Chapter XXVIII: Preface (27)

Batan (McGregor); Bohol (Everett); Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin
N. (McGregor); Fuga (McGregor); Luzon (Heriot, Steere Exp.,
Whitehead, Bartsch); Mindanao (Bourns & Worcester); Sulu
(Bartsch). Indian and Malay Peninsulas, southern Europe,
Indo-Chinese countries, Greater and Lesser Sunda Islands, Ceylon,
China, Africa, Celebes.

Male, in worn plumage (Batan Island, June).--Above earthy brown; head and neck nearly uniform, much faded; feathers of back and tail-coverts with wide blackish brown centers; lores and superciliary line white; cheeks, ear-coverts, and under parts white; flanks and thighs ocherous-buff; wing-feathers dark or blackish brown with whitish edges; rectrices dark brown basally, followed by a wide ocherous-buff space, subterminal band blackish brown, wide tip white. Wing, 53; tail, 40; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 23.

Male and female in fresh plumage (Calayan Island, November).--Similar to the male described, but feathers on head blackish brown, edged with buff; neck, rump, and edges of dorsal feathers dark buff, more rusty buff on rump; edges of wing-feathers wider and more rusty than in the worn plumage; middle pair of rectrices dark buff with blackish shaft-streaks, the shafts light; outermost pair of rectrices with outer webs and wide tips white, the greater part of inner webs blackish; remaining rectrices with wide white tips and subterminal black bands, the latter fading into dark brown toward base of tail; under part of body white; breast and crissum washed with buff; flanks and thighs rusty buff. Male, wing, 56; tail, 53; culmen from base, 11; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 22. Female, wing, 48; tail, 46; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 20.

On the authority of Colonel Legge, Sharpe says that in the male the inside of the mouth is black, while in the female it is fleshy.

"Common in the deep grass of the open fields. The habits of the various species of this genus found in the Philippines are practically the same. They live in the grass, and when flushed fly in a curious, jerky way for a short distance, and then drop back into the grass where they instantly disappear. They sometimes perch on tall grass stems or low bushes, and make a series of noises more like the notes of some great grasshopper than those of a bird. We several times found them perched in trees and singing. Four females from Mindanao measure: Length, 105; wing, 46; tail, 38; culmen, 12; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 17. Legs, feet, and nails pale reddish brown; upper mandible nearly black, lower pale at tip, black at base." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

565. CISTICOLA EXILIS (Vigors and Horsfield).

GOLDEN-HEADED CISTICOLA.

Malurus exilis Vigors and Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1825),
15, 223.
Cisticola exilis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 269;
Hand-List (1903), 4, 198; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 221 (habits);
Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 194; McGregor and
Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 89.

Pí-rot, Bohol, Siquijor; pi-pit co-gon, Manila.

Bantayan (McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns &
Worcester); Caluya (Porter); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Leyte (Bartsch); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Steere Exp., Whitehead,
McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester);
Mindanao (Everett, Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro (Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Everett, Bourns & Worcester);
Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Samar
(Bourns & Worcester); Semirara (McGregor & Worcester); Sibay
(McGregor & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor
(Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns &
Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde
(McGregor). Southern China, India Peninsula, Burmese provinces,
Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Australia, Formosa.

Adult male (May to August).--Top of head golden buff becoming dusky on hind neck; back ashy gray heavily streaked with black; lower back, rump, and tail-coverts dark tawny buff; under parts heavily washed with tawny buff, most heavily on sides and thighs; middle of breast and thighs lighter and nearly white; wing-feathers blackish brown, more or less edged with ashy gray or rusty buff; tail blackish, tipped with dark buff. A male from Bohol measures: Wing, 42; tail, 31; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 6; tarsus, 29.

Female.--Similar to the male, but top of head fulvous-brown, heavily streaked with black.

Male in non-breeding plumage resembles the female, having a streaked crown and the under parts mostly white.

Young, in first plumage, resemble the adult in non-breeding plumage, but the under parts, especially the face, throat, and breast, are washed with pale lemon-yellow.

"Three males from Sulu measure: Length, 90; wing, 40.6; tail, 35.5; culmen, 11.6; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 14. Two females, length, 97; wing, 40; tail, 36.5; culmen, 12; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 15." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus MEGALURUS Horsfield, 1821.

Bill small and slender, culmen gently curved; bill from nostril a little less than hind toe without claw; rictal bristles few and small; first primary more than one-half second, the latter considerably exceeded by third; fifth and sixth equal and longest; rectrices long, pointed, and much graduated, the inner ones usually considerably abraded; tail much longer than wing; tarsus long and heavy; toes short; tarsus about two-fifths of wing.

Species.

a1. Much larger; wing, about 100 mm.; tarsus, about 38; top of head earthy brown. ... palustris (p. 582) a2. Much smaller; wing, about 70 mm.; tarsus, about 28; top of head rusty brown. ... tweeddalei (p. 583)

566. MEGALURUS PALUSTRIS Horsfield.

STRIATED MARSH WARBLER.

Megalurus palustris Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1820), 13, 159;
Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 7, 123; Hand-List (1903), 4,
202; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1889), 1, 383, fig. 122 (head);
Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 219 (habits); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds'
Eggs (1905), 4, 199; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 89.

Su-nód ca-la-bao, Manila.

Bohol (McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Luzon (Cuming,
Kittlitz, Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester,
McGregor, Bartsch); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns &
Worcester); Mindanao (Mearns); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Everett,
Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Steere Exp.);
Ticao (McGregor). Manipur, Burmese provinces, southeastern New
Guinea, northern and central India to Bhutun and Buxa Doars,
Assam, Java.

Adult.--Above sandy buff; back heavily streaked with black; top of head and tail-coverts faintly streaked with brown; superciliary line white; ear-coverts and space behind eye sandy brown; lores and cheeks whitish; under parts white; sides of breast, flanks, thighs, and crissum washed with buff; lower throat, sides, and crissum with dark brown shaft-lines; wing-feathers blackish, edged with pale sandy buff; basal portion of primaries and secondaries edged with light rusty buff; rectrices brown, edged with lighter brown. Iris brown; upper mandible brown, lower mandible horn-blue; legs and feet brown. In worn plumage the upper parts appear much blacker and the shaft-streaks on under parts are more prominent. A male from Luzon measures: Wing, 100; tail, 142; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 36. A female in worn plumage, wing, 85; tail, 113; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 33.

Young.--Immature birds are distinguished by having sides of head and under parts washed with pale lemon-yellow. In Benguet Province, Luzon, this species was found breeding during April and May.

