Chapter XIV: Preface (13)

"Mr. Whitehead's Negros collection contains three adult examples of a little hawk owl, and I am in considerable doubt as to whether this form should not be separated from typical examples of N. philippensis from Luzon. I have before me at the present time nine examples from Luzon, two from Guimaras, four from Negros, and one from Siquijor. All seven birds from the last three mentioned islands differ very considerably from Luzon specimens. The latter have the chest and breast mostly tawny brown, shading into pale tawny toward the edges of the feathers, and the belly and flanks whitish, with rather ill-defined brownish red middles. In Negros birds, as well as those from the other central islands already mentioned, the feathers of the breast and chest are chocolate-brown edged with white, and the rest of the under parts are white, with fairly wide and clearly defined shaft-stripes of a dark brownish red color.

"The general impression conveyed is, that the Luzon birds have the under parts tawny brown, suffused with white on the belly and flanks, while in birds from the central islands, the chest and breast, as well as the rest of the under parts, are white, clearly striped with reddish brown. These birds remind one of small examples of Ninox japonica, though of course the latter has the stripes on the underparts of a much darker color. It is quite possible that it may be found necessary to separate the birds from Negros, etc., under some distinctive name, but before doing this I should like to have more material from the adjacent islands." (Grant.)

225. NINOX EVERETTI Sharpe.

EVERETT'S HAWK OWL.

Ninox everetti Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club. (1897), 6, 47; Ibis
(1897), 449; Hand-List (1899), 1, 290; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 47.

Siasi (Everett).

Diagnosis.--Similar to Ninox reyi but pale spots of primaries few, fulvescent, very slightly spotted with white; and abdomen, flanks, and thighs ocherous-fulvous, not white spotted with brown. Length, 241; wing, 195. [31]

This is a little-known species of which more specimens should be examined and compared with Rey's hawk owl.

226. NINOX SPILOCEPHALA Tweeddale.

TWEEDDALE'S HAWK OWL.

Ninox spilocephala Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 940;
Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 290; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 47.

Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).

Adult.--Very similar to Ninox philippensis from which it differs in having the head and neck spotted with rufous or tawny brown and the white spots on primary- and secondary-coverts larger; decomposed feathers below eye unusually long and entirely covering the true ear-coverts. A male from Basilan is 230 in length; wing, 177; tail, 83; culmen from base, 22; tarsus, 26. Female, length, 230; wing, 158; tail, 82; culmen from base, 21; tarsus, 28.

"Very common in the islands where it occurs. Hides among thick vines or bushes during the day. Feeds on beetles, grasshoppers, and the like. Iris yellow; legs and feet dirty, light yellow; bill pale greenish horn-color. Ten specimens average, 214 in length; wing, 162; tail, 76; culmen, 15; tarsus, 28; middle toe with claw, 22." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

227. NINOX SPILONOTA Bourns and Worcester.

SPOTTED HAWK OWL.

Ninox spilonotus Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 8.
Ninox spilonota Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 290; McGregor and
Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 47.

Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindoro (Platen, Everett,
Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Tablas (Bourns & Worcester).

"Sexes alike.--General color of upper surface fulvous-brown; feathers of head, nape, interscapulars, and wing-coverts spotted with light rufous-brown giving the parts in question a decidedly speckled appearance; rump fulvous-brown, upper tail-coverts faintly spotted with pale rufous-brown; tail nearly black with nine narrow transverse bands of light rufous-brown; quills like tail but spotted, instead of barred, with light rufous-brown; scapulars like back, some of them with large nearly white spots on outer webs; a few of greater series of wing-coverts also spotted with white on outer webs; chin and throat whitish, almost pure white in one specimen, in others light rufous-brown, the feathers always with black shaft-stripes; auriculars fulvous-brown somewhat mixed with light rufous-brown; sides of neck like head; breast, abdomen, flanks, thighs, under wing-coverts, and axillars rufous-brown, the depth of the color subject to great individual variation, many feathers of breast and abdomen with fulvous-brown spots and all with blackish bases; under surface of wing fulvous-brown. Inner webs of feathers, especially of secondaries, spotted and barred with light rufous-brown; a spot of white on bend of wing; tarsus feathered for rather more than half its length. Iris yellow; legs and feet pale yellow; bill black at tip, gray at base. Two females measure, 241 in length; culmen, 13; tarsus, 31; wing, 181; tail, 102.

"A single specimen of this species was secured in Cebu by Mr. Worcester in 1888. Its curious mottled back and under surface were suggestive of immaturity, and Dr. Steere thought it to be the young of some undescribed species. We have altogether too much material now to make such a theory tenable." (Bourns and Worcester.)

A rusty brown male was taken in Sibuyan. Iris yellow; bill and legs pale dirty greenish; cere a little darker; nails gray, blackish at tips. Length, 285; wing, 210; tail, 114; culmen from base, 23; tarsus, 32.

A male from Cebu is in the light phase. Chin, throat, and forehead mostly white; rictal bristles with white bases; scapulars spotted with white; abdomen and flanks very largely white and with no fulvous nor rusty brown wash.

228. NINOX REYI Oustalet.

REY'S HAWK OWL.

Ninox reyi Oustalet, Bull. Assoc. Sc. France (1880), No. 39, 206;
Sharpe, Ibis (1894), 245; Hand-List (1899), 1, 291; McGregor and
Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 47.

Bongao (Everett); Sulu (Montano & Rey, Marche).

Diagnosis.--Distinguished at once from the common species (Ninox philippensis) by its greater length (290 mm.), by its much longer wings passing even the tip of the tail, and finally by its reddish brown plumage and transverse brown bars on head and on shoulders. [32]

"A female from Bongao. 'Iris light yellow; bill greenish plumbeous; feet greenish yellow.' The specimen now sent appears to be not quite adult, but it shows the distinctness of the species from Ninox philippensis in the barred upper surface. The upper breast is barred with white and dark brown, and the flanks are white, with longitudinal pear-shaped mesial streaks of pale rufous-brown. The tail has likewise ten dark bands, much narrower than in N. philippensis, which has six broad bands of dark brown." (Sharpe.)

229. NINOX MINDORENSIS Grant.

MINDORO HAWK OWL.

Ninox mindorensis Grant, Ibis (1896), 463; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1899), 1, 291; McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4, 17;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 47.

Mindoro (Whitehead, McGregor, Porter).

Adult.--In color and color pattern very similar to Ninox spilonota but very much smaller; it also resembles N. spilocephala in size and pattern of upper parts but differs from the latter in having the breast and abdomen cross-barred instead of boldly striped. Both rufous and light phases occur in this species.

