Chapter XXIV: Preface (23)

Description of type.--General color bluish slate; chin, throat, fore breast, forehead, and sides of head, including lores and a wide line over eye, jet-black; alula, primary-coverts, and primaries black; inner primaries and inner feathers of alula narrowly edged with gray; secondaries black with wide edges of blue-gray, which cover nearly the entire outer web; secondary-coverts gray; inner webs of quills partly dark blue-gray, this begins as a small basal area on the short first primary, becomes greater on each succeeding quill, and reaches nearly to the tips of inner quills; a narrow edging of white on inner webs of first four quills; tail black; from below outermost pair of rectrices tipped with blue-gray (20 mm. in length); on second pair the gray tip much less, and only a trace on some of the other rectrices; central pair blue-gray above, with a subterminal black area. Length, 236; culmen from base, 22; bill from nostril, 16; wing, 127; tail, 106; tarsus, 23.

Female.--Similar to the female of E. mindanense, but rump and upper tail-coverts slate-gray like the back; abdomen and crissum gray like the breast, not lighter as in E. mindanense. Length of female type, 236; culmen from base, 22; bill from nostril, 15; wing, 126; tail, 106; tarsus, 23.

The elusive cuckoo shrike seems to be closely related to E. everetti, but no direct comparison can be made as the latter species is not represented in the Bureau of Science collection.

Genus PERICROCOTUS Boie, 1826.

Bill short and slightly flattened; wing and tail nearly equal in length, or wing shorter than tail; rectrices very narrow and strongly graduated, the outermost pair being less than one-half the middle pair. Length usually less than 200 mm. Excepting the gray and white P. cinereus which is migratory, the Philippine species are glossy black and some shade of bright yellow, red, or orange.

Species. [66]

a1. Under parts bright red or yellow.

b1. Breast and abdomen yellow or orange.

c1. Breast, abdomen, and crissum bright egg-yellow ... marchesæ
(p. 490)
c2. Breast, abdomen, and crissum orange.

d1. Rump and tail-coverts pompeian-orange.

e1. Bill longer and wider ... leytensis (p. 492)
e2. Bill shorter and narrower ... novus (p. 491)

d2. Rump, tail-coverts, and under parts lighter orange
... johnstoniæ (p. 492)

b2. Breast and abdomen fiery vermilion ... igneus (p. 493)

a2. Under parts white; no red nor yellow on any part of the plumage. ... cinereus (p. 493)

459. PERICROCOTUS MARCHESÆ Guillemard.

MARCHESA MINIVET.

Pericrocotus marchesæ Guillemard, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1885), 259,
pl. 18, fig. 1; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 300; McGregor and
Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 77.

Sulu (Guillemard, Platen, Bourns & Worcester).

Adult male.--Entire head, chin, throat, and anterior half of back glossy blue-black; lower back, rump, tail-coverts, and all of the under parts, except chin and throat, bright egg-yellow; wings glossy black; a diagonal yellow band begins on middle of fifth primary and extends on to the secondaries where it becomes wider; inner greater secondary-coverts widely tipped with yellow; four or five secondaries each with a yellow spot near tip; rectrices black, all but the central pair with wide yellow tips. Wing, 77; tail, 80; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 15.

"This fine bird was several times found in flocks in Sulu, both in the forest and in the open. Iris, bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Six males average, 170 in length; wing, 77; tail, 84; culmen, 17; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 15. Four females, length, 171; wing, 77; tail, 84; culmen, 16; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 14." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

460. PERICROCOTUS NOVUS McGregor.

RAMSAY'S MINIVET.

Pericrocotus novus Ramsay, Ibis (1886), 161 (no description);
Grant, Ibis (1895), 109; (1896), 539 (Negros); Whitehead,
Ibis (1899), 103; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 300; McGregor,
Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 3, 13; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 77.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor); Negros (Whitehead).

Adult male (type).--Chin, throat, neck, sides of neck, head, and mantle black with a faint dark blue gloss; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts rich pompeian-orange; lower parts, except chin and throat, rich orange, becoming more intense on under tail-coverts; thighs blackish; wings black, crossed by two bars formed by orange-colored areas on primaries, secondaries, and greater coverts; on the quills these markings have corresponding spots on the inner webs which form a diagonal band of dark buff, seen when inside of wing is examined; lining of wing pale orange; tail from above mostly black, from below mostly fiery orange; this results from the fact that the short outer rectrices are black on the basal half only, while the long central feathers are black for their whole length, the outer webs only being orange near the tips. Length, 184; wing, 80; tail, 90; culmen from base, about 14; tarsus, 16.

Adult female.--Markings somewhat as in the adult male, but the orange replaced by rich lemon-yellow, which extends over the throat, sides of neck, and chin, and also forms a narrow frontal band, the latter extending backward on each side to over center of eye; top of head and mantle black but without gloss. Wing, 79; tail, 89; culmen from base, 15; tarsus, 15.

Immature male.--Resembles the adult female in having the yellow frontal band and in having chin and throat yellow; under parts pale orange mixed with pale lemon-yellow, the under tail-coverts altogether of the latter color; rectrices pale orange, tipped with lemon-yellow, the central pair totally black. On the head and mantle there are many blackish brown feathers tipped with pale buff and other glossy black feathers of the new plumage; lower back and rump orange with a mixture of lemon-yellow; wing-markings very light orange.

Immature female.--Almost exactly like the adult female, but many feathers of head, mantle, sides of neck, and wings brown with buff margins.

461. PERICROCOTUS LEYTENSIS Steere.

STEERE'S MINIVET.

Pericrocotus leytensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere
Exped. (1890), 15; Grant, Ibis (1897), 224; Whitehead, Ibis
(1899), 103; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 300 and 301, nos. 8
and 16; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 77.

Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead), Samar (Bourns & Worcester,
Whitehead, Mearns).

Male.--"An adult male has the general coloring of P. igneus, but is larger and the central tail-feathers are tipped with vermilion. The four outer primaries are black, and at least seven of the secondaries have vermilion markings on the outer webs toward their tips, as well as the broad vermilion bars across their bases. Length, 178; wing, 76; tail, 89." (Steere.)

Young.--A young female (Mearns collection) from Samar closely resembles the corresponding plumage of P. novus from Luzon, but the bill is decidedly longer and wider in the former specimen. Wing, 78; tail, 86; culmen from base, 15; width of bill at middle of nostril, 7.

462. PERICROCOTUS JOHNSTONIÆ Grant.

MRS. JOHNSTONE'S MINIVET.

