverts, and the outer web of tertials for the most part white." (Salvadori.)

On December 7, 1903, a dozen birds of this species were observed in Calayan. A female, the only specimen killed, measured 560 in length; wing, 267; tail, 99; exposed culmen, 53; bill from nostril, 42; tarsus, 44; middle toe with claw, 37. Bill jet-black with a broad tip of bright yellow; most of the nail black; iris tan-brown; legs and feet light salmon; nails black; webs dusky.

Genus MARECA Stephens, 1824.

Bill small, shorter than head, depressed and slightly narrowing toward tip, nail large; wings long and pointed.

159. MARECA PENELOPE (Linnæus).

EUROPEAN WIGEON.

Anas penelope Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 126.
Mareca penelope Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1895), 27, 227;
Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 218; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902),
2, 168; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 37.

Basilan (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (Worcester); Mindanao
(Celestino). Palaearctic Region from Iceland to Kamtschatka,
in winter to Madeira, Abyssinia, Persia, northern India, Burma,
China, Japan, Borneo; occurs as a straggler in the Marshall
Islands and North America.

"Adult male.--Forehead and top of head buff, rest of the head and neck cinnamon, minutely spotted, especially round the eyes, with bottle-green; chin and throat more or less black; mantle, back, and scapulars gray, crossed with irregular zigzag lines of black; central tail-feathers paler, almost whitish; lateral tail-feathers like the under tail-coverts, black; lower fore neck and sides of breast vinaceous; middle of breast and abdomen white; sides, flanks, and under wing-coverts gray, with zigzag lines like the back; wing-coverts white, the largest tipped with black; primaries uniform dark brown; outer webs of secondaries green, forming a speculum, edged with black; black outer webs of secondaries broadly edged with white; tail-feathers elongated, pointed, and nearly black. Iris dark brown; bill bluish lead-color, tipped with black; legs, toes, and their membranes dark brown. Length, 457; wing, 267; tail, 117; culmen, 39; tarsus, 39.

"Female.--Head and neck pale reddish brown, speckled with blackish; upper parts brown, each feather with pale whitish edges; edges of scapulars reddish brown; breast and sides reddish brown; under surface white; under tail-coverts white, with irregular brown bars or spots; primaries dark brown, secondaries dull black, slightly tipped with white; wing-coverts like back, but the larger ones tipped with white; tail dull grayish brown. Iris brown; bill bluish black.

"Young male.--Resembles more or less the female." (Salvadori.)

A male taken in Calayan in November measures: Length, 840; wing, 260; tail, 104; exposed culmen, 37. A specimen from Basilan is in very poor plumage.

Genus NETTION Kaup, 1829.

The members of this genus differ from Anas chiefly in being of smaller size and in having the bill narrower and shorter.

160. NETTION CRECCA (Linnæus).

EUROPEAN TEAL.

Anas crecca Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 126.
Nettion crecca Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1895), 27, 243;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 38.
Nettium crecca Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1898), 4,
443, fig. 114 (head); Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 218; Oates,
Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 169.

Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (Whitehead); Mindoro
(? Platen). Palaearctic Region, wintering in northern Africa,
in Arabia, Persia, India, Ceylon, Burmah, China and Japan;
accidental in Greenland and eastern United States.

"Adult male.--Head and upper neck chestnut; a glossy green patch on each side of the head from the eyes backward to upper nape; a narrow buffy line from the gape upward along the base of the upper mandible and from thence to the eye, bordering above and below the anterior part of the green patch; chin black; hind neck, back, and scapulars with narrow gray and black wavy lines; outer scapulars buff, broadly edged with black on the outer web; upper tail-coverts black, edged with buffish brown; on the middle of the neck a collar of whitish and black cross-lines; breast and abdomen white, the former with round subapical black spots; sides and flanks waved with narrow black lines; central under tail-coverts velvet-black, the lateral ones of a buff-color, with a band of black at the base; upper wing-coverts lead-gray, the greater row whitish buff, darker toward the inner ones; wing-speculum on the secondaries velvety black, with a white apical band on the outer half, glossy green on the inner half; first tertial velvet-black on the outer web; primaries and tail-feathers grayish brown, the later with pale edges; under wing-coverts gray, edged with white, the central ones and the axillars wholly white. Bill nearly black; iris hazel; legs, toes, and membranes brownish gray. Length, 368; wing, 184; tail, 76; culmen, 40; tarsus, 28.