Male.--Iris yellow; bill, cere, and legs greenish; nails dark brown. Length, 225; wing, 167; tail, 88; culmen from base, 20; tarsus, 30.

Female.--Length, 220; wing, 158; tail, 78; culmen from base, 20; tarsus, 23.

"An adult female of this little Mindoro hawk owl was obtained in the lowlands, and is nearly allied to N. spilocephala Tweeddale, from Mindanao and Basilan, resembling that species in having the top of the head and nape barred with buff. It may, however, be at once recognized by having the whole of the under parts, including the belly and flanks, tawny-buff, transversely barred with brown, while in the female of N. spilocephala, though the breast is generally like that of the present species, the belly and flanks are always white, with longitudinal reddish brown shaft-stripes. Length, 203; wing, 152; tail, 76; tarsus, 28.

"I have of course carefully compared this species with Bourns and Worcester's description of N. spilonotus, specimens of which were obtained in Mindoro, but the much smaller size of this bird serves to at once distinguish it." (Grant.)

230. NINOX PLATENI Blasius.

PLATEN'S HAWK OWL.

Ninox plateni Blasius (in litt.), Hartlaub, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen
(1899), 16, 271; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 47.

Mindoro (Platen).

Adult female.--Above reddish brown, slightly shaded with olive; top and sides of head, hind neck, sides of neck, and mantle lighter, pale reddish, and narrowly banded; on lower back and rump the bands inconspicuous so that these parts appear nearly uniform; chin light; throat-feathers light fawn-color with dark shaft-stripes, ground color of chest and belly bright red-brown, with narrow blackish stripes; bend of wing white; scapulars and greater wing-coverts with some larger opaque white spots on outer webs; primaries with inner webs uniform black, outer webs with broad dark brown and smaller pale reddish band spots; on the tertials appear very inconspicuous, broad, darker bands, and on the whole length of the edges of the outer webs, pale fawn spots; tail-feathers with darker brownish bands of equal width; under tail-coverts light fawn; inner wing-coverts light reddish brown with darker spots. Legs light yellowish; iris yellow. Length, 250; wing, 169; tail, 80.

Male.--Differs only in the following that the bands on the lower belly and thighs are on a lighter background; and the reddish brown ground-color of chest and epigastrium is somewhat lighter. Wing, 168; tail, 80.

Another female.--The brownish red of abdomen very fiery with irregular and less distinct bands. Wing, 168 mm.; tail, 78. [33]

I doubt very much if this species is really distinct from Ninox mindorensis; the size is nearly the same and specimens of the two do not seem to have been actually compared.

Subfamily STRIGINÆ.

Genus STRIX Linnæus, 1758. [34]

Large; without ear-tufts; secondaries nearly as long as primaries; plumage compact; barred below, spotted above; legs and toes closely feathered.

231. STRIX WHITEHEADI (Sharpe).

PALAWAN BARRED OWL.

Syrnium whiteheadi Sharpe, Ibis (1888), 196, pl. 3; Hand-List
(1899), 1, 294; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 47.

Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).

"Adult male.--General color above chocolate-brown, spotted with white, the spots arranged in pairs, the one on the inner web often fulvescent; scapulars forming a light patch of tawny-buff, covered with narrow bars of chocolate-brown; lesser wing-coverts dark chocolate-brown, with scarcely any white spots; median and greater coverts more reddish chocolate-brown, transversely barred with white, slightly tinged with tawny-buff; alula and primary-coverts uniform blackish brown; quills brown, crossed with lighter and more rufous-brown bars, whiter near the edge, especially of the secondaries, which are slightly freckled externally; the innermost secondaries spotted with white, like the back; upper tail-coverts like the back, but barred with tawny-buff or whitish; tail-feathers dark chocolate-brown, barred with tawny-buff or creamy white, with which the tail is conspicuously tipped, the light bars, seven in number, on the center feathers, broader and coalescing on the remainder; crown of head like the back, thickly spotted with white, the spots arranged in pairs; feathers of the hind neck with concealed bases of tawny-buff; the mantle somewhat more uniform brown; sides of face chestnut, deeper about the eyes and on the ear-coverts, which are whiter posteriorly; ruff dark chocolate-brown, barred across with rufous; chin rufous, followed by a broad white patch, narrowly barred with black; remainder of under surface of body tawny-rufous, narrowly barred across with blackish brown including the thighs and under tail-coverts; fore neck with broad bands of white and chocolate-brown; under wing-coverts and axillars like the breast; quills below dusky brown, barred with yellowish buff, these bars broader toward the base of the inner web. Length, 444; wing, 330; tail, 190; culmen, 34; tarsus, 58.

"Of this fine owl Mr. Whitehead obtained several specimens. Its nearest ally is Syrnium sinense, but it is easily distinguished from that species by its rufescent under surface, with the absence of white bars." (Sharpe.)

Female.--In colors similar to the male, but size slightly greater. "Iris brown; eyelids dark carmine; bill and nails black." (Celestino.) Length, 460; wing, 340; tail, 200; culmen from base, 39; tarsus, 50.

"We heard a large owl, in all probability of this species, hooting at night in the Calamianes Islands; a single specimen was secured in Palawan; it measured, 432 in length; wing, 202; tail, 186; culmen, 26; tarsus, 61; middle toe with claw, 48." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Family ALUCONIDÆ.

Middle toe pectinate; ruff around eyes and across throat fully developed; primaries much longer than secondaries; proximal half of tarsus fully feathered, distal half covered with much shorter, more hair-like plumes; toes sparsely covered with hairs; plumage very soft and fluffy.

Genus ALUCO Fleming, 1822.

Characters same as those given for the Family.

232. ALUCO LONGIMEMBRIS (Jerdon).

GRASS OWL.

Strix longimembris Jerdon, Madras Jour. (1839), 10, 86.
Strix candida (not of Latham, 1801) Tickell, Jour. As. Soc. Bengal
(1833), 2, 572; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1875), 2, 308;
Hand-List (1899), 1, 302; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 342;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 48.
Aluco longimembris McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1908), 3, sec. A,
283.

Cua-gong ta-lá-hib, Manila.

Batan (McGregor, Edmonds); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Cebu
(Everett); Luzon (Heriot, Steere Exp., Whitehead, Worcester,
McGregor); Mindanao (Mearns); Siquijor (Steere Exp.). Indian
Peninsula, Burmese provinces, northern Australia, Fiji, Formosa,
Celebes.

