Chapter XVI: Preface (15)

"Adult male.--Back and upper tail-coverts bright cobalt-blue, slightly lighter than in C. cyanipectus; crown and nape blue-black, thickly spotted with bright cobalt, the spots being much wider and slightly lighter than in C. cyanipectus; spots much larger on hind neck, causing it to appear nearly uniform cobalt; scapulars black, heavily washed with dark verditer-blue; wing-coverts washed with verditer-blue, each feather with a bright spot or stripe of cobalt-blue; wing black, the outer webs of secondaries heavily washed with light verditer-blue; tail black, the central pair of feathers washed with verditer-blue on both webs, the others on outer webs only; loral spot reddish buff; a spot of same color on sides of neck; chin and throat white, washed with buff; fore neck, breast, and abdomen uniform buff; flanks, sides of breast, and a complete band across the breast dark verditer-blue; a half band of same color behind this; under tail-coverts buff, the larger ones tipped with verditer-blue; under wing-coverts like the breast, with a spot of verditer-blue at end; basal portion of inner webs of primaries and secondaries washed with pale buff; bill black. Average measurements from ten males: Culmen, 36; tarsus, 9; wing, 56; tail, 22. Length of a single male measured in the flesh, 165.

"Female like male, but has only a half band of verditer-blue across the breast, this being more imperfect than in C. cyanipectus. Average measurements from three females: Culmen, 37; tarsus, 8; wing, 59; tail, 24. Length of single female measured in the flesh, 143.

"A well-marked species easily distinguished from C. cyanipectus, its nearest ally, by the heavy markings on crown and nape, by its black bill and by the entirely different color of its under surface. Like the former species, it is strictly confined to the banks of fresh-water streams and it is usually found in the woods." (Bourns and Worcester.)

Genus CEYX Lacépède, 1799.

Bill intermediate in form between Alcedo and Halcyon, less compressed than in the former, not grooved; culmen straight and slightly flattened; only three toes, the inner or second toe wanting; tail very short and rounded; plumage very bright, red often predominating. (Blanford.)

Species.

a1. Lower parts lilac and rufous.

b1. Smaller; wing and tail shorter.

c1. A bright blue spot behind ear-coverts. ... melanura (p. 312)
c2. No bright blue spot behind ear-coverts. ... mindanensis
(p. 312)

b2. Larger; wing and tail longer. ... samarensis (p. 313)

a2. Lower parts yellow, or yellow washed with rufous.

b1. Above rufous, or black and rufous, washed with more or less
lilac. ... euerythra (p. 314)
b2. Above silvery cobalt to deep ultramarine-blue but with no
rufous. ... bournsi (p. 316); goodfellowi (p. 318)

275. CEYX MELANURA Kaup.

KAUP'S KINGFISHER.

Ceyx melanura Kaup, Fauna Eisv. (1848), 15; Sharpe, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 180 (part); Hand-List (1900), 2, 53; Bourns
and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1,
46; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 53.

Luzon (Heriot, Möllendorff, Steere Exp., Whitehead).

"Adult.--Above lilac-rufous, washed with lilac; edge of wing rufous; scapulars rufous like the back, with a broad band of black on each side of mantle; wing-coverts black, spotted minutely with bright blue; alula, primary-coverts, and quills black; tail-feathers rufous like the back, the lateral ones blackish; crown lilac-rufous, with faint but distinct spots of brighter lilac; lores pale orange; eyelid and a mark in front of eye blackish; sides of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks lilac-rufous, succeeded by a band of white on the sides of the neck, above which is a spot of bright blue; throat white; fore neck, breast, sides of body, and flanks bright lilac-rufous; abdomen white; thighs and under tail-coverts rufous, as well as the under wing-coverts and axillars and the inner edge of the quills. Length, 127; culmen, 30; wing, 53; tail, 18; tarsus, 9.

"Young.--Exactly similar to the adults, but with a shorter and paler bill, the latter being horny whitish." (Sharpe.)

276. CEYX MINDANENSIS Steere.

MINDANAO KINGFISHER.

Ceyx mindanensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890),
10; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 181 (foot
note); Hand-List (1900), 2, 53; Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 47; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 53.
Ceyx basilanica Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890),
10.
Ceyx platenæ Blasius, Jour. für Orn. (1890), 141.

Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Steere,
Steere Exp., Platen, Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow).

"Above rufous; head, cheeks, and back thickly spotted with bright lilac; wings black, secondaries edged with rufous; coverts black, broadly tipped with rufous, these rufous tips carrying faint lilac spots; breast rufous washed with bright lilac." (Steere.)

"With a very large series of specimens from Mindanao and Basilan at our disposal we are unable to detect the slightest difference between the birds from the two islands and we therefore unite them under the name C. mindanensis, as the Mindanao birds were obtained and described first. Frequents forest or low second growth away from water." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"Since Steere has attempted to separate the Mindanao and Basilan birds, we give measurements from all our specimens:

"Eight males from Basilan measure, 134 in length; wing, 58; tail, 21; culmen, 36; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, 16.

"Eighteen females from the same place measure, 135 in length; wing, 58; tail, 22; culmen, 39; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, 14.

"Four males from Mindanao measure, length, 135; wing, 58; tail, 22; culmen, 39; tarsus, 8; middle toe with claw, 15.

"Two females from same island measure, 143 in length; wing, 59; tail, 23; culmen, 39; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, 16.

"Iris very dark brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails scarlet to orange-red. Usually keeps near ground. Occasionally alights 5 to 10 meters above ground. Food, insects and their larvæ." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

277. CEYX SAMARENSIS Steere.

SAMAR KINGFISHER.

Ceyx samarensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890),
10; Grant, Ibis (1897), 243; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 53;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 53.
Ceyx melanura Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 180 (part).

Leyte (Steere Exp.); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
Whitehead).

"Upper surface deep rufous; interscapulars forming two broad black bands; wings black, coverts black and spotted with cobalt; sides of the head rich lilac; breast and upper abdomen lilac, fainter behind. Length, 147; tail, 30; bill, 30; wing, 66; middle toe with claw, 15. Differs from true C. melanura of Luzon in its larger size, in coloring of cheeks and breast, and in amount of coloring on the lower surface." (Steere.)

