Chapter XIX: Preface (18)

Genus EUDYNAMYS Vigors and Horsfield, 1826.

Adult male entirely black; adult female conspicuously barred and spotted; feet stout; tail long, its feathers broad and rounded at their tips.

Species.

a1. Plumage black (males).

b1. Smaller; wing, 200 mm. or less. ... honorata (p. 378);
mindanensis (p. 379)
b2. Larger; wing, 225 mm. or more. ... frater (p. 379)

a2. Plumage barred (females).

b1. Smaller; wing, 200 mm. or less.

c1. Bars on abdomen broader. ... honorata (p. 378)
c2. Bars on abdomen narrower. ... mindanensis (p. 379)

b2. Larger; wing, 225 mm. or more. ... frater (p. 379)

340. EUDYNAMYS HONORATA (Linnæus).

INDIAN KOEL.

Cuculus honoratus Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, (1766), 1, 169.
Eudynamis honorata Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 316;
Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1895), 3, 228, fig. 65 (head);
Sharpe, Hand-List, (1900), 2, 164; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds'
Eggs (1903), 3, 121; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 62.

Palawan (Platen, Steere Exp.). Malay and Indian Peninsulas,
Burmese Provinces, Andaman Islands, Ceylon, China, Sumatra, Java,
Borneo, Flores.

"Adult male.--Entire plumage black, very strongly glossed with bluish green. 'Iris crimson; bill pale bluish green, dusky round the nostrils; legs and feet leaden blue.' (Legge.) Length, 386; culmen, 30; wing, 193; tail, 200; tarsus, 30.

"Adult female.--Above blackish brown, with an olive gloss; crown, sides of the head, and back of the neck very strongly mottled with broad white shaft-stripes, which are generally shaded toward the forehead with rufous; back and wing-coverts spotted with white; quills, upper tail-coverts, and tail barred with white; beneath white, feathers of the throat with broad black sides, remainder of the under surface of the body and the under wing-coverts with rather broad black angular bars; under surface of the quills brown, partially barred with white. 'Iris crimson; legs and feet plumbeous; bill greenish gray, gape pinkish flesh-color.' (Butler.) Length, 406; culmen, 30; wing, 190; tail, 198; tarsus, 33.

"Nestling.--Entirely greenish black like the adult male.

"The scarcely full-grown birds have more or less marking on the tail-feathers and the under surface of the quills, and have numerous fulvous spots on the body-feathers. In more than one specimen the breast and abdomen are thickly mottled with buff markings.

"There seems to me to be no absolute uniformity in the color of the young birds, and some are much more spotted than others. If Mr. Whitehead's surmise is correct, that the young female is also black like the male, then it is possible that the less spotted nestlings are males, which remain almost uniform till they take on the adult plumage after their first molt, while the feathers are even more mottled, foreshadowing the spotted dress which they are about to assume. The plumage of the adult female also varies, and very old birds appear to me to grow hoary, while the yellowish or reddish tinge on the head and throat may be considered as sure signs of youth." (Shelley.)

"Whitehead insists, Ibis (1890), 46, that the Palawan species is E. mindanensis, and not E. malayana (honorata). Blasius, however, seems to think that he found both species among Dr. Platen's birds. Steere identified the specimens secured by us in 1897 as E. malayana. We secured no additional material on our present trip." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

341. EUDYNAMYS MINDANENSIS (Linnæus).

PHILIPPINE KOEL.

Cuculus mindanensis Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, (1766), 1, 169.
Eudynamis mindanensis Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19,
321; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 165; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 63.

Ba-haó, Ticao; cu-aó, Masbate; pa-haó, Cagayancillo; bau-baó,
Cuyo; cu-aoó, Calayan.

Apo (Celestino); Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Everett, Steere
Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Bongao
(Everett); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Caluya
(Porter); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester); Cuyo
(McGregor); Fuga (McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer); Leyte (Whitehead);
Luzon (Everett, Whitehead); Malanipa (Murray); Marinduque (Steere
Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Everett,
Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, Goodfellow); Mindoro
(Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Porter);
Negros (Steere, Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Palawan (Platen,
Whitehead, Steere Exp.); Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Romblon
(Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Steere Exp.); Semirara
(McGregor & Worcester); Sibutu (Everett); Sibuyan (Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino);
Sulu (Platen, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester);
Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor). Sangi Islands.

"Adult male.--Similar in plumage to E. honorata. 'Bill grayish green; legs dark lead-gray; claws black; iris crimson.' (Everett.) Length, 373; culmen, 30; wing, 188; tail, 193; tarsus, 33.

"Adult female.--Similar in plumage to E. honorata but with the entire upper half of the head rufous, streaked or mottled with black; bars on the chest, abdomen, and under tail-coverts slightly narrower. 'Bill pale green, deep orange at base; legs yellow, tinged green on the tarsus; nails gray; iris chrome-yellow.' (Everett.) Length, 368; culmen, 32; wing, 19; tail, 19; tarsus, 33." (Shelley.)

"A very common bird throughout the islands, especially abundant in mangrove swamps and in second growth. Called 'bahów' by the natives from its note. Frequently heard crying at dead of night. Five males average, 386 in length; wing, 189; tail, 185; culmen, 28; tarsus, 32; middle toe with claw, 46. Two females, length, 362; wing, 183; tail, 176; culmen, 28; tarsus, 29; middle toe with claw, 37. Eyes red; legs and feet leaden gray to nearly black; bill pale greenish. Food usually insects, but in one case fruit." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

342. EUDYNAMYS FRATER McGregor.

ALLIED KOEL.

Eudynamis frater McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4, 21;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 63.

Calayan (McGregor); Fuga (Whitehead, McGregor).

Male.--Entire plumage glossy blue-black. Bill dusky greenish; iris crimson; legs and feet dark steel-blue; nails brown. Length, 490; wing, 241; tail, 237; exposed culmen, 31; bill from nostril, 22.

Female.--Above dark brown with a faint purple gloss on wing-coverts and scapulars; feathers of crown, neck, and sides of face with rufous shaft-stripes; back, rump, and wings with small tawny-rufous spots, quills and tail barred with same color; lower parts buff (inclining to white on middle of breast) barred with black; a more or less distinct white band from base of bill to below posterior edge of ear-coverts, wider posteriorly; below this a wide band of dark rufous mixed with black; ear-coverts similar; chin and throat striped with black and tawny-buff. Bill dusky greenish; iris crimson; legs and feet steel-blue; nails brown. Length, 490; wing, 240; tail, 227; exposed culmen, 31; bill from nostril, 22.

Subfamily CENTROPODINÆ.

