Chapter III: Preface (2)

Adult female.--Differs from the male in having the mantle dark green like lower back; under tail-coverts buffy white with large pointed shaft-marks of dark green. A female from Palawan measures: Length, 250; wing, 130; tail, 84; culmen from base, 20; tarsus, 20.

"Two females measure: Length, 210; culmen, 20; wing, 130; tail, 74; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 29. Iris with outer orange and inner brown ring; bill yellow, red at base of lower mandible." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus SPHENOCERCUS Gray, 1840.

This genus resembles Osmotreron, but it has a longer and more strongly graduated tail and the hard portion of the upper mandible is shorter.

12. SPHENOCERCUS AUSTRALIS McGregor.

SOUTHERN WEDGE-TAILED PIGEON.

Sphenocercus formosæ McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4,
9; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 9.
Sphenocercus australis McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2,
sec. A, 344.

Pú-nay, Calayan; a-ri-da-uang', Batan.

Batan (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor).

Adult male.--General color above olive-green, lighter and grayish on neck and sides of neck; crown ochraceous-buff; lower parts uniform green from chin to abdomen; middle of abdomen white, washed with pale yellow; sides blue-gray; flanks and thighs dark olive-green, mixed with fine lines of pale yellow; under tail-coverts pale yellowish (the longest buffy), each with a wide, dark olive-green shaft-mark; shoulders maroon connected by a maroon band across the back; primaries and secondaries black; secondaries and greater coverts with narrow margins of pale yellow; inner secondaries and tail dark green like back; tail black below with a narrow gray tip. Bill light blue, the tip whitish; skin about eye blue; inner ring of eye clear blue, outer ring pink, a dusky intermediate ring; legs dull carmine, nails pale blue. Length, about 355; three specimens measure: Wing, 188 to 197; tail, 125 to 130; exposed culmen, 19 to 20; tarsus, 24 to 27; middle toe with claw, 38 to 40.

Adult female.--Differs from the male in lacking the ochraceous of crown and the maroon of shoulders and back, the entire upper parts being green. Three specimens measure: Wing, 185 to 189; tail, 118 to 125; culmen, 19 to 19.5; tarsus, 24 to 27; middle toe with claw, 35.5 to 37.5.

This species is closely related to Sphenocercus formosæ and specimens of the two species should be compared. It is not uncommon in Calayan and Camiguin. We were first led to search for it by hearing its weird, prolonged cry which is remarkably like that of a child in pain. Having located the tree in which one of these birds was resting it was difficult to see the bird as its yellowish green under parts were in perfect harmony with the color of the leafy branches.

Genus OSMOTRERON Bonaparte, 1854.

Length, 280 to 305 mm.; colors largely yellow or olive-green; primaries black; secondaries and coverts with conspicuous yellow borders; tail nearly square, moderate in length; under tail-coverts very long, equaling or slightly exceeding rectrices; bill short and moderately stout; feathers covering proximal tarsal joint.

Species.

a1. Tail green above.

b1. Smaller; green of neck and breast lighter and more tinged with
yellow. ... axillaris (p. 27)
b2. Larger; green of neck and breast darker ... everetti (p. 28)

a2. Tail bluish slate above with a subterminal black bar ... vernans (p. 28)

13. OSMOTRERON AXILLARIS (Bonaparte).

PHILIPPINE GREEN PIGEON.

Treron axillaris Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. (1854), 39, 875.
Osmotreron axillaris Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21,
48, pl. 4; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 54; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 9.

Pú-nay, in general use.

Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Everett, McGregor);
Dinagat (Everett); Guimaras (Meyer, Murray, Steere Exp.); Lubang
(McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Meyer, Whitehead, McGregor); Masbate
(McGregor); Mindanao (Steere, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere
Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Celestino); Mindoro (Everett,
McGregor, Porter); Negros (Meyer, Steere, Everett, Keay); Panay
(Murray, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (McGregor);
Samar (Whitehead); Semirara (Worcester); Sibay (Porter); Siquijor
(Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Tablas (Celestino); Tawi Tawi
(Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor).

Adult male.--Top of head and a narrow band in front of mantle pearl-gray, darker on crown; mantle and lesser coverts rich maroon, forming a wide band across the back; rest of upper parts (except wings) and lower parts, except as beyond, yellowish green, duller and greener on neck and face, darker and richer on rump and tail-coverts, lighter and yellower on lower parts; flanks and thighs dark olive-green; under tail-coverts white, their tips light yellow; wings black; inner secondaries, and median and greater coverts edged with clear lemon-yellow; outer secondaries edged with pale straw-yellow; tail black below with a wide, gray terminal band. Iris light glistening blue; bill dark red at base, bluish beyond nostrils; feet and nails lead-blue. Length, 280 to 305; three males measure: Wing, 153 to 158; tail, 98 to 100; culmen from base, 20 to 23; tarsus, 23 to 24.

Adult female.--Somewhat similar to the male but general coloration darker and greener; edging of wing-coverts paler; maroon of mantle and wings and gray band in front of mantle wanting; under tail-coverts with narrow, dark-green shaft-lines. A female from Lubang measures: Wing, 165; tail, 104; culmen from base, 21; tarsus, 22.

This very showy dove is usually found feeding in fruit trees and often in company with the smaller, congeneric species, O. vernans, but the latter is a much rarer bird.

14. OSMOTRERON EVERETTI Rothschild.

EVERETT'S GREEN PIGEON.

Osmotreron axillaris Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893),
21, 48 (part).
Osmotreron everetti Rothschild, Nov. Zool. (1894), 1, 41; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 9.

Bongao (Everett); Meimbun (Everett?); Sibutu (Everett); Sulu
(Burbidge, Guillemard, Everett).

"Osmotreron everetti resembles O. axillaris from the Philippines, but is altogether a larger bird; the purplish chestnut mantle is bordered above by a very conspicuous interscapulary band of lavender-gray, of the same color as the crown; this color is of a lighter shade than in O. axillaris and the interscapulary band is much less distinct and not so pure gray in the latter. In O. everetti the green of the neck and breast is a shade lighter and more tinged with yellow, the abdomen paler and more grayish along the middle. Length, about 279; wing, 161 to 165 ([female] 162 to 165); tail, 91 to 92; bill, 19; tarsus, 23. 'Iris greenish silvery' (Everett); 'iris pearly green; bill red at base, blue at tip; feet pale slate.' (Guillemard.) I have no female of true O. axillaris to compare, but the female of O. everetti seems to be the larger, and the mantle much darker olive." (Rothschild.)

I have seen no specimens of Everett's green pigeon.

15. OSMOTRERON VERNANS (Linnæus).

PINK-NECKED GREEN PIGEON.