Adult male (Benguet, Luzon, May 10, 1903).--Feathers of upper parts dark brown, the bases and edges, more or less, yellowish buff, this color forming a collar on hind neck; many of the feathers of back and wing-coverts each with a small white spot near the tip; a blackish spot in front of each eye; face white slightly tinged with buff; stiff ruff-feathers white, the outer ones with black shafts and blackish brown tips; sides of neck light tawny-buff with large brown spots; under parts white with a few small black spots on breast and flanks; breast faintly washed with buff; wing-lining and axillars white with larger black spots; primaries and secondaries, above light buff, with dark brown bars and whitish tips, below white, the tips of primaries dark brown; primary-coverts orange-buff basally; rectrices white with four blackish brown bars, the bars obsolete on outermost pair. Bill white, legs dirty brown; nails brown. Length, 395; wing, 355; tail, 135; bill from anterior border of nostril, 19; tarsus, 85; middle toe with claw, 55.

Female (Batan Island, June, 1907).--Similar to the male from Benguet but darker; under parts heavily washed with ocherous-buff; face washed with vinaceous-brown; the blackish spots of under parts more numerous. Length, 406; wing, 368; tail, 130.

The difference in color between the male and female, as described above, is not due to either age or sex and occurs in many, if not in all, of the members of this genus.

Nestling (Laguna Province, Luzon, February 15, 1906).--Wings and tail, as far as developed, like those of the adult; body and legs thickly covered with yellowish buff down.

Order PSITTACIFORMES.

COCKATOOS AND PARROTS.

Bill short, extremely strong; upper mandible movable, cered and strongly hooked as in the birds of prey; toes four, the outer toe permanently reversed; tarsus short and stout, covered with small scales. Eggs pure white, seldom with any gloss; oval, or rarely spheroidal; deposited in hollow trees.

Families.

a1. Hook of bill underneath nearly smooth or with very superficial longitudinal ridges, but with no distinct file-like surface. ... Loriidæ (p. 272) a2. Hook of bill underneath with a series of transverse ridges more or less bent along the median line and producing a file-like surface.

b1. Head crested; plumage nearly all white. ... Cacatuidæ (p. 273)
b2. Head without crest; plumage nearly all green, or green and blue,
never white. ... Psittacidæ (p. 275)

Family LORIIDÆ.

"Bill much compressed, generally longer than deep, not notched, and smooth; culmen rounded and narrow; lower mandible rather long, with the gonys narrow, straight, and obliquely slanting upward, not flattened in front and with no keel-like ridge; upper mandible with no file-like surface on the under surface of the hook; tongue brushy; cere broader over the culmen and gradually becoming narrower along the sides of the bill; * * * wing acute, with the three first quills generally the longest." (Salvadori.) In the single Philippine species the forehead is "dark rosy red."

Genus TRICHOGLOSSUS Vigors and Horsfield, 1826.

Characters same as those given for the Family.

233. TRICHOGLOSSUS JOHNSTONIÆ Hartert.

MRS. JOHNSTONE'S LORIKEET.

Trichoglossus johnstoniæ Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1903),
14, 10; Novit. Zool. (1906), 13, 755; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 48; Grant, Ibis (1906), 495; Goodfellow,
Avicult. Mag. (1906), 4, 83 (plate).

Mindanao (Goodfellow, Waterstradt).

Adult.--"Forehead dark rosy red, in the male obscured by greenish tips to the feathers; narrow loral line and broad line from the eyes backward meeting (in the female indistinctly) on the nape, dark brownish purple (not quite as dark as 'prune-purple', Ridgway's Nomenclature of Colors, pl. 8, fig. 1); rest of crown and whole upper surface grass-green, the inner webs of remiges and first primary on both webs black, all, with the exception of the first three, with a large sulphur-yellow patch in the middle of inner webs; feathers round the mandible to ear-coverts dark rose-red, those toward the ear-coverts, with yellowish-green tips; feathers of under surface dull sulphur-yellow, with gray bases and broad green tips; lower abdomen and under tail-coverts more greenish yellow, the green tips less distinct; under wing-coverts yellowish green, those near edge of wing dark green and some of the longest ones pale yellow; tail from below greenish brownish-yellow. Wing, 106 to 108; tail, 71 to 74; bill from cere to tip, [male], 14.5; [female], 12; metatarsus about 13. 'Bill yellowish red.'" (Hartert.)

Known only from specimens collected on Mount Apo, Mindanao.

Family CACATUIDÆ.

Bill very strong; edge of upper mandible strongly sinuate; lower mandible with the lower face wide and slightly rounded; a large unfeathered space about the eye; head crested; tail moderate and square; plumage nearly all white in the single Philippine species.

Subfamily CACATUINÆ.

Genus CACATUA Vieillot, 1817.

Characters same as those given for the Family.

234. CACATUA HÆMATUROPYGIA (P. L. S. Müller).

PHILIPPINE COCKATOO.

Psittacus hæmaturopygius P. L. S. Müller, Natursyst. Suppl. (1776),
77.
Cacatua hæmaturopygia Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891),
20, 130; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 11; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 48.

Ca-ta-la, Manila; a-bú-cay, Ticao and Bohol; ca-lang'-ai, Lubang.

Balabac (Steere, Everett); Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Steere
Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Doherty, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor);
Bongao (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Cebu (Everett,
Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp.,
Bourns & Worcester); Lapac (Guillemard); Leyte (Everett, Steere
Exp.); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Bourns & Worcester,
Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Steere
Exp., McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, Koch & Schadenberg, Goodfellow, Celestino); Mindoro
(Steere Exp., Schmacker, Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Negros (Meyer, Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Keay, Whitehead);
Nipa (Everett); Palawan (Steere, Lempriere, Whitehead, Platen,
Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White); Panaon (Everett); Panay
(Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Siquijor
(Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Burbidge); Tablas (Bourns
& Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Everett, Bourns & Worcester); Ticao
(McGregor).

Adult (sexes alike).--White; under tail-coverts vermilion edged with white; inner webs of remiges and rectrices sulphur-yellow much deeper on the latter and in some specimens tinged with red; sexes similar. Length, 300 to 350; three specimens measure, wing, 210 to 218; tail, 112 to 117; culmen from cere, 25 to 27; tarsus, 19 to 20. Iris bright red; naked skin around eyes, pale pink; bill dirty white; legs and nails bluish.

The ear-coverts are usually tinged with vermilion and the bases of crest-feathers are suffused with sulphur-yellow but both of these characters are variable. Bourns and Worcester killed two specimens in Panay in which "the plumage showed a peculiar faint pinkish tinge."