Genus CENTROPUS Illiger, 1811.

Bill powerful, strongly curved; legs and feet strong, tarsus naked; claw of hind toe very long and slender, nearly straight; wings short, rounded, and curved to the body, primaries but little longer than secondaries; tail very long, its feathers wide and soft; feathers of head, neck, and throat coarse and decomposed, their shafts strong and polished.

Species.

a1. Head, chin, and throat black; wings neither chestnut nor fawn.

b1. Entire plumage nearly uniform black, glossed with oil-green.

c1. Slightly smaller; culmen in male, about 29 mm. ... mindorensis
(p. 381)
c2. Slightly larger; culmen in male, about 32 mm. ... carpenteri
(p. 382)

b2. Neck and breast smoky brown in contrast with the black of head
and throat. ... steeri (p. 382)

a2. Not uniform black; wings chestnut, rufous, or fawn.

b1. Tail black, glossed with blue or green.

c1. Under parts nearly uniform black.

d1. Head, neck, and breast glossed with bluish violet; wing,
220 mm. or more. ... sinensis (p. 383)
d2. Head, neck, and breast glossed with oil-green or dark blue;
wing, 190 mm. or less.

e1. Wings bright rufous; shafts of wing-coverts rufous;
wing-lining black. ... viridis (p. 383)
e2. Wings dark buff; shafts of wing-coverts pale buff;
wing-lining buff. ... javanicus (p. 384)

c2. Chin, throat, and breast light buff; abdomen black, glossed
with oil-green. ... melanops (p. 386)

b2. Tail and entire upper parts uniform rufous. ... unirufus (p. 386)

343. CENTROPUS MINDORENSIS (Steere).

MINDORO COUCAL.

Centrococcyx mindorensis Steere, List Birds. & Mams. Steere
Exped. (1900), 12.
Centropus mindorensis Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19,
339; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 166; Grant, Ibis, (1896), 475;
McGregor, Bur. Govt. Labs. (1905), 34, 17; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 63.

Mindoro (Steere Exp., Everett, Platen, Schmacker, Bourns &
Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Porter); Semirara (Worcester).

Adult (sexes similar).--Entire plumage black, heavily glossed with oil-green; most of the feathers with glossy black shafts; in some specimens the alula and primary-coverts edged with rufous. Iris dark red; bill, legs, and nails black. Length of a male, 460; wing, 155; tail, 270; culmen from base, 29; depth of bill at front of nostril, 13.

Young.--A young male taken May 11 is blackish brown; head and neck glossed with green; chin, throat, and breast mottled with gray; wings faintly glossed with green; primaries and secondaries slightly tipped with dull rufous; alula and all upper wing-coverts barred with dull rufous; tail black strongly glossed with green. Wing, 160; tail, 180; culmen from base, 29.

Grant gives the following description of an immature male:

"The immature feathers in the upper parts are dull brownish black, devoid of any gloss; the immature tail- and flight-feathers are similarly colored, but slightly glossed, and the latter are indistinctly barred with pale rufous on both webs. The throat, breast, and belly are brownish black, indistinctly marked with buff; the rest of the plumage is similar to that of the adult."

"Frequents bushes in open fields like C. viridis. Very common in Mindoro. Four males average, 445 in length; wing, 167; tail, 268; culmen, 37; tarsus, 35; middle toe with claw, 40. A female measures, 476 in length; wing, 176; tail, 279; culmen, 32; tarsus, 42; middle toe with claw, 42. Iris red; bill, legs, and feet black. Food insects." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

The Mindoro coucal builds a bulky globular nest of grass, with an entrance on one side. A nest found in April was situated in a thick bed of giant grass. The two eggs are dull white and covered with a thin layer of a white, chalky substance; their measurements are 27.4 by 21.8 and 24.3 by 21.

344. CENTROPUS CARPENTERI Mearns.

BATAN ISLAND COUCAL.

Centropus carpenteri Mearns, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A,
356; McGregor, ibid., 340.

Batan (Mearns, McGregor).

Adult.--Similar to Centropus mindorensis (Steere), but slightly larger. Mearns gives the following measurements:

"Centropus carpenteri: Adult male type: Length, 440; wing, 166; tail, 278; chord of culmen, 32; depth of bill, 16; tarsus, 42; middle toe with claw, 44.

"Centropus mindorensis: Average of three males: Length, 398; wing, 153; tail, 238; chord of culmen, 29.2; depth of bill, 13.7; tarsus, 40; middle toe with claw, 42."

Young.--A young bird taken June 4 is black; upper parts including wings and tail lightly glossed with green; chin and throat slightly mottled with gray; tips of primaries and secondaries slightly rufous; alula and all upper wing-coverts barred with rufous. Wing, 140; tail, 112; culmen from base, 26.

345. CENTROPUS STEERI Bourns and Worcester.

STEERE'S COUCAL.

Centropus steerii Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 14; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1900), 2, 166; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 63.

Mindoro (Platen, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor).

"Sexes alike.--Forehead, crown and nape, sides of face, chin, throat, and upper breast greenish black; the coarse shafts of the feathers shiny black, the webs with a faint greenish tinge; hind neck and back, sides of neck, wing-coverts, and breast smoky brown with faint greenish tinge; hind back and rump slaty black, tips of feathers with greenish tinge; upper tail-coverts and upper surface of tail uniform dull metallic green; shafts of feathers jet-black from base to tip; upper surface of wings earthy brown with metallic green gloss like the tail, except on the four outer primaries, which have little gloss; abdomen browner than breast and with less metallic wash; flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts like rump; under surface of tail black with faint metallic blue gloss; under wing-coverts and axillars like breast; under surface of wing uniform blackish brown. Seven males measure as follows: Length, 424; wing, 150; tail, 216; culmen, 40; tarsus, 42. A female measures, 495 in length; wing, 158; tail, 233; culmen, 44; tarsus, 43." (Bourns and Worcester.)

Steere's coucal is somewhat like the Mindoro coucal but its breast and neck are smoky brown while the entire plumage of the Mindoro coucal is black glossed with green. The two species are fairly abundant in Mindoro and inhabit thick grass patches and jungle.

346. CENTROPUS SINENSIS (Stephens).

COMMON COUCAL.

Polophilus sinensis Stephens, Gen. Zool. (1815), 9, 51.
Centropus sinensis Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 343;
Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1895), 3, 239, fig. 69 (foot);
Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 167; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds'
Eggs (1903), 3, 124; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 63.

Balabac (Everett); Cagayan Sulu (McGregor); Luzon (Cuming);
Palawan (Everett, Lempriere, Whitehead, Platen, Bourns &
Worcester, White); Sulu (Platen, Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi
(Everett). Malay Peninsula, Burmese countries, Ceylon, China,
India, Java, Sumatra, Borneo.