Columba vernans Linnæus, Mantissa Plantarum (1771), 526.
Osmotreron vernans Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21,
60; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 54; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs
(1901), 1, 83; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 9.

Pú-nay. in general use.

Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Everett, Bourns & Worcester,
McGregor); Bohol (Everett, McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Cebu (Everett, McGregor); Guimaras (Steere
Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Luzon (Meyer, Heriot, Steere Exp.,
McGregor); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Everett,
Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow); Mindoro (McGregor,
Porter); Negros (Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Palawan (Everett,
Platen, Whitehead, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White); Panay
(Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Siasi (Guillemard);
Sibay (Porter); Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
Celestino). Celebes, Malay Peninsula, Indo-Malay Islands,
Indo-Chinese provinces.

Adult male.--Head, chin, and upper throat blue-gray, darkest on crown; forehead, sides of face, chin, and throat faintly greenish; neck all round and sides of head behind eye lavender-gray, forming a narrow band on hind neck and a wide patch on lower throat, followed by a patch of deep orange on breast; lower breast and abdomen yellowish green, clear lemon-yellow on middle of belly; sides and lining of wing blue-gray; flanks and thighs dark olive-green, the latter streaked with light lemon-yellow; under tail-coverts chestnut; back, rump, mantle, and secondary-coverts dull gray-green, richer green on the coverts; upper tail-coverts like rump but with a faint chestnut wash; primaries, alula, primary-coverts, and outer secondaries black; some of the primaries and secondaries edged with yellow; greater coverts broadly margined with pale yellow, forming a conspicuous band; rectrices slate-gray above, each with a black subterminal band and washed with green near the base; rectrices blackish below with narrow slate-gray tips. Base of bill black, tip pale blue; iris light yellow; legs and feet coral-pink. Salvadori quotes the following iris colors from Davidson: "Irides with three rings, the outer one rose-pink, the next prussian-blue, the innermost ultramarine-blue." Length, 280; wing, 147; tail, 92; culmen from base, 19; tarsus, 23.

Adult female.--Nearly all green; somewhat similar to the male but darker green above; the lavender wanting on head and neck, and orange wanting on breast, these parts being dark green; under tail-coverts pale yellow, more or less washed with cinnamon on inner webs. One female from Mariveles, Bataan Province, measures: Length, 280; wing, 148; tail, 93; culmen from base, 19; tarsus, 22.

"Young male.--Resembles the female, but with some trace of the vinaceous purple color on the neck, and of the brown-orange on the breast.

"Young female.--Has the rufescent color of the upper tail-coverts scarcely visible, and the central tail-feathers more or less tinged with green.

"Some specimens have the forehead and throat more or less tinged with greenish, but they are not confined to a particular locality. I have seen in the Museum of Paris a variety entirely of a canary-yellow." (Salvadori.)

"Its nest is a mere platform of twigs, grass-stems, tendrils, and leaves, measuring about 180 mm. in breadth. The eggs are nearly oval in form, pure white in color, and measure 31 by 24." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus PHAPITRERON Bonaparte, 1854.

Length, 230 to 280 mm.; sexes alike in color; colors nearly uniform brown of various shades; a wide iridescent band on neck; primaries neither scooped nor cut; rectrices graduated and rounded and with gray tips; under tail-coverts gray or dark buff. Birds of this genus are closely related inter se, maculipectus alone showing a slight departure from the type in its mottled breast. The species fall naturally into two groups which might take the rank of subgenera were anything to be gained thereby. The first five species (see key to species), the amethystina group are rare deep-woods birds; their colors are generally darker brown than those of the leucotis group and the bill is noticeably longer and heavier, being longer than tarsus. The five species of the leucotis group are fairly common in their respective ranges; they are to be found in more open country or even on the borders of rice-fields; in this group the tarsus equals, or is slightly greater than, the culmen.

Species.

a1. Culmen more than 19 mm.; longer than tarsus.

b1. Breast not mottled.

c1. Under tail-coverts cinnamon or ocherous-brown.

d1. Breast brown; wing longer ... amethystina (p. 30)
d2. Breast pearly ash; wing shorter ... brunneiceps (p. 32)

c2. Under tail-coverts ashy gray.

d1. Under tail-coverts not tipped with fulvous ... cinereiceps
(p. 31)
d2. Under tail-coverts slightly tipped with fulvous ... frontalis
(p. 32)

b2. Breast distinctly mottled ... maculipectus (p. 33)

a2. Culmen less than 17 mm.; equal to or less than tarsus.

b1. Forehead gray or fulvous, not white.

c1. Throat and cheeks deep ruddy fulvous.

d1. Throat darker; occiput dull amethystine-rufous ... leucotis
(p. 33)
d2. Throat lighter; occiput bright coppery amethystine
... occipitalis (p. 34)

c2. Throat and cheeks pale fulvous.

d1. Forehead grayish; light streak under eye fulvous ... nigrorum
(p. 35)
d2. Forehead pale fulvous; light streak under eye white
... brevirostris (p. 35)

b3. Forehead and chin pure white ... albifrons (p. 36)

16. PHAPITRERON AMETHYSTINA Bonaparte.

AMETHYSTINE BROWN PIGEON.

Phapitreron amethystina Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium (1854),
2, 28; Compt. Rend. (1855), 40, 214; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 10.
Phabotreron amethystina Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9, 214,
pl. 34, fig. 2; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 66;
Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 55.

Bohol (McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Steere Exp.); Luzon
(Meyer, McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Goodfellow, Celestino);
Panaon (Everett); Samar (Steere Exp., Whitehead).

Adult.--A black line below eye from gape to neck; below this a line of white mixed with reddish brown; general color above dark brown, lighter on forehead and fore crown; bird held toward the light, neck and its sides, beautiful, iridescent purple and violet-blue; wing-coverts, back, rump, and tail-coverts, dark glossy green; bird held away from the light, neck and sides of neck blue or deep violet; wings, back, tail, and its coverts washed with purple; below uniform light brown except middle of abdomen and tail-coverts which are dark buff; tail dark brown with a broad, apical, gray band, the middle pair of rectrices do not show this band from above. Iris light brown; bare skin about eyes dark, dirty red; bill black; legs and feet bright carmine; nails horn-colored. Length, about 255. In a male from Bataan Province, Luzon, the wing is 140; tail, 99; culmen, 23; tarsus, 20.5. Salvadori gives the following measurements: Wing, 146; tail, 78; bill, 22; tarsus, 22.

"A rare bird in the few islands where it is found. Legs dull pink; iris dark brown; feet dark pink; nails brown; bill black. Length, 292; wing, 145; tail, 97; culmen, 25; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 30." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

17. PHAPITRERON CINEREICEPS Bourns and Worcester.

GRAY-HEADED PIGEON.