"The striated marsh warbler is found about the open fields. It runs rapidly on the ground and skulks in bamboo thickets and patches of tall grass and weeds. It soars and attempts to sing while on the wing; also perches at the very top of bamboo clumps, and 'sings' vigorously." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

567. MEGALURUS TWEEDDALEI McGregor.

TWEEDDALE'S MARSH WARBLER.

Megalurus ruficeps, not Megalurus ? ruficeps
Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1832), 91, Tweeddale, Ann. &
Mag. Nat. Hist. (1877), 20, 95; Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 695,
pl. 72; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 7, 125; Hand-List
(1903), 4, 202; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 240, pl. 5,
fig. 7 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 219 (habits); Oates and
Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 200, pl. 9, fig. 19; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 89.
Megalurus tweeddalei McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1908), 3,
sec. A, 283.

Banton (Celestino); Basilan (Everett, Bourns & Worcester); Bohol
(Steere Exp., McGregor); Cebu (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Lubang (McGregor);
Luzon (Everett, Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.);
Masbate (McGregor); Mindanao (Platen, Goodfellow, Celestino);
Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Everett, Steere
Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, Keay, Celestino); Panay
(Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester,
McGregor); Samar (Whitehead); Sibuyan (McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns
& Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor).

Adult.--Entire top of head rufous-brown; sides of neck and back olive-gray, the latter heavily streaked with blackish brown; lower back and rump olive-brown; tail-coverts olive-gray with narrow brown shaft-lines; lores, superciliary line, cheeks, and ear-coverts ashy gray; a rufous line behind eye; under parts whitish; sides ashy gray, flanks browner; thighs and crissum buff; wings and tail brown with lighter brown edges. A male from Mindanao measures: Wing, 69; tail, 107; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 28. A female from Luzon, wing, 66; tail, 114; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 27.

"Five males average: Length, 225; wing, 71; tail, 109; culmen, 18.5; tarsus, 27.6; middle toe with claw, 28. Five females, length, 211; wing, 68; tail, 104; culmen, 18.5; tarsus, 27.6; middle toe with claw, 28. Iris brown; legs and feet light brown." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Three eggs of Tweeddale's marsh warbler, collected by Steere in Marinduque, May 8, 1888, are thus described: "Shape ovate. Ground-color very pale pinkish white, sparingly marked all over with small blotches and minute dots of light red and pale violet-gray under-markings, the latter forming a more or less distinct zone round the larger pole. Measurements 21 mm. by 16 mm. Nest of the bulbul type, lined with fine wiry grasses and fiber." (Grant and Whitehead.)

Genus ACANTHOPNEUSTE Blasius, 1858.

Bill slender and acute, a slight notch near its tip; rictal and nasal bristles short; wing long and pointed; first primary very short, slender and acute, usually little more or less in length than primary-coverts; third and fourth primaries longest; tail moderate in length and square; tarsus and toes slender; bill from nostril less than one-half tarsus and equal to hind toe with half its claw; divisions between tarsal scutes obsolete. Upper parts dull olive-green, under parts pale yellow or white. The birds of this genus resemble some of the small flycatchers (Cryptolopha), but are distinguished by their short first primary.

Species.

a1. Second primary equal to or greater than the sixth.

b1. First primary shorter, from 7.5 to 11.5 mm. in length, equal to
or less than the primary-coverts; under parts grayer ... borealis
(p. 584)
b2. First primary longer, from 12.5 to 15 mm. in length, and longer
than primary-coverts; under parts yellower ... xanthodryas (p. 585)

a2. Second primary equal to or greater than the ninth, and from 17 to 20 mm. in length; under parts grayish yellow ... lugubris (p. 586)

568. ACANTHOPNEUSTE BOREALIS (Blasius).

NORTHERN WILLOW WARBLER.

Phyllopneuste borealis Blasius, Naumannia (1858), 313.
Phylloscopus borealis Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5,
40; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 210 (migration).
Acanthopneuste borealis Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1889), 1,
412; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 216; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds'
Eggs (1905), 4, 227; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 90.

Balabac (Everett); Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (McGregor); Bohol
(McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Calayan
(McGregor); Caluya (Porter); Cebu (McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor);
Fuga (McGregor); Guimaras (Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Everett);
Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch);
Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Masbate (Steere Exp.);
Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp.,
Celestino); Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor);
Negros (Whitehead); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp.,
Bourns & Worcester); Panay (Steere Exp.); Polillo (McGregor);
Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan
(Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Celestino); Tablas (Bourns &
Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor). Northern Europe,
northern Asia, Alaska, Commander Islands; in winter to China,
Formosa, Indo-Chinese provinces, Malay Peninsula, and Borneo.

"Coloration.--Upper plumage olive-green, lighter on the rump; wings brown, the outer webs edged with olive-green; wing-coverts brown on the inner and olive-green on the outer webs; the median and greater coverts with yellowish white tips forming two bars; tail brown, the outer webs edged with olive-green; a broad and well-defined eye-streak, reaching to the nape, yellowish white; lores brown; ear-coverts olive mingled with yellowish; under plumage white, suffused with yellow; under wing-coverts and axillars pale yellow.

"As the summer goes on the wing-bars get worn away and the upper one is sometimes absent. The lower plumage gets whiter and the upper plumage duller. After the autumn molt the wing-bars are very conspicuous and the under parts become suffused with deeper yellow.

"Upper mandible dark brown, the edges and tip yellow; gape and basal half of the lower mandible orange-yellow, terminal half dusky; mouth bright orange-yellow; iris dark brown; legs flesh-color tinged with yellow; claws yellowish horn-color. Length, 122; tail, 51; wing, 68.5; tarsus, 20; bill from gape, 17; the second primary is intermediate in length between the fifth and sixth, and is sometimes equal to the sixth; the first primary is very small, measuring from 7.6 to 11.4 in length." (Oates.)

The arctic willow warbler is the commonest species of the genus and is found in the Philippines during the winter months. Most of the specimens taken at this time have the under parts but faintly suffused with yellow and in this plumage the wing-bar is indicated by light spots on the outer webs of some of the greater coverts. This plainly colored species is usually seen flitting among the branches of forest trees and at such heights that it can not be distinguished from other species of similar habits.

569. ACANTHOPNEUSTE XANTHODRYAS (Swinhoe).

YELLOW WILLOW WARBLER.

Phylloscopus xanthodryas Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1863), 296;
Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 42.
Acanthopneuste xanthodryas Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 217;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 90.