The "catala" is usually met with in small flocks either in forest or fields; its presence is proclaimed by the conspicuous white plumage and harsh note. In the island of Ticao we observed this species nesting in holes in dead trees but we secured only young birds; these resembled the adult. Bourns and Worcester took nestlings in Masbate in May, 1888.

"Iris of females usually blood-red, sometimes brown. We are inclined to think red the normal color in fully adult females. Iris in males very dark brown to black; bare skin around the eye creamy white; bill drab, with white tip. Three females measure, 315 in length; wing, 206; tail, 110; culmen, 25; tarsus, 18; middle toe and claw, 38." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Family PSITTACIDÆ.

Bill with a series of transverse ridges under the hook; head uncrested; colors green and blue, or green, blue, and red; never white.

Subfamily PALÆORNITHINÆ.

Genera.

a1. Larger; length, more than 250 mm.; wing, more than 125 mm.

b1. Smaller; wing, about 150 mm.; middle pair of rectrices elongated
and racket-tipped. ... Prioniturus (p. 275)
b2. Larger; wing, about 200 mm.; rectrices graduate. ... Tanygnathus
(p. 281)

a2. Smaller; length, less than 190 mm.; wing, less than 115 mm.

b1. Larger; bill heavier; culmen exceeding width of bill but
little. ... Bolbopsittacus (p. 284)
b2. Smaller; bill more slender; culmen twice the width of
bill. ... Loriculus (p. 286)

Genus PRIONITURUS Wagler, 1832.

Length, 280 to 300 mm.; bill moderate, edge of upper mandible nicked; tail moderate, rectrices equal, except middle pair which are nearly twice as long as the others and racket-tipped; colors blue, green, and greenish yellow; in two species the male has a red crown-patch. Rectrices below verditer-blue; inner web of remiges below with a wide edge of verditer-blue; first primary above edged with blue on outer web. The key is based on male birds. The name parrakeet (the same as parrokeet, parakeet, paroquet, etc.) is applied to any of the smaller parrots, more particularly to those that have long tails.

Species.

a1. Wing, 160 to 173 mm.

b1. A bright red patch on vertex.

c1. "Hind neck yellowish green". ... verticalis (p. 276)
c2. Hind neck grass-green. ... montanus (p. 276)

b2. No red patch on vertex.

c1. Rump green like the back.

d1. Forehead green. ... discurus (p. 277)
d2. Forehead and crown blue. ... suluensis (p. 277)

c2. "Rump light greenish brown". ... waterstradti (p. 279)

a2. Wing, 142 to 155 mm.

b1. Upper parts not uniform in color.

c1. Top of head violet-blue. ... mindorensis (p. 279)
c2. Top of head verditer-blue; throat and breast
blue. ... cyaneiceps (p. 280)

b2. Upper and under parts nearly uniform; general color more
yellowish. ... luconensis (p. 280)

235. PRIONITURUS VERTICALIS Sharpe.

EVERETT'S RACKET-TAILED PARRAKEET.

Prioniturus verticalis Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1893), 3,
10; Ibis (1894), 248, pl. 6; Hand-List (1900), 2, 29; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 48.

Bongao (Everett); Sibutu (Everett); Tawi Tawi (Everett, Bourns
& Worcester).

Male.--Crown light blue with a small scarlet patch in the center; forehead, nape, and sides of head grass-green; neck and sides of neck yellowish green; remainder of upper parts, including exposed edges of wing- and tail-feathers, dark grass-green; lower parts greenish yellow, breast clearer yellow, abdomen, flanks, and crissum more greenish. A male from Tawi Tawi measures: Wing, 180; tail with rackets, 150; culmen from front margin of cere, 21.

Female.--"Differs from the male in being emerald-green all over, and wanting the verditer-blue on the head as well as the scarlet spot on the latter." (Sharpe.)

"Discovered by us in October, 1891; it is the finest of the Philippines representatives of the genus. Found in deep forest, but especially abundant in the high mangrove trees south of Tataan. The amount of red on its head is exaggerated in the plate in The Ibis, and it is too light in color.

"Eight males from Tawi Tawi measure, 268 in length; wing, 171; tail, exclusive of racket, 90; culmen, 22; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 29. Four females measure, length, 255; wing, 165; tail, 96; culmen, 21; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 28. Iris varies from pale yellow to hazel; legs and feet gray; nails gray to black; bill gray to white." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

236. PRIONITURUS MONTANUS Grant.

MOUNTAIN RACKET-TAILED PARRAKEET.

Prioniturus montanus Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1895), 4, 41;
Ibis (1895), 466; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 397; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1900), 2, 29; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 48.

U-lis', Benguet.

Luzon (Whitehead, Worcester, McGregor, Mearns.)

Male.--Forehead, lores, and face blue, bases of the feathers largely green; a large red spot on vertex, surrounded by blue; hind head, neck, and sides of neck grass-green; mantle, back, and rump duller and more yellowish green; wings, upper tail-coverts, and middle pair of rectrices grass-green; lower parts green, slightly yellowish. Iris gray; bill, legs, and nails light horn-blue. Whitehead gives the iris as "dark brown." Length, including rackets, 305 to 317; two males measure, wing, 164 to 166; tail, without rackets, 84 to 85; culmen from cere, 20 to 21; tarsus, 15 to 16.

Female.--Much like male but red and blue of head and face replaced by dark green; a slight trace of blue on forehead and around eyes. Colors of soft parts as in the male. "Differs from the female of P. verticalis in having the head dull grass-green, the forehead, lores, sides of the crown, and feathers round the eyes being washed with blue. The under parts are like those of the male and never yellow-green as in the Sibutu female." (Grant.) One female measures, wing, 158; tail without rackets, 83; culmen from cere, 20; tarsus, 17.

Young.--Immature birds of each sex resemble the adult female.

The mountain racket-tailed parrakeet was discovered by Whitehead in the mountains of Abra and Lepanto Provinces. At San Jose a live bird was purchased. The natives said it "had been snared in their maize-fields and that it was common enough when the cereal was ripe." We collected a number of specimens in Benguet Province where it was not uncommon though somewhat difficult to secure; the species is well known to the Igorot by the name "u-lis." It is improbable that this beautiful parrot occurs below the pine belt but with our meager knowledge of the vertical distribution of birds in the Philippines it is better to follow this statement with a large interrogation mark. This species is very noisy and does not differ in habits from lowland members of the genus.