Pericrocotus johnstoniæ Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1905), 16,
18; Ibis (1906), 480, pl. 19.

Mindanao (Goodfellow, Mearns, Clemens).

"Adult male.--Most nearly allied to P. croceus Sharpe, from the south of the Malay Peninsula, but differs in having an oblong orange-yellow mark on the terminal portion of the outer web of the six median secondary quills; the chin and throat glossy black like the crown and mantle, and the breast and under parts deep yellow, less tinged with orange. The tail-feathers are black, tipped with orange, increasing in width, so that the outer pairs have the terminal half orange. 'Iris, bill, and feet black.' (Goodfellow.) Length, 165; wing, 84; tail, 81; tarsus, 15.

"Adult female.--Differs considerably from the female of P. croceus in having a narrow bright yellow band across the forehead, continued backward over the lores in a short superciliary stripe; the chin, throat, and all the yellow parts of the plumage bright yellow instead of orange; the six median secondary quills with an oblong yellow mark on the terminal half of the outer web. From the female of P. leytensis Steere it is easily distinguished by the narrower and much brighter yellow band across the forehead, as well as by the shining blackish gray crown and mantle." (Grant.)

The male of Mrs. Johnstone's minivet is very similar to P. novus, but the under parts, especially the tail-coverts, are more yellowish and the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts are orange-red instead of pompeian-orange. A male from Lake Lanao, Mindanao, measures, wing, 81; tail, 83; culmen from base, 15; width of bill at middle of nostril, 6.

463. PERICROCOTUS IGNEUS Blyth.

FIERY MINIVET.

Pericrocotus igneus Blyth, Jour. As. Soc. Bengal (1846), 15,
309; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 301; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 77.

Palawan (Steere, Lempriere, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns
& Worcester, Celestino, White). Western China, Malay Peninsula,
southern Tenasserim, Sumatra, Borneo.

Adult male.--Entire head, chin, throat, and upper back glossy blue-black; lower back, rump, tail-coverts, and under parts bright pompeian-orange or fiery red; base of each feather white with a wash of pale yellow between the white base and red tip; thighs black; wings black; primaries, except four outermost, and secondaries crossed by a diagonal band of bright orange-red; on inner webs the band is yellow; inner greater coverts tipped with orange-red and forming part of the wing-patch; four middle rectrices glossy black, the other rectrices black with apical one-third to one-half red. Iris dark brown; bill and feet black. Length, 162; wing, 77; tail, 76; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 16.

"Adult female.--General color above dull ashy gray, the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts fine vermilion; four median tail-feathers black, the remainder vermilion with black bases, gradually increasing in extent toward the inner ones; quills black, with a broad bar of orange near the base of the quills, extending along the outer web of some of the inner primaries; ear-coverts gray; lores, feathers round the eye, cheeks, and under surface of body bright yellow, inclining to orange on the flanks and under tail-coverts; thighs blackish; under wing-coverts and edge of wing yellow. Length, 140; culmen, 13; wing, 70; tail, 70; tarsus, 15." (Sharpe.)

"Two males from Palawan average, 154 in length; wing, 72; tail, 74; culmen, 16; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 14. Iris dark; bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Breeding in Palawan in December. Usually keeps to the tops of high trees in the forest but occasionally comes out into the mangrove swamps." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

464. PERICROCOTUS CINEREUS Lafresneye.

ASHY MINIVET.

Pericrocotus cinereus Lafresneye, Rev. Zool. (1845), 8, 94;
Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 83; Hand-List (1901),
3, 302; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 103 (migrant); Oates and Reid,
Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 298, pl. 9, fig. 19; McGregor and
Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 77.

Basilan (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (Leclancher, Heriot,
Whitehead, McGregor); Mindoro (Everett, McGregor); Palawan
(Lempriere, Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, White). China and
eastern Siberia; in winter to Pegu, Borneo, and Malay Peninsula.

Male.--Nasal plumes, lores, crown, and nape black; forehead white; cheeks and ear-coverts white, the latter tipped with black; rest of upper parts ashy gray; under parts entirely white; thighs gray; wings blackish brown; secondaries with a narrow white bar across the middle of their length and some of their edges gray; primaries with white patches near middle of inner webs, and some with a white spot on outer web; rectrices black, all but the middle pair with long white tips. Length, about 200; wing, 98; tail, 95; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 9.5; tarsus, 16.

Female.--Similar to the male but crown, nape, and post-ocular area gray like the back; sides of breast mottled or obsoletely barred with gray. Wing, 97; tail, 98; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 15.

This plain-colored species appears in the Philippines during migration only and is, as a rule, very rare. At times, however, it is found in considerable numbers.

"We shot a single specimen in Palawan. Length, 190; wing, 96; tail, 100; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 15. Bill, legs, feet, and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus LALAGE Boie, 1826.

Bill moderate in length and rather slender, as deep as wide at nostril; wing decidedly longer than tail; rectrices moderately broad; tarsus strong. Plumage black, white, and gray; tail black, tipped with white; wing black with a large white patch on secondaries and on greater and median coverts.

Species.

a1. Forehead black; no white band over eye; larger; length, about 200 mm.

b1. Larger; wing, about 120 mm.; tail, 86 ... melanoleuca (p. 494)
b2. Smaller; wing, about 105 mm.; tail, 82 ... minor (p. 495)

a2. Forehead and a wide band over eye white; length, about 180 mm. ... niger (p. 495)

465. LALAGE MELANOLEUCA (Blyth).

BLACK AND WHITE LALAGE.

Pseudolalage melanoleuca Blyth, Jour. As. Soc. Bengal (1861),
30, 97; Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9, 178, pl. 29, fig. 2.
Lalage melanoleuca Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4,
91, 471; Hand-List (1901), 3, 303; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 103
(habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 78.

Luzon (Martens, Heriot, Everett, Whitehead, Steere Exp.); Mindoro
(Steere Exp., McGregor); Semirara (Worcester). [67]

Male.--Forehead, crown, sides of head to lower border of eye, hind neck, and mantle black, glossed with green; lower back, rump, and tail-coverts white, the back grayish; entire under parts white; wings and tail black, glossed with green; inner secondaries and greater coverts with wide edges of white; inner median coverts entirely white; quills, except first primary, edged with white on inner web; two outermost pairs of rectrices tipped with white. Length, about 210. A male from Mindoro measures: Wing, 119; tail, 90; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 23.