Apo (Celestino); Basilan (McGregor); Cagayancillo (McGregor);
Cebu (McGregor); Luzon (Celestino); Mindanao (Celestino); Palawan
(Everett). Mongolia, Japan, Kamtchatka, and the Kurile Islands;
in winter to southern China and Borneo.

"Spring plumage.--General color of the upper parts olive, slightly yellower on the rump; eye-stripe well defined, narrow, yellowish white, extending to the nape; lores and the feathers behind the eye to the nape dark olive; wing-coverts olive, the median wing-coverts with narrow, and the greater wing-coverts with broad yellowish white tips, forming an obscure upper wing-bar and a conspicuous lower wing-bar; quills brown, narrowly tipped with grayish white, the outside web edged with green and emarginated as in the preceding species; tail-feathers brown, the outside web margined with green, and the inside web with a narrow well defined grayish white margin; general color of the under parts greenish yellow, grayer on the breast and flanks; axillars, under wing-coverts, and thighs pale yellow; inner margin of quills grayish white. Bill acrocephaline; upper mandible dark brown, under mandible pale; legs, feet, and claws brown; third and fourth primaries longest; second primary usually intermediate in length between the sixth and fifth, sometimes slightly shorter than the sixth; bastard [first] primary measuring 12.7 to 15.2 mm. Length of wing, male, 72.1 to 68.5; female, 68.5 to 66; tail, male, 53.3 to 49.5; female, 49.5 to 45.7; culmen, 12.9 to 13.9; tarsus, 20.3.

"The changes of plumage in this species are similar to those of the preceding species, but at all seasons of the year the general color of the under parts is much paler in color in P. borealis (Blasius). The smaller size and smaller first primary of the latter species serve, however, to distinguish even birds of the year from the present species, though they approach each other very closely." (Swinhoe.)

The yellow willow warbler is undoubtedly much rarer in the Philippines than the next preceding species, but upon a careful examination of available material I find it necessary to refer to this species a number of specimens which were previously recorded as A. borealis. These changes will be found in the list of localities under each species.

570. ACANTHOPNEUSTE LUGUBRIS (Blyth).

MOURNING WILLOW WARBLER.

Phyllopneuste lugubris Blyth, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1843),
12, 98.
Phylloscopus lugubris Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 48.
Acanthopneuste lugubris Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 217; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 90.

Basilan (Steere Exp.); Mindanao (Steere); Samar (Steere
Exp.). Western China to Chuan-che, eastern Himalayas; in winter
to eastern Bengal and Burmese provinces.

"Coloration.--Very similar to A. magnirostris, but rather darker and smaller, and differing also in the proportions of the primaries. Upper mandible dark brown, lower one yellowish, somewhat dusky on the terminal half; iris brown; mouth yellow; legs brown; claws horn-color. Length, 127; tail, 53; wing, 66; tarsus, 19; bill from gape, 15.7; the second primary is intermediate in length between the ninth and tenth, and sometimes equals the tenth; the first primary is very long, being sometimes 20.3 mm. in length." (Oates.)

I have not seen a full description of this species; it is usually compared with A. magnirostris, but its very long first primary would seem to be a character sufficient to prevent its being mistaken for either of the other species found in the Philippine Islands.

Genus HORORNIS Hodgson, 1845.

Bill short and stout with a small notch near the tip; rictal bristles few and well developed, a few short bristles in front of them; some feathers of forehead and chin with long bristle-like shafts; wing moderate to short, somewhat pointed, or else rounded, either shorter or longer than tail; first primary well developed but much (one-third to one-half) shorter than second, the latter considerably shorter than third; tail strongly rounded; tarsus and feet strong, hind toe and claw heavy; bill from nostril, less than one-half the tarsus, and equal to the hind toe without claw. Colors earthy brown, buff, and white; spots and bars entirely wanting.

Species.

a1. Larger, wing more than 70 mm. ... canturians (p. 587) a2. Smaller, wing less than 65 mm.

b1. Fourth and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest; wing longer
and about equal to tail. ... minutus (p. 587)
b2. Fifth and sixth primaries nearly equal and longest; wing shorter
and much shorter than tail ... seebohmi (p. 588)

571. HORORNIS CANTURIANS (Swinhoe).

CHINESE BUSH WARBLER.

Arundinax canturians Swinhoe, Ibis (1860), 52.
Cettia canturiens Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 141;
Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 211 (winter).
Horornis canturians Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 236; Oates and
Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 238.
Horornis canturiens McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 90.

Apo (Celestino); Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (Whitehead,
McGregor). Southern Ussuri Land to Lake Chanka, Formosa; in winter
to Cachar and southern China.

Adult.--Above nearly uniform wood-brown; lighter on rump and tail-coverts; a dusky spot before and behind eye; eyelids white; a whitish line from bill over eye to nape; cheeks and ear-coverts buffy brown; under parts white, washed with buff on sides, flanks, crissum, and across fore breast; thighs slate-gray; wings brown, the feathers edged with russet; tail brown; axillars, wing-lining, edge of wing, and inner edges of quills white. Iris brown; bill dark brown above and light below; legs light horn. A male from Calayan measures: Length, 170; wing, 77; tail, 75; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 27.

572. HORORNIS MINUTUS (Swinhoe).

LITTLE BUSH WARBLER.

Arundinax minutus Swinhoe, Ibis (1860), 52.
Cettia minuta Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 141.
Horornis minuta Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 236; McGregor,
Bull. Phil. Mus. (1904), 4, 30; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 91.

Calayan (McGregor). Hainan, Askold Island, southern China.

Adult.--This species differs from H. canturians in being much smaller, and the tail-feathers appear to be less pointed. Length, about 145. A male from Calayan measures: Wing, 62; tail, 61; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 22. A female, wing, 62; tail, 60; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 22. Exposed portion of first primary little more than one-half of second; fourth and fifth equal and longest.

In the Philippine Islands the little bush warbler is known only as a winter visitant to Calayan Island.

573. HORORNIS SEEBOHMI (Grant).

PHILIPPINE BUSH WARBLER.

Cettia seebohmi Grant, Ibis (1894), 507; Whitehead, Ibis (1899),
211 (habits, note).
Horornis seebohmi Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 236; McGregor and
Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 90.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor).