Phabotreron cinereiceps Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 8; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1899), 1, 55.
Phapitreron cinereiceps McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 10.

Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester).

"Adult.--Top of head, nape, and sides of neck clear ashy gray, slightly washed with rufous on forehead; hind neck amethystine as in P. amethystina; back, rump, and upper tail-coverts brown with bronze reflections, the tail-coverts slightly more ruddy than back; four outer pairs of tail-feathers dark brown, lighter at base; two central pairs ruddy brown with bronze reflections; all the tail-feathers with ashy tips which form a distinct terminal band 6 mm. in width; shafts of tail-feathers black; wing-coverts and secondaries uniform with back; primaries dark brown, the first five sharply edged with rusty brown on outer web; a narrow black stripe under eye; sides of face, ear-coverts, fore neck, and breast rich ruddy brown, the breast with a slight metallic gloss; chin and throat lighter; abdomen and thighs fulvous brown; flanks darker with slight metallic wash; under tail-coverts clear ashy gray; shafts of tail-feathers with basal half black, apical half white; under surface of tail nearly black, the terminal gray band distinct and wider than on upper surface, measuring 15 mm. on outer pair of feathers; under wing-coverts and axillars like the flanks; under surface of quills uniform dark brown. Bill black; legs and feet dirty purplish; nails black; iris in one specimen bright yellow, in another orange-red. Length, 260; wing, 134; tail, 99; culmen, 20; tarsus, 18. Sexes alike." (Bourns and Worcester.)

This species is known from the types only.

18. PHAPITRERON BRUNNEICEPS Bourns and Worcester.

BROWN-HEADED PIGEON.

Phabotreron brunneiceps Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 9; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1899), 1, 55.
Phapitreron brunneiceps McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906),
10; McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 281.

Basilan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

"Adult.--Above dark brown with greenish reflections; amethystine spot on hind neck less blue than in P. amethystina; top of head brown, forehead slightly lighter and nape slightly darker than crown; sides of face and ear-coverts brown, paler than crown; a narrow, dark brown streak under eye; chin and throat grayish fulvous; breast pearly ash; abdomen, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts ochraceous-brown; under surface of tail brownish black with a broad, gray, terminal band; under wing-coverts and axillars fulvous-brown; primaries with sharply defined light edges on upper web; below slightly more ashy; tail-feathers brown above with distinct terminal bands of gray, central pair with slight metallic gloss; shafts of quills black above and below except the terminal 15 mm. which are white. Bill black; feet dark pink; nails brown; iris orange-red. Length, 255; wing, 132; tail, 89; culmen, 24; tarsus, 18. A well-defined species distinguished from P. amethystina by its smaller size and the entirely different color of its under surface." (Bourns and Worcester.)

This species is very distinct from P. amethystina being smaller and differently colored. A male measures: Length, 267; wing, 135; tail, 100; culmen from base, 25.

19. PHAPITRERON FRONTALIS Bourns and Worcester.

CEBU AMETHYSTINE PIGEON.

Phabotreron frontalis Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 10; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1899), 1, 55.
Phapitreron frontalis McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 10.

Cebu (Bourns & Worcester).

"Adult.--General color of upper surface as in P. brunneiceps but forehead and crown lighter, nape washed with ashy gray, and lacking metallic gloss; tail glossed with dull bronze instead of amethystine and the terminal band less strongly marked than in brunneiceps; under surface much as in brunneiceps but everywhere darker; under tail-coverts ashy gray, slightly tipped with fulvous; tail much as in brunneiceps, the outer web of outer pair of feathers being, however, light brown; basal half of shafts dirty whitish; apical fourth white, rest brown. Iris pale orange; bill black; legs and feet purple; nails light brown. Sexes alike. Length, 260; wing, 140; tail, 100; culmen, 51; tarsus, 21." (Bourns and Worcester.)

The length of culmen given above (2 inches in original description) is undoubtedly an error.

20. PHAPITRERON MACULIPECTUS Bourns and Worcester.

MOTTLED AMETHYSTINE PIGEON.

Phabotreron maculipectus Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 10; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1899), 1, 55; Grant, Ibis (1896), 563.
Phapitreron maculipectus McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 10.

Negros (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

"Adult male.--Upper surface exactly as in P. amethystina except that the primaries are slightly darker; dark brown stripe under eye extending from gape through ear-coverts to hind neck; below this a white stripe and a second shorter dark stripe below the latter; cheeks fulvous brown; chin and throat more ruddy brown; breast clear ashy gray, each feather having an edging distinctly lighter than its center, producing a beautiful mottled appearance; feathers on center of fore breast washed with brown and forming a distinct patch; feathers of abdomen lack the dark centers, and their edges washed with light brown; thighs and under tail-coverts cinnamon-brown, much lighter than in P. amethystina; under surface of tail-feathers dark brown, nearly black, with faint metallic gloss and a broad, gray, terminal band; shafts of feathers black changing to white at tips; under surface of wing and axillars uniform fulvous brown. Bill black; feet dark pink; nails dark brown, nearly black. Wing, 145; tail, 115; culmen, 26; tarsus, 20. Length not taken from birds in flesh. This beautiful species was obtained in the Island of Negros on the mountains of the interior, where it is by no means common. It is distinguished from all the other species of the genus by its fine mottled breast." (Bourns and Worcester.)

21. PHAPITRERON LEUCOTIS (Temminck).

NORTHERN WHITE-EARED PIGEON.

Columba leucotis Temminck, Pl. Col. (1823), 189.
Phabotreron leucotis Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893),
21, 67; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 55; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs
(1901), 1, 83.
Phapitreron leucotis McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906),
10; McGregor, Bur. Govt. Labs. Manila (1905), 34, 6, pl. 3 (nest).
Geopelia striata Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 246
(eggs)! error.

Ba-to ba-to tu-loc, Manila; cu-lu-cu-luc, Lubang.

Catanduanes (Whitehead); Luzon (Meyer, Heriot, Everett, Steere
Exp., Whitehead, McGregor); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, Everett, McGregor, Porter).

Adult.--A black line from gape to nape below eye; below this a white line from opposite the posterior border of eye to nape; above, general color brown; forehead and crown dark gray; below brown; chin, upper throat, and cheeks ruddy fulvous; lower breast and abdomen slightly ochraceous, much paler posteriorly; under tail-coverts dark pearl-gray; wings brown; primaries with pale edges; rectrices brown, each with a wide, terminal, gray band. Metallic reflections; specimen held toward the light, occiput, neck, sides of neck, throat, breast, sides of body, and flanks bronze-green; a blue collar on hind neck and a blue band across interscapulars; back, rump, and wing-coverts touched with purple; when specimen is held away from the light the blue bands change to green; the green of neck and lower parts becomes purple; the back, wing-coverts, tail-coverts, and rectrices are touched with violet and dark purple. Iris varies, usually mottled pinkish surrounded by a narrow white ring or a pale blue ring; bill black; legs carmine; nails horn-brown. Length, about 235. Three males average: Wing, 134; tail, 81; culmen from base, 18; tarsus, 20.