"We obtained a fine series of specimens in Samar which agree in every detail with the description of C. melanura. The specimens secured by us were found among the hills in deep forest and invariably away from water." (Bourns and Worcester.)

278. CEYX EUERYTHRA Sharpe.

RED-BACKED KINGFISHER.

Ceyx euerythra Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17,
179; Hand-List (1900), 2, 53; Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 45; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 53.

Balabac (Everett); Bongao (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns &
Worcester); Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester, Schmacker, McGregor);
Palawan (Lempriere, Platen, Steere Exp., Whitehead, Bourns &
Worcester, Celestino, White); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester,
Everett). Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo.

Adult.--Above red, washed with lilac, heaviest on head and rump; below deep yellow, strongest across the breast; chin and upper throat white, washed with yellow; wing-coverts like the back; primaries and secondaries black; first primary and the secondaries edged with rufous; wing-lining yellow. "Iris dark brown; bill and feet red." (Celestino.) Male, length, 140; wing, 58; tail, 23; culmen from base, 40. Female, length, 140; wing, 58; tail, 24; culmen from base, 40.

"We have fourteen specimens from Tawi Tawi, Palawan, and the Calamianes Islands and they show some interesting plumage changes which were for some time a puzzle to us.

"An adult pair in high plumage from the Calamianes have entire upper surface of body red, washed with lilac, most heavily on head and rump. Wing-coverts and scapulars like back. Secondaries rufous with broad black shaft-stripes. Primaries black, the first rufous for entire length of outer web and most of the others showing a small amount of rufous at their tips. Under surface of primaries washed with rufous on inner webs. Chin and throat white faintly tinged with lemon-yellow. Remainder of under surface deep golden-yellow, darkest on sides of breast and flanks. A yellowish white patch behind ear. Under tail-coverts golden yellow, tipped with rufous. Tail uniform bright rufous above and below. Under wing-coverts and axillars golden yellow. Bend of wing rufous.

"This plumage we take to be typical for fully adult birds in fine feather. Two females from Palawan agree with this description except that in one the secondaries show rufous only on under surface of inner webs, and that the primaries show no rufous except on basal half of outer web of first. The under wing-coverts, axillars, and bend of wing are light rufous instead of yellow.

"Sharpe, Ibis (1894), 246, reports an adult male of this species from Bongao and a female from Tawi Tawi. We note certain differences shown by our Tawi Tawi specimens, of which we have twelve. Of these four agree with the Calamianes birds except that the scapulars show more or less black at their bases and that the secondaries show more of black. Among the remaining specimens, however, there are some curious variations.

"First it is to be noted that in three fully adult birds beginning to molt the under surface is pale dirty yellowish, the throat white.

"In two of the birds a few scattered yellow feathers are appearing in the white of the throat. This then is the worn-out plumage of old birds.

"A male with rich yellow under surface and white throat has some of the scapulars entirely black, tipped with blue, the remainder being tipped with lilac. Some of the wing-coverts are black, tipped with blue. No rufous on primaries except on outer web of first.

"Another bird has chin and throat pure white, the breast mottled with golden yellow and light cinnamon-rufous. Feathers of abdomen nearly white, tips washed with rufous. Under wing-coverts and axillars cinnamon-rufous. A little more black in the scapulars than the preceding. Tail with broad black shaft-stripes on apical half of under surface of feathers.

"Another specimen has chin and throat pure white. Sides of face, breast, flanks, under wing-coverts, and axillars cinnamon-rufous, deepest on the breast. Abdomen nearly white. A few golden-yellow feathers appearing on breast, flanks, and abdomen. Scapulars, except a few of the smallest, black quite broadly tipped with blue; tail with tips of all its feathers black.

"Finally, a single specimen has under surface as in preceding except that yellow feathers have not begun to appear. Scapulars and inner third of inner secondaries black, the former tipped with blue, the latter with rufous washed with lilac. Tail with apical two-thirds of feathers black washed with rufous on edges of webs. The bill of this last bird shows signs of immaturity, being blackish toward the tip instead of clear scarlet.

"We were at first greatly puzzled by these birds, as the black scapulars with their blue tips form a striking marking and with a single exception the bills of our specimens showed no sign of immaturity. After carefully examining the whole series, however, we are convinced that the cinnamon-rufous under surface, tail-feathers tipped with black, and black scapulars tipped with blue are themselves signs of immaturity, the black gradually disappearing with age, and yellow feathers appearing on the outer surface until the plumage first described by us is reached. This finally becomes worn and soiled giving the dirty yellowish under plumage already noted. Our Tawi Tawi birds were shot late in October and early in November, Palawan birds in December, and Calamianes birds in January and February." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"Usually found along the banks of fresh-water streams in the forest, not, however, strictly confined to banks of streams, but sometimes met with in the woods away from water.

"Iris very dark brown; bill, legs, and feet scarlet. Food shrimps and insects, in one case small lizard and crabs. Eighteen specimens average as follows: Length, 140; wing, 58; tail, 24; culmen, 37; tarsus, 8; middle toe with claw, 16." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

279. CEYX BOURNSI Steere.

BOURNS'S KINGFISHER.

Ceyx bournsi Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (July,
1890), 10; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 185;
Hand-List (1900), 2, 53; Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 47; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 53.
Ceyx malamaui Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890),
10; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 184.
Ceyx suluensis Blasius, Jour. für Orn. (August, 1890), 141.
Ceyx margarethæ Blasius, Jour. für Orn. (August, 1890), 141.

Banton (Celestino); Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Mindanao (Steere Exp., Platen, Bourns & Worcester); Negros
(Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan
(Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester);
Sulu (Platen, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester);
Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester, Everett).

Adult (sexes similar).--Above, sides of head and neck, and wings ultramarine to silvery cobalt-blue; having a more or less spotted appearance on head; lores and under parts orange-rufous, but chin, throat, and middle of abdomen white or with a pale yellow wash; alula, primaries, and primary-coverts black; edge of wing and outer web of first alula-quill and of first primary rufous; tail blue, darker than back and coverts. In a male from Banton the wing is 68; tail, 26; culmen from base, 39; tarsus, 10.