"Adult male.--General plumage black, with the wings and upper back chestnut; head, neck, and chest glossed with purplish blue; remainder of the body, lower back, upper tail-coverts, and tail glossed with purplish green; primaries with brown ends; inner secondaries slightly tinted with brown; under wing-coverts glossy black. 'Bill and legs black; iris crimson.' (Davison.) Length, 559; culmen, 42; wing, 223; tail, 312; tarsus, 58.

"Adult female.--Similar in plumage to the male. Length, 521; culmen, 46; wing, 211; tail, 284; tarsus, 56.

"Immature.--Plumage duller than in the adult and generally of a greener shade; sides of head and front of neck with buffy white spots, increasing into bars on the body; mantle, some of the wing-coverts, and the innermost secondaries barred with black; upper tail-coverts narrowly barred with buff; tail glossy greenish black, with no blue shade." (Shelley.)

"Rare in Palawan; common in Sulu. Iris red; legs, feet, and nails black; bill black; food insects. Two males measure, 555 in length; wing, 198; tail, 312; culmen, 41; tarsus, 53; middle toe with claw, 50. Two females, length, 475; wing, 178; tail, 245; culmen, 37; tarsus, 44; middle toe with claw, 45." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

347. CENTROPUS VIRIDIS (Scopoli).

RED-WINGED COUCAL.

Cuculus viridis Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1786), 2, 89.
Centropus viridis Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19,
349; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 167; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 63.

Suc-suc, Lubang; sa-guc'-soc, Ticao; si-ga-cok', Calayan;
sa-ba-cot', Manila.

Bantayan (McGregor); Banton (Celestino); Basilan (Steere Exp.,
Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (Everett, McGregor);
Cagayancillo (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin
N. (McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Meyer, Everett,
Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Dinagat (Mearns); Fuga
(McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp.); Leyte (Everett, Steere
Exp.); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp.,
Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.);
Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao
(Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow);
Mindoro (Schmacker); Negros (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp.,
Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, Keay); Panay (Sonnerat, Murray,
Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester,
McGregor); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead);
Siasi (Guillemard); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Guillemard,
Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor).

Adult.--Sexes similar; wings bright chestnut, tips of primaries and secondaries blackish brown; wing-lining glossed with green; remainder of plumage black, glossed with dark green and traces of blue. Iris red; bill and nails black; legs dark steel-blue. Length of a male from Manila, 380; wing, 155; tail, 250; culmen from base, 26; tarsus, 42. Length of a female from Cagayancillo, 480; wing, 190; tail, 290; culmen from base, 33; tarsus, 40.

Immature birds differ from the adult in having the head and body brown, more or less mixed with light buff; wings chestnut, barred with blackish brown; feathers of head, neck, throat, and breast with pale buff shafts; the tail, even in very small young birds, is glossy green like that of the adult.

"Commonest of Philippine cuckoos. Found in the brush and high grass in open country; breeds in February and March. Eyes dark cherry-red; legs and feet slaty black; nails black; bill black.

"Five males from Cebu measure, 395 in length; wing, 152; tail, 239; culmen, 30; tarsus, 40; middle toe with claw, 38. A male from Masbate measures, 419 in length; wing, 17; tail, 202; culmen, 27; tarsus, 37; middle toe with claw, 41. Two females from Masbate measure, 457 in length; wing, 171; tail, 247; culmen, 31; tarsus, 41; middle toe with claw, 43. It will be noted that the variations in size are very considerable." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

348. CENTROPUS JAVANICUS (Dumont).

JAVAN COUCAL.

Cuculus javanicus Dumont, Dic. Sc. Nat. (1818), 11, 144.
Centropus javanicus Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19,
354; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 167; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds'
Eggs (1903), 3, 124; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 63.

Tu-la-cuc', Batan.

Bantayan (McGregor); Batan (McGregor); Bohol (Everett, McGregor);
Bongao (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Cebu
(Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Everett); Luzon (Whitehead); Mindanao
(Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
Whitehead, McGregor, Porter); Negros (Steere Exp., Keay); Palawan
(Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White);
Panay (Steere Exp.); Semirara (Worcester); Siquijor (Bourns &
Worcester); Sulu (Platen, Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns
& Worcester). China, Assam, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas,
Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes.

Adult.--General color including tail black, glossed with dark oil-green; shafts of the feathers strong and glossy black; wings light chestnut or reddish buff; coverts and inner secondaries more or less mottled or streaked with blackish brown, the coverts with pale shaft-stripes; tail tipped with pale buff. Iris brown; bill blackish; legs and feet lead-blue; nails blackish. Length, 375 to 400; a male from Mindoro measures, wing, 162; tail, 225; culmen from base, 29; bill from nostril, 18; tarsus, 45; middle toe with claw, 44. A female from Bohol: Wing, 160; tail, 210; culmen from base, 26; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 34; middle toe with claw, 39.

Young.--Upper parts seal-brown, somewhat mixed with rusty buff; shafts of feathers on sides of head, neck, and mantle pale buff; back blackish brown, mottled with rusty buff; upper tail-coverts greatly lengthened, two of the feathers being fully two-thirds the length of the rectrices, in color black glossed with green and crossed by numerous bars of rusty buff.

The young plumage here described is usually considered to be put on each winter even by birds that have attained the black adult plumage. It is usually referred to as the "seasonal" or "non-breeding plumage." Blanford, however, under the closely related Centropus bengalensis says: "The second garb is called the winter or seasonal plumage by most authors, but I can find no evidence that it is ever assumed by birds that have once attained adult coloration, and there are several winter birds in the British Museum collection with the adult dress. The long upper tail-coverts appear peculiar to the immature plumage." Fauna British India, Birds (1895), 3, 243.

"We record this species from Leyte and Bohol on the strength of British Museum specimens stated in the Catalogue of Birds to have been collected in these islands, though no mention seems to have been made of them in the Marquis of Tweeddale's report on Mr. Everett's collections.

"Quite common in Sulu and Tawi Tawi; not rare in the other islands indicated. Lives in the grass in open fields. Iris very dark brown; legs and feet blue-black; bill black. Food insects. Three males average, 345 in length; wing, 139; tail, 180; culmen, 24; tarsus, 36; middle toe with claw, 37. Five females, length, 368; wing, 159; tail, 199; culmen, 31; tarsus, 39; middle, toe with claw, 39." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

349. CENTROPUS MELANOPS Lesson.

BLACK-EYED COUCAL.