Four eggs taken by Whitehead at Cape Engaño in May, 1895, are "glossy and measure from 26.5 to 28.5 in length, and from 19.5 to 20 in breadth." (Oates.)

"Fairly common in deep woods. Breeds in April. Legs and feet deep pink; nails brown. Length, 260; wing, 127; tail, 95; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 29." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

This species is fairly abundant in the islands where it occurs. Several nests were found in Mindoro; they were constructed of twisted plant tendrils which material gave the nests the appearance of being made of spiral springs. The nest was invariably placed in a small tree and rested on a horizontal branch at from 2 to 6 meters from the ground. Eggs and nestlings were found from April 8 to May 6.

22. PHAPITRERON OCCIPITALIS Salvadori.

BASILAN WHITE-EARED PIGEON.

Phabotreron occipitalis Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893),
21, 68; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 55.
Phapitreron occipitalis McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 10.

Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

Adult (sexes similar).--"Similar to P. leucotis, but the rufous throat more vinous, and the occiput of a coppery amethystine, very conspicuous; the back and wings of a more greenish hue. 'Iris light warm brown; bill black; feet carmine.' (Everett.) Length, about 230; wing, 127; tail, 91; bill, 15; tarsus, 20." (Salvadori.)

"Iris purple; legs and feet dark pink; nails brown; bill black. Length, 250; wing, 126; tail, 86; culmen, 18; tarsus, 18.5; middle toe with claw, 28. Abundant in Basilan. A deep woods bird." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

23. PHAPITRERON NIGRORUM Sharpe.

NEGROS WHITE-EARED PIGEON.

Phabotreron nigrorum Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. (1877),
1, 346, 353; Hand-List (1899), 1, 55; Salvadori, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 68.
Phapitreron nigrorum McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 10.

Tuc-mó, Masbate, Ticao, and in general use.

Cebu (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Guimaras
(Meyer, Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Negros (Layard, Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay);
Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao
(McGregor).

Adult.--Very similar to Phapitreron leucotis but smaller; chin, sides of face, and upper throat much paler; the white line on auricular region replaced by a wider line of pale fulvous from bill to nape. Bill black; iris gray; legs dark scarlet; nails brown. Four specimens, two of each sex, measure: Wing, 119 to 124 (122); tail, 90 to 96.5 (94); culmen from base, 17 to 18 (17.5); tarsus, 16.5 to 18 (17.5).

"Very common in the forests of the central Philippines. Iris dark brown; legs and feet dark pink; nails leaden; bill black. Length, 229 to 250; wing, 119 to 127; tail, 84 to 96; culmen, 17 to 19; middle toe with claw, 26 to 29." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

24. PHAPITRERON BREVIROSTRIS Tweeddale.

SHORT-BILLED PIGEON.

Phabotreron brevirostris Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877),
549; Challenger Report (1881), 2, Zool. pt. 8, pl. 6; Salvadori,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 69; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899),
1, 55.
Phapitreron brevirostris McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 10.

Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead);
Mindanao (Murray, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Goodfellow, Clemens,
Celestino); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead);
Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester); Sulu (Guillemard).

"Similar to P. leucotis, from which it differs in having the forehead and throat grayish fulvous, the occiput constantly amethystine, and the rectrices with a decided amethystine tinge; it resembles also P. nigrorum, especially as regards the coloring of the forehead and throat, but it differs in having the subocular streak white and the occiput more amethystine. Length, about 240; wing, 124; tail, 99; bill, 13; tarsus, 19." (Salvadori.)

"It seems to us that there must be something wrong about the Sulu record of P. brevirostris. We obtained no pigeons of the P. leucotis type in Sulu, and the single specimen obtained by us in Tawi Tawi has been lost or destroyed, so that we are unable to identify it, but it would be indeed remarkable if P. brevirostris should give way to P. occipitalis in Basilan only to reappear in Sulu. In the face of Count Salvadori's identification of Guillemard's specimen, however, we have nothing to say.

"Iris purple; legs and feet deep purple; nails brown. Five birds from Samar and Siquijor average: Length, 235; wing, 122; tail, 83; culmen, 19; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 26. A female from Mindanao is larger, measuring: Length, 250; wing, 127; tail, 94; culmen, 17; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 28." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

25. PHAPITRERON ALBIFRONS McGregor.

BOHOL WHITE-EARED PIGEON.

Phabotreron brevirostris Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893),
21, 69 (part).
Phapitreron albifrons McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2,
sec. A, 317.

Li-mú-con, Bohol.

Bohol (Steere Exp., McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester,
Celestino).

Adult male (type).--General color brown, much darker above, with iridescent reflections most pronounced on nape, mantle, and breast; merging rather abruptly into dark gray of crown; occiput, nape, and sides of head ruddy brown; from gape a narrow brown line passing below eye with a wider white line underneath, both lines reaching beyond ear-coverts; chin white, gradually changing to gray on throat and ochraceous on breast and abdomen; under tail-coverts and a wide band at end of tail pale french-gray; wings uniform with the back; primaries with a narrow light brown edge on outer webs; with the bird held toward the light the occiput and nape are glossed with green, followed by a patch of metallic blue, this followed on interscapulars by a wide band of metallic green extending to sides of neck and narrowly bordered behind by blue; the wings and remaining upper parts have a dull green gloss; with the bird held away from the light the green changes to purple and this metallic color shows also on throat, breast, and sides of neck. Length, 234; wing, 122; tail, 81; culmen from base, 16; tarsus, 17.

Female.--Similar to the male. In this species the terminal half of bill is black; basal half of bill, skin around eyes, and feet dull crimson; iris brown; nails gray.

Egg.--A hard-shelled egg was taken from a female killed on June 7, 1906; another egg, obtained in the same manner four days later, measures 27 by 21 and is pure white in color.

This species is most closely related to P. brevirostris but it differs in having a white forehead and brown subocular line.

Subfamily PTILOPODINÆ.

Forest inhabiting pigeons of medium size; upper surface rich green; no band across lower back.

Genera.

a1. First primary abruptly attenuated.

b1. Tail rather long; pectoral feathers not
bifurcated. ... Leucotreron (p. 37)
b2. Tail moderate; pectoral feathers bifurcated. ... Lamprotreron
(p. 40)

a2. First primary not so abruptly attenuated; slightly narrowed at tip. ... Spilotreron (p. 41)

Genus LEUCOTRERON Bonaparte, 1854.

