Chapter XXII: Preface (21)

"The specimens described are in breeding plumage. They were shot close to, or on, the ground in dense thickets in the deep woods.

"This species is closely allied to M. mindanensis Blasius, from which it differs in its darker head, lighter tail, and much larger superciliary stripe. None of our specimens shows a white bar on the rump, but we find the Mindanao-Basilan birds variable in this respect." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"Female.--Upper parts rusty brown, darkest on the crown, and shading into chestnut on the upper tail-coverts, the superciliary stripes of the male only represented by a white feather or two on the sides of the occiput; wings and tail dark brown, the exposed parts of the quills mostly chestnut; sides of the head and neck light rusty brown, palest round the eye, and forming a rather marked ring; under parts much like those of the male, but the distinct gray pectoral zone is replaced by one tinged with rusty; thighs brownish buff, under tail-coverts buff. The type measures: Length, 109; culmen, 14; wing, 61; tail, 37; tarsus, 19. A second female measures: Length, 109; culmen, 15; wing, 62; tail, 37; tarsus, 19.

"In general appearance the female of Muscicapula samarensis bears a close resemblance to Rhynomyias ruficauda, the under parts being strangely alike in both. The latter species is, however, easily recognized by its much longer tail. 'Iris and bill black; tarsus bluish white; feet white.--J. W.'

"The Samar white-browed flycatcher is described by Messrs. Bourns and Worcester as having the sexes alike, but a mistake has evidently been made in ascertaining the sex of the slate-colored bird described as a female. Mr. Whitehead obtained two pairs of this species, and the females differ entirely from the males in the color of the upper parts, which are rusty brown, while the strongly marked white eyebrow-stripes are practically absent. There can not be the slightest doubt that the rufous-brown females are fully adult, for one was shot from a nest with four eggs, and that they belong to the same species as the slate-gray males is almost equally certain.

"I observe that the type of M. mindanensis Blasius, Jour. für Orn. (1890), 147, a gray bird, is said to have been a female, but here probably a mistake has been made. There are two adult gray examples of this flycatcher from the Steere collection, both of which are said to be males, and they agree perfectly with the description of the type." (Grant.)

Whitehead secured two fresh eggs of the Samar white-browed flycatcher near Paranas, Samar, on June 17, 1896. The eggs and nest are described as follows:

"Shape ovate. Ground-color beautiful sea-green, speckled all over, especially toward the larger end, with pale brown, the over-markings being slightly darker and smaller. Measurements 19 mm. by 13 mm.

"The nest, a remarkably frail structure, was made of roots and lined with broad leaves. It was well concealed, being placed close to the ground in a heap of forest-drift near some rocks. The female bird was snared." (Grant and Whitehead.)

Genus GERYGONE Gould, 1841.

Bill moderately depressed, depth at nostrils equal to about two-thirds of its width, or two-fifths of bill from nostril; culmen with a slight ridge; rictal and nasal bristles moderate; wing fairly long, covering when folded about two-thirds of the tail; first primary narrow, equal to one-half of second which is considerable shorter than the subequal third, fifth, and sixth; fourth primary slightly the longest; tarsus slender and equal to twice the length of exposed culmen; tail slightly rounded and considerably shorter than wing. The two Philippine species are very similar in colors; upper parts ashy brown, lower part light yellow, lores whitish.

Species.

a1. Crown slightly lighter. (Luzon, Mindoro, and other northern islands.) ... simplex (p. 447) a2. Crown slightly darker. (Mindanao and Sulu Islands.) ... rhizophoræ (p. 448)

409. GERYGONE SIMPLEX Cabanis.

PHILIPPINE GERYGONE.

Gerygone simplex Cabanis, Jour. für Orn. (1872), 316; Sharpe,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 213; Hand-List (1901), 3, 226;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 72.

Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Jagor, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Mindoro (McGregor); Verde (McGregor).

Adult (sexes alike).--Above, including sides of head and neck, ashy gray, with a very slight olivaceous tinge on back; lores and a line over eye whitish; under parts clear straw-yellow, deepest on chin and throat; under tail-coverts white, washed with yellow; thighs slightly ashy; wings and tail brown with light edges to the feathers; wing-coverts and upper tail-coverts like the crown; each of the rectrices except the middle pair with a white spot on inner web near tip and a preceding dusky band; edge and lining of wing pale yellow. Iris dark brown; bill black; legs dark plumbeous. A male from Laguna de Bay measures: Length, 122; wing, 51; tail, 36; culmen from base, 12.

Young.--Lubang Island, October 25, 1902. A young bird just able to fly, resembles the adult and differs only in having the under parts very much paler yellow.

This little flycatcher closely resembles the species of Zosterops in habits, but it is less common in occurrence. At times small flocks are found feeding in clumps of bamboo or in high mangrove thickets. It has a pleasing note by means of which the members of a flock are kept together. In its active movements from tree to tree it resembles the titmice, but we have never found Gerygone in forest. The type of the species was collected in Luzon by Jagor.

"The Philippine gerygone was common about bamboo clumps in the open fields of Luzon. Five males from Luzon average as follows: Wing, 51; tail, 38; culmen, 12; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 12. Five females, wing, 52; tail, 37; culmen, 12; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 16. Iris, legs, feet, and nails black; bill black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

410. GERYGONE RHIZOPHORÆ Mearns.

MANGROVE GERYGONE.

?Gerygone flaveola Guillemard, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1885), 263.
Gerygone simplex Worcester and Bourns,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1898), 20, 563 (part).
Gerygone rhizophoræ Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18,
7; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 72.

Bongao (Everett); Mindanao (Mearns); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns
and Worcester).

"Adult male and female (seven specimens).--Upper parts, including entire top and sides of head, ashy brown tinged with olive; upper tail-coverts browner; sides of neck yellowish olive; tail-feathers drab, subterminally and broadly banded with blackish, tipped with drab-gray, and with a white spot near the end of the inner web of all [each of] the tail-feathers except the innermost pair; wing-coverts like the back; quills darker brown and narrowly edged with olive; whole under parts straw-yellow except the crissum which is almost white; lining and edge of wing yellowish white; thighs mixed straw-color and olive-brown; inner edge of quills whitish. Measurements of male: Wing, 50; tail, 39; culmen, 10.5; tarsus, 16." (Mearns.)