Female.--Above light ashy gray, nearly white on tail-coverts; feathers of head and mantle with dusky shaft-lines; below white; breast obscurely barred with gray; thighs gray with darker shaft-lines; wings and tail as in the male but with less white on median coverts. A female from Mindoro, wing, 112; tail, 85; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 14.5; tarsus, 23.

466. LALAGE MINOR (Steere).

STEERE'S LALAGE.

Pseudolalage minor Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890),
15.
Lalage minor Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 103; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1901), 3, 303; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 78.

Leyte (Whitehead); Mindanao (Steere Exp., Celestino); Samar
(Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

Male.--In color exactly like the male of L. melanoleuca, but distinguished by its smaller size. Length, about 200. A male from northern Mindanao measures: Wing, 104; tail, 81; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 20.

Female.--Differs from the female of L. melanoleuca in having the chin, throat, and breast plumbeous gray with somewhat obscure gray bars.

"Steere's lalage is not very common; a pair shot in Samar had been feeding on fruit and insects. Iris dark brown; legs, feet, and nails black; upper mandible black, lower nearly so. The male measures, 197 in length; wing, 107; tail, 81; culmen, 25; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 21. A female, length, 203; wing, 106; tail, 82; culmen, 26; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 18." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

467. LALAGE NIGER (Forster).

PIED LALAGE.

Turdus dominicus (not of Linnæus, 1766) P. L. S. Müller,
Natursyst. Suppl. (1776), 145.
Turdus niger Forster, Ind. Zool. (1781), 41.
Turdus terat Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl. (1783), pl. 17.
Lalage terat Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 95; Hand-List
(1901), 3, 303; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 104; Oates and Reid,
Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 300.
Lalage niger McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 78.

Ca-hu-raó hu-raó, Ticao; sa-lac-sá-can, Cagayancillo; bu-ga-ung-ón,
Siquijor; ibong-pá-re, Manila.

Bantayan (McGregor); Banton (Celestino); Basilan (Everett, Steere
Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (Everett, McGregor);
Cagayancillo (McGregor); Cagayan Sulu (Guillemard, McGregor);
Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Caluya (Porter); Catanduanes
(Whitehead); Cebu (Meyer, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester); Leyte (Everett); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Everett,
Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque
(Steere Exp.); Masbate (McGregor); Mindanao (Steere, Steere Exp.,
Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, Whitehead, Keay); Palawan (Bourns & Worcester); Panay
(Murray, Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Romblon
(Bourns & Worcester); Sibay (McGregor & Worcester); Sibuyan
(Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester,
Celestino); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns
& Worcester); Ticao (McGregor). Malay Peninsula, Nicobar Islands,
Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

Male.--Very similar to L. melanoleuca, but much smaller and with a broad white line from forehead over eye to nape. Length, about 180; other measurements from a male taken in Bohol are: Wing, 92; tail, 73; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 19.

The immature male resembles the adult female.

Female.--Differs from the male in having the upper surface bluish gray with blackish shaft-lines, the white band over eye less distinct, and the breast, sides, and flanks closely barred with narrow gray lines. A female from Bohol measures: Wing, 92; tail, 72; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 20.

Nestling.--Two nestlings from Banton, June 30, 1905, have the feathers of upper parts dark ashy brown with wide tips of light earthy buff; under parts white with spots and longitudinal lines of blackish brown, the wings are similar to those of the adult, but the white areas are washed with buff.

The pied lalage is widely distributed and abundant; the other two Philippine species are comparatively rare.

Family PYCNONOTIDÆ.

Bill slender and compressed; culmen gently curved and having a decided keel; a notch near the tip of upper mandible and, in some genera, another notch near tip of lower mandible; nostrils pierced in the anterior part of a membrane the base of which may be covered with short plumes, but the nostrils always exposed except in Irena; wing longer than tail; first primary little more than one-half the second, the latter shorter than third; fourth and fifth usually forming the tip of the wing; tail square, or slightly rounded, rarely decidedly graduate; tarsus short, nearly always less than culmen from base, and seldom greater than middle toe with claw. In some genera there are a number of hairs springing from the nape, but these are not greatly developed, except in Irena and Trichophorus.

Genera.

a1. A tuft of long white silky feathers on each side of lower breast; primaries exceeding the secondaries by less than one-half the tarsus; colors yellow and black. ... Ægithina (p. 497) a2. No tuft of long silky feathers on side of breast; primaries exceeding the secondaries by more than one-half the tarsus.

b1. Primaries exceeding the secondaries by less than the length
of tarsus.

c1. Tail-coverts very long, nearly two-thirds as long as the tail;
colors black and yellow, tail tipped with yellow. ... Microtarsus
(p. 513)
c2. Tail-coverts shorter, equal to less than two-thirds of tail.

d1. Hairs on nape short or wanting; if present, less than the
tarsus in length.

e1. Eye not surrounded by a wattle; tail without a light tip.

f1. Head uncrested; plumage mostly bright
green. ... Chloropsis (p. 498)
f2. Head slightly crested; culmen from base less than tarsus;
with no green in the plumage. ... Pycnonotus (p. 515)

e2. Eye surrounded by a narrow wattle; tail with a wide white
tip. ... Poliolophus (p. 512)

d2. Hairs on nape very long, their exposed portions longer than
one-half the tarsus. ... Trichophorus (p. 514)

b2. Primaries exceeding the secondaries by more than length of
tarsus.

c1. Feathers of crown and nape rounded; hairs on nape well
developed, extending beyond the feathers for more than two-thirds
the length of bill from nostril; plumage entirely blue and
black. ... Irena (p. 499)
c2. Feathers of crown and nape pointed; hairs on nape usually
shorter; plumage usually brown or gray, mottled with whitish;
plumage rarely yellow.

d1. Rictal bristles less than one-half the tarsus in
length. ... Hypsipetes (p. 502)
d2. Rictal bristles more than one-half the tarsus in
length. ... Iole (p. 504)

Genus ÆGITHINA Vieillot, 1816.

Wings short and curved to the body; secondaries nearly as long as primaries; a large tuft of long, white, silky feathers on each side of lower breast; tarsus slightly greater than culmen from base; lower parts bright yellow; wings black, barred with white.

468. ÆGITHINA VIRIDIS (Bonaparte).

BLACK-WINGED IORA.

Jora viridis Bonaparte, Consp. Genera Avium (1850), 1, 397.
Ægithina viridis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 6, 11;
Hand-List (1901), 3, 306; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903),
3, 302; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 78.

Palawan (Steere, Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor, Celestino, White). Sumatra and Borneo.