Centropus melanops Lesson, Traité (1831), 137; Cassin,
Ornith. Wilkes Exped. (1858), 249, atlas pl. 22, fig. 1; Shelley,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 365; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900),
2, 168; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 64.

Basilan (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Leyte (Whitehead); Mindanao (Peale,
Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
Celestino, Goodfellow); Nipa (Everett); Samar (Steere Exp.,
Whitehead).

Adult (sexes similar).--Head, neck, mantle, and lower parts to middle of breast buff, lighter on crown and chin; forehead, lores, cheeks, and eyebrow black forming a mask; wings and scapulars bright chestnut; tips of primaries dark brown; remainder of back, tail, and under parts black, glossed with bluish green; under wing-coverts blackish. Iris red; bill, legs, and claws black. Length of a male from Basilan, 406; wing, 165; tail, 230; culmen from base, 38; tarsus, 40. A male from Bohol measures: Wing, 170; tail, 235; culmen from base, 40; tarsus, 43.

"Frequents thick tangles of vines in deep woods. Very common in Mindanao. Much rarer in Samar.

"Four males measure, 412 in length; wing, 149; tail, 209; culmen, 35; tarsus, 38; middle toe with claw, 41. Four females, length, 441; wing, 155: tail, 236; culmen, 36; tarsus, 41; middle toe with claw, 42.

"The above specimens are from Mindanao. Birds from Samar average slightly larger. Eyes dull red; legs and feet blue-black to black; bill and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

350. CENTROPUS UNIRUFUS (Cabanis and Heine).

RUFOUS COUCAL.

Pyrrhocentor unirufus Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein. (1862), 4,
118 (note).
Centropus unirufus Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19,
367; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 168; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 64.

Luzon (Heriot, Whitehead, Celestino).

"Adult.--Entire plumage deep rufous, slightly darker above than below; the feathers from the forehead to the mantle have darker glossy shafts than those of the throat and fore part of the chest; the quills with broad brown ends. Bill green, passing into yellow toward the tip and on the edges; legs olive-brown. Length, 400; culmen, 38; wing, 160; tail, 229; tarsus, 43." (Shelley.)

A female from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 160; tail, 250; culmen from base, 35; tarsus, 40; middle toe with claw, 44.

Subfamily PHÆNICOPHAINÆ.

Genera.

a1. Nostril in a vertical groove at base of bill. ... Dryococcyx (p. 387) a2. Nostril not in a vertical groove; tail-feathers tipped with white.

b1. Feathers over eye lengthened, harsh, and
hair-like. ... Dasylophus (p. 388)
b2. Feathers of head and throat with black scale-like
tips. ... Lepidogrammus (p. 388)

Genus DRYOCOCCYX Sharpe, 1877.

Nostril round in a long vertical groove at base of bill; on side of head from bill to above posterior border of ear, a wide unfeathered space covered with minute fleshy protuberances; wing short; tail long, its feathers wide and greatly graduated.

351. DRYOCOCCYX HARRINGTONI Sharpe.

HARRINGTON'S CUCKOO.

Dryococcyx harringtoni Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. (1877),
1, 321, fig. 1; Hand-List (1900), 2, 172; Shelley, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 400; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 64.

Balabac (Steere, Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester,
McGregor); Palawan (Everett, Lempriere, Whitehead, Platen, Steere
Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White).

Adult (sexes similar).--Forehead, jaw, and narrow lines above and below eye, gray; crown and occiput olive-brown, faintly glossed with green; back, rump, and basal two-thirds of tail glossy metallic green; distal half of tail dark chestnut; chin, throat, breast, sides of neck, and incomplete collar bright rufous, shaded into chestnut on abdomen, thighs, and crissum. Length of a male from Palawan, 450; wing, 170; tail, 270; culmen from base, 39; tarsus, 38. Wing of a female, 170; tail, 278; culmen from base, 39; tarsus, 39.

"In limiting the range of this species to Palawan, Shelley seems to have overlooked the fact that it was originally discovered in Balabac by Steere. We found it to be quite abundant in the Calamianes Islands, and secured numerous specimens there. Usually found in deep forest, occasionally in second growth. Iris of female yellow; iris of male with outer nearly white ring, and inner ring of deep red or brown; bill pea-green; legs and feet leaden gray; nails black; bare skin round eye maroon.

"Five males from Palawan measure, 461 in length; wing, 164; tail, 262; culmen, 40; tarsus, 46; middle toe with claw, 35. Three females, length, 472; wing, 164; tail, 268; culmen, 38; tarsus, 39; middle toe with claw, 36. Calamianes birds are indistinguishable." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus DASYLOPHUS Swainson, 1837.

Nostril hidden by stiff antrorse feathers; eye surrounded by a large area of bare skin; on each side of crown, from lores to nape, a line of harsh, decomposed, and lengthened feathers; wing short; tail long and graduated.

352. DASYLOPHUS SUPERCILIOSUS (Cuvier).

ROUGH-CRESTED CUCKOO.

Phoenicophaus superciliosus Cuvier, Dict. Hist. Nat. (1826),
10, 55.
Dasylophus superciliosus Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891),
19, 403; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 172; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 64.

Bá-sac ba-yú-cu, Manila.

Catanduanes (Whitehead); Luzon (Cuming, Meyer, Möllendorff,
Steere, Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor, Celestino); Marinduque
(Steere Exp.).

"Adult male.--General plumage above glossy blackish green, with a partial blue shade; a very distinct eyebrow of bright crimson elongated tufts of hair-like feathers extending from the nostrils to behind the bare orbital patch, which latter is bright orange; the base of many of the red tufts white and forming a narrow partial eyebrow next to the bare skin; tail with broad white ends to the feathers; under parts dusky olive, inclining to black toward the chin, thighs, and under tail-coverts, the latter partially glossed with green. 'Iris pure chrome-yellow; orbital skin and base of bill fiery orange; bill pale green; legs greenish chrome; claws dark gray.' (Everett.) Length, 394; culmen, 38; wing, 157; tail, 241; tarsus, 38.

"Adult female.--Similar in plumage to the male. Length, 389; culmen, 38; wing, 155; tail, 231; tarsus, 37." (Shelley.)

A male from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 160; tail, 240; culmen from base, 36; bill from nostril, 27; tarsus, 35; middle toe with claw, 33.

Genus LEPIDOGRAMMUS Reichenbach, 1849.

Nostrils partly hidden; a large, oblong, bare space surrounding the eye; feathers of entire top of head and of chin and throat with hard, glossy scale-like tips; wings short and rounded; tail long and graduated.

353. LEPIDOGRAMMUS CUMINGI (Fraser).

SCALE-FEATHERED CUCKOO.