"Young.--Similar to the adult, but less brilliant and with a duller red bill; the head, scapulars, and wing-coverts black, with blue ends to the feathers; the blue of the back lighter than in the adult, and inclining to cobalt on the lower back; loral spot as large as in the adult." (Sharpe.)

This species exists under a number of plumages some of which have been described as separate species. Bourns and Worcester have collected a great number of specimens which show that these variations can not be specific. In part they say:

"We find that we must either multiply the number of small blue woods Ceyces from the Philippines indefinitely or reduce the above-mentioned species [C. bournsi, malamaui, suluensis, and margarethæ] to one. It would be an almost endless task to describe the different phases of plumage shown and we will only say that we have a practically unbroken series between a bird with a magnificent deep blue upper surface and a bird with a fine silvery white upper surface which has not a blue feather on it. In the latter specimens the white occupies exactly the position of the blue in the specimens first mentioned.

"Our series shows that these extraordinary differences of color are independent of sex, age, or locality, some young birds are very light, others very dark. In one case where parent and offspring were killed at one discharge of the gun they exhibited marked differences in color.

"The amount of blue or white is, however, dependent on age to some extent, the young birds always showing much more black on the upper surface than do adults. In the young the bill is at first black tipped with pale horn and the legs and feet are pale flesh-color.

"Ceyx bournsi is a strictly woods form and its shy habits doubtless explain its having been so generally missed by collectors." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"Found in precisely the same locality as C. mindanensis and in company with it in the Islands of Mindanao and Basilan. Food the same as that of C. mindanensis.

"When one has learned its note and habits it may be secured without great trouble. It always gives a shrill 'cheep' just before taking wing, and repeats the same note at frequent intervals during flight. It flies with great rapidity, but usually for a short distance, when it alights on some branch, stump, or stone, where it sits perfectly still. It is a bird of extremely local habits, and displays great reluctance to leave the thicket to which it is accustomed. If pursued it usually flies in a circle, soon returning to the place from which it started, continuing to follow about the same course until the hunter either shoots it or gives up the attempt. When its route has been once learned, two men can easily bring it down, one driving it while the other waits near one of its favorite resting places. In this way we secured a considerable number of our specimens. We believe that this species never 'fishes' in the streams.

"Iris dark brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails scarlet in adults, growing paler in immature birds. Very young birds have the bill black, with a whitish horn tip. Food, insects, larvæ and worms.

"Six males from Tawi Tawi measure as follows: Length, 140; wing, 64; tail, 25; culmen, 38; tarsus, 8; middle toe with claw, 16. Four females from Tawi Tawi: Length, 141; wing, 64; tail, 24; culmen, 37; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, 17.

"Five males from Tablas measure: Length, 146; wing, 65; tail, 25; culmen, 36; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, 17. Four females from Tablas: Length, 145; wing, 66; tail, 25; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, 22; culmen, 36.

"We have given measurements of birds taken at the extremes of the range of the species. It will be seen that the northern birds are slightly longer. As stated in our preliminary notes, the color of the dorsal surface of this bird varies from deep indigo-blue to pure silvery white, and this variation is independent of age, sex, or locality." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

280. CEYX GOODFELLOWI Grant.

GOODFELLOW'S KINGFISHER.

Ceyx goodfellowi Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club. (1905), 16, 17;
Ibis (1906), 6, 492.

Mindanao (Goodfellow).

"Adult male.--Most nearly allied to C. malamaui Steere [=bournsi], but the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts are of a brilliant ultramarine-blue, tinged with cobalt on the middle of the lower back and rump; the feathers of the crown and nape are also tipped with much of the same brilliant color; the wing-coverts and scapulars like those of C. malamaui, are of a deep purplish blue. 'Iris dark brown; bill, feet, and nails bright vermilion.' (Goodfellow.) Length, 127; wing, 63; tail, 22; culmen, 39; tarsus, 10." (Grant.)

This species, described from a single specimen, is doubtfully distinct from Ceyx bournsi.

Genus HALCYON Swainson, 1821.

Bill large; culmen from base less than tail, rounded not flattened; birds of medium size and various bright colors. The species here included in Halcyon are by some authors assigned to at least three genera but, other than their style of coloration, the genera Sauropatis and Callialcyon seem to have no tangible characters. Halcyon hombroni, lindsayi, and moseleyi stand apart from the other Philippine species of the genus because of their short stout bill, longer tail, and peculiar spotted plumage. The genus Actenoides might be used for these three species.

Species.

a1. Scapulars and wing-coverts unspotted.

b1. Bill entirely red.

c1. Crown uniform in color with wings and tail; above dark
rufous-brown washed with lilac. ... coromandus (p. 319)
c2. Crown not uniform in color with wings and tail.

d1. Crown chestnut-rufous; lower back bright greenish
blue. ... gularis (p. 320)
d2. Crown black; lower back ultramarine-blue. ... pileatus
(p. 321)

b2. Bill mostly black.

c1. Collar and spot in front of eye rufous-brown. ... winchelli
(p. 322)
c2. Collar and spot in front of eye white. ... chloris (p. 323)

a2. Scapulars and wing-coverts more or less spotted.

b1. Crown and back blue. ... hombroni (p. 324)
b2. Crown and back green.

c1. Breast-feathers edged with green. ... lindsayi (p. 325)
c2. Breast-feathers edged with black. ... moseleyi (p. 326)

281. HALCYON COROMANDUS (Latham).

RUDDY KINGFISHER.

Alcedo coromanda Latham, Ind. Orn. (1790), 1, 252.
Halcyon coromandus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 217;
Hand-List (1900), 2, 56; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903),
3, 37; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 54.

Sa-luc-sac, Calayan.

Batan (Edmonds); Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor);
Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Luzon (Steere Exp., Whitehead, Bourns &
Worcester); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Everett,
Celestino); Mindoro (McGregor); Palawan (Whitehead, Bourns &
Worcester, White); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns
& Worcester). Sangi and Liu Kiu Islands, Indo-Chinese countries,
Malay Peninsula, eastern Himalayas, China, Japan, Korea, Formosa,
Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes.