First primary with both webs greatly reduced in width near the tip; tail square; tarsus feathered for more than half its length. Forest inhabiting pigeons of medium size.

Species.

a1. Larger, length, 330 mm. or more; under tail-coverts green or gray, broadly edged with buff.

b1. Secondaries uniform green. ... occipitalis (p. 37)
b2. Secondaries with a conspicuous red patch. ... marchei (p. 38)

a2. Smaller, length, 300 mm. or less; under tail-coverts uniform, dark cinnamon. ... leclancheri (p. 39)

26. LEUCOTRERON OCCIPITALIS (Bonaparte).

YELLOW-BREASTED FRUIT PIGEON.

Ramphiculus occipitalis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium (1854), 2, 17.
Xenotreron incognita Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 832.
Ptilopus occipitalis Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893),
21, 72.
Leucotreron occipitalis Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 55; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1907), 10.

Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., McGregor); Cebu (Everett, Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Leyte (Steere Exp.); Luzon (Meyer, Steere
Exp., Whitehead, McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp.,
Goodfellow); Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros
(Whitehead); Samar (Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (McGregor).

Adult (sexes alike).--Forehead pale gray with a yellow wash, blending into light slate-gray mixed with green on center of crown; on back of head a wide band of dark purple or deep cherry-red, extending over ear-coverts and sides of face below the eyes; remainder of upper parts, including wings and tail, nearly uniform, rich green; rectrices and quills partly blue when held toward the light; whole upper parts slightly bronze away from the light; feathers of chin and upper throat white with a yellow wash on tips; lower throat and sides of neck and breast light gray; breast covered by a large oval patch of old-gold-yellow, just behind this a broad band of deep purple; middle of abdomen pearl-gray and white; sides and flanks green; under tail-coverts light buff, the inner webs largely green; rectrices gray below with light gray tips, above very narrowly edged with light ocherous; some of the primaries and secondaries narrowly edged with buff; tips of the green tarsal feathers reaching toes. A male from Sibuyan measures: Length, 340; wing, 160; tail, 115; culmen from base, 18; middle toe with claw, 35. A male from Basilan: Wing, 148; tail, 115; culmen from base, 18; middle toe with claw, 33. A female from Mindoro: Length, 320; wing, 153; tail, 113; culmen from base, 19; middle toe with claw, 34.

Young.--The immature bird differs from the adult in having top of head, neck, and sides of face uniform green (or with a few purple feathers) and the yellow and purple areas of breast indicated by a few scattered feathers of these colors. The first primary is attenuated but not so abruptly cut on inner web as it is in the adult. In a young female from Sibuyan the bill was dull red at base; tip brown; feet pink; nails black.

27. LEUCOTRERON MARCHEI (Oustalet).

MARCHE'S FRUIT PIGEON.

Ptilopus (Rhamphiculus) marchei Oustalet, Le Naturaliste (1880),
324.
Ptilopus marchei Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21,
75; Grant, Ibis (1895), 1, 468; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 486.
Leucotreron marchii Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 55.
Leucotreron marchei McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 10.

Luzon (Marche, Whitehead, Worcester).

"Adult male.--Entire top of head dull crimson-red, the same color being continued down the sides of the cheeks, on either side of the throat; feathers surrounding the eye light red; hind cheek and ear-coverts dusky black; back and sides of the neck and upper part of the breast pearl-gray, forming a collar which completely separates the dull crimson crown from the dusky black mantle and back; wings like the back, but with green reflections; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts bronze-brown with green reflections; primary quills black, finely edged with pale yellow; the two outer secondaries are similarly margined, the remainder edged with crimson along the middle of the outer web, the crimson barbs being loose and free and forming a large patch on the wing; tail bronze-brown, broadly edged with brownish gray, beneath dark gray tipped with whitish; chin and middle of throat brownish buff; in the center of the gray breast a large patch of bright orange-vermilion washed with lake, shading into deep red-lake below; this is followed by a patch of creamy white; rest of under parts dull pearly gray, most of the feathers finely edged with creamy yellow; under tail-coverts buff, with brownish gray centers. 'Eye: inner ring yellow, outer lake-red; bill at base brick-red, tipped with yellow; feet deep coral-red.' (Whitehead.) Length, 400; wing, 180; tail, 129; tarsus, 32.

"Adult female.--Similar to the male, but crown of a less crimson tinge; lower part of the back, rump, and tail bronze-green, distinctly greener than in the male; upper part of the breast-patch orange-red without the crimson wash. Length, 373; wing, 173; tail, 114; tarsus, 29.

"Young male.--The whole of the upper parts is brownish bronze shot with green; the dull crimson of the top of the head and the free crimson webs of the secondaries are just beginning to make their appearance; the whole of the feathers of the chest and upper breast are gray, widely tipped with bronze-green, the only patches of pure gray feathers being visible on each side of the neck. The orange-red breast-patch is represented by a deep orange feather in the middle of the chest and some dark carmine feathers. Otherwise the rest of the plumage is much like that of the adult." (Grant.)

Marche's fruit pigeon was described in 1880 from a single specimen which remained unique for fifteen years when Whitehead rediscovered the species in Lepanto. So far as we at present know, this species is confined to this subprovince and the neighboring subprovince of Bontoc. The Igorots say that at certain seasons of the year these birds become very fat and heavy and that they are then taken by pursuing them until they are exhausted. This account is probably correct as the specimens seen in the possession of the Igorots are not injured, while birds taken in snares or with bird-lime are seldom fit for specimens. This species may be recognized at once by the large red patch on the secondaries. In 1903 a pigeon, probably of this species, was killed in Bontoc by the Hon. Dean C. Worcester but the skin was lost.

28. LEUCOTRERON LECLANCHERI (Bonaparte).

BLACK-CHINNED FRUIT PIGEON.

Treroloema leclancheri Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. (1855), 41, 247.
Leucotreron gironieri Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9, 213,
pl. 34, fig. 1.
Ptilopus leclancheri Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893),
21, 79.
Leucotreron leclancheri Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 56; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 10.

Ca-pil'-la, Manila.

Bantayan (McGregor); Batan (McGregor); Bohol (McGregor);
Cagayancillo (McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Calayan
(McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu
(Burger); Guimaras (Meyer); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer,
Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor); Mindoro (McGregor, Porter);
Negros (Everett, Steere Exp.); Palawan (Everett, Platen, White);
Panay (Meyer); Romblon (McGregor); Samar (Whitehead); Semirara
(Worcester); Sibuyan (McGregor); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester).