Phoenicophaus cumingi Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1839), 112.
Lepidogrammus cumingi Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19,
404; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 172; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 64.

Al-bi-ló-ri-o, Manila.

Luzon (Cuming, Meyer, Everett, Möllendorff, Steere Exp., Whitehead,
McGregor, Celestino); Marinduque (Steere Exp.).

"Adult (type of species).--Upper half and sides of the head gray, passing into white on the sides of the forehead and throat; all feathers of the forehead and a broad central band through the crown to the nape, ornamented with glossy, black, horny appendages, and having the subterminal portion of each feather white; a broad band of similarly horn-tipped feathers extending down the center of the throat; back of the neck deep chestnut; remainder of the upper parts deep glossy green, inclining to purplish blue on the quills and tail; the feathers of the latter with white ends; at the base of the neck a broad golden rufous semicircle bordering the white throat and blending into the deep chestnut of the sides of the neck and chest; abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts brownish black, washed with a dark green gloss on the outside of the thigh-coverts; under wing-coverts deep chestnut like the breast; quills uniform glossy black; eyelashes strong and black. 'Orbital patch and iris red; bill horn-yellow; legs gray.' (Everett.) Length, 432; culmen, 38; wing, 155; tail, 229; tarsus, 41.

"Nestling.--Upper half and sides of the head, wings, and body, both above and below, dark reddish brown; the quills and base of the tail glossy greenish black, with which color other portions of the wings are mottled; a broad white end to the tail; neck all round rufous, passing into rufous-gray on the chin." (Shelley.)

A male from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 158; tail, 230; culmen from base, 37; bill from nostril, 27; tarsus, 41; middle toe with claw, 39.

Order SCANSORES.

BARBETS.

Bill stout and strong; nostrils at base of bill and visible from above, partly covered by long stiff bristles; wings moderate; first primary very short; tail short and nearly square; rectrices ten; toes four, the outer one reversed, middle and inner ones united for their basal joints.

Suborder CAPITONES.

Characters same as those given for the Order.

Family CAPITONIDÆ.

Characters same as those given for the Order.

Genus XANTHOLÆMA Bonaparte, 1854.

Bristles about bill reaching beyond its tip; a small bunch of shorter bristles on chin; a narrow circle of bare skin around eye; prevailing color green with patches of red and yellow; length, about 150 mm. Individuals of the Philippine species are solitary and may be observed perched in dead trees where they remain for an hour or more at a time, repeating a single monotonous note. Eggs three or four, pure white; deposited in a hole excavated in a limb of a tree.

Species.

a1. Chin, throat, and subocular band yellow. ... hæmacephalum (p. 390) a2. Chin, throat, and subocular band red. ... roseum (p. 391)

354. XANTHOLÆMA HÆMACEPHALUM (P. L. S. Müller).

YELLOW-CHINNED BARBET.

Bucco hæmacephalus P. L. S. Müller, Nat. Syst. Suppl. (1776), 88.
Xantholæma hæmatocephala Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19,
89; Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1895), 3, 98, fig. 27 (head).
Xantholæma hæmatocephalum Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 185, 238;
Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 136; McGregor and
Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 64.

A-so-ni-pú-song, Manila; took-took, generally.

Calamianes ? (Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead);
Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead,
McGregor); Mindanao (Martens, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg,
Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, Goodfellow); Mindoro
(Steere Exp., Everett, Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead,
McGregor, Porter); Samar (Whitehead). Malay and Indian Peninsulas,
Burmese Provinces, Ceylon, Sumatra.

Adult (sexes similar).--Forehead and crown crimson, followed by a blackish cross-band extending behind eye to ear-coverts; occiput and nape bluish slate; rest of upper parts olive-green; superciliary line, subocular line, chin, and throat light sulphur-yellow; lores, jaw, and ear-coverts black; posterior to yellow throat a narrow crimson band, followed by a narrower golden yellow band; remainder of under parts pale yellow heavily streaked with dark green, lighter on middle of abdomen; exposed edges of wing and tail-feathers grass-green. Iris brown; bill and nails black; legs and bare skin about eye red. A male from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Length, 175; wing, 87; tail, 42; bill from nostril, 17; culmen from base, 21; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 21. A female from Bataan Province measures: Wing, 83; tail, 40; bill from nostril, 16; culmen from base, 20; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 18.

"Young.--Differs from the adult in wanting the scarlet on the head and the bright colors of the under parts; uniform green above with yellowish white edgings to wing-coverts and secondaries; a pale yellow mark above and below eye; cheeks and ear-coverts blackish; throat and abdomen pale yellow; fore neck and breast dull green, the breast and sides of body narrowly streaked with green." (Shelley.)

"We heard a barbet on several occasions in Busuanga, but were unable to procure any specimens. As X. hæmacephalum occurs in Mindoro, it seems most probable that the Busuanga bird will prove to be of this species. Called 'took-took' by the natives from its habit of perching in the top of some tree and singing 'took, took, took' by the hour. Sometimes called 'clock-bird' by the Spaniards, from the regularity with which it utters its note.

"Seven males from Mindanao average, 158 in length; wing, 78; tail, 34; culmen, 22; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 45. Seven females from same locality: Length, 157; wing, 78; tail, 33; culmen, 22; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 20. Iris brown; legs and feet red; nails black; skin around eye deep red." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

355. XANTHOLÆMA ROSEUM (Dumont).

ROSE-THROATED BARBET.

Bucco roseus Dumont, Dict. Sci. Nat. (1806), 4, 52.
Xantholæma intermedia Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19,
97; Sharpe, Hand-List (1906), 2, 186.
Xantholæma rosea Grant, Ibis (1896), 558.
Xantholæma roseum McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 64.

Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Guimaras (Steere
Exp.); Masbate (McGregor); Negros (Layard, Everett, Steere Exp.,
Whitehead); Romblon (McGregor); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester,
Celestino). Bali, Java, Sumatra.

Adult (sexes alike).--Superciliary stripe, subocular band, chin, and throat crimson; otherwise the plumage is like that of Xantholæma hæmacephalum. Bill and nails black; legs and bare skin about eye crimson. A male from Tablas measures: Length, 170; wing, 78; tail, 36; bill from nostril, 15; culmen from base, 21; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 20. A female from Romblon measures: Length, 170; wing, 81; tail, 33; bill from nostril, 16; culmen from base, 22; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 22.

Young.--A young bird has the feathers of forehead and crown blackish slate, tipped with olive-green; below eye a pale yellow band; greater and median wing-coverts and inner secondaries tipped with pale yellow; no crimson feathers; legs flesh-color; otherwise like the adult.