"Female.--General color of the upper parts dark brown, each feather with reddish brown edges; upper part of the head darker than the sides, which are whitish, thickly speckled with black; a black line behind the eyes; chin and throat whitish; the feathers of the back and scapulars with two, narrow, transverse, bars of buffy brown; under parts whitish, with a reddish tinge on the breast, each feather, except those of the belly, with obscure dark centers; wing as in the male but somewhat duller.

"Young in first plumage closely resembles the female, but the wing-coverts have pale edgings, and the dark centers of the feathers appear also on the belly.

"Males in molting plumage resemble the adult females.

"'Nestling yellowish white on under parts, buff on forehead and throat; a dark brown streak from the forehead to crown, which with the upper parts is brown; a dark loral streak, and two other streaks from behind eye to nape on each side.' (Yarrell.)" (Salvadori.)

Genus DAFILA Stephens, 1824.

This well-marked genus may be recognized by its elongate form, long neck, and long pointed middle tail-feathers.

161. DAFILA ACUTA (Linnæus).

PIN-TAIL DUCK.

Anas acuta Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 126.
Dafila acuta Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1895), 27, 270;
Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1898), 4, 447, fig. 116 (head);
Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 219; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902),
2, 172; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 38.

Luzon (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor). Northern
Hemisphere, breeding in the northern parts; south in winter to
northern Africa, India, Ceylon, China, and Japan and in America
to Panama and Cuba.

"Adult male.--Head and upper neck plain hair-brown, darker on crown, and faintly glossed on sides of occiput with purple; upper half of hind neck black, with a white stripe on each side, confluent with the white of lower neck and breast; lower hind neck grayish brown; back, sides, and flanks waved with gray and dusky; upper tail-coverts black, the median broadly edged with gray; longer scapulars velvety black, edged with whitish; wing-coverts uniform brownish gray, the last row broadly tipped with cinnamon, producing a distinct bar; primaries brownish gray, darker toward the tip; speculum varying from dull metallic green to bronzy purple, tipped with white, and crossed by a subterminal bar of velvety black; inner quill of the speculum velvety black with a white band along the inner part of outer web; tertials gray, marked with a velvety black median stripe; abdomen whitish, dusted with gray, lower flanks with a buff tinge; under tail-coverts black, the outer ones white on the outer web; central tail-feathers long, acuminate, and black, remainder of tail-feathers dusky gray, edged with whitish. Bill blackish, with the sides dull lead-blue; feet grayish black; iris dark brown. Length, from 610 to 760; wing, 280; middle tail-feathers, 184 to 240; culmen, 47 to 55; tarsus, 39 to 47.

"'Adult female.--Above grayish dusky, varied with irregular bars of yellowish white or pale ochraceous; head and neck whitish buff, each feather, except on throat, streaked with blackish; lower parts dingy white, flanks, abdomen, and under tail-coverts streaked with dusky; wing brown, smaller wing-coverts tipped with whitish; greater wing-coverts and secondaries tipped with white, forming two white bars across the wing, but the space between them dull brown, mottled with black, without any metallic gloss of any kind.' (Seebohm.) Tail brown with oblique buffish spots or bars. Length, 533 to 597; wing, 244 to 256; middle tail-feathers, 114 to 127; culmen, 46 to 53; tarsus, 42.

"'Young in first plumage closely resembles adult females, but young males may always be distinguished by having an alar speculum.

"'Males in first nuptial plumage have pale margins to the wing-coverts, and most of the feathers of the rump are broadly barred, instead of finely vermiculated, with white.

"'Adult males in molting plumage may be distinguished from adult females by having an alar speculum, and being richer and darker in color.

"'Young in down have the same pale spots on the upper parts as those of the mallard, but the white on the throat and belly is slightly suffused with gray instead of buff, and in addition to the dark lines passing through the eye, a second dark line passes from the lores below the eye to the nape.' (Seebohm.)

"According to some ornithologists, European specimens differ very appreciably from North American in having a narrower speculum, but I have failed to find that there is any appreciable difference." (Salvadori.)

"Found in very large flocks on Manila Bay during January and February but wild and difficult to kill." (Worcester.)