Male.--Forehead, lores, supercilia, sides of face, and under parts golden yellow, becoming slightly paler on abdomen and tail-coverts; above yellowish green; upper tail-coverts, wings, and tail black; outer webs of inner primaries narrowly edged with pale yellow; inner webs, except that of first primary, broadly edged with white; secondaries edged with white on both webs; lesser wing-coverts black; median coverts with wide white tips forming a bar; greater coverts edged with white near their tips forming a second bar. A male from Palawan measures: Wing, 66; tail, 51; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 20.

Female.--Above similar to the male, but forehead more greenish, and tail and coverts green like the back; under parts lighter yellow than in the male; wings blackish and the tail-markings more or less washed with yellowish green. A female measures: Wing, 62; tail, 51; culmen from base, 17.5; tarsus, 18.

"Very common in Palawan but not found by us in the Calamianes. Five males average: Length, 146; wing, 63; tail, 50; culmen, 19; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 16. Four females, length, 138; wing, 60; tail, 52; culmen, 18; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 16. Iris light yellow to grayish white; legs and feet slate-blue; nails darker than feet; upper mandible black, gray along gape; lower mandible grayish white." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus CHLOROPSIS Jardine and Selby, 1826.

A distinct notch near the tip of each mandible; tarsus slightly less than culmen from base; difference between the length of primaries and of secondaries equal to about two-thirds of tarsus. Plumage nearly all bright grass-green, the difference between the sexes very slight.

Species.

a1. Chin and throat bright yellow. ... palawanensis (p. 498) a2. Chin and throat light green, the chin slightly washed with yellow. ... flavipennis (p. 499)

469. CHLOROPSIS PALAWANENSIS (Sharpe).

PALAWAN LEAFBIRD.

Phyllornis palawanensis Sharpe,
Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 333, figs. 1 and 2.
Chloropsis palawanensis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 6,
33; Hand-List (1901), 3, 308; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 78.

Balabac (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan
(Steere, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
Celestino, White).

Male.--Grass-green, much darker above than below; lores and a small patch at base of lower mandible light blue, behind the latter a moustachial line of lilac, above this and below eye a band of golden yellow; eye surrounded by a circle of purple feathers; chin and throat golden yellow; lesser wing-coverts on bend of wing bluish purple; remainder of secondary-coverts and secondaries edged with green; alula and primary-coverts blue, slightly washed with purple; primaries black, edged with light blue on outer webs and with white on inner webs; rectrices, below dark gray; above blue, washed with green, shafts black. A male from Palawan measures: W0ing, 89; tail, 72; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 14.5; tarsus, 15.

Female.--Scarcely differs in color from the male, but the moustachial streak dark purplish blue. A female measures: Wing, 82; tail, 65; culmen from base, 22; tarsus, 17.

"Common in Palawan and in the Calamianes, but difficult to see on account of its color. Found in the forests, second growth, and mangrove swamps. Seven males average: Length, 189; wing, 90; tail, 67; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 17; culmen, 23. Four females, length, 182; wing, 83; tail, 63; culmen, 23; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 18. Iris brown; legs and feet slate-gray; bill black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

470. CHLOROPSIS FLAVIPENNIS (Tweeddale).

YELLOW-QUILLED LEAFBIRD.

Phyllornis flavipennis Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 761;
pl. 77, fig. 1.
Chloropsis flavipennis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 6,
34; Hand-List (1901), 3, 308; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 78.

Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Platen,
Celestino).

Male and female.--Nearly the entire plumage leaf- or grass-green, much darker above than below; lores, ring about eye, ear-coverts, and chin washed with light yellow; outer webs of some primaries and inner webs of all the remiges and rectrices, edged with chamois-yellow; lower thighs chamois-yellow; shafts of flight-feathers black. Three males from Cebu measure: Wing, 91 to 96; tail, 74 to 76; bill from nostril, 16 to 17. Three females, wing, 89 to 91; tail, 72 to 76; bill from nostril, 15 to 16.

This species, which is very distinct from C. palawanensis, is rare in the only islands where it has been found.

"Found only in the forest and breeding in June. Nine males average: Length, 200; wing, 92; tail, 75; culmen, 25; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 20. Four females, length, 183; wing, 86; tail, 70; culmen, 24; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 20. Iris dark brown to black; upper mandible almost black, lower drab." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus IRENA Horsfield, 1821.

Nuchal hairs well developed, their exposed portions equal to about two-thirds the length of bill from nostril; nostrils hidden by short close-set feathers; a notch near the tip of each mandible; primaries longer than secondaries by much more than tarsus; tarsus less than bill from nostril; tail slightly rounded. Colors blue and black. In the thin and tender skin and hidden nostrils this genus shows some affinity to the Campophagidæ; the well-developed nuchal hairs and short tarsus indicate a close relationship to the bulbuls.

Species.

a1. Mantle and back blue.

b1. Chin and throat black.

c1. Crown and nape cobalt; mantle and back
navy-blue. ... cyanogastra (p. 500)
c2. Crown, mantle, and back bright turquoise-blue
(male). ... tweeddali (p. 502)

b2. Chin and throat and nearly the entire plumage dull verditer-blue
(female). ... tweeddali (p. 502)

a2. Mantle and back velvety black. ... melanochlamys (p. 501); ellæ (p. 500)

471. IRENA CYANOGASTRA Vigors.

LUZON FAIRY BLUEBIRD.

Irena cyanogastra Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1831), 97; Sharpe,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1877), 3, 266; Grant, Ibis (1896), 116;
Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 216 (habits).
Irena cyanogaster Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 308; McGregor and
Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 79.

Luzon (Meyer, Möllendorff, Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor,
Celestino).

Male.--Forehead, lores, a wide band over eye, entire sides of head and neck, chin, throat, and fore breast velvety black; rest of under parts deep blue; tail-coverts tipped with cobalt and the black bases of feathers showing through the blue to some extent; crown and nape bright cobalt; mantle, back, and rump deep blue, the black bases showing through to some extent as on the under parts; upper tail-coverts tipped with cobalt; wings black; lesser coverts tipped with dark blue; median and greater coverts with wide tips of cobalt, forming two bands; alula-feathers and primary-coverts narrowly edged with dark blue; inner secondaries broadly edged with cobalt; rectrices black below; above, outermost pair all black, the middle pair all blue, the others blue on outer webs. Bill, legs, and nails black. Length, about 260; wing, 135; tail, 112; culmen from base, 30; bill from nostril, 21; tarsus, 21.

Female.--Differs from the male in having the black on head and throat duller and extending for a less distance on the breast; blue of under parts slightly lighter. Wing, 135; tail, 113; culmen from base, 27; bill from nostril, 19; tarsus, 18.