237. PRIONITURUS DISCURUS (Vieillot).

PHILIPPINE RACKET-TAILED PARRAKEET.

Psittacus discurus Vieillot, Gal. des Ois. (previous to 1823),
1, 7, pl. 26.
Prioniturus discurus Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891),
20, 417; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 29, McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 49.
Prioniturus discurus suluënsis Blasius, Jour. für Orn. (1890),
140. [35]

Pa-lé-ta, Manila; ma-ná-guin, Ticao; ca-gak', Bohol.

Basilan (Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Doherty,
McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu
(Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere
Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Luzon
(Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead); Masbate (Steere Exp.,
Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Cuming, Murray, Everett,
Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, Goodfellow); Negros
(Steere Exp., Whitehead, Keay); Samar (Steere Exp., Whitehead);
Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Sulu (Burbidge, Platen,
Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester).

Adult.--General color green, vertex verditer-blue changing with the light; rest of head, neck, and face bright grass-green; rest of upper parts and wings dark green; below uniform yellowish green; spatules black, sometimes tinged with green or with blue; short rectrices blue along shaft, bordered with green and tipped with black. Sexes alike. Iris dark; cere very dark blue; bill light horn-blue; feet and nails darker blue. Length, including rackets, 292 to 317; four specimens from Ticao measure, wing, 160 to 169; tail without rackets, 76 to 85; culmen from cere, 21 to 23; tarsus, 15 to 17.

"A common and widely spread species. P. discurus, as well as the other five Philippine representatives of the genus, is usually met with in the forest or in fruit trees in the open, where it has gone to feed. At certain seasons it frequents the mangrove swamps. All the Philippine species are birds of very rapid flight, and scream almost constantly when on the wing. They usually fly in small flocks. In the forest they make the most of their protective coloring, and one may pass within ten feet of one without seeing it.

"Measurements are given exclusive of rackets. Four males from Basilan measure, 232 in length; wing, 149; tail, 66; culmen, 21; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 28.

"Sibuyan birds are slightly larger, and have a light yellowish green area on back, but we do not feel warranted in separating them. Three females from Sibuyan measure, 257 in length; wing, 161; tail, 134; culmen, 22; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 29. Iris brown; legs and feet leaden; nails blackish; bill grayish white." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

238. PRIONITURUS WATERSTRADTI Rothschild.

WATERSTRADT'S RACKET-TAILED PARRAKEET.

Prioniturus waterstradti Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1904),
14, 72; Hartert, Novit. Zool. (1906), 13, 756; Grant, Ibis (1906),
495; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 49.

Mindanao (Waterstradt, Goodfellow).

Male.--"Forehead to the eyes pale blue, the feathers being green at base; lores and sides of face greenish blue; sinciput and nape grass-green; scapulars and back green with a slight brownish tinge; rump light greenish brown; wings outwardly bright green, inner webs of remiges, blackish from above, pale bluish from below; upper wing-coverts grass-green, slightly tinged with blue near bend of wing; rectrices, bright green from above, bluish from below, tipped with dull black for about 12 to 14 mm., the central pair quite green except the shaft and spatules, which are dull black; entire under side uniform yellowish green. Bill (in skin) whitish with leaden-gray base; feet dark gray. Wing, 152 to 157; tail, about 66, with lengthened central pair, 120 to 140; culmen from cere, 22; metatarsus, 15. One specimen marked '[female]' is similar to the male." (Rothschild.)

This species is known from specimens collected by Waterstradt on Mount Apo at 900 meters elevation, and by Goodfellow at 2,500 meters.

239. PRIONITURUS MINDORENSIS Steere.

MINDORO RACKET-TAILED PARRAKEET.

Prioniturus mindorensis Steere, List Birds and Mams. Steere
Exped. (1890), 6; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20,
419; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 29; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 49.

Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Everett, Bourns & Worcester,
Whitehead, McGregor, Porter).

Male.--Most nearly related to P. discurus but distinguished by the crown patch which in mindorensis is blue with a slight violet tinge and is sharply defined in front against the green forehead; the bill is larger and the rackets are never so long as in adult specimens of discurus. Length, including rackets, 317; wing, 165; tail without rackets, 90; culmen from front margin of cere, 22.

Female.--Similar to female of discurus but often with traces of the violet crown patch. Length, including rackets, 300; wing, 160; tail without rackets, 90; culmen from front margin of cere, 21.

"Three males average, 268 in length, exclusive of rackets; wing, 162; tail, 135; culmen, 20; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 28. A female measures, 261 in length; wing, 154; tail, 118; culmen, 21; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 27. Iris light straw-yellow, nearly white; legs, feet, and nails light leaden; bill pale horn-color." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

240. PRIONITURUS CYANEICEPS Sharpe.

BLUE RACKET-TAILED PARRAKEET.

Prioniturus cyaneiceps Sharpe, Ibis (1888), 194; Hand-List (1900),
2, 29; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20, 419; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 49.

Balabac (Steere, Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester,
McGregor); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, Celestino, White).

Male.--All of head, neck, and under parts bright verditer-blue, a little duller below where the feathers are yellowish at base, this when specimen is held toward the light, away from the light the blue parts become light bluish green; under tail-coverts bright greenish yellow and tipped with green; wings, back, and rump grass-green; tail-spatules black, touched with green; short rectrices green, deep blue along the shaft, tip black. Bill bluish white; legs blackish. A male from Palawan measures: Wing, 150; tail without rackets, 77; culmen from front margin of cere, 19.

Female.--Differs from the male in having the blue restricted to top and sides of head and in having the lower parts uniform light green with traces of blue; under tail-coverts deeper yellow than in the male.

Young.--"Green, with no verditer-blue shade on the head and neck; greater wing-coverts and secondaries edged with yellowish green; under parts yellowish green; under tail-coverts yellow, washed with greenish; middle tail-feathers longer than the lateral ones, narrow towards the point and entirely webbed." (Salvadori.)

"Ten males from Busuanga measure, 238 in length (exclusive of rackets, which may attain a length of 60 to 75); wing, 154; tail, 77; culmen, 19; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 26. Seven females average, 233 in length; wing, 150; tail, 76; culmen, 19; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 26." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

241. PRIONITURUS LUCONENSIS Steere.

LUZON RACKET-TAILED PARRAKEET.

Prioniturus luconensis Steere, List Birds and Mams. Steere
Exped. (1890), 6; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20,
420; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 49.
Prioniturus luzonensis Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 29.

Luzon (Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.).