Genus QUERQUEDULA Oken, 1817.

This genus is very much like Nettion but the bill is broader, and instead of being of the same width throughout, is wider toward the tip; the nail also is broader.

162. QUERQUEDULA QUERQUEDULA (Linnæus).

ASIATIC BLUE-WINGED TEAL.

Anas querquedula Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 126.
Querquedula circia Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1895), 27,
293; Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1898), 4, 449, fig. 117
(head).
Querquedula querquedula Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 220; Oates,
Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 175; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 38.

Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (McGregor). Northern Europe and northern
Asia, wintering in northeastern Africa, Indian Peninsula, China,
and Malay Archipelago.

"Adult male.--Upper part of head and occiput brown-black; from above eyes, on each side of head, a whitish band, extending to the sides of occiput; sides of head and upper part of neck chocolate-brown, streaked with white; chin black; back, rump, and upper tail-coverts blackish, each feather edged with grayish olive; scapulars elongated and pointed, black, with a central stripe of white; breast with brown and black crescentic bands, producing a scaly-like appearance; lower breast white; abdomen, sides, and flanks white, waved with narrow blue lines; longer feathers of the flanks bounded by a subapical white band, and a bluish gray band at the tip; sides of the rump and under tail-coverts whitish, with black spots; upper wing-coverts and outer scapulars bluish gray; wing-speculum on the secondaries glossy green, bounded anteriorly by a white band formed by the greater wing-coverts, and posteriorly by another white band at the tip of the secondaries; primaries and tail-feathers brown, the latter edged with whitish; under wing-coverts dark gray, the central ones, like the axillars, white. Bill black, iris hazel; legs, toes, and their membranes grayish brown. Length, about 406; wing, 197; tail, 70; culmen, 41; tarsus, 30.

"Female.--Upper parts dark brown, each feather with a pale margin; broad superciliary stripe whitish; a dusky band behind eyes; sides of head and neck whitish, streaked with black; chin and throat white; feathers of the lower fore neck blackish, with whitish edges; breast and abdomen white; sides, vent, and under tail-coverts white, with brown-black spots; wings grayish brown; a dull metallic green speculum, bounded anteriorly and posteriorly by two white bands; under wing-coverts brown, margined with white, the greater ones pure gray, the central ones, like the axillars, white. Size smaller than that of the male.

"Young in first plumage resemble the females, but are darker and more suffused with rufous on the breast.

"'Adult males in molting plumage closely resemble adult females, but are darker in color, and may be distinguished by the brighter alar speculum.' (Seebohm.)

"'Downy nestling resembles that of the mallard, but it is smaller, and has a broad unbroken buff streak above the eye, and a well-defined dark streak through the eye.' (Yarrell.)" (Salvadori.)

In immature plumage this species is likely to be confounded with Nettion crecca and must be determined with care. The adult males of the two species are very different.

Genus SPATULA Boie, 1822.

This genus is characterized by the peculiar bill which is twice as wide near the tip as at the base; sides of upper mandible turned under near tip.

163. SPATULA CLYPEATA (Linnæus).

SHOVELER.

Anas clypeata Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 124.
Spatula clypeata Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1895), 27,
306; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India Bds. (1898), 4, 452, fig. 118
(head); Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 221; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs
(1902), 2, 177; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 38.

Calayan (McGregor); Mindoro (McGregor); Luzon (McGregor,
Worcester). North America, Europe, and western Asia; wintering in
Africa, Arabia, Persia, Indian Peninsula, southern China, Hawaii,
West Indies, and Central America to Colombia.

"Adult male.--Head and upper part of neck dark glossy green; lower neck, breast, and anterior scapulars white; middle of back dark brown, the feathers with pale edges; ramp and upper tail-coverts black glossed with green; lower breast and abdomen rich chestnut; flanks, vent, and thighs paler, freckled with brown; under tail-coverts black, glossed with green; a white patch on the lower flanks at the base of the tail; upper wing-coverts and the outer web of two of the longer scapulars pale blue; remainder of the scapulars black, all with a broad silky white stripe along the middle; last row of wing-coverts tipped with white, forming a band, which borders anteriorly the glossy green wing-speculum; tip of the secondaries and the primaries brown; under wing-coverts and axillars white; tail mostly white, freckled with brown-gray, central feathers brown, edged with white. Iris yellow; bill lead-color; feet reddish orange. Length, about 508; wing, 260; tail, 95; culmen, 70; tarsus, 35.