472. IRENA ELLÆ Steere.

ELLA'S FAIRY BLUEBIRD.

Irena ellæ Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 18;
Ibis (1891), 313 (fig.), pl. 8; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 309;
Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 216 (habits); McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 79.

Leyte (Steere Exp.); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
Whitehead).

"Adult male.--Crown of head and nape deep cobalt-blue as in I. cyanogastra; sides of neck, back, and scapulars velvety black; lower back washed with cobalt, this becoming rich cobalt on upper tail-coverts; tail black, washed with deep cobalt; wings marked with cobalt much as in cyanogastra; under surface deep velvety black, feathers of abdomen slightly washed with blue; under tail-coverts deep cobalt.

"Adult female.--Chin and throat velvety black; breast, abdomen, and flanks purplish blue. Size that of cyanogastra. I. ellæ can be readily distinguished from I. cyanogastra, its nearest ally, by its black back." (Steere).

"This fine Irena was discovered by Bourns the first time that we succeeded in reaching the woods back of the town of Catbalogan in Samar, in 1888. Three males average, 252 in length; wing, 125; tail, 102; culmen, 31; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 23. A female, length, 257; wing, 123; tail, 103; culmen, 31; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 23. Bill, legs, feet, and nails black; iris red." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

473. IRENA MELANOCHLAMYS Sharpe.

BLACK-MANTLED FAIRY BLUEBIRD.

Irena melanochlamys Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1877), 3, 266;
Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 334, pl. 51, fig. 2;
Hand-List (1901), 3, 309; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 79.

Basilan (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
McGregor); Mindanao (Bourns & Worcester).

Adult.--Very similar to Irena cyanogastra, but the upper back and mantle black instead of deep blue. Iris cherry red; bill, legs, and nails black. Length, about 230. A male from Basilan measures: Wing, 121; tail, 102; culmen from base, 27; bill from nostril, 19; tarsus, 18. A female measures: Wing, 118; tail, 98; culmen from base, 28; tarsus, 20.

"This fairy bluebird is a strictly deep woods form and a very fine singer; it is rather shy, but can readily be procured, as it never remains silent for any length of time. It is often difficult to distinguish from Dicrurus striatus when seen at a little distance, unless its tail is in plain view. All of the Philippine Irenidæ are difficult to collect in good condition. They have very thin skins and loose feathers, and frequently ruin themselves in falling. They all feed on fruit. Ten males from Basilan average: Length, 236; wing, 120; tail, 98; culmen, 30; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 22. Eleven females, length, 229; wing, 116; tail, 96; culmen, 30; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 22." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

474. IRENA TWEEDDALI Sharpe.

TWEEDDALE'S FAIRY BLUEBIRD.

Irena tweeddalii Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1877), 3, 268;
Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 333, pl. 51, fig. 1;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 79.
Irena tweeddalei Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 309.

Balabac (? [68]); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Steere,
Lempriere, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
Celestino, White).

Male.--Crown, nape, hind neck, entire back, rump, upper and under tail-coverts, lesser and median wing-coverts, and tips of inner greater coverts light turquoise-blue; rest of plumage, including forehead, lores, a wide line over eye, and entire sides of head and neck deep black. Length, 240; wing, 127; tail, 99; culmen from base, 26; bill from nostril, 19; tarsus, 16.

Female.--Very different from the male, being dull verditer-blue; feathers of rump and upper and under tail-coverts tipped with brighter blue; primaries dark brown; secondaries and rectrices dark brown, their exposed edges washed with verditer-blue. Wing, 120; tail, 99; culmen from base, 26; bill from nostril, 19; tarsus, 18.

"Tweeddale's fairy bluebird was fairly common about fruit trees in the forest and was found abundantly on Mount Pulgar at an elevation of about 750 meters. Five males from Palawan average: Length, 245; wing, 123; tail, 95; culmen, 31; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 23. Four females, length, 243; wing, 122; tail, 92; culmen, 31; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 24. Males and females from the Calamianes average slightly less in length. Iris red; bill, legs, feet, and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus HYPSIPETES Vigors, 1831.

Longest rictal bristles about one-half the length of tarsus; nuchal hairs moderate in length; bill slender and compressed; a notch near tip of upper mandible, none in lower mandible; tarsus much less than culmen from base; difference between length of primaries and secondaries greater than length of tarsus; tail slightly rounded; plumage brown and gray, under parts sparsely spotted with white.

Species.

a1. Smaller; bill and tail shorter; flanks more rufescent or fulvescent.

b1. Smaller; forehead cinereous ... fugensis (p. 503)
b2. Larger ... batanensis (p. 503)

a2. Larger; bill and tail longer; flanks grayer ... camiguinensis (p. 504)

475. HYPSIPETES FUGENSIS Grant.

FUGA RED-EARED BULBUL.

Hypsipetes fugensis Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1895), 5, 2;
Ibis (1896), 113; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 214; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1901), 3, 310; McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4, 31;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 79.

Sa-mot', Calayan.

Calayan (McGregor); Fuga (Whitehead, McGregor, Mearns).

Male and female.--Top of head and crest dark brown, the feathers edged with slate-gray; back, rump, and tail-coverts warm brown or light seal-brown, the feathers edged with olive-gray; wings and tail dark brown; rectrices edged with olive-gray; chin, fore part of throat, and cheeks hoary gray; a band of dark reddish brown across ear-coverts and lower throat, many of the feathers of throat with white spots on the tips of the shafts; rest of under parts ashy brown, becoming fulvous on flanks and thighs; feathers on median part of breast tipped with white; middle of abdomen white. Iris reddish brown; bill, legs, and nails dark brown. Five males from Fuga measure: Wing, 123 to 126; tail, 119 to 124; culmen from base, 27 to 29; bill from nostril, 16.5 to 18; tarsus, 19 to 23.

"Adult male and female.--Most nearly allied to H. squamiceps and H. pryeri, having the chestnut ear-coverts united by a band of the same color extending across the throat, but the top of the head, which is almost devoid of a crest, and the neck are brown, like the back, instead of dark slate-gray; and the white tips to the feathers of the breast and belly are almost entirely absent, or only faintly indicated along the middle line of the under parts. Length, 267; culmen, 29; wing, 123; tail, 117; tarsus, 21.5." (Grant.)

476. HYPSIPETES BATANENSIS Mearns.

BATAN RED-EARED BULBUL.

Hypsipetes batanensis Mearns, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A,
357; McGregor, Ibid, 342.