Adult.--Above dusky wood-brown, slightly olivaceous on the back and more russet-brown on the rump, tail-coverts, and margins of the rectrices; wings brown, the quills edged with russet; the first three primaries, however, fringed with much lighter brown; wing-coverts olivaceous; eyelids and eye-stripe whitish or pale buff; a dusky spot before and behind eye; under parts whitish; sides of neck and breast washed with olivaceous; flanks and crissum yellowish buff; thighs brown. Iris light brown; upper mandible dusky, lower mandible, legs, and nails flesh-color. Length, about 140. Male, wing, 55; tail, 63; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 24. Female, wing, 52; tail, 60; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 23.

Although this species resembles H. minutus both in size and color, it might be placed in another genus. The tail is decidedly longer than the wing, the latter rounded and weak; the first primary is equal to two-thirds of second and one-half of third; the fifth and sixth are nearly equal and longest. The plumage is somewhat decomposed and is less compact than in H. minutus.

Genus PHYLLERGATES Sharpe, 1883.

In size and superficial appearance Phyllergates resembles Orthotomus, but the two genera are really very distinct. In Phyllergates the bill is much wider and more depressed at the base, and blunter at the tip; the rictal bristles are slightly longer; the wing is longer; the tarsus and feet are more slender; the rectrices are much wider, nearly uniform in length, except the short outermost pair, and but ten in number.

Species.

a1. Chin and throat white ... philippinus (p. 589) a2. Chin and throat cinnamon ... heterolæmus (p. 589)

574. PHYLLERGATES PHILIPPINUS Hartert.

LUZON TAILOR WARBLER.

Phyllergates cinereicollis (not of Sharpe) Grant, Ibis (1894),
510; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 221 (habits).
Phyllergates philippinus Hartert, Novit. Zool. (1897), 4, 517;
Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 237; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 91.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor).

Adult.--Forehead and crown cadmium-yellow; occiput and neck slate-gray; a line of lemon-yellow over eye; remainder of upper parts, including edges of the wing-feathers and rectrices, olive-green; (rump lemon-yellow in the male); inner webs of primaries edged with white; lores and band behind eye dusky gray; ear-coverts, cheeks, chin, throat, and fore breast silky white; remainder of under parts, including edge of wing, axillars, and wing-lining, bright lemon-yellow. Bill dusky brown; base of lower mandible lighter; legs pale yellow; nails light brown. Length, about 115. Male, wing, 44; tail, 42; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 18. Female, wing, 42; tail, 37; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 18.

The Luzon tailor warbler is abundant in the Province of Benguet; its habits are similar to those of the lowland tailorbirds which it seems to replace in the mountains.

575. PHYLLERGATES HETEROLÆMUS Mearns.

MINDANAO TAILOR WARBLER.

Phyllergates heterolæmus Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905),
18, 86; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List, (1906), 91.

Mindanao (Mearns).

Adult (sex?).--"Whole top and sides of head cinnamon-rufous; chin, throat, and sides of neck cinnamon; upper parts olive-green, yellower on upper tail-coverts; upper wing-coverts and wing-quills brownish black, edged with olive-green on outer webs; tail-feathers drab, edged with olive-green; breast and belly canary-yellow; thighs and crissum olive-yellow; axillars and under wing-coverts yellow; quills edged with white on inner webs. Iris brown; bill with maxilla brown; mandible yellow, tipped with red; feet pale yellowish brown. Length, 121; alar expanse, 150; wing, 50; tail, 47; culmen, 14; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 13.5." (Mearns.)

Family ARTAMIDÆ.

Bill stout, conical, and pointed; culmen and cutting edge gently curved; nostril about half way between base and tip of upper mandible; wings very long and pointed; tarsus short, its anterior face with about five plates; powder-downs present.

Genus ARTAMUS Vieillot, 1816.

Mandible with a slight notch near tip; rictal bristles much less than bill from nostril; first primary very small and slender, not longer than culmen from base; second primary longest, the wings when folded reaching beyond the middle of tail; tail short and square, the rectrices broad and square; plumage compact. Colors white and gray.

576. ARTAMUS LEUCORYNCHUS (Linnæus).

WHITE-BELLIED SWALLOW SHRIKE.

Lanius leucorynchus Linnæus, Mantissa (1771), 524.
Artamus leucogaster Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 3;
Hand-List (1903), 4, 260; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 240 (habits);
Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 257.
Artamus leucorynchus McGregor, Bur. Govt. Laboratories, Manila
(1905), 34, 22, pls. 16 to 18 (nesting habits).
Artamus leucorhynchus McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 91.

Git-git, Ticao, Lubang, and Manila; it-it, Bohol.

Bantayan (McGregor); Banton (Celestino); Basilan (Everett,
Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (Everett,
McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Buluan (Mearns); Calamianes (Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Caluya (Porter); Catanduanes (Whitehead);
Cebu (Murray, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Cuyo (McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester);
Leyte (Everett, Bartsch); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Everett,
Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch);
Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Mindanao (Steere, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Bourns
& Worcester, Celestino); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns
& Worcester, Keay); Palawan (Platen, Bourns & Worcester, White);
Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Papahag (Bartsch);
Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Samar (Whitehead); Semirara (Worcester); Sibay (McGregor &
Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor
(Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Burbidge,
Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester, Bartsch); Tablas (Bourns &
Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor);
Verde (McGregor). Australia, Papuan and Andaman Islands, Malay
Archipelago.

Adult (sexes alike).--Upper tail-coverts pure white; remainder of upper parts with wings and tail slate-gray; mantle and back decidedly browner; primaries and rectrices blacker; loral and nasal plumes black; sides of head and neck slate-gray; chin, throat, and fore part of chest blackish slate; remainder of under parts, axillars, and wing-lining pure white. Iris dark; bill light blue, its tip black; legs and nails black. Length, 190 to 200. A male from Siquijor measures: Wing, 136; tail, 67; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 16.5. A female from Luzon, wing, 137; tail, 66; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 15.

Young.--Four large nestlings taken in Benguet, Luzon, April 19, 1903, resemble the adult in having the breast, abdomen, and crissum white. but the throat is light gray; chin, cheeks, and jaw dark smoky gray; upper parts light seal-brown with some ocherous-colored fringes to the feathers of back and inner wing-coverts; upper tail-coverts white; primaries, secondaries, and rectrices slate-blue with wide edges of gray or white. Iris brown; bill brown, yellowish along cutting edge; legs and feet blackish; nails black.

The nestling down is light buff.