"Five males from Tablas average, 160 in length; wing, 79; tail, 36; culmen, 22; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 20. Four females from same place: Length, 160; wing, 78; tail, 33; culmen, 22; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 20. Iris dark brown; legs and feet red; nails black; bill black, except base of lower mandible, which is gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Shelley gives the name Xantholæma intermedia to the Philippine bird distinguishing it from the Javan form as having upper parts uniform green with no pale edges to the feathers; cheek-band black in front, passing into olive-gray down the sides of the red throat; under parts more strongly marked with brighter green centers to the feathers. The validity of this species is somewhat doubtful.

Order PICIFORMES.

WOODPECKERS.

Bill strong and tapering, neither hooked nor cered; its outlines straight or nearly so, its tip compressed and chisel-shaped; legs rather short; feet and nails strong; two toes in front, two or rarely one behind, all free to their bases.

Suborder PICI.

Characters same as those given for the Order.

Family PICIDÆ.

Subfamily PICINÆ.

Tail-feathers twelve, more or less wedge-shaped at their tips, the shafts large and very stiff.

Genera.

a1. Three toes. ... Tiga (p. 398) a2. Four toes.

b1. Much smaller, length less than 180 mm. ... Yungipicus (p. 392)
b2. Much larger, length more than 250 mm.

c1. Fore breast and throat marked with large, nearly round,
whitish spots; each feather narrowly edged with blackish
brown. ... Chrysocolaptes (p. 399)
c2. Fore breast and throat without large round white spots.

d1. Abdomen, flanks, and thighs black or slate-gray, uniform
in color with the chest.

e1. Smaller, wing less than 180 mm.; most of the plumage
black. ... Lichtensteinipicus (p. 403)
e2. Larger, wing more than 210 mm.; most of the plumage
slate-gray. ... Mulleripicus (p. 404)

d2. Abdomen, flanks, and thighs white or whitish; chest
black. ... Thriponax (p. 405)

Genus YUNGIPICUS Bonaparte, 1854.

Culmen nearly straight; nasal ridge weak; nostrils hidden; first primary short and slender; second primary nearly equal to third, fourth, and fifth which are subequal; upper parts black or brown, more or less barred with white or ocherous-white; below white or buff with blackish spots and stripes; wings and tail black or blackish brown, more or less barred with white; females with no red on the head. This genus includes the smallest Philippine woodpeckers; length, about 150 mm.

Species. [45]

a1. A red spot or patch on each side of occiput, sometimes confluent (males).

b1. Upper back, scapulars, and wing-coverts strongly barred with
white.

c1. Ear-coverts brown.

d1. White eyebrow-stripes very wide; nape and ground-color
of back brownish black. Red patches on each side of the
occiput very small, widely separated from one another by the
nape. ... validirostris (p. 393)
d2. White eyebrow-stripes narrow and ill-defined; nape and
ground-color of back olive-brown. Large red patches on each
side of the occiput, nearly confluent on the nape.

e1. White eyebrow-stripe extending to above
ear-coverts. ... maculatus (p. 394)
e2. White eyebrow-stripe reduced to a small patch. ... menagei
(p. 395)

c2. Ear-coverts black; pale buff eyebrow-stripes very wide,
extending down each side of the neck.

d1. Tail black barred with buff; ground-color of under parts
pale buff, rather darker on the chest. A well-defined red patch
on each side of the occiput. ... leytensis (p. 396)
d2. Tail buff, barred with black; under parts pale
saffron-yellow, inclining to orange or tawny-buff on
the chest. A well-defined red patch on each side of the
occiput. ... fulvifasciatus (p. 396)

b2. Upper back, scapulars, and wing-coverts practically uniform, only
a few white bars and marks down the middle of the back. Large red
occiput patches confluent on the nape and forming a complete band;
wide white eyebrow-stripes; chest bright saffron-yellow. ... ramsayi
(p. 397)

a2. No red on the head; other characters as in the males (females).

356. YUNGIPICUS VALIDIROSTRIS (Blyth).

LARGE-BILLED PYGMY WOODPECKER.

Picus validirostris Blyth, Cat. Birds Mus. As. Soc. (1849), 64.
Iyngipicus maculatus Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 18,
332 (part); Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 220 (part).
Iyngipicus validirostris Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 52; Grant, Ibis (1895),
114 (critical notes).
Yungipicus validirostris McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 65.

Car-pen-te-ro ma-liit', Manila; cu-di-nang'-a, Benguet.

Catanduanes (Whitehead); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Jagor,
Möllendorff, Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque
(Steere Exp.); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Everett, Porter).

Adult male.--Above blackish brown; browner on forehead and crown; ear-coverts brown; a wide white stripe from eye to nape; a very short, narrow, red line on side of occiput; middle of throat white, with a blackish line on each side and above this a white line; rest of under parts white with a fulvous wash; breast with large blackish spots; abdomen with blackish stripes; rump and upper tail-coverts white, spotted with black. A male from Lubang measures: Wing, 81; tail, 42; culmen from base, 20; tarsus, 14.

Female.--Differs from the male in having no red on sides of occiput. A female from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 82; tail, 45; culmen from base, 18; tarsus, 14.

"Dr. J. B. Steere, the first naturalist before whom a series of specimens [of Yungipicus] from all these localities ever lay, saw at once the differences between the Luzon and Panay birds, which unfortunately he seems not to have thought worth pointing out, and rightly retained the name 'maculatus' for the Panay species. The Luzon birds he called 'validirostris,' with apparent reason as they most certainly are not maculatus and the birds described by Blyth may well have come from Luzon. The Mindanao-Basilan species he re-described under the name 'Yungipicus basilanicus' overlooking Hargitt's name and description entirely. * * * The other species of the genus found in the Philippine Islands with the possible exception of that from Samar and Leyte are so well-marked that no possibility of confusion exists." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"Quite common in Marinduque. Not abundant in the parts of Mindoro visited by us, and no specimens were gathered by the Menage Expedition. A female specimen in the Steere collection measures as follows: Wing, 79; tail, 44; culmen, 17; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 15." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

357. YUNGIPICUS MACULATUS (Scopoli).

SPOTTED PYGMY WOODPECKER.

Picus maculatus Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1786), 89.
Iyngipicus maculatus Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 18,
332 (part); Grant, Ibis (1895), 115 (critical notes); Sharpe,
Hand-List (1900), 2, 220.
Yungipicus maculatus McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 65.

Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Guimaras (Koch & Schadenberg);
Negros (Whitehead); Panay (Sonnerat, Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester).