Pi-uc', Batan.

Babuyan Claro (McGregor); Batan (Mearns, McGregor).

Diagnosis.--"Exactly like topotypes of Hypsipetes fugensis Grant, but larger, and with the forehead rufescent instead of cinereous. Measurements.--Type (skin of adult male).--Length, 262; wing, 130; tail, 127; culmen (chord), 28; bill from anterior margin of nostril, 20; tarsus, 26; middle toe with claw, about 27. Average of three adult males including the type: Length, 264; wing, 128; tail, 127; culmen (chord), 28; bill from anterior margin of nostril, 26; middle toe with claw, about 27. Adult female: Length, 245; wing, 116; tail, 112; culmen (chord), 25; bill from anterior margin of nostril, 17.5; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, about 25.5." (Mearns.)

Five males measure as follows: Wing, 124 to 129; tail, 116 to 123; culmen from base, 30 to 32; bill from nostril, 18 to 19; tarsus, 22 to 25.

Other than the size there appears to me to be no appreciable difference between H. fugensis and H. batanensis. The Batan red-eared bulbul is very abundant in Batan Island where it was found breeding in May and June. The eggs are salmon-pink, spotted with shades of umber-brown. Six eggs measure from 30.2 to 32.7 mm. in length and from 20 to 22 mm. in width.

477. HYPSIPETES CAMIGUINENSIS McGregor.

CAMIGUIN RED-EARED BULBUL.

Hypsipetes camiguinensis McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2,
sec. A, 347.

Camiguin N. (Worcester, McGregor).

Diagnosis.--Similar to H. fugensis and to H. batanensis but larger; bill and tail longer; flanks less rufescent. Male, type: Length in flesh, 295; wing, 136; tail, 124; culmen from base, 33; bill from anterior margin of nostril, 21; tarsus, 25.

The specimens of Hypsipetes obtained in Camiguin Island are in such poor condition that it is impossible to give color characters, but I believe adults in good plumage will be found to differ considerably from both H. fugensis and H. batanensis.

Genus IOLE Blyth, 1844.

This genus differs from Hypsipetes in having longer rictal bristles, the longest being decidedly more than one-half as long as the tarsus, and in having the nuchal hairs more strongly developed. The three yellow plumaged species, Iole striaticeps, everetti, and haynaldi, approach Criniger (=Trichophorus) both in color and in the development of nuchal hairs, but in the latter genus the bill is relatively shorter and the culmen is more curved.

Species.

a1. Under parts bright yellow or strongly tinged with yellow; nuchal hairs longer.

b1. Above olive-brown with whitish shaft-streaks; below ashy white
with a strong tinge of yellow. ... striaticeps (p. 505)
b2. Above olive-yellow with darker shaft-streaks; under parts mostly
bright yellow.

c1. Larger; above brighter and clearer olive-yellow; under parts
brighter. ... everetti (p. 506)
c2. Smaller; above duller olive-yellow; under parts not so
bright. ... haynaldi (p. 506)

a2. Under and upper parts neither yellow nor tinged with yellow; general color brown or gray.

b1. Chin and throat reddish brown or gray, narrowly streaked with
white or without streaks; smaller, culmen from base usually less
than 28 mm.

c1. No white shaft-lines on chin and throat. ... rufigularis
(p. 507)
c2. White shaft-lines present on chin and throat.

d1. Chin and throat rufous-brown; shaft-lines wider.

e1. Smaller; chin and throat slightly darker. ... gularis
(p. 507)
e2. Larger; chin and throat slightly paler. ... guimarasensis
(p. 508)

d2. Chin and throat pale rufescent brown; shaft-lines much
narrower and less conspicuous. ... mindorensis (p. 509)

b2. Chin and throat gray with wide streaks of white, or chin nearly
all white; larger, culmen from base usually more than 30 mm.

c1. Top of head uniform seal-brown without lighter margins to the
feathers; wing of male, about 135 mm. ... siquijorensis (p. 510)
c2. Top of head lighter brown or dull olive-brown; feathers on
forehead tipped with slate-gray; wing shorter.

d1. Top of head lighter; feathers on nape tipped with ashy or
slate-gray; wing, about 125 mm.; tail, 115. ... cinereiceps
(p. 511)
d2. Top of head darker; feathers on nape with no gray tips;
wing, about 120 mm.; tail, 105. ... monticola (p. 511)

478. IOLE STRIATICEPS Sharpe.

PALAWAN BULBUL.

Iole striaticeps Sharpe, Ibis (1888), 200; Hand-List (1901), 3,
313; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 79.

Palawan (Whitehead).

"Adult female.--General color above olive-brown, with narrow whitish shaft-streaks to the feathers of the mantle and back; the lower back and rump uniform, the feathers of the latter very loose and fluffy and with pale tips; lesser wing-coverts brown, with a wash of olive; alula and primary-coverts dusky brown, with a reddish tinge and washed with olive externally; quills dark brown, externally pale olive-brown, rather more rufous toward the base of the secondaries; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers light reddish brown with a slight edging of olive; crown of head brown, slightly contrasting with the back, all the feathers with narrow ashy white shaft-streaks; lores white, with a yellowish tinge; feathers below the eye and ear-coverts light brown, washed with yellow and having narrow whitish shaft-streaks; cheeks and under surface of body ashy white, with a strong tinge of yellow, the breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts clearer yellow; sides of body and flanks washed with olive-brown; thighs pale yellow; under wing-coverts and axillars pale yellow; quills below dusky brown, yellowish along the edge of the inner web. Length, 168; culmen, 18; wing, 81; tail, 70; tarsus, 19." (Sharpe.)

479. IOLE EVERETTI (Tweeddale).

EVERETT'S YELLOW BULBUL.

Criniger everetti Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1877), 20,
535; Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 827, pl. 84.
Iole everetti Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 6, 57;
Hand-List (1901), 3, 313; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 215; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 79.

Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Mindanao
(Everett, Goodfellow, Celestino); Panaon (Everett); Samar (Steere
Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

Adult male.--Above bright olive-yellow; primaries, secondaries, and rectrices mostly dark brown, their exposed webs olive-yellow; shafts of the rectrices light yellow below; sides of face faintly washed with brown; feathers on jaw with black shafts; chin yellow, the shafts of the feathers black and extending beyond the webs; throat and fore breast light rufescent brown, washed with yellow; rest of under parts yellow; sides, flanks, and upper thighs darker; middle of abdomen, lower thighs, crissum, axillars, and wing-lining light egg-yellow. Length of a male, 198; wing, 116; tail, 105; culmen from base, 28; bill from nostril, 19; tarsus, 20. The female is similar to the male.