"The swallow shrike is one of the commonest Philippine birds and it seems probable that this species occurs on every island of the group. It hawks after insects during the day, and may sometimes be seen hunting in great flocks just at sundown. Hundreds often roost together on the leaves of coconut trees. Called 'git-git' and 'ala-git-git' by the natives. We found it nesting in the coconut trees as a rule, but a nest in Negros was placed on the broken top of the trunk of a cotton-tree. The nest is composed of small grass-stems, twigs, and similar materials loosely woven together, and is lined with fine grass and with fibers from the bark of the cabo negro palm. The cavity of the nest is broad and shallow, measuring 75 to 100 mm. in width and 25 to 40 mm. in depth. The exterior dimensions vary greatly in different nests. Three or four eggs are deposited. Their ground-color is pale creamy white, usually very heavily marked with spots and blotches of very pale lilac and light chocolate-brown. These markings are usually more numerous at the larger end where, in rare cases, they almost entirely conceal the ground-color, while in others they are replaced by fine dots and small spots. The eggs are remarkably uniform in shape. They vary from 22.8 to 24.8 mm. in length and from 17.2 to 18 mm. in breadth." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

This attractive species was found breeding in abundance along the Baco River, Mindoro, in April, 1904. The nests were usually placed among the upturned roots of fallen trees which had become stranded in the river.

Family LANIIDÆ.

Bill strong, either compressed or at least as high as broad at nostril, never depressed; upper mandible with a notch, or with a notch and a tooth near tip; nostrils partly hidden by antrorse frontal plumes, the shafts of which are produced; wing moderate in length, flat, and somewhat rounded; first primary one-half of third or less, the second falling between the first and third; rectrices twelve, either long, or else moderate in length; front of tarsus covered with distinct plates; hind toe with claw less than culmen from base.

Subfamilies.

a1. Bill strongly compressed except near base and with a strong tooth and a deep notch near its tip; shafts of chin-feathers not produced ... Laniinæ (p. 592) a2. Bill as high as broad, a slight notch near its tip; shafts of chin-feathers produced ... Pachycephalinæ (p. 599)

Subfamily LANIINÆ.

Bill strongly compressed, hooked, and with a strong tooth and deep notch on each side of upper mandible; inner webs of primaries slightly emarginate; rectrices graduated, usually as long as, or longer than, wing.

Genera.

a1. Mantle barred ... Enneoctonus (p. 592) a2. Mantle not barred.

b1. Forehead black; crown dark slate or black ... Cephalophoneus
(p. 593)
b2. Forehead gray or white in adults, more or less dull brown,
earthy brown, or cinnamon-rufous in young birds, but never black;
crown gray or brown ... Otomela (p. 596)

Genus ENNEOCTONUS Boie, 1826.

The only species of Enneoctonus known to occur in the Philippine Islands may be recognized by its barred mantle.

577. ENNEOCTONUS TIGRINUS (Drapiez).

TIGER SHRIKE.

Lanius tigrinus Drapiez, Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. (1828), 13, 523;
Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 8, 289; Blasius, Jour. für
Orn. (1890), 139.
Enneoctonus tigrinus Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 286; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 91.

Sulu (Platen). Korea, China, Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra,
and Borneo.

"Adult male (summer plumage).--Crown of head, hind neck, and upper part of the mantle clear bluish gray; mantle, scapulars, the whole back and the upper tail-coverts reddish brown, each feather with several transverse black bars; lesser wing-coverts like the back, the rest and the secondary quills chestnut-brown with submarginal black lines; primary quills uniform brown, with no white at the base whatever; tail uniform chestnut-brown, with faint subterminal bars and whitish tips to the outer rectrices; a frontal band, the loral and ocular region, and the ear-coverts deep black; all the under parts white, washed with cream-color, especially on the throat, breast, and edge of wings; some of the under wing-coverts with submarginal blackish brown bars. 'Bill bluish black; feet pale leaden, with a fleshy tinge; iris blackish brown.' (Swinhoe.)

"Winter plumage.--The gray of the head and neck is washed with brownish; the frontal band and ear-coverts are brownish black, so that the head has lost its beautiful appearance; cheeks, sides of breast, and flanks with a few subterminal brown vermiculations; bill and feet horny brown. Length, 168; culmen, 19; wing, 81; tail, 76; tarsus, 22.8.

"Adult female.--Very similar to the adult male in winter plumage, but generally with 'a large creamy patch on the lores, and a white half-eyebrow in rear of the eye-line' (Swinhoe); bill bluish black. The measurements are the same as in the male.

"Observation.--Consul Swinhoe observes 'that the sexes are alike, the males being more richly colored.' This, however, holds good only with old females in breeding plumage, since in winter (as proved by all the specimens from Malacca and Borneo) the female closely resembles the young and immature birds, the black frontal band and the gray of the head and neck being replaced by the reddish brown black-barred coloration of the back, while the region above the ear-coverts and above the eye is creamy instead of reddish brown.

"Immature bird.--General color of the whole upper surface of the body reddish brown, which color is more fulvous and grayish on the head and neck, passing into chestnut-brown on the rump and upper tail-coverts; each feather has several very distinct black or dark-brown cross-bars, and is mottled with small creamy or almost white spots; again, the shafts of the feathers being white, the upper parts of the body, especially the mantle and neck, exhibit a rather densely spotted aspect, thus differing from the adult female in summer plumage; no frontal band; the forehead, the region round the eye, and ear-coverts whitish mottled with brownish; throat, middle of abdomen, under tail- and under wing-coverts uniform cream-color; all the rest of the under parts and sides of the neck densely marked with blackish brown vermiculations. Bill pale horny brown; feet more bluish." (Gadow.)

"The tiger shrike is included in this list solely on the authority of Blasius. As it occurs in Borneo its presence in the Sulu group would not be surprising, but we failed to find it." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus CEPHALOPHONEUS Fitzinger, 1863.

Forehead black; crown either black or dark slate-gray; without a white eyebrow. [78]

Species.

a1. Tail much shorter, less than 100 mm.; crown, neck, and back nearly uniform slaty gray ... validirostris (p. 594) a2. Tail much longer, more than 120 mm.; crown and neck black, back light gray.

b1. Scapulars, back, and rump darker; abdomen white ... nasutus
(p. 594)
b2. Scapulars, back, and rump lighter; abdomen pinkish
vinaceous. ... suluensis (p. 595)

578. CEPHALOPHONEUS VALIDIROSTRIS (Grant).

STRONG-BILLED SHRIKE.

Lanius validirostris Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 3, 49;
Ibis (1894), 512; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 226 (habits).
Cephalophoneus validirostris Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 286;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 92.