Male.--Above dark brown tinged with olive; white band from eye to nape broken; a long wide red stripe on each side of occiput; spots on throat and breast not so black as in validirostris. A male from Cebu measures: Length, 145; wing, 85; tail, 44; culmen from base, 19; tarsus, 15.

Female.--Similar to the male but with no red on the head. A female from Cebu measures: Wing, 86; tail, 52; culmen from base, 19; tarsus, 14.

"Quite common in Cebu; rarer in Panay. Not met with in Negros though it probably occurs there. Almost certainly absent in Masbate. Most abundant about dead trees in the open, and in low second growth.

"Three males measure, 142 in length; wing, 81; tail, 38; culmen, 19; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 15. A female measures, 152 in length; wing, 80; tail, 42; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 23; culmen, 18. Iris reddish brown to dark brown; legs and feet dirty olive-green; nails brown; bill nearly or quite black, leaden at tip. Food insects and larvæ." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

358. YUNGIPICUS MENAGEI Bourns and Worcester.

MENAGE'S PYGMY WOODPECKER.

Iyngipicus menagei Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 14; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1900), 2, 220.
Yungipicus menagei McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 65.

Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

"Adult male.--General color of upper surface dark blackish brown; top of head uniform black; small spot above and behind the eye creamy white; scarlet stripes on sides of occiput shorter than in Y. maculatus and beginning further back; they are confluent on nape; behind and under the scarlet stripe is a partially concealed spot of creamy white; scapulars, interscapulars, and back barred with creamy white; rump creamy white, some of the feathers with narrow brownish black shaft-stripes; upper tail-coverts brownish black, broadly edged with buffy white; tail brownish black, paler at base of feathers and with both webs of feathers spotted with pale buff; wing-coverts brownish black, each feather having one or two creamy white spots on outer web; wing brownish black; outer five primaries with two or three very narrow creamy white spots on outer web, or with no spots at all; tips of inner primaries and inner webs of all primaries spotted with creamy white; secondaries similarly spotted on both webs; ear-coverts rusty brown; creamy white malar-stripe extending back of ear-coverts; chin and narrow stripe down center of throat white, bordered by a broad stripe of brownish black on each side, the tips of feathers forming side stripes being brownish white; under surface with strong fulvescent wash; feathers of upper breast with distinct brownish black shaft-marks; feathers of lower breast and abdomen with ill-defined streaks of the same color; feathers of flanks nearly white with only slight dark markings; under tail-coverts yellowish white, with dark shaft-stripes; under surface of tail slightly lighter than upper, but tips of two central pairs of feathers nearly black; under wing-coverts and axillars creamy white, spotted with brownish black; bend of wing uniform brownish black.

"The adult female lacks the scarlet head markings of the male and the creamy white spot, which is partially concealed in the male, is in the female quite conspicuous; otherwise the sexes are alike.

"Five males measure in length, 148; culmen, 20; wing, 78; tail, 40; tarsus, 15. Eight females, length, 152; culmen, 20; wing, 81; tail, 41; tarsus, 17." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"Common in Sibuyan; usually found in the forest. Seems not to occur in Tablas or Romblon. Iris dark brown to brownish red; legs and feet olive-brown; nails leaden; bill black, except base of lower mandible, which is gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

359. YUNGIPICUS LEYTENSIS Steere.

LEYTE PYGMY WOODPECKER.

Yunigipicus leytensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere
Exped. (1890), 9, (error).
Yungipicus leytensis McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 65.

Bá-tuc, Bohol, used for all woodpeckers.

Bohol (McGregor); Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Samar (Steere
Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

Male.--Forehead and crown black; wings and back barred with white; lower back and rump white, washed with pale fawn; ear-coverts black; white stripe from above eye to side of neck very broad; a conspicuous red patch on each side of occiput; throat and breast washed with pale fawn. Length of a male from Bohol, 145; wing, 83; tail, 42; culmen from base, 20.

Female.--Similar to the male but with no red patches.

"Two males from Samar average, 152 in length; wing, 80; tail, 31; culmen, 19; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 17. A female, length, 159; wing, 87; tail, 37; culmen, 20; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 17. Iris reddish brown; legs, feet, and nails yellowish brown; upper mandible and tip of lower black; base of lower mandible yellowish." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

360. YUNGIPICUS FULVIFASCIATUS Hargitt.

HARGITT'S PYGMY WOODPECKER.

Iyngipicus fulvifasciatus Hargitt, Ibis (1881), 598; Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. (1890), 18, 333; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 220.
Yungipicus basilanicus Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere
Exped. (1890), 9.
Yungipicus fulvifasciatus McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 65.

Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao
(Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Celestino).

Male.--Above black, barred with white and washed with pale fawn; forehead and crown seal-brown; ear-coverts and side of neck black; a wide white stripe from above eye to side of nape; a conspicuous bright red stripe on side of occiput; back and rump pale fawn; lower parts strongly washed with light ocherous yellow; round spots on breast much smaller than in preceding species; abdomen and sides but faintly lined with black; no dark spots on crissum. Length of a male from Basilan, 152; wing, 84; tail, 40; culmen from base, 19.

Female.--Similar to the male but without red patches on head. Length of a female from Basilan, 147; wing, 82; tail, 43; culmen from base, 19.

"A younger male has the rump and upper tail-coverts uniform; the white on the sides of the face and neck, chin and throat purer; the spots on the chest and breast smaller, and the breast not so yellow; the under wing-coverts less spotted with black, and the primaries tipped with white." (Hargitt.)

"Quite abundant in low second growth in Basilan. Nine males from that island average, 141 in length; wing, 81; tail, 39; culmen, 20; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 17.

"Three females, length, 149; wing, 84; tail, 38; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 17; culmen, 19. Iris reddish brown; legs and feet dirty olive-yellow; nails brown; bill black, paler at base." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

361. YUNGIPICUS RAMSAYI Hargitt.

RAMSAY'S PYGMY WOODPECKER.

Iyngipicus ramsayi Hargitt, Ibis (1881), 598; Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. (1890), 18, 334; Guillemard, P. Z. S. (1885), 254,
pl. 17; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 220.
Yungipicus ramsayi McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 65.

Bongao (Everett); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi
(Bourns & Worcester).

Male.--Above earthy brown; white bars mostly wanting except on inner webs of quills; rump white; no well-defined spots or stripes on breast and abdomen; breast with a strong wash of saffron-yellow; sides and abdomen dirty white, faintly streaked with dusky brown. A male from Tawi Tawi measures: Wing, 81; tail, 47; culmen from base, 18.

Female.--Similar to the male but with no red on the head. A female from Sulu measures: Wing, 84; tail, 42; culmen from base, 18.

"The younger female has some indistinct spots of pale brown upon the inner webs of the four central rectrices. 'Iris brown; bill slate-black; tarsus olive-green.' (Guillemard.)" (Hargitt.)

"Very abundant about dead trees in open fields both in Sulu and Tawi Tawi. Seven males from Sulu average, 136 in length; wing, 84; tail, 34; culmen, 20; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 17. Three females from same place, length, 142; wing, 81; tail, 37; culmen, 17; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 17. Iris dark brown to brownish red; legs and feet olive-brown, nails nearly black; bill black at tip, ashy gray at base." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus TIGA Kaup, 1836.

Three toes, two in front, one behind; bill much smaller and weaker than in Chrysocolaptes; culmen curved; nostrils situated near the culmen, nasal ridge weak; occipital crest full.

362. TIGA EVERETTI Tweeddale.

EVERETT'S THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.

Tiga everetti Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 612, pl. 37;
Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 18, 418; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1900), 2, 225; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 65.

Balabac (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Palawan (Steere, Everett, Lempriere, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, Celestino, White).

Male.--Forehead, crown, occipital crest, back, and rump scarlet; feathers of crown with black bases; mantle, wing-coverts, and secondaries golden yellow; a few of the mantle-feathers slightly washed with scarlet; primaries, tail, and tail-coverts blackish brown; inner webs of quills with large white spots; a wide black band from eye to ear-coverts, above this and behind eye a pale buff line bordered above with black; a pale buff line from corner of mouth passing below eye and ear-coverts to side of neck, below this a black line extending from base of lower mandible to side of neck and washed with crimson on the jaws; lower parts pale creamy buff, spotted and barred with blackish brown; a large patch on fore breast olivaceous brown, feathers just below this with large blackish brown centers. Length of a male from Palawan, 275; wing, 136; tail, not fully grown, 92; culmen from base, 31; tarsus, 23.

Female.--Differs from the male in wanting the red on jaw, forehead, and crown, these parts being black; crest-feathers black with some red near their tips. Length of a female from Palawan, 255; wing, 137; tail, 95; culmen from base, 30; tarsus, 23.

An immature female has no red on the crest.

"Common in Palawan and the Calamianes Islands. Food, ants and their larvæ. Observed in trees in the open fields in Culion. Found only in the forest in Palawan.

"Ten males average, 260 in length; wing, 150; tail, 84; culmen, 29; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 27. Five females, length, 261; wing, 134; tail, 84; culmen, 28; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 28. Iris chocolate-brown; legs and feet dirty green; bill black, except base of lower mandible, which is gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus CHRYSOCOLAPTES Blyth, 1843.

Culmen nearly straight; nasal ridge strongly marked; nostrils exposed; feathers of throat and breast with large nearly circular light spots bordered with black or blackish brown; upper parts red or yellow; inner webs of quills with large white spots; of medium size, length 250 to 280 mm.; bare space around eye larger than in Tiga and the crest laterally compressed instead of being spread out.

Species.

a1. Mantle and back golden yellow. ... erythrocephalus (p. 399) a2. Mantle and back largely crimson.

b1. Sides of head and entire lower parts strongly washed with
yellow. ... xanthocephalus (p. 402)
b2. Sides of head and lower parts not washed with yellow.

c1. Wings and mantle crimson without any mixture of yellow.

d1. Chin and jaw not washed with crimson; light spots on throat
and fore breast nearly round ... hæmatribon (p. 400)
d2. Chin and jaw washed with crimson; light spots on throat
and fore breast pear-shaped ... rufopunctatus (p. 402)

c2. Wings and mantle more or less orange or yellow.

d1. Wings and mantle crimson mixed with golden yellow ... lucidus
(p. 401)
d2. Mantle and wing-coverts orange with scarcely a tinge of
crimson. ... montanus (p. 401)

363. CHRYSOCOLAPTES ERYTHROCEPHALUS Sharpe.

RED-FACED GOLDEN FLICKER.

Chrysocolaptes erythrocephalus Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1877),
1, 315, pl. 46, fig. 1; Hand-List (1900), 2, 228; Hargitt,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 18, 452; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 65.

Balabac (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Palawan (Steere, Everett, Lempriere, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, Celestino, White).

Male.--Entire head, sides of head, and upper throat crimson, the throat very pale, almost rose-color, and with three narrow black lines, one in the middle and one on each side; ear-coverts black; mantle and wings golden yellow; back and rump scarlet; tail black; feathers of under parts white with a slight buff wash and black edges, producing the spotted appearance usual in this genus; tail blackish brown. Length, about 280; wing, 153; tail, 98; culmen from base, 43; tarsus, 27.

Female.--Differs from the male in having forehead, crown, and crest olive greenish tinged with red, each feather with a light yellow spot near its tip. Wing, 147; tail, 97; culmen from base, 42; tarsus, 27.

"Young female.--Resembles the adult male in having the top of the head and the crest entirely red, but the color is scarlet (not crimson) and the feathers are extremely soft; there is less red on the face and upper part of the side of the neck, and only a tinge of this color on the chin and throat; the general color above and on the wings is more olive, and the feathers of the back, the scapulars, the lesser and median wing-coverts are margined with reddish orange; the scapulars and the feathers of the back and rump have the partially exposed black bases spotted with white; on the outer primaries there is a subapical spot of dull white. Described from a specimen sexed female by Mr. John Whitehead." (Hargitt.)

"Much less common than T. everetti. Never met with outside of the forest; feeds on insect larvæ. A male measures, 274 in length; wing, 147; tail, 81; culmen, 41; tarsus, 26; middle toe with claw, 32. Three females average, 274 in length; wing, 147; tail, 86; culmen, 37; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 31. Iris dark red; legs and feet dirty olive, nails lighter; bill white at tip, greenish yellow at base." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

364. CHRYSOCOLAPTES HÆMATRIBON (Wagler).

LUZON GOLDEN FLICKER.

Picus hæmatribon Wagler, Syst. Av. Picus (1827), sp. 95 [female].
Chrysocolaptes hæmatribon Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890),
18, 454; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 228; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 65.

Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Möllendorff, Steere Exp., Whitehead,
Worcester, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.).

Male.--Head, wings, and upper parts deep crimson; hind neck black with large pale buff spots; tail dark seal-brown with black shafts; under parts pale fulvous-buff; a black median line on upper throat and two black lines on each side of throat; lower throat and breast black, each feather with a large round buffy white spot; lower breast and abdomen faintly barred with dusky brown. Bill black; legs dirty greenish; nails brown. Length, 275; wing, 140; tail, 92; culmen from base, 40; tarsus, 29.