A female from Zamboanga is the only example of this species examined by me. In this specimen the crown is slightly darker than in specimens of G. simplex from Mindoro, Luzon, and Lubang with which I have compared it. Unfortunately Mearns does not compare his species with G. simplex which is probably its nearest relative. Guillemard records a gerygone from Sulu as G. flaveola, and his specimens were, perhaps, the same as G. rhizophoræ.

Genus ZANTHOPYGIA Blyth, 1847.

Bill at nostril slightly broader than deep, slightly compressed toward the tip; rictal bristles moderate, extending half the length of bill; tarsus twice the length of bill from nostril; wings moderate in length, when folded extending nearly to tip of tail; first primary much less than one-half the length of second, the latter less than third and fourth which are subequal and longest; tail square and equal to two-thirds of wing. Sexes very different in colors, the colors of the male are yellow, black, and white.

411. ZANTHOPYGIA NARCISSINA (Temminck).

NARCISSUS FLYCATCHER.

Muscicapa narcissina Temminck, Pl. Col. (1835), 3, pl. 577, fig. 1.
Xanthopygia narcissina Sharpe,
Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 327; Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 249; Hand-List (1901), 3, 238; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 73.

Calayan (McGregor); Mindanao (Steere). Japan, China; in winter
to northern Borneo.

Male (Japan).--Above, including wings and tail, black; a line from bill over eye to nape bright yellow; back and rump darker yellow; upper tail-coverts black; some of the inner greater wing-coverts white, forming a large patch; chin, throat, and breast bright orange-yellow, becoming paler on lower breast and flanks, and gradually disappearing, leaving the crissum pure white; sides of breast, edge of wing, and thighs black; under wing-coverts and axillars white with slate-gray bases. Wing, 78; tail, 53; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 15.

Female (Calayan Island).--Above olive-brown, more greenish on rump; upper tail-coverts and tail dull rufescent brown; wings brown, the primaries narrowly, the secondaries and coverts more widely, edged with dirty white or pale rufous-brown; lores, a line over eye, and eye-circle pale yellowish white; lower parts whitish, washed, more or less, with pale yellow which is brighter on throat; breast more or less mottled with dusky brown. Upper mandible black; lower mandible horn-blue; iris dark reddish brown; legs pale blue; nails gray. Length, 127; wing, 73; tail, 47; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 16.

"The single male specimen obtained by Steere at Dumalon, Mindanao, in 1874, is still preserved in the Museum of the University of Michigan. No others seem to have been obtained since." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

In Calayan on October 30, 1903, McGregor and Celestino took a female flycatcher which is undoubtedly a specimen of this migratory species, but it was not recorded in the report on the Calayan collection. In the field the female might be mistaken for the willow warbler or for one of the little plain-colored flycatchers, but the male would scarcely be overlooked if it were at all abundant. The species must, therefore, be considered a rare winter visitant to the Philippines.

Genus CYANOPTILA Blyth, 1847.

The genus Cyanoptila is not easily distinguished from Zanthopygia. In the former genus the colors of the male are blue, black, and white; the wing formula is the same as that of Zanthopygia; tail equal to nearly three-fourths of wing; tarsus one and one-half times the length of bill from nostril.

412. CYANOPTILA BELLA (Hay).

JAPANESE BLUE FLYCATCHER.

Muscicapa bella Hay, Madr. Journ. (1845), pt. 2, 158.
Xanthopygia cyanomelæna Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879),
4, 251.
Cyanoptila bella Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash. (1892), 15,
328; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 238; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds'
Eggs (1903), 3, 269; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 73.
Cyanoptila cyanomelæna Everett, Ibis (1895), 24.

Balabac (Everett); Palawan? [58] Japan, China, Indo-Chinese
countries, northwestern Borneo.

"Adult male.--General color above blue, the greater coverts uniform with the back, the lesser and median coverts brighter and more cobalt-blue, forming a shoulder patch; head still brighter and more lazuline blue, richest on the forehead; a narrow frontal line, lores, eyelid, sides of face, and entire throat and chest black; rest of under surface of body pure white, the flanks ashy; thighs black; under wing-coverts dusky brown, broadly edged with blue; the edge of the wing bright blue; primary-coverts and quills dusky brown, externally greenish blue; middle tail-feathers dark blue, the remainder blue on the outer web, black on the inner, with conspicuous white bases to the feathers. 'Bill black; legs brown; iris black.' (David.) Length, 140; culmen, 14; wing, 86; tail, 61; tarsus, 15.

"Observation.--A male bird from Japan, in the Leiden Museum, marked Cyanoptila cyanothorax, is a little different from the full-plumaged male, being of a greener cobalt above, and has the throat washed with greenish blue. The blue color on the head is different being brighter cobalt. Specimens from Borneo do not differ from the Japanese bird described in any important particulars; one has a gloss of blue on the throat and chest, another is more greenish blue above, while a Tingchow male has the back greenish blue, with distinct black shaft-streaks.

"Adult female.--Different from the male. Ashy brown, above, washed with pale verditer-blue on the scapulars, lower back, and upper tail-coverts; least wing-coverts bright blue as in adult male, the rest and the quills externally verditer-blue, the outermost of the greater series dull brown, edged with ashy brown and narrowly tipped with whitish; tail as in male, but rather more greenish blue; lores and anterior part of cheeks rufescent buff; ear-coverts ashy brown, with whitish shaft-lines; throat, abdomen, and under tail-coverts white; fore-neck, chest, and sides of body ashy brown; under wing-coverts and axillars ashy brown, the edge of the wing blue. 'Bill blackish brown, legs grayish brown, iris dark brown.' (Swinhoe.) Wing, 89; tail, 61; tarsus, 15.

"Young male.--Similar to old female, but having the back greenish blue, only the head and neck ashy brown, even the crown being slightly shaded with blue; upper tail-coverts with white edgings; wings and tail as in adult, the outer greater coverts tipped with buff; below as in female, but having the throat ochraceous, the breast washed with ocher, as also the sides of the body." (Sharpe.)

The Japanese blue flycatcher is a rare winter visitant to the Philippine Islands.

Genus HYPOTHYMIS Boie, 1826.