Luzon (Whitehead, Worcester, McGregor); Mindoro (Whitehead).

Adult male.--Upper parts slate-gray, pale gray on forehead and over eye; frontal band, lores, ear-coverts, and line above and below eye black, forming a broad band to side of neck; under parts white; flanks cinnamon-buff, crissum faintly washed with buff; thighs black; wings blackish; inner secondaries margined with white on outer webs; rectrices blackish, the two or three outer pairs narrowly tipped with white. Bill and nails black; legs blackish brown; iris dark brown. Length, about 210; wing, 87; tail, 97; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 24.

"Adult female.--Differs slightly in having the black on the sides of the face paler and absent on the forehead, which is whitish gray; the whitish gray margins to the superciliaries are more marked; the margins to the secondaries are rufous-buff, and the thighs are gray. Length, 200; wing, 86; tail, 89; tarsus, 25; culmen, 23." (Grant.)

Young.--Young birds, in first plumage, have the upper part smoky gray; frontal band, lores, and band through eye black; chin, throat, and middle of abdomen white; thighs black; remainder of under parts tawny-buff; breast and malar region speckled with smoky brown, but no bars on the under parts; wings and tail blackish brown; greater secondary-coverts, inner secondaries and nearly all the remiges edged with tawny-buff.

The strong-billed shrike is fairly abundant in Benguet Province, Luzon.

579. CEPHALOPHONEUS NASUTUS (Scopoli).

LARGE-NOSED SHRIKE.

Lanius nasutus Scopoli, Del Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1786), 2, 85;
Oates, Bds. Brit. Burmah (1883), 1, 248; Whitehead, Ibis (1899),
226 (habits).
Lanius cephalomelas Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 8, 269.
Cephalophoneus nasutus Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 287; Oates
and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 289; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 92.

Ta-rat San Diego, Manila.

Bohol (Steere Exp., McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester,
McGregor); Cebu (Meyer, Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Leyte (Everett); Luzon (Everett, Bourns
& Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Masbate (Bourns &
Worcester); Mindanao (Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Bourns &
Worcester); Mindoro (Everett); Negros (Steere Exp., Bourns
& Worcester, Keay); Panay (Sonnerat, Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester); Samar (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Steere Exp.,
Bourns & Worcester, Celestino). Northern Borneo.

Adult.--Entire top and sides of head, hind neck, and sides of neck black; mantle light gray shading into ocherous buff on scapulars, back, rump and tail-coverts; under parts white; sides and flanks ocherous buff; crissum light buff; thighs white; wings and tail black; inner webs of wing-quills edged with white; fifth to eighth primaries with a small white spot near base of outer webs; inner secondaries more or less edged and tipped with pale buff or white; edge of wing, of first alula quill, and of first and second primaries white; rectrices narrowly tipped with pale buff or white, two outermost pairs edged with pale buff or white; all the rectrices fringed with pale buff at base. Iris brown; bill, legs, and nails black. Length, 240 to 245. A male from Siquijor measures: Wing, 88; tail, 125; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 26. A female, wing, 88; tail, 124; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 26.

"Quite common in some localities, especially in Siquijor, but less abundant than O. lucionensis. Habits the same, and frequents precisely the same localities. Three males from Mindanao average: Length, 240; wing, 88; tail, 120; culmen, 21; tarsus, 26; middle toe with claw, 23. Two females from Culion, length, 228; wing, 87; tail, 113; culmen, 20; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 23. Iris dark brown to black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

580. CEPHALOPHONEUS SULUENSIS Mearns.

SULU SHRIKE.

Lanius cephalomelas Guillemard, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1885), 257.
Lanius nasutus Worcester and Bourns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1898),
20, 561, no. 391 (part).
Cephalophoneus nasutus Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 287 (part).
Cephalophoneus suluensis Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905),
18, 86; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 92.

Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester, Mearns.)

Adult male.--"Whole top [of head] and sides of neck, and hind neck black; mantle gray (No. 10 Ridgway), fading to pale cream-buff on back; scapulars pale cream-buff, broadly bordered with white; rump and upper tail-coverts pinkish buff; primaries black with an exposed spot of white, formed by white bands crossing the external webs of third to seventh primaries opposite the end of the alula; secondaries black, tipped and edged externally with white; tail black, with outer feathers gray at base, tipped with grayish white; chin, throat, breast, thighs, axillars, and lining of wings pure white; side buff; abdomen pinkish vinaceous; under tail-coverts buffy white. Length (of skin), 240; wing, 95; tail, 135; culmen, 17; depth of bill at angle of gonys, 8.7; tarsus, 28.

"In size and color pattern this species closely resembles Lanius nasutus Scopoli from which it may be distinguished by the pale color of the scapulars, back, and rump, as well as by the pinkish vinaceous color of the abdomen." (Mearns.)

The long-tailed shrikes collected in Sulu by Bourns and Worcester and by Guillemard were probably of this species. I have not seen a specimen from Sulu.

Genus OTOMELA Bonaparte, 1853.

The Philippine species of Otomela may be recognized by the nearly uniformly colored upper parts, narrow, white or pale buff, superciliary stripe, and short tail; wing and tail about equal in length. [79]

Species.

a1. Forehead pearl-gray, shading gradually into earthy brown on the crown and back. ... lucionensis (p. 597) a2. Forehead not gray, the upper parts reddish brown.

b1. Upper parts duller brown. ... cristata (p. 598)
b2. Upper parts brighter, reddish or fox-brown. ... superciliosa
(p. 598)

581. OTOMELA LUCIONENSIS (Linnæus).

GRAY-HEADED SHRIKE.

Lanius lucionensis Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), 1, 135;
Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9, 171, pl. 29, fig. 1; Gadow,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 8, 274; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 226.
Otomela lucionensis Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 288; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 92.

Ta-ga-pa-ri, Ticao; ti-cong, Cagayancillo; te-ti-bi-as, Bantayan;
ti-ba-las, Siquijor; ta-rat or ca-bi-so-te, Manila.

Agutaya (McGregor); Balabac (Everett); Bantayan (McGregor);
Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol
(Everett, McGregor); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns
& Worcester, McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Caluya (Porter);
Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Everett, Steere Exp., McGregor);
Cuyo (McGregor); Fuga (McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester); Leyte (Everett, Bartsch); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon
(Möllendorff, Meyer, Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead,
McGregor, Bartsch); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester);
Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao
(Everett, Steere Exp., Platen, Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow,
Celestino); Mindoro (Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Negros (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Palawan
(Whitehead, Everett, Platen, Bourns & Worcester, White); Panaon
(Everett); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Romblon
(Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Steere Exp.); Sibay (McGregor &
Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Celestino,
Bourns & Worcester); Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns
& Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor);
Verde (McGregor). Mongolia, northern China, Korea, Formosa, Andaman
and Nicobar Islands, Malay Archipelago; southern India in winter.