Male.--General color bright yellow-green, very slightly darker on back and rump; alula, primaries, and coverts dark green; short rectrices green above, with wide dark tips; spatules black and dark blue. Iris dark brown; bill and feet light blue; nails horn-blue. Sexes alike? Length, with rackets, about 305; two males from Mariveles, Bataan Province, measure, wing, 140 to 143; tail without rackets, 67 to 73; culmen from cere, 17 to 18; tarsus, 13 to 14.

"Immature.--Differs from the adult in having the middle tail-feathers with the shaft not naked and with no developed spatula, although the webs become narrower before the end; the tips of the two middle tail-feathers are blue; the lateral tail-feathers have, towards the end, less blue than in the adult bird." (Salvadori.)

"We found this beautiful species common about the foot of Monte Arayat, in central Luzon, though we failed to meet with it in Albay or Catanduanes. In north Luzon it was abundant in the maize fields, feeding on the flower at the top of the plant. Young were obtained in the month of May in Isabella." Whitehead, Ibis, (1899), 397.

Genus TANYGNATHUS Wagler, 1832.

Bill very heavy and strongly curved; edge of mandible but slightly nicked; tail long; rectrices graduated, about 25 mm. difference between longest feathers and shortest; colors green and yellowish green; wing-coverts variegated; length, 300 mm.

Species.

a1. Top of head bright blue; back green. ... lucionensis (p. 281) a2. Top of head green; back blue.

b1. Median upper wing-coverts edged with pure golden
yellow. ... megalorhynchos (p. 283)
b2. Median and greater upper wing-coverts edged with yellowish green.

c1. Wing about 195 mm.; head darker green. ... everetti (p. 283)
c2. Wing about 225 mm.; head lighter, more yellowish
green. ... burbidgei (p. 284)

242. TANYGNATHUS LUCIONENSIS (Linnæus).

PHILIPPINE GREEN PARROT.

Psittacus lucionensis Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), 1, 146.
Tanygnathus luconensis Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891),
20, 424; Grant, Ibis (1896), 561 (critical notes).
Tanygnathus luzonensis Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 30.
Tanygnathus lucionensis McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 49.

Pi-coy', Bohol and Ticao.

Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, Doherty, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Cagayan Sulu
(Guillemard, McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Caluya
(Porter); Cebu (Everett, McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere
Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Lapac (Guillemard); Leyte (Everett);
Luzon (Meyer, Whitehead, McGregor); Maestre de Campo (McGregor &
Worcester); Malanipa (Murray); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate
(Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Murray, Everett,
Koch & Schadenberg, Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Celestino);
Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor,
Porter); Negros (Layard, Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Keay);
Palawan (Steere, Everett, Lempriere, Whitehead, Platen, Steere
Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns
& Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar
(Whitehead); Sibutu (Everett); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester,
McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu
(Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester);
Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor).

Adult.--Forehead, lores, and sides of face grass-green connecting with the grass-green collar of hind neck; [36] crown and occiput bright blue; rest of upper parts green, yellowish on the mantle and more or less mixed with light blue on the back; below yellowish green, becoming clear green on abdomen and under tail-coverts; primaries blackish on inner web, dark green on outer web, tips of shorter ones blue; secondaries mostly blue with light green edges; tertials green with blue tips; alula and primary-coverts dark blue, black along the shafts and more or less washed with green; distal greater and median coverts bright blue with yellow-green margins; proximal greater and median coverts with the middle black, surrounded by a narrow line of bright blue followed by a wide edge of old gold; lesser coverts black, some of the proximal ones bordered with blue and old gold; tail grass-green above, dark golden yellow below.

Iris very pale straw, a narrow inner ring of darker yellow; upper mandible bright scarlet, except tip which like the lower mandible is dull yellow, cere black; legs dull green; nails dark horn. Length, 300 to 330 mm. Specimens from different parts of the Archipelago vary greatly in measurements and colors. The sexes do not differ except that the female is a little the smaller. Four males from Ticao average: Wing, 195; tail, 132; culmen from cere, 33; tarsus, 18. Two females from Ticao average: Wing, 187; tail, 126; culmen from cere, 28; tarsus, 18.

Young.--Differs from the adult in having little or no blue on the head and face which are green; back largely sky-blue; blue of wings and coverts largely replaced by green; the coverts bordered with light yellowish green.

"The Philippine green parrot is the common cage bird of the natives, who have doubtless aided in its dispersal. Escaped cage birds were shot by us on several occasions. Called 'picoi' by the natives. Occurs in deep forest, but is also very common in the open, especially about dead trees, where it nests in natural cavities or in deserted holes of the great woodpeckers (Thriponax).

"Iris of male birds has an outer ring of white and an inner of brown; iris of females light yellow; legs and feet drab, nails black; bill scarlet, yellowish at tip. Fully adult specimens show very great variability as to size, running from 300 to 395. Fourteen males from Tawi Tawi measure 325 in length; wing, 191; tail, 126; culmen, 29; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 29. Two females from Masbate measure, length, 311; wing, 180; tail, 124; culmen, 30; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 35." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Grant finds some very considerable differences among specimens of this species from various islands but evidently he considers them to be of less than even subspecific value. Possibly this species will eventually be split into several subspecies or races.

243. TANYGNATHUS MEGALORHYNCHOS (Boddaert).

LARGE-BILLED PARROT.

Psittacus megalorhynchos Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl. (1783), 45.
Tanygnathus megalorhynchus Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891),
20, 426; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 30.

Balut (Mearns). Western New Guinea, Papuan and Molucca Islands,
Sangi, Talaut, and Togian Islands.

"Adult.--Green, underneath yellowish green; sides yellow; feathers of the interscapular region green, edged with light blue; lower back and uropygium light blue; scapulars black, edged with blue; quills and greater upper wing-coverts blue, edged with green; smaller and median upper wing-coverts black, the last edged with bright yellow; under wing-coverts and axillars yellow; tail above green, with yellow tip, underneath golden yellow, duller towards the base. 'Iris yellowish, with an outer ring white; bill coral-red; feet lead-color.' (D'Albertis.) Length, 432; wing, 238 to 254; tail, 150 to 160; bill, 45 to 51; tarsus, 21.

"Female.--Has the bill smaller than the male.

"Young.--Has the scapulars and the upper wing-coverts not so black and more greenish, and the yellow edges of the same paler." (Salvadori.)

244. TANYGNATHUS EVERETTI Tweeddale.

BLUE-BACKED PARROT.