Adult male.--Above, including wings and tail, dark rufous, heavily washed with violet; on lower back, rump, and tail-coverts a narrow stripe of silvery white, slightly washed with blue; below dark cinnamon-buff, chin whitish; throat, breast, and under tail-coverts washed with violet. Bill, legs, and nails bright coral-red; iris brown. Length of a specimen from Camiguin, 250; wing, 116; tail, 72; culmen from base, 57; tarsus, 15.

Female.--Much less violet wash on upper parts and very little or none on lower parts. Length of a specimen from Calayan, 270; wing, 119; tail, 74; culmen from base, 55; tarsus, 15.

Young.--Lower parts lighter, chin more extensively whitish, violet wash less, and feathers of throat and breast edged with blackish brown forming numerous small crescents.

"Probably ranges throughout the Philippines, but is as yet noted from but few of the islands. It is sometimes found in deep woods away from water, but more commonly along the banks of wooded streams and in mangrove swamps. It is usually shy and hard to shoot, but in Sibuyan two individuals of this species took up their abode in the bamboos in our back yard, apparently attracted by the flesh of land shells thrown out as we cleaned our specimens. In several islands where we met with this species we obtained but a single specimen.

"Bill, legs, and feet scarlet; nails bright red or orange-red; iris very dark brown. Food crabs, in four cases. Seven males measured, 258 in length; wing, 111; tail, 63; culmen, 58; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 25. Four females: Length, 253; wing, 109; tail, 64; culmen, 56; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 25." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

282. HALCYON GULARIS (Kuhl).

WHITE-THROATED KINGFISHER.

Alcedo gularis Kuhl, Buffon and Daubenton,
Fg. Av. Col. Nom. Syst. (1820), 4.
Halcyon gularis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 227;
Hand-List (1900), 2, 56; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903),
3, 38; McGregor, Bur. Govt. Labs. (1905), 34, 13, pl. 11; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 54.

Til-ma-ma-noc', Manila.

Basilan (Bourns & Worcester); Bohol (McGregor); Caluya (Porter);
Cebu (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Guimaras (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Everett);
Libagao (Porter); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Steere
Exp., Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Maestre de Campo
(McGregor & Worcester); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Steere
Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Murray, Everett,
Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, Goodfellow); Mindoro
(Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Porter);
Negros (Steere, Layard, Keay, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, Whitehead); Panaon (Everett); Panay (Murray, Steere,
Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns
& Worcester, Whitehead); Sibay (Porter); Siquijor (Bourns &
Worcester, Celestino); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao
(McGregor); Verde (McGregor).

Adult.--Entire head, neck, and sides of face deep chestnut; scapulars bright blue; back and rump more silvery cobalt-blue; a large patch on chin and upper throat pure white; remainder of under parts chestnut, a little lighter than crown; basal part of primaries blue on outer web, white on inner web; distal part black; alula and primary-coverts blue; secondary-coverts black; edge of wing and axillars chestnut; tail blue above and black below. When the specimen is held away from the light the blues become green. Iris dark brown; bill and legs bright red; nails black. A male from Bohol measures: Length, 280; wing, 124; tail, 80; culmen from base, 62; tarsus, 15. A female from Mariveles measures: Length, 286; wing, 124; tail, 83; culmen from base, 63; tarsus, 14.

"Steere states that neither this species nor H. coromandus nor even H. chloris frequents streams. We can not agree with him. All three of the species are frequently found along streams, and H. gularis is usually found along fresh-water streams. It sometimes feeds in dry open country, however. Several nests of this species were found by us at various times. They were invariably placed in the mud nests of white ants, and consisted of mere tunnels, without lining of any sort. The eggs are pure white and highly polished. Two eggs before us are nearly spherical, measuring 28.5 by 26.4 and 28.9 by 26.9, respectively. Six others, while nearly as broad as long, are quite abruptly pointed at the smaller end. They measure, 30.9 by 27.6; 31.4 by 28.7; 30.9 by 25.9; 32.5 by 28.9; 30.9 by 27.9.

"H. gularis has the legs and feet red, bill red, nails black, iris dark brown. Six males measure, 282 in length; wing, 122; tail, 81; culmen, 64; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 25." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

A large number of white-throated kingfishers nested in the banks of the Baco River, Mindoro, during our stay at Balete in April, 1905, while other pairs excavated holes in masses of earth held among the roots of overturned trees.

283. HALCYON PILEATUS (Boddaert).

BLACK-CAPPED KINGFISHER.

Alcedo pileata Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl. (1783), 41.
Halcyon pileatus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 229;
Hand-List (1900), 2, 57; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903),
3, 38; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 54.
Halcyon pileata Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1895), 3, 132,
fig. 37 (head).

Balabac (Steere, Steere Exp., Everett); Basilan (Steere Exp.);
Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns
& Worcester). Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, southern India to Canara,
Indo-Chinese countries to China and north to Korea, Java, Sumatra,
Borneo, Celebes.

"Adult male.--General color above purplish blue on the mantle and scapulars, the center of the back and rump brighter and more purplish cobalt; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers purplish blue, the latter blackish along the inner webs and having black shafts; wing-coverts black; alula, primary-coverts, and outer aspect of quills purplish blue, the latter blackish at the ends, and with broad white bases to the inner webs; crown, sides of face, and ear-coverts black, as well as the base of the cheeks; round the hind neck a broad white collar; cheeks and throat white, extending down the center of the breast; sides of the latter, flanks, abdomen, and under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillars rich orange-buff; quills below black, with a broad white band across the base. 'Bill deep red; mouth pale red; eyelids pinkish plumbeous, covered with white feathers, except on the edges, where they are black; feet dark red, brownish in front of the tarsus; claws dark horn-color; iris dark brown.' (Oates.) Length, 279; culmen, 61; wing, 127; tail, 86; tarsus, 14.

"Adult female.--Does not differ in color from the male. Length, 279; culmen, 61; wing, 130; tail, 76; tarsus, 13.

"Young birds have dusky blackish fringes to the feathers of the breast." (Sharpe.)

"Common in Balabac, but very rare in Tawi Tawi and Basilan. The single Tawi Tawi specimen obtained was shot in the banana trees about our house on the very day of our departure, and must have been a straggler. Bill scarlet; iris very dark brown; legs and feet dark red; nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

284. HALCYON WINCHELLI Sharpe.

WINCHELL'S KINGFISHER.