"Everett's yellow bulbul is a deep-woods bird, and a hill bird as well. In Samar I. philippinensis [=gularis] is found about the open fields and in the forests of the lowlands, but as soon as one goes a few hundred feet up on the hills I. everetti takes its place. Three males average, 248 in length; wing, 112; tail, 96; tarsus, 20.5; middle toe with claw, 24; culmen, 27. A female measures, 229 in length; wing, 96; tail, 89; culmen, 27; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 22. Iris chocolate-brown; legs, feet, and nails leaden; upper mandible nearly black, lower gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

480. IOLE HAYNALDI (Blasius).

HAYNALD'S YELLOW BULBUL.

Criniger haynaldi Blasius, Jour. für Orn. (1890), 143.
Iole haynaldi Sharpe, Ibis (1894), 253; Hand-List (1901), 3, 313;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 79.

Bongao (Everett); Sibutu (Everett); Sulu (Platen, Bourns &
Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester).

Adult.--Similar to Iole everetti, but smaller and the upper parts darker and browner; wings much darker, their exposed webs olive-brown; edges of rectrices darker; under parts lighter yellow; axillars and wing-lining pale yellow. A male measures: Wing, 109; tail, 100; culmen from base, 29; bill from nostril, 18; tarsus, 20. A female, wing, 104; tail, 100; culmen from base, 29; bill from nostril, 18; tarsus, 21.

"Haynald's yellow bulbul is extremely abundant in Sulu and Tawi Tawi. It is a woods bird which does not seem to come out into the open. Fifteen males average: Length, 240; wing, 108; tail, 99; culmen, 27; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 23. Twelve females average, length, 232; wing, 106; tail, 98; culmen, 27; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 22. Iris reddish brown; legs, feet, and nails light brown to slaty brown; upper mandible black, lower leaden gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

481. IOLE RUFIGULARIS (Sharpe).

RUFOUS-THROATED BULBUL.

Hypsipetes rufigularis Sharpe,
Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 335.
Iole rufigularis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 6, 57,
pl. 3; Hand-List (1901), 3, 313; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 79.

Basilan (Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao
(Murray, Everett, Steere Exp.).

Adult.--Forehead, crown, and occiput dark brown, shafts of the feathers blackish and their edges slate; rest of upper parts lighter brown, the feathers with olivaceous edges and ashy or slate-gray tips; wings dark brown, the outer webs of the feathers lighter and narrowly edged with olivaceous; tail similar; lores and sides of head dull brown; chin, throat, and fore breast tawny or light tan-brown, darker on breast; sides of breast washed with olive; shafts of chin-feathers black and produced beyond the webs; shafts of breast-feathers a trifle lighter than their webs; rest of the under parts white, the feathers edged with pale yellow, producing a streaked appearance; flanks more or less washed with brown; axillars and under wing-coverts white, washed with pale yellow. The sexes are similar in colors. A male from Basilan measures: Length, 255; wing, 123; tail, 105; culmen from base, 29; bill from nostril, 17; tarsus, 21. A female from Basilan, wing, 117; tail, 114; culmen from base, 25; bill from nostril, 16; tarsus, 21.

"The rufous-throated bulbul is common in Mindanao and Basilan; it is found along edges of forest, in second growth, and in guava bushes. Two males average: Length, 238; wing, 111; tail, 98; culmen, 26; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 23. A female, length, 241; wing, 106; tail, 95; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 22. Iris dark brown; legs and feet brown to nearly black; bill black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

482. IOLE GULARIS (Pucheran).

PHILIPPINE BULBUL.

Turdus philippensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, 814 (not of
Müller, 1776, nor of Boddaert, 1783).
Philedon gularis "Cuvier," Pucheran, Arch. du
Mus. d'Hist. Nat. [Paris], (1855), 7, 344, pl. 18.
Iole philippensis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit Mus. (1881), 6,
58; Hand-List (1901), 3, 313 (part); Grant and Whitehead, Ibis
(1898), 238 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 215; Oates and Reid,
Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 307; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 79.

Tug-bi-á, Bohol; pa-nu-cá, Lubang; tam-si, Manila.

Banton (Celestino); Bohol (Steere Exp., McGregor); Cebu (Meyer,
Murray, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Leyte
(Everett, Steere Exp.); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Kittlitz, Meyer,
Möllendorff, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead,
McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Mindanao (Everett, Koch &
Schadenberg, Goodfellow); Panaon (Everett); Samar (Steere Exp.,
Bourns & Worcester).

Adult.--Similar to Iole rufigularis, but smaller, and easily recognized by the more rufescent chin and throat and the very distinct white, or whitish, shaft-lines on these parts. The sexes are similar in colors. Extreme and average measurements of ten males from Mariveles, Bataan Province, Luzon, are as follows: Wing, 96 to 104 (100); tail, 88 to 90 (89); exposed culmen, 20 to 22 (20.5); bill from nostril, 15 to 16 (15.5); tarsus, 18 to 21 (20). Ten females from the same locality measure: Wing, 91 to 100 (94); tail, 81 to 89 (85); exposed culmen, 19 to 22 (19.5); bill from nostril, 15 to 16 (15.5); tarsus, 19 to 22 (20).

"Found about fruit trees in the forest, but more abundant in the open country, so far as our observation goes. Masbate birds are larger than those from the other islands, as the following measurements will show.

"Six males from Masbate average: Length, 229; wing, 106; tail, 92; culmen, 46; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 23. Six females, length, 226; wing, 99; tail, 88; culmen, 27; tarsus, 18.5; middle toe with claw, 21. [The Masbate bulbul is I. guimarasensis].

"Four males from Cebu, length, 219; wing, 100; tail, 90; culmen, 51; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 21. Four females from the same place, length, 205; wing, 94; tail, 83; culmen, 25; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 21.

"Iris chocolate-brown; legs, feet, and nails dark brown; bill black, lower mandible sometimes dark brown." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Two eggs of the Philippine bulbul collected by Whitehead at Cape Engaño, Luzon, in May, 1895, are described thus: "Shape ovate. Ground-color pure white, thickly speckled all over with brown, lake, and pale violet under-markings. Measurements 29 mm. by 20 mm. The nest which is constructed of fine roots, like that of other bulbuls, was placed in a bush in the vicinity of the forest." (Grant and Whitehead.)

483. IOLE GUIMARASENSIS Steere.

STEERE'S BULBUL.