Adult male (Bohol, April).--Lores, a narrow frontal line, and a broad band through eye to side of neck black; forehead delicate pearl-gray, shading gradually into earthy brown on the back and becoming more reddish brown on the lower back and rump; chin, throat, jaw, and middle of abdomen white; thighs pale gray; remaining under parts buff; wing-feathers blackish; primaries whitish at their bases; axillars and inner edges of wing-quills white; rectrices earthy brown, narrowly tipped with whitish and obsoletely barred. Bill, legs, and nails black. Wing, 88; tail, 87; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 23.

Most of the specimens taken in the Philippines, autumn and winter, have the under parts whitish with varying amounts of dusky vermiculations. This plumage appears to be characteristic of both young and winter specimens.

Young birds differ from the adults in the color of the upper parts, which are "brownish rufous, brighter on the upper tail-coverts; no gray on the head; loral region and a superciliary streak dingy white or cream-color; head, hind neck, mantle, and upper tail-coverts showing faint dark vermiculations; wing-coverts and secondary quills brown, broadly edged with rufous, each feather with a dark brown submarginal line; ear-coverts and a small spot in front of the eye dark brown; chin, throat, middle of abdomen, and the under wing-coverts, axillars, and edge of wing pale creamy white; all the rest of the under parts more strongly washed with creamy or even with rufous, and marked with numerous dark brown cross-vermiculations; bill brown, lighter at base." (Gadow.)

"One of the commonest of Philippine birds. Doubtless occurs on every island of the group. Found in open fields, where it perches on stones, weeds, bushes, etc. It is a very noisy, quarrelsome bird, and a vicious fighter when snared or wounded. Five males average: Length, 186; wing, 85; tail, 84; culmen, 20; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 22. Five females, length, 188; wing, 86; tail, 82.5; culmen, 20; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 21." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

582. OTOMELA CRISTATA (Linnæus).

BROWN SHRIKE.

Lanius cristatus Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 93; Gadow,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 8, 271; Dresser, Man. Palæarctic
Bds. (1902), 1, 240.
Otomela cristata Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 288; Oates and Reid,
Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 290; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 92.

Asia, from the Yenesei to Kamchatka and Dauria, and from
Yarkand to the east coast of China; wintering in India, Ceylon,
the Andamans, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, and as far south as
Java. (Dresser.) Borneo and Philippine Islands in winter. (Sharpe.)

"Male adult (Dauria).--Upper parts reddish brown, more rufous on the crown; wings dark brown margined with rufous, the lesser wing-coverts like the back; no white alar speculum; tail reddish brown, paler at the tip; lores and a patch passing through the eye and extending over the ear-coverts black; forehead, supercilium, cheeks, chin, and throat white; rest of the under parts rufous-buff. Bill pale plumbeous, the upper mandible from the nostril, and the tip of the lower mandible dark horn; legs bluish brown; iris dark brown; eyelids plumbeous. Culmen, 17.7; wing, 89; tail, 91; tarsus, 25.4.

"The female has the supercilium creamy white, the under parts isabelline, the flanks rufous-buff, these and the breast faintly vermiculated, and the young have the upper parts distinctly barred and the under parts vermiculated with dark brown." (Dresser.)

583. OTOMELA SUPERCILIOSA (Latham).

WHITE-FRONTED SHRIKE.

Lanius superciliosus Latham, Ind. Ornith. (1801), suppl. 20,
No. 4; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 8, 273; Dresser,
Man. Palæarctic Bds. (1902), 1, 241.
Otomela superciliosa Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 288; Oates and
Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 290; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 93.

The Island of Sagahalien, Askold and Japan; wintering in the
Malay Peninsula, Philippines, and Java. (Dresser.)

"Male adult (Japan).--Differs from L. cristatus in having the upper parts much brighter, usually rich fox-red, the forehead and fore crown and a broad supercilium pure white; wings blackish, externally margined with rufous; tail fox-red tipped with dull white. Culmen, 17.7; wing, 89; tail, 94; tarsus, 21." (Dresser.)

Subfamily PACHYCEPHALINÆ.

Bill at nostril as broad as it is high, compressed toward the tip; a well-marked notch near tip of bill; feathers of chin and jaw with their shafts produced and hair-like; rectrices nearly uniform in length; tail decidedly shorter than wing.

Genus HYLOTERPE Cabanis, 1847.

Characters same as those given for the Subfamily.

Species.

a1. Upper parts olive-green.

b1. Breast, abdomen, and crissum lemon-yellow, or at least washed
with yellow.

c1. Breast and abdomen bright lemon-yellow.

d1. Larger; bill longer; back duller
olive-green. ... philippinensis (p. 599)
d2. Smaller; bill shorter; back brighter
olive-green. ... apoensis (p. 600)

c2. Breast, sides, and abdomen washed with yellow.

d1. Smaller; breast and sides less strongly washed with
yellow. ... fallax (p. 601)
d2. Larger; breast and sides more strongly washed with
yellow. ... illex (p. 601)

b2. Breast olivaceous gray; abdomen white; crissum pale
yellow. ... albiventris (p. 602)

a2. Upper parts brown.

b1. Smaller; wing, about 80 mm.; tail, 62; upper parts hair-brown,
slightly olivaceous. ... whiteheadi (p. 602)
b2. Larger; wing, 84 mm. or more; tail, 66 or more.

c1. Larger; upper parts mars-brown. ... winchelli (p. 603)
c2. Smaller; upper parts dark walnut-brown; auriculars vinaceous
cinnamon. ... homeyeri (p. 603)

584. HYLOTERPE PHILIPPINENSIS Walden.

LUZON THICKHEAD.

Hyloterpe philippinensis Walden, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1872),
10, 252; Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 8, 179, pl. 31, fig. 2; Grant
and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 241 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 225
(habits, nest); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 313 (part); McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 93 (error in locality list).
Pachycephala philippinensis Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883),
8, 221.

Luzon (Meyer, Whitehead, McGregor).