Adult male.--Chin black; head, neck, throat, and breast pearl-gray, washed with dull green on occiput and hind neck, washed with ocherous yellow on throat and crop; remainder of upper parts green, brightest on wings and tail, the latter tipped with dull yellowish brown; primaries edged with white near their tips; some of the secondaries edged with ocherous-yellow; behind the gray of breast a dark chestnut band, blackish on its anterior border; middle of abdomen white, washed with cinnamon or in some specimens with yellowish buff; under tail-coverts cinnamon; rectrices below, brown with gray tips; remainder of under parts dull green. Iris bright red; bill bright yellow; base of lower mandible, and feet dark crimson; nails dark brown. Length, 280 to 305; measurements of three specimens give: Wing, 144 to 145; tail, 104 to 105; culmen from base, 19 to 20; tarsus, 18 to 20.

Adult female.--Forehead blue-gray; chin black; throat and breast green; dark chestnut pectoral-band, and other parts, as in the male. A female from Sibuyan has the wing, 145, and tail, 104; a female from Calayan is larger; wing, 157; tail, 114.

Young.--Green, chin cinnamon; pectoral-band wanting or indicated by a few chestnut feathers; abdomen white or washed with buff; under tail-coverts slightly paler than in the adult.

Leclancher's pigeon is generally found in forest and, although widely distributed, it does not occur in great numbers, except when feeding in fruit trees; it appears to be strictly arboreal in habits. Specimens from Camiguin, Calayan, and Batan are considerably larger than specimens from more southern islands. The nest as observed in Camiguin, north of Luzon, was a slight platform of twigs placed on a horizontal branch at from 1.5 to 4.5 meters from the ground. Four nests contained but one egg each. Three eggs are white in color and measure, respectively: 35 by 23, 35 by 25, and 31 by 24.

Genus LAMPROTRERON Bonaparte, 1854.

Lamprotreron is distinguished from all other Philippine genera by having the breast-feathers bifurcated, as if the tip of the shaft had been cut off of each feather.

29. LAMPROTRERON TEMMINCKI (Prevost and Des Murs).

TEMMINCK'S FRUIT PIGEON.

Kurukuru temminckii Prevost and Des Murs, Voy. Venus, Zool. (1849),
234.
Ptilopus temmincki Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21,
115; Meyer and Wiglesworth, Bds. Celebes (1898), 2, 613.
Lamprotreron temmincki Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 58; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 11.
Ptilopus formosus Guillemard, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1885), 269.

Sulu (Guillemard). Celebes.

"Adult male.--General color above parrot-green, the inner wing-coverts, scapulars, and inner quills with an oval black spot near the ends; entire head above aster-purple; hind neck and sides of neck dragon's-blood-red, shading off into the green of the mantle; sides of occiput and ear-coverts green, becoming gray on malar region, chin, throat, and jugulum; the upper breast rose-purple, the feathers on chest and jugulum forked at the tip (as if the middle part of the web had been cut out with scissors); passing on lower breast into a broad band of blackish plum-purple; on and near the carpal edge a large spot of this color; sides, thighs, and flanks green, thighs grayer, flanks tipped with naples-yellow; abdomen and under tail-coverts yellowish white, the inner webs of the latter partly green; center tail-feathers above green, grayish at tip, all the lateral tail-feathers blackish, tipped with gray, washed with green; tail below dusky grayish, terminal bar whitish; quills above black, washed externally with green, finely edged with yellowish; wings below slaty, the first primary much attenuated for about 2 cm. and incurved.

"Adult female.--Above all parrot-green, except for a patch of aster-purple on crown and occiput, and purplish black spots on the scapulars and inner-coverts; breast green, without rose-purple and the dark plum-purple band of the male.

"Immature male.--Closely resembling the female; forehead green with the purple feathers of the crown intermingled; dark purple breast-band commencing to form; breast grayer than in the female.

"Young in first plumage.--Bright parrot-green, the wing-coverts and secondaries broadly margined with light yellow, the back, rump, and scapulars, and breast more finely margined with yellow; remaining under parts much as in the female; tail tipped with yellowish white; no purple on head or elsewhere.

"Wing, 128 to 140; tail, 95; tarsus, 22; culmen from cranium suture, 17 to 19." (Meyer and Wiglesworth.)

Male.--"Iris sea-green; bill green, reddish at base; tarsus greenish olive. Length, 295; wing, 144." (Salvadori.)

Genus SPILOTRERON Salvadori, 1882.

First primary slightly attenuated on its distal third; tail square; tarsus feathered nearly to the toes.

30. SPILOTRERON BANGUEYENSIS (A. B. Meyer).

MEYER'S FRUIT PIGEON.

Ptilopus bangueyensis Meyer, Jour. für Orn. (1891), 70; Salvadori,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 143.
Spilotreron bangueyensis Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 61; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 11.
Ptilopus purpureinucha Meyer, Jour. für Orn. (1891), 71.

Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Bongao (Everett); Cagayan Sulu (Mearns); Mindanao (Everett, Steere
Exp.); Palawan (Lempriere, Whitehead); Sibutu (Everett); Sulu
(Burbidge, Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns &
Worcester). Banguey.

Adult male.--Bright leaf-green, mantle slightly yellowish; head, neck, and throat pearly gray; chin and upper throat yellow; a large patch on occiput and hind neck black; lower abdomen and short tail-coverts bright yellow; longer tail-coverts bright carmine, narrowly tipped with yellow; secondaries and greater coverts very narrowly edged with yellow. Eyelids, iris, and bill greenish yellow; feet rose-pink; nails brown. Length, 240. Two males from Basilan, wing, 123, 116; tail, 85; exposed culmen, 16, 15; middle toe with claw, 26.

Adult female.--Entirely green, except the under tail-coverts which are green, washed with carmine, and narrowly tipped with yellow. Two females from Basilan measure: Wing, 121, 118; tail, 79, 80; exposed culmen, 16, 14; middle toe with claw, 26, 25.

Young.--Similar to the adult female but with little or no carmine on under tail-coverts.

"This, the most northern form of the Spilotreron group, is very nearly related to the most southern one, from which it is not easily distinguished. The slight purple tinge of the black occipital spot, on which Dr. Meyer relies to separate the Basilan bird, appears only in certain individuals, but is absent in the majority of specimens. As to the collar of the bird from Banguey, which is described as whitish gray, I do not find that it is different from that of the specimens from other localities." (Salvadori.)

"The blue spot on the nape on which Meyer relies to separate the Basilan birds is a minus quantity in our five specimens from that island, though they are in breeding plumage. This species is quite common in Sulu and Tawi Tawi, and is sometimes found feeding in isolated trees in open fields.

"Iris yellow; legs dark pink; feet same color; nails nearly black; bill and eye-wattle light greenish yellow. Length, 230; wing, 121; tail, 81; culmen, 33; middle toe with claw, 29." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Subfamily MUSCADIVORINÆ.

This group includes the largest species of forest pigeons.

Genera.

a1. Colors above, except head, metallic blue, green, purple, or bronze; or the tail at least metallic green above.

b1. First primary not scooped on inner web; lower parts uniform in
color. ... Muscadivores (p. 42)
b2. First primary deeply scooped on inner web.

c1. No light band on tail. ... Ptilocolpa (p. 45)
c2. Tail crossed by a conspicuous gray band. ... Zonophaps (p. 48)

a2. Colors cream and slate; no metallic colors on any part of plumage. ... Myristicivora (p. 50)

Genus MUSCADIVORES Gray, 1855.

Inner web of first primary very slightly attenuated; gape deeply cleft; tarsus stout and feathered in front for half its length. Upper parts, except head and neck, metallic blue or green; tail nearly uniform with the back and wings, without a light band; head and lower parts pearl-gray or pale vinaceous-gray.

Species.

a1. Larger; back and scapulars glossy green or coppery bronze.

b1. Nape with a coppery chestnut patch. ... nuchalis (p. 43)
b2. Nape without a coppery chestnut patch.

c1. Gray of mantle lighter and more sharply defined from the
green back.

d1. Upper surface of tail lighter and greener. ... chalybura
(p. 43)
d2. Upper surface of tail darker and bluer. ... palawanensis
(p. 44)

c2. Gray of mantle darker and less sharply defined. ... ænea
(p. 44)

a2. Smaller; back and scapulars glossy brown with but little metallic color.

b1. Under parts lighter. ... pickeringi (p. 44)
b2. Under parts darker. ... langhornei (p. 45)

31. MUSCADIVORES NUCHALIS (Cabanis).

CHESTNUT-NAPED IMPERIAL PIGEON.

Carpophaga nuchalis Cabanis, Jour. für Orn. (1882), 126; Salvadori,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 190; Grant, Ibis (1895), 116;
Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 487; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 64.
Muscadivora nuchalis McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 11.

Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Fuga (Whitehead);
Luzon (Whitehead); Mindoro (teste Hartert).

This species has been established on the character of a cupreous chestnut nape; otherwise it differs but slightly from M. chalybura with which it appears to intergrade. Its status is somewhat doubtful.

32. MUSCADIVORES CHALYBURA (Bonaparte).

BONAPARTE'S IMPERIAL PIGEON.

Carpophaga chalybura Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium (1854), 2, 32.
Carpophaga ænea Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 190,
193 (part).
Muscadivora ænea McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 11
(part).

Baud, Bohol; bá-lud, Ticao, Manila, and in general use.

Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead);
Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Dinagat (Everett);
Guimaras (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Everett);
Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor);
Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp.,
Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Celestino); Mindoro (Steere
Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Porter); Negros
(Meyer, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Panay (Bourns &
Worcester); Samar (Bourns & Worcester); Semirara (Worcester);
Sibuyan (McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino);
Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor).

Very closely related to M. ænea but gray of hind neck and upper mantle lighter and more sharply defined from the metallic green of the back; tail with less blue tinge. Iris bright red; bill gray; legs and feet dull red.

A male from Mindoro measures: Length, 420; wing, 240; tail, 156; exposed culmen, 25; tarsus, 28.

A female from Ticao: Length, 420; wing, 232; tail, 147; exposed culmen, 24; tarsus, 25.

This is the common balud, or fruit pigeon, inhabiting the Philippines.

33. MUSCADIVORES PALAWANENSIS (Blasius).

PALAWAN IMPERIAL PIGEON.

Carpophaga ænea palawanensis Blasius, Ornis (1888), 4, 316.
Carpophaga ænea Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 190,
193 (part).
Muscadivora ænea McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 11
(part).

Balabac (Steere); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Palawan (Steere, Everett, Lempriere, Whitehead, Steere Exp.,
Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White).

Very much like M. chalybura but tail darker and generally bluer on its upper surface. Male: Length, 455; wing, 250; tail, 163. Female: Length, 445; wing, 250; tail, 163.

This bird is a very slightly differentiated race of the green imperial pigeon.

34. MUSCADIVORES ÆNEA (Linnæus).

GREEN IMPERIAL PIGEON.

Columba ænea Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), 1, 283.
Carpophaga ænea Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 190,
193 (part); Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 64; Oates, Cat. Birds'
Eggs (1901), 1, 85.
Muscadivora ænea McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 11
(part).

Bongao (Everett); Sulu (Burbidge, Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester);
Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester). Indian Peninsula, Ceylon,
Indo-Chinese countries, Malay Peninsula, Sunda Islands.

Adult (sexes alike).--Head, neck, and abdomen gray, tinged with vinaceous; breast gray; forehead and chin whitish; under tail-coverts dark chestnut; back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and wings metallic green, mixed with metallic copper-color; primaries and secondaries blackish with mealy edges. "Iris red; bill gray; region of nostrils dull red; edges of eyelids, legs, and feet purplish red." (Oates.) Length, about 450; wing, 240; tail, 150; exposed culmen, 23; tarsus, 27. Female slightly smaller than male.

35. MUSCADIVORES PICKERINGI (Cassin).

PICKERING'S IMPERIAL PIGEON.

Carpophaga pickeringii Cassin,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. (1854), 7, 228; Ornith. Wilkes
Exped. (1858), 267, pl. 27.
Carpophaga pickeringi Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893),
21, 201; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 65.
Muscadivora pickeringi McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906),
11.

A-bu-un, Cagayancillo.

Cagayancillo [6] (McGregor); Cagayan Sulu (Guillemard); Sibutu
(Everett); Sulu (Guillemard). Mantanani Islands, Lawas River,
northwest Borneo.

"Adult male.--Head and under parts grayish vinous, changing into pure gray on lower hind neck and upper mantle; frontal edge, a ring of feathers round eyes, and chin whitish; back, rump, and wings grayish green (in some specimens with a slight brown tinge), with a metallic luster in some lights; longer upper tail-coverts and tail above metallic bottle-green; primaries mealy green, especially on outer webs; under surface of wings and tail gray; under tail-coverts gray with a reddish tinge. 'Iris crimson; bill light lead-gray; feet dull crimson.' (Everett.) Length, about 400; wing, 240; tail, 173; bill, 20; tarsus, 28.

"Female.--Similar to the male." (Salvadori.)

This species was very abundant on Cagayancillo where it fed entirely on young leaves of trees.

36. MUSCADIVORES LANGHORNEI (Mearns).

LANGHORNE'S IMPERIAL PIGEON.

Muscadivora langhornei Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905),
18, 84; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 11.

East Bolod (Mearns); West Bolod (Mearns).

"This large fruit pigeon is closely related to Muscadivora pickeringi (Cassin) from Mangsee Island north of Borneo, on the west side of the Sulu Sea, of which the type (No. 15732) is in United States National Museum. The size is practically the same; but the colors differ as follows: General coloration paler; the vinous-gray of the head and under parts is darker, the gray of lower hind neck extends farther down on the mantle, the white around the base of the bill and surrounding the eye is more extensive, the back and rump are paler and less brownish gray, the wings are paler, grayer and less greenish, and the under tail-coverts less reddish. Iris purplish red; region of the nostrils dark plumbeous; bill light plumbeous; naked eyelid deep vinaceous; bare space around eye plumbeous; feet vinaceous, flesh-color on under side of toes; claws plumbeous. Three adult males: Length, 456, 456, 460; alar expanse, 770, 760, 770; wing, 242, 242, 243; tail, 180, 180, 178; culmen, 19, 21, 19; tarsus, 30, 31, 32; middle toe with claw, 48, 49, 45." (Mearns.)

Genus PTILOCOLPA Bonaparte, 1854.

Sexes unlike in plumage; bill and gape rather small compared with Muscadivores; nostril opening elongate; first primary attenuated and scooped on inner web; second primary slightly scooped; inner primaries obliquely cut at tip; the outline sinuous and outer web extending beyond shaft and inner web; tarsus partly feathered.

Species.

a1. Chin, throat, and upper part of chest gray or black.

b1. Band on fore breast light slate-gray. ... carola (p. 46)
b2. Band on fore breast black. ... nigrorum (p. 47)

a2. Chin, throat, and upper part of chest nearly pure white. ... mindanensis (p. 47)

37. PTILOCOLPA CAROLA (Bonaparte).

GRAY-BREASTED FRUIT PIGEON.

Carpophaga carola Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium (1854), 2, 34;
Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 206.
Ptilocolpa carola Grant, Ibis (1895), 117; Whitehead, Ibis (1899),
489; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 65; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 12.
Ptilocolpa griseipectus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium (1854), 2, 34.

Luzon (Gevers, Heriot, Whitehead, McGregor); Mindoro (Steere
Exp., Whitehead, McGregor, Porter); Mindanao (Everett, Koch &
Schadenberg); [7] Sibuyan (McGregor).

Adult male.--All of head, neck all around, back and interscapulars light gray; chin white; lower throat delicate light gray, bordered behind by a narrow white band and this followed by a wide, dark gray band on fore breast; lower breast, abdomen, and flanks dark chestnut, darker and slightly purplish on breast; sides gray; alula, primaries, and their coverts, dark, glossy blue-green; secondaries blue-green, mealy along outer edges; wing-coverts and inner secondaries canescent, the smaller feathers each with a dark spot at tip; rump-feathers canescent with glossy green centers and light purple edges; rectrices and upper coverts glossy blue-green, shafts black; rectrices black below, except outermost pair which are brown with white shafts. Iris white mottled with pink; bill rose-pink, the "nail" white; legs rose-pink, nails brown. Two males from Benguet, Luzon, average: Length, 356; wing, 216; tail, 131; culmen from base, 22; tarsus, 22.

Adult female.--Somewhat similar to the male but without a white band across the crop; fore breast light purple dulled by its slightly mealy look; held toward the light, it becomes green and away from the light, slightly metallic copper-red washed with vinous; rest of under parts much lighter chestnut than in male; wing-coverts glossy green, lesser and median coverts with blue spots at tips; interscapulars vinous and slightly mealy; lower back and rump green with touches of deep blue. The following notes are from an adult female taken in Benguet, Luzon: Iris with an inner white ring and outer pinkish ring; eyelids dirty white; bare skin about eyes blue-gray; bill deep rose-red, tip white; legs and feet rose-red, soles yellowish; nails brown.

Young.--Immature birds have the fore breast chestnut, uniform with the abdomen, thus not resembling the adult plumage of either sex; wings rich metallic green, or copper-red, without canescence and the primaries neither scooped nor cut as are those of the adult.

The plumage of the male and female in the gray-breasted fruit pigeon is so different that the sexes were long considered to represent distinct species. Grant, working on the material gathered by Whitehead, has shown that these differences are sexual and not specific and more recently collected material sustains his conclusions.

In habits these birds are quite similar to the slightly larger imperial pigeons or baluds. They feed on large seeds or nuts and are often found in considerable numbers in fruiting trees.

38. PTILOCOLPA NIGRORUM Whitehead.

BLACK-BREASTED FRUIT PIGEON.

Ptilocolpa nigrorum Whitehead, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club. (1897), 6,
34; Ibis (1899), 490; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 12.

Negros (Whitehead).

Adult male.--Similar to P. carola but band on fore breast black not ash-gray. Total length, 330; wing, 211; tail, 122; tarsus, 22. [8] "Base of bill coral-pink, tipped with dull white; iris pale straw-yellow; feet coral-pink." (Whitehead.)

Adult female.--Said to be similar to the female of griseipectus.

This species is known from Whitehead's specimens only, taken "when camped just below the bare cone of Canloon."

39. PTILOCOLPA MINDANENSIS Grant.

MINDANAO FRUIT PIGEON.

Ptilocolpa mindanensis Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club. (1905), 16,
16; Ibis (1906), 503.

Mindanao (Goodfellow, Celestino).

Adult male.--"Very similar to the male of P. nigrorum Whitehead, but with the chin, throat, and upper part of the chest nearly pure white, instead of gray, and the breast deep grayish black. 'Iris creamy white; eyelids pale gray; bill scarlet at base, pinkish white toward the tip; feet dull purple.' (Goodfellow.) Length, about 330; wing, 205; tail, 114." (Grant.)

Collected on Mount Apo, Mindanao, at 2,440 meters.

Genus ZONOPHAPS Salvadori, 1893.

Very large; a conspicuous bare area about eye; first primary slender, scooped near middle of inner web; second primary attenuated by a double cut; tail crossed by a gray band some distance from tip.

Species.

a1. Breast green; abdomen pale vinous. ... poliocephala (p. 48) a2. Breast and abdomen uniform blue-gray. ... mindorensis (p. 49)

40. ZONOPHAPS POLIOCEPHALA (Hartlaub).

PHILIPPINE ZONE-TAILED PIGEON.

Carpophaga poliocephala Hartlaub, Jour. für Orn. (1855), 97;
Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 209; Whitehead, Ibis
(1899), 487.
Zonophaps poliocephala Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 65; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 12.

Basilan (Steere Exp., McGregor); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester); Dinagat
(Everett); Leyte (Whitehead); Luzon (Gevers, Whitehead); Masbate
(Steere Exp.); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Goodfellow); Mindoro
(McGregor); Negros (Steere, Keay); Panay (Bourns & Worcester);
Samar (Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (McGregor); Tawi Tawi (Bourns
& Worcester).