"Female.--Upper parts brown, each feather with a broad reddish margin; throat reddish immaculate; feathers of back and scapulars with reddish bars, more or less crescentic; under parts reddish buff, each feather brown in the central part, especially those of breast and flanks; under tail-coverts lighter; wings resemble those of the male, except that the blue on the wing-coverts is very dull and the speculum not so glossy; tail-feathers whitish, with brown marks. Beak olive-brown, base of the maxilla and the entire mandible orange; iris hazel-brown; feet dull orange.

"Male in first plumage resembles the female, but the wings are brighter colored. Bill pale reddish brown; legs and feet flesh-color.

"Males in their first nuptial plumage have the white of the breast with a few dark crescentic bands, the lower belly with dark bars, and the rich black of the under tail-coverts mottled with chestnut and white.

"Adult male in molting plumage may be distinguished from the adult female by the greater brilliancy of the blue and metallic green on the wing, the plain dark upper tail-coverts, and the general darker color of the entire plumage; the crown is dark brown.

"Young in down resemble those of the wigeon in having the upper parts almost uniform, with indistinct pale spots, but they possess the dark brown stripe through the eye as in the young mallard. The bill is not widened at the tip, but it grows very rapidly." (Salvadori.)

This duck may be recognized in any plumage by the shape of its bill.

Subfamily MARILINÆ.

Genus MARILA Oken, 1817.

The members of this subfamily and genus differ from all other Philippine ducks in having a tuft of long feathers springing from the crown; the bill also is characteristic being short and wide and slightly wider at tip than at base.

Species.

a1. Back finely vermiculated with white. ... marila (p. 198) a2. Back uniform black or blackish brown. ... fuligula (p. 199)

164. MARILA MARILA (Linnæus).

SCAUP DUCK.

Anas marila Linnæus, Fauna Suecica, ed. 2, (1761), 39.
Fuligula marila Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1895), 27, 355;
Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 223; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902),
2, 182; McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 295.

Luzon (Parsons). Northern parts of Europe, Asia, and North America;
wintering on the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian Seas and in
India, China, Japan, and Central America.

"Adult male.--Head, neck, upper part of breast and back black; sides of the head and upper neck glossed with green; rest of back and scapulars white, narrowly barred with black; rump, upper and under tail-coverts black; lower breast, abdomen, and sides white; vent somewhat grayish; sides with black barrings; upper wing-coverts blackish, finely vermiculated with white; secondaries white, forming the speculum, which is bounded below by a blackish band, in some specimens more or less freckled with white; tertials blackish with a green gloss, the largest ones more or less finely dusted with whitish; primaries grayish brown, from the fourth quill with a whitish area on inner web, tips black; marginal under wing-coverts grayish brown dusted with white, the remainder, as well as axillars, white; tail blackish. Bill and legs light lead-gray, webs and nail of bill blackish; iris yellow. Length, about 457; wing, 235; tail, 74; culmen, 46; tarsus, 35.

"Female.--Fore part of head and chin white; rest of head, neck, and breast brown; upper parts dark brown, back and scapulars slightly vermiculated with white, under parts white below the breast; flanks brown, more or less vermiculated with white; vent and under tail-coverts dark brown, slightly vermiculated with white; wings duller and browner than in the male, the upper wing-coverts much less vermiculated with white. Bill and legs darker than in the male. Size somewhat less.

"Young male has the white at base of bill like the adult female, but it is of a darker and richer color.

"Male in first nuptial dress has less green metallic gloss on head and neck; the black breast-feathers have white margins; the black under tail-coverts are more or less vermiculated; in the vermiculations of the lower mantle, scapulars, and wing-coverts the dark brown predominates over the white.

"Males in molting plumage closely resemble adult females.

"Young in down.--'Crown, nape, and upper parts uniform dark olive-brown; throat, sides of head, and fore part of neck yellowish white; a dull grayish band crosses lower neck, rest of under parts dull yellowish, flanks grayish yellow; upper mandible blackish, tooth of beak yellowish; under mandible yellow.' (Dresser.)" (Salvadori.)