Halcyon winchelli Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1876), 1, 318, pl. 47;
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 255; Hand-List (1900), 2, 58;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 54.
Halcyon alfredi Oustalet, Le Natur. (1890), 62.

Basilan (Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Bohol (McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester);
Mindanao (Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Goodfellow, Celestino);
Negros (Whitehead); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Steere
Exp.); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester);
Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi
(Everett, Bourns & Worcester).

Male.--Above, including wings and tail, deep blue; lores and a narrow collar on hind neck chestnut; a band of light blue extending backward from above eye and joining its fellow across nape; back, rump, and central tail-coverts light silvery blue; sides of head and a small patch on each side of breast dark blue; lower parts white; primaries and alula black, remainder of wing-feathers edged with blue; tail blue above, black below. Bill black, except under part of lower mandible which is white near base; feet greenish drab; nails black. Length of a male from Basilan, 255; wing, 103; tail, 75; culmen from base, 57; tarsus, 14.

Female.--Above similar to the male but blacker because of the greater restriction of blue on each feather; chestnut collar much wider; below white, washed to a greater or less extent with fawn, heaviest on breast, usually wanting on middle of abdomen. Length of a female from Basilan, 255; wing, 102; tail, 75; culmen from base, 54; bill from nostril, 46.

Young.--A specimen taken in Sibuyan indicates that the young male resembles the adult female.

"A deep-woods form, usually seen perching in trees at a considerable distance from the ground, though it goes to the ground to feed. On being surprised when feeding it flies up into the trees at once. This kingfisher seems to be fully possessed of the idea that it can sing, and may often be seen at early morning or dusk, perched 15 meters above the ground, and squawking away as if life depended on it.

"Familiarity with its habits and its note enabled us to procure it in many islands where it was not previously known. It is, however, a difficult bird to shoot at the best.

"Iris dark brown; legs and feet light greenish olive, sometimes yellowish olive; nails black; bill black except base of lower mandible which is usually white; tip of bill sometimes white; food, beetles, grasshoppers, spiders, and grubs.

"Eight males average, 247 in length; wing, 98; tail, 74; culmen, 51; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 23. Thirteen females, length, 250; wing, 100; tail, 74; culmen, 52; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 24." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

285. HALCYON CHLORIS (Boddaert).

WHITE-COLLARED KINGFISHER.

Alcedo chloris Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl. (1783), 49.
Halcyon chloris Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 273,
pl. 7, fig. 3; Hand-List (1900), 2, 60; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds'
Eggs (1903), 3, 41; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 55.
Sauropatis chloris Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1895), 3,
135, fig. 38 (head).

Ti-ca-rol', Bohol; ba-ca-ca, Cagayancillo; tac-ca-rit, Ticao.

Bantayan (McGregor); Banton (Celestino); Basilan (Steere,
Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Batan (McGregor);
Bohol (Everett); Bongao (Everett); Cagayancillo (McGregor);
Cagayan Sulu (Guillemard); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester);
Caluya (Porter); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Camiguin S. (Murray);
Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Murray, Meyer, Everett, Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Fuga
(McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester);
Leyte (Everett, Steere Exp.); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer,
Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor);
Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Marinduque (Steere
Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Steere,
Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
Celestino, Goodfellow); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor, Porter), Negros (Layard, Steere, Everett,
Keay, Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Steere
Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White); Panay (Murray, Steere Exp.,
Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (McGregor); Samar (Steere Exp.,
Bourns & Worcester); Semirara (McGregor & Worcester); Sibay
(McGregor & Worcester); Sibutu (Everett); Sibuyan (Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino);
Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester, Everett); Tablas (Bourns &
Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor);
Verde (McGregor); Y'Ami (McGregor). Aru, Molucca, Tenimber,
Lesser Sunda, and Sula Islands, Sumatra, Java, Celebes, Mysol.

Adult.--Forehead and crown greenish blue, set off by a black line which begins at lores, passes under eye to ear-coverts and meets its fellow on hind neck; this followed by a white collar; a spot of white behind each nostril; wings, back, rump, and tail blue; scapulars greenish blue like crown; rump and upper tail-coverts lighter and bluer; tail, primaries, and secondaries deeper blue; under parts all white; tail and wings blackish; wing-lining and axillars white; sexes alike in color. Iris dark brown; bill black except a wedge-shaped space on lower mandible which is pale yellow or dirty white. A male from Cagayancillo measures: Length, 240; wing, 105; tail, 70; culmen from base, 50; tarsus, 13. A female from Bohol: Length, 246; wing, 107; tail, 71; culmen from base, 52; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 27.

Young.--Immature birds have the feathers of breast, sides of neck and breast, and sometimes the white collar, edged with black or dusky brown forming crescentic marks on the breast.

"The commonest of Philippine kingfishers. Frequently observed perching on native houses in villages and very common in coconut groves. Not infrequently found fishing along small fresh-water streams in the open, less common along wooded streams. Especially abundant in mangrove swamps and along the seashore. The usual native name is 'tick-a-rool'." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

286. HALCYON HOMBRONI (Bonaparte).

HOMBRON'S KINGFISHER.

Actenoides hombroni Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium (1850), 1, 157.
Halcyon hombroni Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17,
284; Hand-List (1900), 2, 61; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 55.

Mindanao (Hombron & Jacquinot, Steere, Everett, Steere Exp.,
Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Celestino).

"Adult male.--Head and nape bright blue, more brilliant on the sides of the head, above the eye, and on the nape; round the latter a narrow line of deep black; ear-coverts chestnut; along the lower line of the lores a streak of black, reaching below the eye, and widening behind the latter, being here washed with blue; cheeks bright blue, forming a broad band; sides of neck and hinder part of the latter deep tawny, varied with narrow black edgings to the feathers; mantle blackish, mottled with spots of tawny-buff, these being subterminal, with a narrow fringe of black; center of back, scapulars, and wing-coverts green, with a slight shade of verditer, each feather having a distinct subterminal spot of ochraceous-buff; quills blackish, externally washed with greenish, the primaries edged with ochraceous, the secondaries with the same subterminal spot of ochraceous as on the wing-coverts; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts bright silvery cobalt, the sides of the back and the lateral coverts blackish, washed with blue; tail-feathers deep blue, with black shafts; throat white, slightly washed with tawny; rest of the under surface deep tawny, whiter on the center of the abdomen; breast-feathers with narrow, nearly obsolete, blackish margins; thighs externally blackish, internally deep tawny; feathers at side of vent, adjoining the sides of the lower back, deep blue, the outer web more or less ochraceous; under wing-coverts and axillars deep tawny; quills blackish below, edged with pale tawny-buff along the inner web. Length, 287; culmen, 51; wing, 126; tail, 105; tarsus, 19." (Sharpe.)

Female.--Similar to the male but crown and cheek-band greenish; the greenish wash on wings very faint; tail faintly washed with green instead of blue.

"A strictly woods form, never met with in the open. Quite common in Mindanao, and so far as is at present known, confined to that island.

"Iris very dark brown; legs and feet dirty greenish olive; culmen black; bill along gape dirty red, darker at base. Food, beetles and small snails. Measurements from seven males: Length, 283; wing, 123; tail, 94; culmen, 46; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 26. Six females, length, 278; wing, 120; tail, 94; culmen, 48; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 28." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

287. HALCYON LINDSAYI (Vigors).

LINDSAY'S KINGFISHER.

Dacelo lindsayi Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1831), 97.
Halcyon lindsayi Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17,
286; Hand-List (1900), 2, 61; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 55.

Luzon (Lindsay, Eydoux & Souleyet, Möllendorff, Cuming, Everett,
Heriot, Steere Exp., Bridges).

"Adult male.--Above green, a little brighter on the center of lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts; lateral upper tail-coverts and sides of lower back and rump dingy green, the scapulars, mantle, and wing-coverts each having a distinct spot of ocherous-buff; quills brown, externally edged with fulvous, secondaries greener, and terminally spotted with ocherous like the scapulars; tail-feathers dull greenish brown, fringed with sandy buff at the ends, the penultimate feather notched with buff on the inner web, the outermost one on both webs, producing a banded appearance; head green, the forehead with a few cinnamon feathers; lores black, surmounted by a streak of pale cinnamon-buff reaching above the eye and continued into a line of bright cobalt, which encircles the hinder crown and nape; feathers round the eye black, continued into a band which encircles the hind neck, and is followed by a band of cinnamon feathers, fringed with black; sides of face and ear-coverts cinnamon; throat pale cinnamon, separated from the band on the sides of the face by a broad band of bright cobalt, which occupies the cheeks and lateral margin of the throat; fore neck and breast mottled, the feathers being white, margined with green, the green edges diminishing in size on the lower breast, till they gradually disappear on the abdomen, which, with the under tail-feathers, is pure white; sides of body like the breast; thighs blackish, tipped with ocherous; under wing-coverts, axillars, and quill-lining fawn-buff. 'Bill black, the culmen and under mandible yellow; feet light green; iris brown.' (Everett.) Length, 241; culmen, 47; wing, 106; tail, 79; tarsus, 16.

"Adult female.--Resembles the male, but the band encircling the crown is green instead of blue; the broad band on the cheeks is also green, not blue; the throat is white; and the green edgings to the breast-feathers are less pronounced. 'Bill black, the culmen and mandible chrome-yellow; feet light green; claws horn-yellow; iris brown.' (Everett.) Length, 249; culmen, 47; wing, 109; tail, 89; tarsus, 16.

"Young male.--Like the adult male, but with smaller ocherous spots on the upper surface; the band round the crown and the cheek-stripe not so blue as in the adult, but not so green as in the female; under surface as in adult, but with a fulvescent tinge throughout.

"Young female.--Duller than the adult female, and with smaller ocherous spots; otherwise like the old female, and having a green band round the crown." (Sharpe.)

288. HALCYON MOSELEYI (Steere).

MOSELEY'S KINGFISHER.

Actenoides moseleyi Steere, List. Birds & Mams. Steere
Exped. (1890), 11.
Halcyon moseleyi Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 288;
Hand-List (1900), 2, 61; Grant, Ibis (1896), 557; McGregor and
Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 55.

Negros (Steere Exp., Whitehead).

"Immature female (type of species).--Similar to H. lindsayi, but distinguished by the edgings of the breast-feathers, which are black and not green. 'Bill black, culmen and lower mandible yellow; legs and feet greenish.' (Moseley.) Length, 264; culmen, 46; wing, 109; tail, 86; tarsus, 14." (Sharpe.)

"Moseley's kingfisher, a truly splendid species, is represented by three fully adult males. The only example previously known is the immature female originally described by Prof. Steere. From this female type the male birds before me appear to differ in the following points: The lower ear-coverts are chestnut instead of buff, the moustachial stripes cobalt-blue, like the band round the crown of the head, and there is a small triangular green patch in the middle of the black interscapular region. From the adult male of H. lindsayi they are easily distinguished by the generally black ground-color of the mantle and scapulars, as well as by the black margins to the feathers of the breast and flanks, only those in the middle of the breast being tinged with greenish. Length, 254; wing, 107; tail, 80; tarsus, 18." (Grant.)

"Discovered by Mr. E. L. Moseley after whom it was named by Dr. Steere. But one specimen was secured by him. We searched diligently for this fine Halcyon on our return to Negros, but failed to find it. It is undoubtedly extremely rare there. So far as we know at present this species is confined to Negros, and no closely related species is known from any island nearer than Luzon." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Suborder BUCEROTES.

Family BUCEROTIDÆ.

Bill very large; culmen curved, its basal part expanded into a hollow casque, or else the sides of the bill deeply chiseled; eyelids with large lashes; wings short and rounded; tail-feathers long and broad; outer and middle toes united for basal two-thirds, inner and middle toes united for basal joint; plumage harsh and rough; large noisy birds of heavy flight. The Philippine species are all well-marked and easily identified.

Genera.

a1. Tail uniform, white, dirty buff, or yellowish brown, with no black bar.

b1. Bill bright red for its basal half at least; body plumage not
all black. ... Hydrocorax (p. 327)
b2. Bill not red; plumage, except tail, all black.

c1. Bill entirely black. ... Anthracoceros (p. 330)
c2. Bill nearly all white. ... Gymnolæmus (p. 331)

a2. Tail not uniform in color, a wide black or blackish bar at its end.

b1. Bill not bright red. ... Penelopides (p. 332)
b2. Bill bright red. ... Craniorrhinus (p. 338)

Genus HYDROCORAX Brisson, 1760.

Bill and casque very large, the latter flat on top, overhanging on each side and its posterior border overhanging and extending to above the ear; bill smooth except for a few shallow furrows on base of lower mandible; chin and throat feathered; a small bare space about the eye.

Species.

a1. Upper outline of casque straight, its anterior end forming a projection which overhangs the culmen in front.

b1. Casque and bill entirely bright red. ... hydrocorax (p. 327)
b2. Casque and basal half of bill bright red, terminal half of bill
whitish. ... mindanensis (p. 328)

a2. Upper outline of casque not straight, its anterior end sinking to the culmen and not forming an anterior overhanging projection. ... semigaleatus (p. 329)

289. HYDROCORAX HYDROCORAX (Linnæus).

LUZON CALAO.

Buceros hydrocorax Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), 1, 153.
Hydrocorax hydrocorax Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17,
358; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 64; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 55.

Ca-lao, Manila; reloj del monte, Spanish name.

Luzon (Meyer, Möllendorff, Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead,
McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.).

Adult.--Chin, upper throat, a band from throat to eye, and feathers above eye, all black, followed on throat by a white space which shades gradually into the dull chestnut-brown of lower throat and sides of neck and head; breast and sides black; abdomen, thighs, and crissum dull chestnut; back, rump, and wings brown, the rump lighter; primaries and most of the secondaries black, some of the latter edged with pale buff; tail-feathers pure white when fresh but soon becoming yellow or dirty buff. Entire casque and bill bright red. "Naked skin round eye yellow; iris red; feet brownish red; nails black." (Everett.) Length of male, about 950; wing, 410; tail, 350; bill from nostril, 160; greatest length of casque, 160; greatest width of casque, 52; tarsus, 60.

"Adult female.--Similar to the male. Length, 914; wing, 381; tail, 295; tarsus, 56.

"Young.--Cheeks and upper parts of head blackish; rest of head and neck, rump, thighs, crissum, and under tail-coverts yellowish white mixed with rufous; breast and belly yellowish white mixed with blackish gray; back, wing-coverts, scapulars, and outer secondaries reddish brown, the wing-coverts tipped and the scapulars and secondaries margined with buff; primaries and rest of secondaries brownish black, margined on the outer web and tipped with buff; basal two-thirds of tail-feathers reddish brown, margined in all except the middle pair with black. Bill and casque dark black, except the base of the lower mandible and the extreme tip of the bill, which are blood-red." (Grant.)

The three Philippine species of Hydrocorax do not differ in colors but they are easily distinguished by the color and shape of the bill and its casque. These large hornbills frequent forest, where they feed on fruits, usually in high trees. Their call is loud and penetrating and may be heard at a great distance. Their flight is rather labored and produces a great noise.

290. HYDROCORAX MINDANENSIS (Tweeddale).

MINDANAO CALAO.

Buceros mindanensis Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 543;
Challenger Report, Zool. (1881), 2, pt. 8, pl. 3.
Hydrocorax mindanensis Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17,
359; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 64; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 55.

Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Mindanao (Murray, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp.,
Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Celestino).

Adult.--Plumage as in H. hydrocorax but casque much narrower and bill with distal two-thirds white. "Naked skin round eye sooty black, yellow just before the eye, gular skin yellow; iris light yellow (light green in living bird); feet coral-red; nails dark brownish gray." (Everett.) Length of male, about 915; wing, 390; tail, 300; bill from nostril, 155; greatest length of casque, 136; greatest width of casque, 42; tarsus, 52. Length of female, 863; wing, 365; tail, 290; bill from nostril, 136; greatest length of casque, 124; greatest width of casque, 39; tarsus, 48.

"Young.--Upper part of head and cheeks black; feathers on chin and breast white, blackish gray at base; rest of head, neck, rump, belly, flanks, and tail-coverts white mixed with rufous; back, upper wing-coverts, scapulars, and outer secondaries brown, the three latter widely tipped, and the last named also widely margined on both webs with white; rest of secondaries and primaries blackish brown, with a white margin on the outer web, gradually increasing in width on the outer secondaries; under wing-coverts brownish buff; middle feathers of tail have basal two-thirds brown, and the rest the basal half dull chestnut; the remainder of the feathers white; casque rudimentary. Bill black, yellowish at the tip; naked skin round eye and on gular region yellow; legs gray-green (in skin)." (Grant.)

"Habits like those of H. semigaleatus. Eyes yellow to brown in female, light bluish gray in male; legs and feet red; bill scarlet on basal half, rest yellowish white; bill of young birds black. A male measures 927 in length; wing, 393; tail, 312; tarsus, 54; middle toe with claw, 66." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

291. HYDROCORAX SEMIGALEATUS (Tweeddale).

INTERMEDIATE CALAO.

Buceros semigaleatus Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 279.
Hydrocorax semigaleatus Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17,
360; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 64; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 55.

Cao, Bohol.

Bohol (McGregor); Leyte (Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead); Panaon
(Everett); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

Adult.--Colors of plumage as in the two preceding species, colors of bill as in H. mindanensis, but the casque abruptly contracted in front and its upper outline, in front, continuous with that of the culmen. "Naked skin round eye darkest sepia, almost black; gular skin dark indian-yellow; iris light yellow (light green in living bird); feet coral-red; nails dark brownish gray." (Everett.) Length of male, about 890; wing, 400; tail, 320; bill from nostril, 153; greatest width of casque, 53; tarsus, 53.

"Adult female.--Does not differ in plumage from the male. Length, 787; wing, 350; tail, 279; tarsus, 53.

"Young.--Similar to that of H. mindanensis, except that the outer tail-feathers have not the basal half chestnut, although the middle feathers are the same.

"In older examples of both sexes, when the adult plumage has been nearly attained the bill is jet-black, the yellow tip of the young having disappeared, and the anterior part of the casque is distinctly raised above the line of the culmen." (Grant.)

"Extremely abundant on the hills back of Catbalogan in Samar. Sometimes comes down into the mangrove swamps near the town. In damp weather its hoarse cry can readily be heard a mile. Usually frequents very lofty trees, but may be readily called down by imitating its note. We secured a fine series of specimens in this way. In a few cases we observed H. semigaleatus feeding in low brush, and even on the ground. This species has a highly developed oil-gland the secretion from which is gamboge-yellow. When the feathers are well oiled the color of the whole bird is changed. Feeds on fruit.

"Two males measure, 883 in length; wing, 385; tail, 305; tarsus, 57; middle toe with claw, 74. Six females, length, 830; wing, 361; tail, 298; tarsus, 53; middle toe with claw, 71." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus ANTHRACOCEROS Reichenbach, 1849.

Casque small, compressed and rounded on top, its outline gently curved, rounded and vertical behind, and continuous with culmen in front; very fine striæ near base of bill; chin and upper throat partly feathered.

292. ANTHRACOCEROS MONTANI (Oustalet).

MONTANO'S HORNBILL.

Buceros montani Oustalet, Bull. Hebd. Assoc. Scien. Fr. (1880),
205.
Anthracoceros montani Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17,
370; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 64; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 55.

Sulu (Montano & Rey, Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns &
Worcester).

Adult (sexes alike).--Tail white; remainder of plumage black; back and wings slightly glossed with green. A female measures: Wing, 290; tail, 260; bill from nostril, 101; tarsus, 52. This species has been described as having the tail entirely white but in a female specimen collected in Tawi Tawi, November 2, 1891, by Bourns and Worcester, two rectrices on one side have the outer web black for about three-fourths of the distance from base to tip and one feather on the other side of the tail has the outer web black to a less extent; the inner webs, also, are black for a short distance on two of these feathers. More specimens are necessary to determine whether this is an individual variation or a normal character, perhaps dependent upon age, which has been previously overlooked.

"We were fortunate enough to secure a series of fourteen specimens of this rare hornbill from Sulu and Tawi Tawi. The tail is pure white; all other parts black, the feathers of the back and wings glossed with dark green. The bill in adult birds is coal-black; all of our adult males had the iris nearly white, while in the adult females it was dark brown; legs and feet dull leaden, nails black. Young birds have the tip of the bill white or pale horn.

"Common on the hills back of the town of Sulu, and very abundant in Tawi Tawi where it occurs in great flocks, but very wild and extremely difficult to approach. The cry of this bird is the most peculiar bird-note we have ever heard. It begins with a series of notes precisely like the 'song' of a common hen magnified about fifty-fold, and ends with an indescribable combination of cackles and shrieks.

"Two males from Tawi Tawi measure, 717 in length; wing, 293; tail, 243; tarsus, 52; middle toe with claw, 59. Six females from same locality measure: Length, 672; wing, 268; tail, 224; tarsus, 51; middle toe with claw, 55. A male and two females from Sulu are slightly smaller. Eyes vary from nearly white to nearly black, the females usually having the darker eyes; bare skin of head black; bill black. Food fruit." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus GYMNOLÆMUS Grant, 1892.

Casque large, compressed, and fairly smooth, its top rounded, outline gently curved, overhanging behind and abruptly truncated in front; no chiseling on sides of bill; chin, upper throat, and large space around eye entirely nude.

293. GYMNOLÆMUS LEMPRIERI (Sharpe).

PALAWAN HORNBILL.

Anthracoceros lemprieri Sharpe, Nature (1885), 32, 46
(desc. nulla); Proc. Zool. Soc. (1885), 446, pl. 26; Everett,
Ibis (1895), 30.
Anthracoceros marchii Oustalet, Le Naturaliste (1885), 108.
Gymnolæmus marchii Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 370.
Gymnolæmus lemprieri Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 65; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 56.

Balabac (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan
(Marche, Lempriere, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Celestino).

Adult male.--Rectrices pure white, their shafts pale yellow; remainder of plumage black, glossed with dark green. A male from Palawan measures: Length, about 710; wing, 290; tail, 240; bill from nostril, 111; greatest length of crest, 106; tarsus, 52.

"Adult female.--Resembles the male, but the casque is less developed and the size smaller. Length, 610; wing, 264; tail, 216; tarsus, 53." (Grant.)

"We saw this bird on several occasions in Palawan, but always in very high trees, and it was so extremely wild that we did not succeed in securing any specimens from that island. In the Calamianes Islands we found it both common and tame. On several occasions we saw it feeding in low fruit trees within a few feet of the ground.

"Iris brown; legs and feet leaden; nails black; bill white except base of lower mandible; bare skin of head white. A female measures, 610 in length; wing, 263; tail, 204; tarsus, 46; middle toe with claw, 58." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus PENELOPIDES Reichenbach, 1849.

Casque small, compressed, ridged on top, its outline curved, posteriorly falling away gently to the culmen; abruptly or obliquely truncate in front; basilateral portion of both mandibles with deep oblique chiseling; part of chin naked but feathered in the middle.

Species.

a1. Abdomen rufous; thighs chestnut. ... panini, [male] (p. 332) a2. Abdomen and thighs neither chestnut nor rufous.

b1. Breast and abdomen white.

c1. Base of both mandibles with deep grooves; tail black with
a wide band of white or rufous across the middle. ... manillæ,
[male] (p. 333)
c2. Base of upper or lower mandible, but never both, with deep
grooves.

d1. Base of upper mandible only with grooves; no black band at
base of tail; sexes alike in plumage. ... mindorensis (p. 335)
d2. Base of lower mandible only with grooves; tail with some
black at the base.

e1. Upper tail-coverts black.

f1. A black patch on basal half of upper
mandible. ... affinis, [male] (p. 336)
f2. No black patch at base of upper mandible which is
flesh-colored. ... basilanica, [male] (p. 337)

e2. Upper tail-coverts white, tinged with buff. ... samarensis,
[male] (p. 337)

b2. Breast and abdomen black.

c1. Tail black with a rufous band about 25 mm. wide across the
middle; base of each mandible with deep grooves. ... manillæ,
[female] (p. 333); talisi, [female] (p. 334)
c2. Tail rufous, widely tipped with black and with more or less
black at base.