Tanygnathus everetti Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1877),
20, (4), 533; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20, 432,
pl. 10; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 30; Whitehead, Ibis (1899),
398; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 49.

Luzon (Whitehead); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Celestino);
Negros (Whitehead); Panay (Steere Exp.).

Male.--General color green; entire head and neck grass-green, the neck with a yellow tinge; mantle grass-green, each feather edged with dark blue; back and rump dark blue; tail-coverts green, some of them edged with blue; wings green, some of the smaller coverts edged with yellowish green; under parts green, some feathers on abdomen and sides of breast slightly edged with blue; tail-feathers above green with yellowish tips, below golden yellow. Bill bright red, feet blackish in skin. Length, 330; wing, 196; tail, 136; culmen from cere, 31.

Female.--Like the male but the bill white. Wing, 195; tail, 138; culmen from cere, 31.

"Rare about Zamboanga. Only one specimen obtained. Mr. Moseley, of the Steere Expedition, killed one specimen in Panay, and Mr. Worcester saw another so near that there was no room for doubt as to its identity. Two specimens in the Jesuit Museum at Manila are marked 'Negros.' We searched for it in vain in Samar." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

"This parrot may prove to have a much wider distribution in the Philippines than is at present known, our discovery of the bird in north Luzon being a mere chance. * * * Male, iris orange; bill rosy red; feet dull olive-brown; female, iris orange; bill creamy white; feet dull olive-brown." (Whitehead.)

245. TANYGNATHUS BURBIDGEI Sharpe.

BURBIDGE'S PARROT.

Tanygnathus burbidgei Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1879), 313;
Hand-List (1900), 21, 30; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891),
20, 432, pl. 11; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 49.

Bongao (Everett); Sulu (Burbidge, Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester);
Tawi Tawi (Everett, Bourns & Worcester).

"Adult.--Dark green; head and neck bright yellowish green; lower back and uropygium deep turquoise-blue; upper wing-coverts with very narrow yellowish green edges; tail above dark green; underneath dull golden olive. Iris red; bill vermilion; tarsus dull olive-brown." (Guillemard.) Length, 406; wing, 223; tail, 157; bill, 38; tarsus, 19.

"Young.--A little smaller than the adult, the head somewhat darker and the bill whitish.

"This is a very distinct species, resembling T. everetti, but much larger and with the head lighter than the body, and no blue edgings to the feathers of the interscapular region." (Salvadori.)

"Common in Sulu but very shy, and seemed to be shot-proof. Unfortunately, too, it was molting at the time of our stay, and but two good specimens were secured. Readily distinguished from T. lucionensis by its cry alone. Found in deep forest, and in fruit trees in the open.

"Two males average, 375 in length; wing, 213; tail, 150; culmen, 33. Less common in Tawi Tawi, and observed only in the forest." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus BOLBOPSITTACUS Salvadori, 1891.

Bill short and very broad; edge of upper mandible strongly sinuate but not toothed; the short, nearly equal, rectrices extend but little beyond the tail-coverts; colors green, yellow, and blue; length, 140 to 165 mm.

Species. [37]

a1. Cheeks blue.

b1. Cheeks and collar pale blue. ... lunulatus, [male] (p. 285)
b2. Cheeks and collar bright blue. ... intermedius, [male] (p. 285)

a2. Cheeks green.

b1. Collar deep blue. ... mindanensis, [male] (p. 286)
b2. Collar yellow, with crescent-like black bands. ... lunulatus,
[female] (p. 285); mindanensis, [female] (p. 286)
b3. Collar faint orange-yellow. ... intermedius, [female] (p. 285)

246. BOLBOPSITTACUS LUNULATUS (Scopoli).

LUZON GUAIABERO.

Psittacus lunulatus Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1786),
86.
Bolbopsittacus lunulatus Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891),
20, 504; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 34; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 49.

Bo-bó-toc, gua-ya-bé-ro, Luzon.

Luzon (Cuming, Möllendorff, Steere, Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp.,
Whitehead, McGregor).

Male.--General color green, lighter below; lores, orbit, cheeks, a narrow line on forehead, and a narrow collar on hind neck pale blue; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts light greenish yellow; the longest coverts clear green; primaries, primary-coverts, and alula blue on outer webs, inner webs black; ends of primaries more or less green; on under side of wing a pale yellowish band across inner webs of secondaries and shorter primaries; rectrices green above, blue below. Iris brown, cere black; bill black, with base white; legs dull green; nails horn-brown. In the female all of the lower mandible is dirty white. Three males and three females from Bataan Province average, wing, 98; tail, 36; culmen from cere, 18; tarsus, 13.

Female.--Differs from the male in having the lower parts lighter green; blue of head confined to feathers of lower cheeks overhanging chin on each side; a narrow ring of light green around eye; collar on hind neck yellow, each feather with two narrow crescentic lines of blackish green; lower back and rump green, with blackish crescentic marks. Same size as the male.

Young.--"Young male resembles the female." (Salvadori.)

247. BOLBOPSITTACUS INTERMEDIUS Salvadori.

INTERMEDIATE GUAIABERO.

Bolbopsittacus intermedius Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891),
20, 505; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 34; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 49.

Leyte (Whitehead); Samar (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

Male.--"Similar to the male of B. lunulatus, from which it differs in having the face of a deeper blue with a purple tinge, and a blue collar on the lower part of the hind neck brighter and like that of B. mindanensis; the under parts are of a deeper and brighter green than either in B. lunulatus or in B. mindanensis; bill black; feet greenish. Length, 147; wing, 99; tail, 33; bill, 19; tarsus, 10." (Salvadori.)

Female.--"It differs from the male in having the blue of the head confined to the throat, the cheeks being light green. Around the eye a ring of green lighter than that of crown. The blue collar is replaced by an indistinct collar of faint orange-yellow. Rump only slightly lighter than back and green, not yellow as in male. Under surface slightly lighter and more yellowish. Thighs green instead of yellow.

"A young male is like the female but has less blue on sides of throat." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"A male measures 168 in length; wing, 98; tail, 33; culmen, 18; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 22. Two females measure: Length, 168; wing, 95; tail, 35; culmen, 19; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 20. Iris dark brown; legs and feet light olive-green; nails black; bill blackish at tip, gray at base; cere black. Food guavas. All of the specimens obtained were shot from a flock found in a mangrove swamp the day before our departure from Samar." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

248. BOLBOPSITTACUS MINDANENSIS (Steere).

MINDANAO GUAIABERO.