165. MARILA FULIGULA (Linnæus).

TUFTED DUCK.

Anas fuligula Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 128.
Fuligula fuligula Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1895), 27,
363; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 223; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs
(1902), 2, 183; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 39.
Nyroca fuligula Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1898), 4, 463,
fig. 121 (head).

Dú-lum-pá-pa, Calayan.

Basilan (Steere Exp.); Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (Heriot,
Worcester, McGregor); Palawan (White). Northern Asia; northern
Europe; in winter to Greater Sunda, Marianne, and Pelew Islands;
Mediterranean Sea; Abyssinia; northern Indian Peninsula; southern
China.

"Adult male.--Head, neck, upper parts, and breast black; occipital feathers considerably elongated, forming a crest or tuft; sides of head with a purple gloss; a white spot on the chin; back and scapulars with obscure traces of pale vermiculations; lower breast, belly, sides, and flanks white; vent and under tail-coverts black; wings black; speculum on the secondaries white, with a black band at the tip; under wing-coverts, except the marginal ones which are dusky, and axillars white, primaries brown-gray, with the tips and the outer webs more or less blackish; tail black. Bill pale blue, with the nail black; iris brilliant golden yellow; legs and toes dark blue, the webs black. Length, about 432; wing, 203; tail, 63; culmen, 44; tarsus, 28.

"Female.--Crest smaller than in the male; upper parts and upper breast brown; under parts dull white or pale ashy brown, and less clearly defined from the brown upper breast; flanks brown; speculum as in the male; inner secondaries glossed with green.

"Young in first plumage.--Closely resemble adult females, but paler brown, especially on chin and throat; no metallic green gloss on the innermost secondaries; many white feathers at base of bill.

"Males in first nuptial dress have white margins to the black feathers of the breast, a shorter crest, no green or purple gloss on the head, and a small white spot on the chin.

"'Males in molting plumage are intermediate in color between males in first plumage and males in first nuptial plumage.

"'Young in down are dark brown, shading into nearly white on the belly.' (Seebohm.)" (Salvadori.)

The tufted duck visits the Philippine Islands during the winter months and at times may be found in large numbers; from Laguna de Bay, many live ducks are brought to the Manila markets, the present species ranking next in numbers to the common Dendrocygna arcuata.

Order PELECANIFORMES.

CORMORANTS, DARTERS, GANNETS, FRIGATE BIRDS, AND PELICANS.

Bill strong, either sharply pointed or hooked at tip; nostrils wanting or obsolete; neck moderate to very long; all the toes united by a web; chin naked and forming a more or less distensible pouch. Birds of large size, seagoing and fish-eating. The totipalmate feet and obsolete nostrils are the most obvious peculiarities of this order. [23] Eggs bluish or white, with a white chalky covering.

Families.

a1. Tail not forked; webs between toes entire or but slightly emarginate.

b1. Bill subcylindrical; gular pouch small.

c1. Bill strongly hooked. ... Phalacrocoracidæ (p. 200)
c2. Bill sharply pointed.

d1. Neck longer than body; bill slender; culmen nearly
straight. ... Anhingidæ (p. 202)
d2. Neck about one-half as long as body; bill heavy; culmen
decurved for terminal fourth. ... Sulidæ (p. 203)

b2. Bill greatly flattened, widened near tip; gular pouch very
large. ... Pelecanidæ (p. 208)

a2. Tail deeply forked; webs between toes deeply incised. ... Fregatidæ (p. 206)

Family PHALACROCORACIDÆ.

Bill long and heavy; basal portion of culmen slightly concave, tip strongly decurved and hooked; neck rather long; wings ample but not reaching beyond base of tail, the latter rather long, its feathers graduated and stiff; plumage largely black, at times partly white.

Genus PHALACROCORAX Brisson, 1760.

Characters same as those given for the Family.

166. PHALACROCORAX CARBO (Linnæus).

COMMON CORMORANT.

Pelecanus carbo Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 133.
Phalacrocorax carbo Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1898), 26, 340,
text fig. 1; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 198; Sharpe,
Hand-List (1899), 1, 232; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 39.

Ca-sí-li, Manila, also applied to the darter.

Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (McGregor); Ticao (McGregor). Europe,
Africa, northern Asia, Greenland; eastern North America south to
Georgia; Indian Peninsula to China and Australia.