Bill flattened and depressed for its entire length, the outline not curved inward toward the tip; depth of bill at nostril nearly two-thirds of the width; bill from nostril more than one-half the tarsus; rictal bristles conspicuous, the longest equal to bill from nostril; wings short, about equal to tail; first primary equal to one-half of third; fourth, fifth, and sixth subequal and longest; seventh greater than third; second primary shorter than the secondaries; tail slightly graduated, outermost feathers shorter than middle pair by about one-third the length of tarsus; feathers of head short and soft, occipital crest short; dominative color blue, abdomen white.

413. HYPOTHYMIS OCCIPITALIS (Vigors).

BLACK-NAPED FLYCATCHER.

Muscicapa occipitalis Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1831), 97.
Hypothymis occipitalis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4,
274; Hand-List (1901), 3, 248; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs
(1903), 3, 273; McGregor, Bur. Govt. Labs. Manila (1905), 34,
18, pl. 13 (nest); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 73.
Hypothymis azurea Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 237 (eggs);
Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 106.

Pi-pit a-zul, Manila.

Bantayan (McGregor); Banton (Celestino); Basilan (Steere, Everett,
Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (Steere Exp., McGregor);
Bongao (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Caluya (Porter);
Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer,
Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Steere Exp.); Lubang
(McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Steere Exp., Möllendorff, Bourns &
Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Maestre de Campo (McGregor &
Worcester); Malanipa (Murray); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate
(Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp.,
Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Celestino); Mindoro (Steere Exp.,
Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, Everett, Whitehead, McGregor);
Negros (Layard, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay);
Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
White); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns
& Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester);
Sibutu (Everett); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor
(Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns &
Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns &
Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor). Nicobar Islands,
Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, Flores, Lombok, Hainan, Formosa.

Male.--General color azure-blue, brighter on head, darker on back and rump and slightly purplish on breast; a narrow line on forehead, another on chin, and a round or oval patch on back of head, velvety black; a narrow crescent of black across breast; abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts white; thighs washed with blue; wings and tail black, the edges of the feathers washed with dark blue. Iris dark; bill blue, edged and tipped with black; eyelids and feet blue, nails black; inside of mouth pale greenish yellow. Length, about 160; wing, 65; tail, 65; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 15.

Female.--Differs from the male in having the back, rump, wings, and tail brown, in lacking the nuchal patch and breast crescent, and in having the blue of head and throat somewhat duller and the breast bluish gray. Length, about 150; wing, 67; tail, 65; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 15.

"We gathered a large series of specimens of this common bird with the purpose of determining whether more than one species occurred in the Philippines. It is our decided opinion, after carefully examining a large series of specimens from all parts of the Archipelago, that there is no ground whatever for attempting to separate the birds from different islands. There is a great deal of individual variation in color, but all the various phases may be found in the birds of any one locality, the coloring changing greatly with the season, as well as with age, and frequently a good deal of variation occurs even among fully adult birds shot at a given time.

"If it be granted that we are dealing with but a single species, and we fail to see how anyone can doubt it who will look over a good series of specimens, it only remains to decide what name belongs to it. Sharpe states, Catalogue of Birds (1879), 4, 276, that as the white belly is the character by which the two species are distinguished, and as this is shown clearly in Daubenton's plate of H. azurea, he has adopted that title for the Indian bird, in spite of the fact that the plate is professedly founded on the 'Goubemouches bleu des Philippines.' In other words, since the bird figured shows a white belly, Doctor Sharpe thinks it must have come from India and not from the Philippines. Now, while in some of our Philippine birds the belly is washed with blue, and in two specimens is decidedly bluish, in the majority of the specimens it is pure white. We are in no position to go into the question as to whether the Indian and Philippine birds are really distinct, not having the necessary material from India for comparison, but there is most certainly no reason for thinking that the subject of Daubenton's plate did not come from the Philippines because it has a white belly. We therefore retain his title for the Philippine bird. It is one of the commonest birds in the islands.

"Ten males average: Length, 156; wing, 69; tail, 71; culmen, 15; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 14. Five females, length, 147; wing, 67; tail, 67; culmen, 14; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 14. Bill blue in male, but often black in female; legs and feet bluish, nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

A nest of the black-naped flycatcher, containing three eggs, was found in Mindoro in April, it was composed of green moss and soft bits of dry bamboo leaves, and lined with fine blackish fibers. The outside was decorated with cotton-like substance from one of the fulgorid insects. The eggs were white, marked with dots of reddish brown.

A nest and two eggs found by Whitehead near Cape Engaño, Luzon, on May 24, 1895, are described as follows:

"Shape rounded ovate. Ground-color pure white, thickly speckled, especially round the larger end, with small spots and dots of brown-lake and with a few pale lilac under-markings. In general character these eggs resemble those of the tits (Paridæ). Measurements 17 mm. by 14 mm.

"Nest cup-shaped, generally placed in a forked branch among the lower growth in old forests. The structure is made of moss firmly bound together with white spider's-web and lined with fine brown fibers." (Grant and Whitehead.)

The black-naped flycatcher is one of the commonest of Philippine birds and is found wherever there are thickets or forest. It is more or less solitary in habits.

Genus CAMIGUINIA McGregor, 1907.

Bill moderately flattened as in Cyanomyias; culmen less than tarsus and equal to middle toe with claw; rictal bristles longer than bill from nostril; first primary little more than one-half of second, the latter much less than third; fifth longest and slightly longer than fourth and sixth; tail about equal to wing and slightly graduated; feathers of chin, lores, and forehead short, soft, and pile-like; feathers of crown more or less scale-like; occipital crest soft and full.

This genus is intermediate between Cyanomyias and Hypothymis; from the former it differs in lacking the greatly lengthened crest and the antrorse loral plumes, and from the latter it differs in having the feathers of crown and crest scale-like, instead of soft and velvety.

414. CAMIGUINIA HELENÆ (Steere).

HELEN'S MASKED FLYCATCHER.

Cyanomyas helenæ Steere, List Birds and Mams. Steere Exped. (1890),
16.
Cyanomyias helenæ Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 106; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1901), 3, 249; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 73.
Camiguinia personata McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2,
sec. A, 346.

Camiguin N. (McGregor); Mindanao (Celestino); Samar (Steere Exp.,
Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead.)