Cyslopsitta mindanensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere
Exped. (1890), 6.
Bolbopsittacus mindanensis Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891),
20, 506; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 34; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 49; Grant, Ibis (1906), 494.

Mindanao (Cuming, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
Goodfellow, Celestino); Panaon (Everett).

"Adult male.--Differs from that of B. lunulatus in having the cheeks green, the blue round the eyes separated by the green cheeks from the blue of the throat; the collar on the lower hind neck is of a brighter and deeper blue; the green of the head has a yellowish tinge, contrasting with the purer green color of the back. Iris dark brown; bill black, the base of the maxilla light gray; feet greenish." (Everett.) Length, about 152; wing, 96 to 99; tail, 33; bill, 18; tarsus, 10.

"Adult female.--Exactly similar to the female of B. lunulatus." (Salvadori.)

"Two males average, 159 in length; wing, 97; tail, 39; culmen, 18; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 20. Six females, length, 154; wing, 96; tail, 41; culmen, 18; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 19. Iris brown; legs and feet light olive-green. Called by the natives 'guayabero' from its habit of eating guavas. On the few occasions when we met with this species it occurred in flocks. It is a common cage bird in Mindanao. We searched in vain for it in Basilan, but are by no means satisfied that it does not exist there." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus LORICULUS Blyth, 1849.

Length, about 150 mm.; bill compressed; tail short, rectrices slightly graduated and extending a little beyond tail-coverts; general color grass-green, more yellowish below; forehead, rump, and upper tail-coverts scarlet; tail green above, blue below; under surface of primaries black, widely edged with blue on inner webs; adult males with a large, oval scarlet spot on throat and breast; bases of the feathers yellow; adult females and immature males with blue cheeks; young in first plumage with scarlet rump and tail-coverts, but neither blue nor red on head.

Species. [38]

a1. Bill orange red.

b1. No blue on crown.

c1. Red on head confined to the forehead.

d1. Rectrices dark green above, with very little if any blue.

e1. Interscapular region golden yellow, more or less tinged
with orange; in the adult male a red patch on throat and
cheeks green; in female no red patch on throat; cheeks and
chin bluish. ... chrysonotus (p. 288)
e2. Interscapular region green, with no golden orange tinge;
cheeks green in the male, bluish in the female.

f1. A golden-orange band on hind neck, more or less
orange-yellow on the crown.

g1. Vertex bright orange-yellow, sharply defined in
the male; slightly tinged with orange and cheeks blue
in female.

h1. Orange crown-patch larger. ... regulus (p. 288)
h2. Orange crown-patch smaller. ... bournsi (p. 289)

g2. Vertex and hind neck with a very slight yellow
tinge, both in males and females; female like that of
regulus. ... philippensis (p. 290)

f2. No orange band on hind neck or at most only a trace;
red of forehead ending sharply against bright green of
crown. ... mindorensis (p. 290)

d2. Rectrices dark green above, lateral rectrices deep blue
toward the tips. ... siquijorensis (p. 291)

c2. Red on head continuous from forehead to nape and becoming
orange on nape.

d1. Crown-patch wider, spreading out posteriorly and ending
broadly.

e1. Back less heavily washed with golden yellow. ... apicalis
(p. 292)
e2. Back more heavily washed with golden yellow. ... dohertyi
(p. 292)

d2. Crown-patch narrower, tapering sharply to a point
posteriorly. ... worcesteri (p. 293)

a2. Bill black.

b1. A deep blue spot on middle of crown. ... galgulus (p. 294)
b2. No blue on crown. ... bonapartei (p. 294)

249. LORICULUS CHRYSONOTUS Sclater.

CEBU COLASISI.

Loriculus chrysonotus Sclater, Ibis (1872), 324, pl. 11; Salvadori,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20, 522; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900),
2, 36; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 50.

Co-lan'-si, Toledo, Cebu.

Cebu (Meyer, Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
McGregor).

"Adult male (type).--Green, underneath yellowish green; forehead, rump, and upper tail-coverts red; vertex, occiput, nape, and upper back golden yellow; an obsolete spot in the middle of the nape, also the upper back, tinged with orange; cheeks, sides of the head and of the neck grass-green; a large patch on the throat orange-red, the yellow color of the base of the feathers showing through; sides of the lower back tinged with blue; quills and tail above dark green; inner web of the quills and tail beneath blue; tail-feathers tipped with light green. 'Iris brown; bill orange-red; feet orange.' (Everett.) Length, 157; wing, 99; tail, 51; bill, 15; tarsus, 11.

"Adult female.--Differs from the male in having the anterior part of the cheeks and throat tinged with blue; no red patch on the throat; the golden yellow tinge on the head and nape not so bright; the upper back, or interscapular region, green, slightly washed with golden orange, and the blue tinge on the sides of the lower back paler." (Salvadori.)

"This was the only Loriculus which we failed to find abundantly in coconut-trees where the trees themselves were accessible. In 1888 several days of hard work in the great coconut-groves near Carmen, Cebu, brought us but a single specimen. In 1893, however, we found it quite abundant in the woods near Toledo. It is possible that its disappearance from the coconut-groves of the east coast is due to the lack of suitable breeding ground near by. The forest has been almost entirely cleared from the island, and the little which remains will soon be gone.

"Five males average, 154 in length; wing, 96; tail, 54; culmen, 14; tarsus, 11; middle toe with claw, 19. Five females, length, 157; wing, 97; tail, 55; culmen, 13; tarsus, 11; middle toe with claw, 20. Iris dark brown; legs and feet orange-red; nails black; bill usually scarlet, may be pale red or even yellow." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

250. LORICULUS REGULUS Souancé.

CENTRAL ISLAND COLASISI.

Loriculus regulus Souancé, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. (1856), 222;
Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20, 523; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1900), 2, 36; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 50.
Loriculus panayensis Tweeddale, Challenger Report (1881), 2,
Zool. pt. 8, pl. 1.

Có-si, Ticao and Masbate.

Guimaras (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Masbate (Steere Exp.,
Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Meyer, Everett, Steere
Exp., Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Panay (Murray, Steere,
Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor).

Adult male.--A wide band of golden yellow across vertex, touching the scarlet forehead; a narrow band of golden orange on nape; mantle and back grass-green. A male from Ticao measures: Length, 145; wing, 93; tail, 46; culmen from cere, 16.

Adult female.--Vertex green, tinged with yellow; a narrow band of golden orange on nape; cheeks tinged with light blue; throat and breast yellowish green. A female from Ticao measures: Length, 150; wing, 93; tail, 42; culmen from cere, 14.