Iole guimarasensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890),
19; Grant, Ibis (1896), 546; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 215; McGregor,
Pub. Govt. Labs. (1905), 25, 32; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 79.
Iole philippinensis Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 60 (part).
Iole philippensis Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 313 (part).

Pá-la-go, Ticao, used for Pycnonotus also.

Bantayan (McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp.); Masbate
(Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Steere, Everett, Steere
Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, Keay); Panay (Steere Exp.,
Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor).

Adult.--Very similar to Iole gularis from which it differs only in being slightly larger and in having the throat and breast paler. Ten males from Masbate and Ticao yield the following extreme and average measurements: Wing, 102 to 111 (107); tail, 86 to 94 (90); exposed culmen, 22 to 25 (23); bill from nostril, 15 to 18 (17); tarsus, 19.5 to 23 (21). Nine females from the same localities measure: Wing, 98 to 106 (99); tail, 87 to 99 (88); exposed culmen, 20.5 to 25 (21); bill from nostril, 15 to 17 (16); tarsus, 18 to 22 (20).

"Doctor Steere separates the Iole from Panay, Guimaras, and Negros from the Luzon, Samar, Bohol, Cebu, Leyte, and Mindanao birds. He states that I. guimarasensis has the 'size and general coloring of I. rufigularis, with the light shaft-streaks of I. philippinensis.' The latter differences would not seem to be of special value in differentiating it from I. philippinensis and we can find nothing in the size or color of our large series of specimens from the central Philippines to warrant us in separating them from typical I. philippinensis [=gularis].

"Steere mentions the very different note of the Cebu birds. We were unable to perceive the slightest difference in the notes of the birds in question and incline to the opinion that the Doctor must have heard the note of I. monticola when he crossed over into Cebu." (Bourns and Worcester.)

484. IOLE MINDORENSIS Steere.

MINDORO BULBUL.

Iole mindorensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890),
19; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 238, pl. 5, fig. 2 (egg);
Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 215; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 314;
Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 307; McGregor,
Bur. Govt. Labs. Manila (1905), 34, 20 (nest and egg); McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 79.

Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead,
McGregor, Porter); Semirara (Worcester).

Adult.--Very much like Iole gularis, but chin and throat light drab-brown; whitish shaft-streaks less conspicuous than in either I. gularis or I. guimarasensis; sides of breast and flanks grayer; under parts with fewer streaks of pale yellow. Ten males measure: Wing, 102 to 107 (105); tail, 90 to 99 (95); exposed culmen, 21 to 24 (23); bill from nostril, 15 to 18 (17); tarsus, 18 to 21 (20); Four females, wing, 98 to 99 (98.5); tail, 91 to 95 (92); exposed culmen, 21 to 22 (21.5); bill from nostril, 15 to 16.5 (16); tarsus, 19 to 20 (19.8).

"Quite common in Mindoro. Two males average: Length, 222; wing, 100.5; tail, 91; culmen, 26; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 22. A female, length, 235; wing, 97; tail, 90; culmen, 27; tarsus, 18.5; middle toe with claw, 21. Iris chocolate-brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails leaden." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

On April 2, 1905, I collected, in Mindoro, a nest with three eggs of this species. The ground-color of the eggs is white, under shell-markings faint lavender, and entire surface thickly and uniformly marked with elongated and twisted spots of reddish brown. The eggs measure: 26.1 by 18.2, 25.4 by 18, and 25.1 by 19.

The nest was composed of several leaves which were held in place by threads of a black hair-like fungus; cobweb and green moss in small quantities also entered into the construction. The lining consisted of a quantity of long slender fibers.

485. IOLE SIQUIJORENSIS Steere.

SIQUIJOR BULBUL.

Iole siquijorensis Steere, List Birds and Mams. Steere
Exped. (1890), 19; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 314; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 79.

Tig-ba-ya, Siquijor.

Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).

Adult.--Forehead and entire top of head seal-brown; rest of upper parts, wings, and tail lighter brown, the feathers edged with dark olivaceous; tips of greater and median wing-coverts whitish, or light brown, forming two wing-bars; sides of head and neck light brown; chin, throat, and breast brown with a slight olivaceous wash, the feathers with white shaft-streaks, the streaks on chin and throat very wide; middle of lower breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, axillars, and wing-lining white, faintly washed with pale yellow; sides, flanks, and thighs light drab-brown. A male measures: Wing, 133; tail, 121; culmen from base, 32; bill from nostril, 21; tarsus, 23. A female measures: Wing, 122; tail, 111; culmen from base, 31; bill from nostril, 20; tarsus, 23.

This distinct species may be recognized by its entirely seal-brown head.

"The Siquijor bulbul is found about low bushes in open fields, often in flocks. Twelve males average: Length, 279; wing, 132; tail, 118; culmen, 31; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 25. Four females, wing, 121; tail, 109; culmen, 30; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 23. Iris chocolate-brown; legs, feet, and nails brown, bottoms of feet yellowish; upper mandible black, lower black to dark brown." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

486. IOLE CINEREICEPS Bourns and Worcester.

ASHY-HEADED BULBUL.

Iole cinereiceps Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 25; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1901), 3, 314; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 79.

Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester,
Celestino).

Adult.--Entire top of head slate-gray, bases of the feathers olive-brown, the shafts nearly black; chin and throat white, streaked with pale yellow; otherwise very similar to Iole siquijorensis. A male measures: Wing, 126; tail, 115; culmen from base, 32; bill from nostril, 21; tarsus, 22. A female, wing, 122; tail, 111; culmen from base, 30; bill from nostril, 19; tarsus, 24.

"The ashy-headed bulbul occurs in the open, but is far more abundant in the woods. Eleven males from Romblon measure: Length, 288; wing, 131; tail, 115; culmen, 35; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 26. Four females from the same locality, length, 274; wing, 122; tail, 109; culmen, 33; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 25. Males and females from Tablas average slightly less in length, but are otherwise identical with Romblon birds. Iris, legs, feet, and nails very dark brown; bill black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

487. IOLE MONTICOLA Bourns and Worcester.

MOUNTAIN BULBUL.

Iole monticola Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 25; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1901), 3, 314; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 79.

Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

Adult.--Very similar to Iole siquijorensis but smaller; top of head lighter seal-brown; forehead washed with slate-gray; mantle and back more ruddy; ear-coverts tawny; chin and fore throat almost solid white. A male measures: Wing, 127; tail, 117; culmen from base, 32; bill from nostril, 21; tarsus, 22.