Adult male.--General color light azure-blue; rump and upper tail-coverts lighter; breast darker; frontal line, chin, lores, and a narrow circumocular line velvety black, forming a mask which is narrowly bordered behind with bright silvery cobalt-blue, widest behind forehead and chin; middle of lower breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, wing-lining, and axillars white; wings and tail black, the exposed edges of feathers dark azure-blue, except first and second primaries; two outermost pairs of rectrices narrowly tipped with white in old birds only. Iris brown; the narrow eyelids light blue; bill blue, except edges and tip which are black; legs and feet blue; nails blackish. Length, 154; wing, 67.5; tail, 67; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 16. In the slightly immature, but fully feathered, male the crest is less developed, the feathers of the crown are less scale-like, and the upper parts are darker blue than in the fully adult male.

Adult female.--General color dull verditer-blue; head, neck, and sides of head brighter; forehead dull cobalt; chin whitish, bordered by dull cobalt; throat, breast, and sides grayish, washed with dull azure-blue, shafts white; abdomen, flanks, under tail-coverts, and middle of lower breast white; wings and tail blackish brown, edged with dull verditer-blue. Wing, 64; tail, 64; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 17.

Young in first plumage.--Above smoky gray; below white; a dusky band across fore breast; wings and tail blackish brown; primaries and secondaries edged with verditer; outer webs of rectrices washed with verditer.

"Rare in Samar. Always found in company with other flycatchers. Four males average: Length, 137; wing, 63; tail, 62; culmen, 13; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 13. A female, length, 130; wing, 59; tail, 55; culmen, 13; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 13. Iris nearly black; legs and feet slaty blue; nails usually black, in one case bluish slate; bill blue, with black tip; eye-wattles blue. Breeding in August." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

The specimens from Camiguin Island, north of Luzon, on which was based Camiguinia personata, are slightly larger than specimens from Mindanao and the latter are probably Cyanomyias helenæ of Steere. There appears to be no ground for retaining C. personata.

Genus CYANOMYIAS Sharpe, 1879.

Bill slightly compressed near tip, depth at nostril two-thirds of width, outline sightly concave toward the tip; rictal bristles conspicuous, the longest more than bill from nostril; wing and tail about equal, wing formula as in Hypothymis; tarsus one and one-half times the bill from nostril; feathers of head stiffish, decomposed basally and conspicuously antrorse on lores; feathers of occipital crest long and narrow.

415. CYANOMYIAS COELESTIS (Tweeddale).

CELESTIAL BLUE FLYCATCHER.

Hypothymis coelestis Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1877), IV,
20, 536; Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 109, pl. 7, fig. 1 ([female]).
Cyanomyias coelestis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4,
278; Hand-List (1901), 3, 249; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 73.

Basilan (Steere Exp., McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Luzon
(McGregor); Mindanao (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sibuyan
(Bourns & Worcester).

Male.--General color blue; forehead, lores, and entire head and face clear cerulean blue contrasting strongly with the light cobalt-blue of back, wings, and tail; chin, throat, and fore breast deep azure-blue, becoming gradually fainter and more greenish on lower breast; abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts white, washed more or less with turquoise-blue; thighs blue; rectrices black below and their inner webs black above; primaries and secondaries black, edged with blue. Iris white; eyelids light greenish yellow; bill dark blue like throat with black tip and edges; legs very dark blue; nails black. Length of a male from Basilan, 165; wing, 75; tail, 76; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 16; crest, 36.

Female.--Differs from the male in having a much shorter crest and less intense colors; top of head darker, of nearly the same shade as back and wings; throat and breast cobalt instead of azure. Wing, 73; tail, 70; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 16; crest, 17.

This magnificent flycatcher is very rare; it is found in small numbers, feeding and moving about in the tops of forest trees, associated with species of such genera as Hypothymis, Rhipidura, and Pardaliparus.

"A very rare bird. Found only by accident, and always with other flycatchers. Four males average: Length, 159; wing, 72; tail, 74; culmen, 16; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 15. Two females, length, 154; wing, 73; tail, 74; culmen, 16; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 16. Iris dark brown; legs and feet slaty blue, nails black; bill black at tip and along gape, elsewhere blue; eye-wattles greenish yellow." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus RHIPIDURA Vigors and Horsfield, 1826.

Rictal bristles long and conspicuous, equal to culmen from base or longer; bill wide, depressed for most of its length, slightly compressed near tip; wing shorter than tail; first primary more than one-half of second and less than one-half of third; fourth, fifth, and sixth nearly equal, fifth longest; tail-feathers graduated, the difference between outermost and middle rectrices equal to or greater than culmen; plumage soft, that of head neither scale-like nor pile-like; colors various.

I can see no good reason why Hypothymis superciliaris Sharpe and H. samarensis Steere should not be placed in the genus Rhipidura; their long graduated tail-feathers, long stiff oral bristles, and lax plumage, as well as the similarity in the coloration of the sexes, certainly unite them with the members of Rhipidura. [59]

Species.

a1. Head, throat, and fore-breast blue or blue-gray.

b1. Entire upper parts blue.

c1. Blue of upper parts lighter, especially on crown; silvery
cobalt of forehead more conspicuous. ... superciliaris (p. 456)
c2. Blue of upper parts darker, crown nearly black; less silvery
cobalt on forehead. ... samarensis (p. 457)

b2. Back, wings, and tail largely chestnut or cinnamon.

c1. Abdomen and flanks white. ... albiventris (p. 457)
c2. Abdomen and flanks brown.

d1. Smaller; crown lighter; abdomen and flanks
cinnamon-brown. ... cyaniceps (p. 458)
d2. Larger; crown darker; abdomen and flanks light
chestnut-brown. ... sauli (p. 458)

a2. Top and sides of head black.

b1. Chin and throat black.

c1. Fore breast cinnamon-brown like the rest of breast and
abdomen. ... nigrocinnamomea (p. 459)
c2. Fore breast white. ... hutchinsoni (p. 460)

b2. Chin and throat white with a black pectoral
band. ... nigritorquis (p. 460)

416. RHIPIDURA SUPERCILIARIS (Sharpe).

MINDANAO BLUE FANTAIL.

Hypothymis superciliaris Sharpe,
Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 2d. ser. (1877), 1, 236; Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 278; Hand-List (1901), 3, 248; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 73.

Basilan (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
McGregor); Mindanao (Steere Exp., Platen, Bourns & Worcester,
Goodfellow, Celestino).

Male.--Above dark verditer-blue, top of head darker; forehead and a line over each eye silvery cobalt; wings and tail black, the exposed portions of webs mostly bright cobalt; chin, throat, breast, and thighs dull smoky blue; lower breast and abdomen white, washed with blue-gray. Bill, legs, and nails black; iris brown. Length, about 165; wing, 78; tail, 78; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 14.5.

Female.--Similar to the male, but with the blue lighter and more verditer. Wing, 72; tail, 79; bill from nostril, 8.5.

"Very common in the forests of Basilan; a strictly deep woods form. Seven males average: Length, 164; wing, 78; tail, 82; culmen, 15; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 14. Two females, length, 151; wing, 76; tail, 75; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 14. Iris dark brown; bill black; legs, feet, and nails nearly black. Breeding in August in Mindanao and Basilan." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

417. RHIPIDURA SAMARENSIS (Steere).

SAMAR BLUE FANTAIL.

Hypothymis samarensis Steere, List Birds and Mams. Steere
Exped. (1890), 16; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 249; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 73.
Rhipidura samarensis Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 107 (generic
position).

Bohol (McGregor); Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Samar (Steere
Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

Male and female.--Similar to Rhipidura superciliaris, but upper parts more verditer-blue; crown much darker, almost black.

"Fairly common in Samar. Found in deep forest in company with other flycatchers. Four males average 119 in length; wing, 61; tail, 38; culmen, 15; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 18. Iris, legs, feet, and nails dark brown; bill almost black. Breeding in July and August." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

418. RHIPIDURA ALBIVENTRIS (Sharpe).

WHITE-BELLIED FANTAIL.

Philentoma albiventris Sharpe,
Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 325.
Rhipidura albiventris Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879),
4, 324; Hand-List (1901), 3, 257; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 107;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 74.

Guimaras (Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Masbate
(Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Everett,
Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester); Ticao (McGregor).

Adult (sexes similar).--Head, neck, and upper back grayish blue, streaked with lighter blue on head; back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dark chestnut or bay; chin, throat, breast, and entire sides of head and neck grayish blue, many of the feathers with white shafts; abdomen white; under tail-coverts light chestnut; feathers of thighs with dusky bases; primaries and secondaries blackish, the latter edged with chestnut, this color covering the entire web of two or three innermost secondaries; wing-coverts mostly grayish blue like the neck, but some of the inner ones chestnut; rectrices chestnut except innermost pair and inner webs of next pair which are blackish. Iris dark brown; bill black; legs and nails dark lead-color. Length of a male, 165; wing, 84; tail, 92; culmen from base, 14.5; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 18.

"A very showy bird. Common in the forests of the islands where it occurs. Like R. cyaniceps, it makes the most of itself. It is bold and easily killed. It is particularly abundant in Negros. Five males average 176 in length; wing, 79; tail, 88; culmen, 16; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 15. Four females, length, 152; wing, 75; tail, 82; culmen, 16; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 15." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

419. RHIPIDURA CYANICEPS (Cassin).

RUFOUS-BELLIED FANTAIL.

Muscipeta cyaniceps Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (1855),
438; Ornith. Wilkes Exped. (1858), 145, pl. 9, fig. 1.
Philentoma cyaniceps Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9, 182,
pl. 32, fig. 1.
Rhipidura cyaniceps Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 323;
Hand-List (1901), 3, 257; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 236
(eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 107 (habits, nest); Oates and
Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 276, pl. 8, fig. 17 (egg);
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 74.

U-li-li-su, Benguet, Luzon.

Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Whitehead, Steere Exp., McGregor).

Adult (sexes alike).--Very similar to R. albiventris, but abdomen, flanks, and thighs cinnamon-rufous. A male measures: Wing, 75; tail, 86; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 18. A female, wing, 74; tail, 81; culmen from base, 12; tarsus, 17.

Whitehead collected a nest and two eggs of this species at Cape Engaño, Luzon, April 29, 1895, which are described as follows:

"Shape ovate. Ground-color rich cream-color. A zone of spots and small blotches round the larger end; the under-markings pale slate-gray, the over-markings darker cream-color. Measurements 19 mm. by 14 mm.

"Nest of the usual cup-shaped type made by all the species of Rhipidura, and placed on a dead bough in an open pathway in a conspicuous position." (Grant and Whitehead.)

"Sharpe mentions a specimen of R. cyaniceps in the British Museum collected in Mindanao by Cuming. It seems to us extremely unlikely that such a bird could have been overlooked by the numerous collectors who have since visited that island, and we do not believe it exists there. Cuming does not seem to have been over particular about recording exact localities in the case of his Philippine collections, and it is not at all improbable that this record is an error." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

420. RHIPIDURA SAULI Bourns and Worcester.

SAUL'S FANTAIL.

Rhipidura sauli Bourns and Worcester,
Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 6; McGregor and
Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 74.

Tablas (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).

"Adult male.--Head, crown, and nape dull bluish gray, each of the feathers of crown with a narrow, decidedly lighter, shaft-mark, lacking in feathers of nape and mantle; back, rump, upper tail-coverts, scapulars, and upper wing-coverts chestnut; wing black; tertiaries and secondaries heavily edged with chestnut; primaries lightly edged with same color; central pair of tail-feathers black, faintly edged with chestnut on basal half and with shafts black; next pair with inner webs black, outer webs chestnut, shafts black on inner side, chestnut on outer; rest of feathers of tail including shafts chestnut above and below; sides of face, ear-coverts, chin, throat, and upper breast bluish gray like the mantle; feathers of breast with distinct lighter shaft-markings; feathers of lower breast gradually changing to the chestnut of abdomen; flanks, under tail-coverts, and thighs chestnut; axillars and under wing-coverts bluish gray at base, heavily tipped with chestnut; inner webs of quills tipped with chestnut. Female like male but paler. Iris dark brown; legs and feet vary from light to very dark slaty brown; nails blackish; bill black, except base of lower mandible which is gray.

"Twelve males average 184 in length; wing, 84; tail, 91; culmen, 16; tarsus, 18. Three females, length, 174; wing, 76; tail, 83; culmen, 16; tarsus, 19.

"This is another ornithological puzzle of the Tablas-Romblon-Sibuyan group. It seems to be confined to Tablas where it is common in deep forests. It differs from R. cyaniceps, its nearest ally, in its larger size and darker blue head and in having the ochraceous buff of under parts replaced by deep chestnut." (Bourns and Worcester.)

421. RHIPIDURA NIGROCINNAMOMEA Hartert.

BLACK AND CINNAMON FANTAIL.

Rhipidura nigrocinnamomea Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1903),
14, 12; Novit. Zool. (1906), 13, 758, pl. 2, fig. 1; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 74.

Tá-din, Bagobo.

Mindanao (Goodfellow, Waterstradt, Mearns).

Adult male.--Entire head, chin, and throat black, with a white line over each eye; fore breast white; rest of under parts cinnamon-rufous and lighter than the cinnamon-rufous of back and rump; wings, tail, and upper tail-coverts chestnut, but primaries and primary-coverts blackish brown, edged with chestnut. Wing, 74; tail, 85; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 17. "Iris reddish brown; bill all black; feet dark purplish gray; claws black. Length, 177." (Mearns.)

I have not seen the female of the black and cinnamon fantail but the sexes are probably similar in colors. This fine species is found on Mount Apo.

422. RHIPIDURA HUTCHINSONI Mearns.

HUTCHINSON'S FANTAIL.

Rhipidura hutchinsoni Mearns, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2,
sec. A, 357.

Mindanao (Mearns).

Adult.--Similar to R. nigrocinnamomea, but with no white on the breast which is uniform cinnamon-rufous; the white lines over eyes are connected across the forehead by a wide white band.

"Iris dark brown; bill black; feet plumbeous, with claws nearly black. Skin measurements of the type (adult male) are as follows: Length, 155; wing, 78; tail, 95; culmen, 11.7; tarsus, 19.5. Skin measurements of adult female: Length, 153; wing, 73; tail, 84; culmen, 11; tarsus, 20." (Mearns.)

This distinct species was discovered by Mearns on Mount Malindang in northwestern Mindanao.

423. RHIPIDURA NIGRITORQUIS Vigors.

BLACK AND WHITE FANTAIL.

Rhipidura nigritorquis Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1831), 97; Sharpe,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 334; Hand-List (1901), 3, 261;
Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 236 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis
(1899), 106 (habits); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3,
277, pl. 8, fig. 19; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 74.

Ba-ling-sa-say-ao, Ticao; ca-la-mang-tí-gon, Bohol; ma-ri-a-ca-pra,
Manila; ma-ri-a cong cong, Laguna de Bay; ba-li-á-la, Siquijor.

Bantayan (McGregor); Banton (Celestino); Basilan (Everett,
Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (Everett,
McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Buluan, off Mindanao (Mearns);
Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu
(Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Cuyo
(McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Lubang
(McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead, Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp.,
Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Negros (Everett, Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Steere, Whitehead,
Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Panay (Steere Exp.,
Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Samar (Bourns & Worcester); Siasi (Guillemard); Sibuyan (Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino);
Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester);
Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor).

Adult (sexes similar).--Above ashy gray; forehead, crown, and sides of face black; a wide white band over each eye, for the most part concealed; below white with a wide white pectoral band; abdomen and crissum washed with pale buff; feathers of thighs black, tipped with pale buff; axillars and wing-lining blackish brown edged with white; rectrices blackish brown, all but middle pair with wide white tips. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, and nails black.

"Common throughout the islands. A very showy bird, constantly opening and closing its tail, and dancing about to show its feathers. Three male birds average 190 in length; wing, 87; tail, 110; culmen, 17; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 18. Four females, length, 190; wing, 81; tail, 99; culmen, 17; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 18. Bill, legs, feet, and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Two eggs collected by Steere in Marinduque, May 8, 1888, are described as follows:

"Shape ovate. Ground-color pale creamy white, with a rather wide zone round the middle composed of small blotches and spots of pale yellowish brown or lavender-gray; a few scattered spots of the same colors over the rest of the shell. Measurements 18 mm. by 14 mm." (Grant and Whitehead.)

A set of three eggs, also collected in Marinduque by Steere, are said to be similar to the above but with the markings rather smaller. The measurements are 19 by 15.

"The two nests are of the usual cup-shaped type, constructed of tightly woven fiber and wide dead grass bound together with spiders' webs, and neatly lined with fine grasses and black fiber." (Grant and Whitehead.)

Genus XEOCEPHUS Bonaparte, 1854.

Eye surrounded by a wide fleshy wattle; depth of bill at nostril about two-thirds of its width; rictal bristles strong; first primary more than one-half of second and less than one-half of third; fourth, fifth, and sixth subequal; tarsus equal to exposed culmen; rectrices strongly graduated; color nearly uniform, bright reddish brown, or blue.

Species.

a1. Plumage bright chestnut-rufous.

b1. Central rectrices greatly lengthened (northern
islands). ... rufus (p. 461)
b2. Central rectrices never greatly lengthened (southern
islands). ... cinnamomeus (p. 463)

a2. Plumage nearly uniform blue. ... cyanescens (p. 463)

424. XEOCEPHUS RUFUS (Gray).

LONG-TAILED RUFOUS FLYCATCHER.

Tchitrea rufa Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1843), 11, 371.
Zeocephus rufus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 343;
Hand-List (1901), 3, 262; Grant, Ibis (1896), 112; Grant and
Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 235, pl. 5, fig. 4 (egg); Whitehead, Ibis
(1899), 103 (habits); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903),
3, 279; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 74.

Mus-ca-dór ca-né-lo, Manila.

Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon
(Cuming, Heriot, Möllendorff, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Mindoro (Steere
Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Steere Exp., Bourns
& Worcester); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Romblon
(Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Whitehead); Sibuyan (Bourns
& Worcester, McGregor); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).

Adult male.--Entire plumage rich chestnut-rufous with inner webs of primaries and secondaries seal-brown near their tips. Iris, eyelids, and bill blue; bill edged and tipped with black; legs and nails lighter blue. Wing, 87; tail, excepting central rectrices, 85; central rectrices, 100 to 190; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 16.

Adult female and immature.--Lighter in color and with lower breast, abdomen, and tail-coverts whitish; central rectrices not greatly lengthened.

"In Jour. für Orn. (1891), 294, Hartert very properly calls attention to the fact that confusion evidently exists as to the distribution of the two rufous species of Zeocephus, and he even seems to question the distinctness of the two species. We have some suggestions to offer, after looking over our series of thirty-one specimens from Luzon, Mindoro, Panay, Negros, Cebu, Basilan, Sulu, and Tawi Tawi. First, the young immature birds of Z. rufus have the white belly and general coloring of Z. cinnamomeus. They are not to be distinguished from birds of the latter species. Second, out of fifteen specimens from the south, seven do not show a trace of white on the belly, and are of a uniform deep rufous color. Third, we have a male bird in breeding plumage from Cebu which is indistinguishable, so far as shade of rufous is concerned, from Basilan birds. The confusion between the two species is thus readily understood. Are they then distinct? We think that they are for the following reasons: The average fully adult bird from the northern islands is very much darker in color than the darkest of the southern birds. The northern birds have the tail much more strongly graduated than that of the birds from the south. None of our specimens from the south show any special elongation of the central tail-feathers. In one specimen from Tablas and another from Sibuyan the central tail-feathers exceed the rest by fully 75 millimeters. Other birds collected at the same time and place do not show nearly so strong a development of these feathers, but the fact remains that nothing even approaching it is shown by our specimens from the south.

"The dark tips of the tail-feathers described by Dr. Sharpe as characteristic of Z. cinnamomeus are simply a sign of immaturity, as is the white of the belly.

"Zeocephus rufus, then, inhabits the northern and central Philippines, and is to be distinguished from Z. cinnamomeus by its darker color when fully adult, and by its more strongly graduated tail, which has the central feathers at least 75 millimeters longer than the others when the birds are in perfect plumage.

"Four males from Cebu average: Length, 223; wing, 93; tail, 116; culmen, 23; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 18. Five females, length, 201; wing, 86; tail, 106; culmen, 23; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 18. A male from Sibuyan with elongated tail-feathers measures 283 in length; wing, 94; tail, 162; culmen, 24; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 19. Iris almost black; legs and feet blue; nails black, sometimes showing a little blue; bill and eye-wattles bright blue. Breeding in Cebu in June." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

A set of three eggs was collected by Whitehead at Cape Engaño, Luzon, on April 24, 1895. The eggs and nest are described as follows:

"Shape ovate. Ground-color pure white, with a decided zone of small blotches and spots round the pole of the larger end; upper-markings brown-lake, and under-markings lilac. Two of the eggs have small dots of the darker color thinly scattered over the whole shell, while in the third these markings are almost entirely confined to the zone. Measurements 22 mm. by 16 mm.

"Nest much like that built by Hypothymis azurea, and placed in similar positions, but within the brown lining is a second lining of fine black fiber taken from the base of the palm-leaves." (Grant and Whitehead.)

425. XEOCEPHUS CINNAMOMEUS Sharpe.

SHORT-TAILED RUFOUS FLYCATCHER.

Zeocephus cinnamomeus Sharpe,
Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 329; Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 343; Hand-List (1901), 3, 262; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 74.

Basilan (Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bongao
(Everett); Mindanao (Koch & Schadenberg, Goodfellow, Celestino);
Sulu (Platen, Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester).

Adult.--Very similar to X. rufus, but lighter in color and with the central rectrices not greatly exceeding the next pair. See also the notes under X. rufus.

Young.--Not distinguishable from the young of X. rufus.

"Both this and Z. rufus are strictly deep woods forms, never seen about open country. Eight males from Basilan and Tawi Tawi average: Length, 187; wing, 87; tail, 85; culmen, 24; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 18. Two females, length, 182; wing, 85; tail, 80; culmen, 23; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 18. Iris bright slaty blue to black; nails black; bill blue to black; eye-wattles blue." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

426. XEOCEPHUS CYANESCENS Sharpe.

LARGE BLUE FLYCATCHER.

Zeocephus cyanescens Sharpe,
Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 328; Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 343; Hand-List (1901), 3, 262; Whitehead,
Ibis (1893), 49; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 74.

Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Steere, Lempriere,
Platen, Whitehead, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino,
White).

Male.--General color grayish cobalt or smalt-blue; chin, lores, a small spot at base of lower mandible, and a narrow frontal line velvety black; primaries and secondaries black, edged with blue; rectrices black below and their shafts black. "Eye black; bill and legs cobalt-blue; inside of mouth bright green." (Whitehead.) Length, about 215; wing, 93; tail, 100; culmen from base, 23; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 17.

Female.--Similar to the male, but abdomen and crissum whitish. Wing, 93; tail, 95; culmen from base, 22; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 16.

Young.--Similar to the adult, but lores and forehead blue; back buffy brown; remiges and rectrices largely buffy brown; under tail-coverts white washed with buff.

"Quite common both in Palawan and the Calamianes. A forest form. Four males average: Length, 220; wing, 96; tail, 100; culmen, 25; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 18. Five females, length, 200; wing, 89; tail, 89; culmen, 23; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 17. Iris black; legs and feet blue; nails black; bill blue, deepest at base, tip sometimes black; eye-wattles blue." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus CALLAEOPS Grant, 1895.

"A new genus of Muscicapidæ most nearly allied to Arses, which it resembles in having a disk-like wattle formed by the prolongation of the eyelid, which entirely surrounds the rather large eye. As in Terpsiphone, there is a large, full, occipital crest, and the tarsi and toes are short and slender; but the tail is like that of Rhipidura, wedge-shaped and composed of twelve feathers, the outer pair being two-thirds of the length of the middle pair. The first flight-feather is half the length of the second, which is about equal to the tenth; the fourth being slightly the longest." (Grant.)

427. CALLAEOPS PERIOPTHALMICA Grant.

SHORT-TAILED PARADISE FLYCATCHER.

Callaeops periopthalmica Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1895),
4, 18; Ibis (1895), 253; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 108; Sharpe,
Hand-List (1901), 3, 263; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 74.

Luzon (Whitehead).

"Adult male.--General color deep black with a slight purplish gloss, especially on the back and breast; the middle of lower breast and belly white, the under tail-coverts being edged with the same color. Wattle surrounding the eye, bill, and feet said to be pale blue. Length, 216; wing, 89; tail, 114; tarsus, 15. The only specimen sent home by Whitehead was not of his own collecting, but purchased in Manila and, as I understand, said to have been obtained in that vicinity. The color of the soft parts and sex are, I fancy, only given on the authority of the collector from whom the bird was obtained." (Grant.)

Genus TERPSIPHONE Gloger, 1827.

Bill large and depressed; rictal bristles numerous, coarse, and long; head with a full occipital crest; eye surrounded by a wide fleshy wattle; rectrices graduated. The sexes are similar in plumage during the first two years and the birds breed in this immature condition. In the third year the male develops a distinctive plumage and his central rectrices grow to twice the length of the second pair.

Species.

a1. Adult male mostly pure white; rectrices white with black shafts. ... affinis (p. 465) a2. Adult male mostly black; rectrices black. ... nigra (p. 466)

428. TERPSIPHONE AFFINIS (Blyth).

MALAY PARADISE FLYCATCHER.

Tchitrea affinis Blyth, Jour. As. Soc. Bengal (1846), 15,
292. Terpsiphone affinis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879),
4, 349; Hand-List (1901), 3, 263; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds'
Eggs (1903), 3, 280; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 75.

Luzon (Cuming). Malay Peninsula, eastern Himalayas, Indo-Chinese
Provinces, Assam, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

"Adult male.--General color pure white, with shaft-lines of black, especially distinct on the greater coverts; quills black, externally edged with white, the inner secondaries white, with longitudinal black centers to the feathers; tail-feathers white, with blackish edges and with distinct black shafts; head, sides of face, and entire throat greenish black, without much metallic gloss; remainder of under surface of body, including the under wing-coverts, pure white; quills blackish below, broadly white along the inner web. Length, 411; culmen, 19; wing, 91; tail, 132; middle tail-feathers, 330; tarsus, 15.

"Adult female.--General color orange-rufous, brown on the mantle and scapulars; rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail chestnut; wing-coverts like the back, the greater series orange-rufous, dusky brown on the inner webs; alula, primary-coverts, and primaries black, with a narrow edging of orange-rufous, the secondaries more broadly margined, the innermost being entirely orange-rufous, with longitudinal blackish centers; crown and a moderate crest glossy steel-blue; sides of face and a narrow collar around the hind neck and entire throat and breast ashy gray; remainder of the under surface yellowish buff, sides of the body washed with orange, as also the under tail-coverts, which are slightly more rufous; under wing-coverts rufescent, whiter at base; quills dark brown below, rufous along the inner web. Length, 198; culmen, 22; wing, 90; tail, 105; tarsus, 15.

"Male in second plumage.--Very similar to the foregoing, but with a longer tail, the gray on the throat and breast darker, and the white on the belly purer and less fulvous. Length, 246; wing, 89; culmen, 22: tail, 102; middle tail-feathers, 208; tarsus, 15." (Sharpe.)

"Included in this list with some doubt on the strength of a specimen mentioned by Hartert." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

429. TERPSIPHONE NIGRA McGregor.

BLACK PARADISE FLYCATCHER.

Terpsiphone nigra McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A,
340, pls. 1 to 3.

Ti-uay-uay, Batan.

Batan (McGregor).

Adult male (type).--Black, with a slight purplish blue gloss; middle of abdomen white; under tail-coverts black with white bases and with traces of clay-brown along the edges; wings and tail black with some purplish blue gloss on exposed margins. Iris brown; bill, legs, and wide fleshy eye-wattle bright blue; nails paler blue; inside of mouth pale green. Length in flesh, 383; wing, 91; central rectrices, 282; second pair of rectrices, 131; outermost and shortest pair of rectrices, 65; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 15; longest crest-feathers, 15.

Nearly adult male.--Similar to the adult, but some feathers of lower back and a few of the inner remiges edged with chestnut; middle of lower breast, axillars, and wing-lining mottled with white; abdomen white; under tail-coverts terra-cotta yellow with small dusky patches. Length, 376; wing, 90; tail-feathers: longest, 267; second, 127; shortest, 80; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 16.5; middle toe with claw, 16.5; longest crest-feathers, 16.

Male, first year.--Head, neck, throat, and breast glossy black; mantle, back, and rump bright chestnut; upper tail-coverts chestnut and glossy black (mixed plumage); lower breast gray; abdomen white; flanks dull chestnut; under tail-coverts white washed with terra cotta; alula, primaries and primary-coverts blackish brown; primaries and secondary-coverts edged with chestnut; secondaries edged with rusty brown; rectrices dark brown, slightly chestnut, the outer pair minutely tipped with white. Length, 190; wing, 85; tail, 85; outermost rectrices, 71; culmen from base, 18.5; bill from nostril, 13.

Adult female.--Differs from the adult male, first year, in having mantle, back, tail-coverts, and secondary-coverts reddish brown instead of chestnut. Length, 190; wing, 85; tail, 81; outermost rectrices, 74; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 13. Another female is duller, having the mantle, back, and rump decidedly grayer. Length, 189; wing, 85; tail, 88; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 12.

First plumage.--Above dull brown; top of head, back, and tail dull reddish brown; post ocular band dull ocherous; chin, throat, and breast gray, the latter crossed by an ocherous band; lower breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts white, slightly washed with ocherous; wings blackish, primaries edged with dull reddish brown; primary-coverts blackish; secondaries and their coverts edged with dull rusty ocherous taking the form of terminal spots on median coverts. Bill dull brown; legs pale blue; nails white.

Apparently this species breeds in its second year but does not reach its most perfect plumage until its fourth year.

A nest taken in Batan Island, May 29, 1907, was saddled securely in the fork of a small branch. The single egg was heavily incubated and measured 15.4 by 20.3. The egg was dull white, sparsely spotted with dark umber-brown.

The black paradise flycatcher is abundant in Batan. Its flight is easy and graceful but rather slow. The call is harsh and cat-like; the song is simple and of limited range, consisting of several clear notes uttered in rapid succession.

The short-tailed black males of this flycatcher agree with the description of Callaeops periopthalmica, but the identity of the two species has not been established.

Genus RHINOMYIAS Sharpe, 1879.