Adult.--Top of head and hind neck olive-brown, shading into dull olive-green on back; lighter olive-green on rump, tail-coverts, and edges of wing-feathers and rectrices; lores and ear-coverts drab; chin, throat, and malar region white; chin-feathers with black shafts; throat with obscure drab shaft-lines; sides of fore breast olive-yellow; remainder of under parts bright lemon-yellow. Iris brown; bill black; legs and nails flesh-color. Length, about 150. A male from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 84; tail, 69; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 19. A female from the same locality, wing, 81; tail, 66; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 20.

585. HYLOTERPE APOENSIS Mearns.

MOUNT APO THICKHEAD.

Hyloterpe philippinensis Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 241,
pl. 5, fig. 1 (egg); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 313 (part);
Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 299, pl. 13, fig. 18.
Hyloterpe apoensis Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18,
86; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 93; Grant, Ibis
(1906), 475 (critical); McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2,
sec. A, 329 (Bohol).
Hyloterpe apoensis basilanica Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909),
36, 442. [80]

Pbe'a-oi-toi, Bagobo of Mount Apo.

Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Mearns); Bohol
(McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Whitehead); Mindanao (Bourns
& Worcester, Mearns, Goodfellow, Celestino); Samar (Steere Exp.,
Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, Celestino).

Adult.--Similar to H. philippinensis, but the bill decidedly smaller and the back bright olive-green. A male topotype measures: Wing, 82; tail, 68; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 18.5. Specimens from Bohol differ in having larger bills. A male measures: Wing, 75; tail, 62; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 10. A male from Siquijor measures: Wing, 84; tail, 69; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 11.

Whitehead found a set of two eggs of the Mount Apo thickhead near Paranas, Samar, in June, 1896. The eggs are thus described: "Shape ovate. Ground-color brownish cream-color, shading into a zone of deeper color round the larger end; the zone is ornamented with spots of pale sienna-brown and larger underlying markings of bluish gray. Measurements 23 mm. by 17 mm.

"Nest cup-shaped, very similar to that constructed by Iole philippensis, and composed of similar materials--fine roots and dead leaves. It was situated in the undergrowth of old forest in a small tree about three meters from the ground, and the female bird was obtained." (Grant and Whitehead.)

586. HYLOTERPE FALLAX McGregor.

CALAYAN THICKHEAD.

Hyloterpe fallax McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4, 27;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 93.

Sa-mot ba-sit, Calayan.

Calayan (McGregor).

Adult.--Top of head hair-brown washed with olive-green; remainder of upper parts, including exposed edges of wing-feathers and rectrices, dark olive-green; ear-coverts drab; chin and throat white with distinct dusky shaft-lines, bordered posteriorly by a crescentic, dusky band of drab, washed posteriorly with olive; breast, abdomen, and crissum yellow, pale for the greater part, but bright lemon-yellow on crissum; sides of breast and flanks dusky olive-green; feathers of thighs gray, tipped with yellow; edge of wing, under wing-coverts, and axillars white washed with yellow; inner webs of quills edged with white. Bill black; legs plumbeous; nails flesh-color. Measurements of male cotype: Length, 152; wing, 83; tail, 64; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 21. Female cotype, wing, 79; tail, 67; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 21.

Immature.--Sides of face and pectoral band washed with faint reddish brown; edges of wing-quills reddish brown. Bill dark brown, lower mandible lighter.

587. HYLOTERPE ILLEX McGregor.

CAMIGUIN THICKHEAD.

Hyloterpe illex McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 348.

Camiguin N. (McGregor).

Adult.--Similar to Hyloterpe fallax, but slightly larger; breast and flanks more strongly suffused with yellow. Male type, length, 183; wing, 93; tail, 75; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 21. Female, wing, 86; tail, 67; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 22.

Young.--A young bird taken in June has most of the head and body covered with vinaceous-cinnamon down, darker on the back; under tail-coverts pale yellow; wing-feathers and rectrices blackish brown, edged with olive-green; innermost secondaries and secondary-coverts washed with vinaceous-cinnamon.

588. HYLOTERPE ALBIVENTRIS Grant.

HIGHLAND THICKHEAD.

Hyloterpe albiventris Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (June 30, 1894),
3, 49; Ibis (1894), 511; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 225 (habits);
Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 313; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 93.
Hyloterpe mindorensis Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (December 8, 1894), 1, 22; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 93.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Mindoro (Whitehead, Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor).

Adult.--Above dull olive-green, brighter on the rump, wings, and tail; sides of head and ear-coverts slightly washed with olive; chin, throat, and chest hair-brown streaked with white and slightly washed with olive; abdomen white faintly washed with yellow; sides and flanks more dusky; crissum pale lemon-yellow; axillars and wing-lining white faintly washed with yellow. Length, about 165. Male, wing, 82; tail, 70; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 22. Female, wing, 79; tail, 66; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 9.5; tarsus, 22.

Young.--A very young bird taken in April resembles the young of H. illex. Above dark walnut-brown; below vinaceous-cinnamon; three or four outer primaries edged with pale gray; the inner primaries edged with olive-green, some of them washed with reddish brown.

"Very rare in Mindoro. But a single female specimen obtained. It measures 165 in length; wing, 78; tail, 66; culmen, 17.8; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 19." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

589. HYLOTERPE WHITEHEADI Sharpe.

PALAWAN THICKHEAD.

Hyloterpe whiteheadi Sharpe, Ibis (1888), 311; Hand-List (1903),
4, 313; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 93.
Hyloterpe plateni Blasius, Ornis (1888), 311.

Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Bourns & Worcester, Everett, Celestino,
White).

Adult.--Upper parts hair-brown; edges of wing-feathers and of rectrices slightly more ashy brown; auriculars and sides of neck hair-brown; throat white with faint drab-gray streaks; chest drab-gray; remainder of under parts white. Male, wing, 79; tail, 62; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 19. Female, wing, 78; tail, 65; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 18.

"Quite rare in the localities collected in by us. A male measures, length, 149; wing, 80.5; tail, 60; culmen, 17.5; tarsus, 18.8; middle toe with claw, 16. A female, length, 159; wing, 82; tail, 62.7; tarsus, 18.5; middle toe with claw, 17.5; culmen, 22. Iris dark brown; legs, feet, and nails light slate; bill black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

590. HYLOTERPE WINCHELLI Bourns and Worcester.

WINCHELL'S THICKHEAD.

Hyloterpe winchelli Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 21; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1903), 4, 313; Grant, Ibis (1896), 549; Whitehead, Ibis (1899),
225; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 93.
Hyloterpe major Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1884), 1, 22.

Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester,
McGregor); Negros (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, Celestino);
Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor).