Chapter XXIII: Preface (22)

Tip of bill overhanging, with a notch near the tip; bill depressed at nostril; rictal bristles moderate; first primary little more than one-half of second which is less than third, fourth longest; tarsus slender, equal to less than one-third the length of tail; bill from nostril more than one-half the length of tarsus.

Species. [60]

a1. Without any distinct eyebrow-stripe.

b1. Under parts white, with a wide, strongly marked, pectoral band
dividing the throat from the breast and belly; no white patch in
front of eye. ... albigularis (p. 468)
b2. Under parts whitish with no pectoral band, or with mere traces
of one.

c1. No ring of chestnut feathers around eye; a gray patch in
front of eye. ... ruficauda (p. 470)
c2. A ring of chestnut feathers around eye ... ocularis (p. 470)

a2. With a distinct white eyebrow-stripe.

b1. Crown olive; lores and fore part of cheeks blackish; pectoral
band olive, washed with rufous, shading into clear rust-red on
sides and flanks. ... insignis (p. 471)
b2. Crown dull black; general color above, including wings and tail,
dark slate; below whitish ... goodfellowi (p. 469)

430. RHINOMYIAS ALBIGULARIS Bourns and Worcester.

WHITE-THROATED RHINOMYIAS.

Rhinomyias albigularis Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 27; Grant, Ibis (1896),
541; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 237, pl. 5, fig. 3 (egg);
Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 109; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 267;
Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 282; McGregor and
Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 75.

Guimaras (Bourns & Worcester); Negros (Bourns & Worcester,
Whitehead.)

"Adult male.--General color above ochraceous brown, duller on head, much brighter on rump, becoming chestnut on the tips of upper tail-coverts; upper wing-coverts like back; quills nearly black, washed with rusty brown on outer webs, this wash changing to whitish on the primaries; upper surface of tail dull chestnut, the feathers becoming almost black at tips; lores gray; ear-coverts and sides of hind neck like crown; a ring of feathers round eye slightly lighter; chin and entire throat white; entire breast light olive-brown; flanks washed with same color; abdomen pure white; under tail-coverts white, light brown at tips; under wing-coverts, axillars, and inner webs of quills buffy white; bend of wing olive-brown.

"The white throat contrasts strongly with the brown of neck and breast and at once distinguishes this species from all other Philippine representatives of the genus. R. albigularis is a deep woods form and is extremely rare in the localities visited by us." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"One of the most interesting birds sent from Negros is this white-throated flycatcher, very nearly allied to R. pectoralis, which inhabits the south of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo. The present species may, of course, be distinguished by its considerably larger size and the absence of the white patch in front of the eye, as well as by the more olivaceous brown cheeks and chest-band, which are not so strongly contrasted with the white of the throat. But these differences are really slight, and it seems very curious that the Negros and Guimaras birds should so closely resemble R. pectoralis from Borneo, while we find two distinct but closely allied species, R. ruficauda and R. ocularis, occurring in the intermediate islands. In Prof. Steere's collection we have received the types of R. samarensis as well as two specimens collected at Ayala, Mindanao, which he considers to represent an undescribed species. They apparently differ from his R. samarensis only in having the culmen reddish brown instead of blackish brown; but this difference is due to immaturity, as is further proved by the subterminal buff spots on the innermost secondaries, which are undoubtedly remains of the first plumage. Again, Prof. Steere distinguishes his R. samarensis from R. ruficauda Sharpe, of which we have several examples. He says that the former differs 'in having the cheeks brown, not olive, and in having the under surface washed with fulvous brown, this forming a white band across the chest.' In comparing the type of R. samarensis with typical examples of R. ruficauda from Basilan, we fail to find any difference in the color of the cheeks, and the somewhat indistinct band across the chest, which can hardly be described as 'broad,' is equally well developed in a male from Basilan. There can be no doubt that the birds from Samar (R. samarensis Steere), Mindanao, and Basilan (R. ruficauda Sharpe) belong to one species and must stand as R. ruficauda Sharpe." (Grant.)

Whitehead collected a nest and two eggs of this species in Negros on March 31, 1906. They are described as follows:

"Shape [of eggs] short ovate, one much blunter at the small end than the other. Ground-color very pale dull rufous, indistinctly mottled all over with darker shades of the same color. In general appearance these eggs strongly resemble one type laid by the common robin. Measurements 23 mm. by 17 mm.

"The nest, composed of moss and lined with fine roots, was placed in a hole in an old rotten tree about six feet [two meters] from the ground. The eggs were partially incubated, and the female was snared on the nest." (Grant and Whitehead.)

431. RHINOMYIAS GOODFELLOWI Grant.

GOODFELLOW'S RHINOMYIAS.

Rhinomyias goodfellowi Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1905), 16,
17; Ibis (1906), 482, pl. 18, fig. 2.

Mindanao (Goodfellow).

"Adult female.--General color above, including the wings and tail, dark slate, shading into dull black on top of head and ear-coverts; a narrow white band across the base of bill, continued over lores in a narrow superciliary stripe; lores and feathers surrounding the upper eyelid black; chin, throat, middle of breast, belly, and under tail-coverts whitish; chest, sides, and flanks brownish-buff; axillars, under wing-coverts, and inner edge of quills whitish. 'Iris dark reddish brown; bill black; feet ashy gray.' Length, about 157; culmen, 21; wing, 89; tail, 68; tarsus, 21.

"This fine species appears to be quite distinct from all the members of the genus previously described, being at once recognizable by the dark slate-color of the upper parts." (Grant.)

432. RHINOMYIAS RUFICAUDA (Sharpe).

RUFOUS-TAILED RHINOMYIAS.

Setaria ruficauda Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877),
1, 327.
Rhinomyias ruficauda Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4,
368; Hand-List (1901), 3, 267; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 109;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 75.
Setaria samarensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890),
16.

Basilan (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Bohol
(McGregor); Leyte (Whitehead); Mindanao (Steere Exp., Goodfellow,
Celestino); Samar (Steere Exp., Whitehead).

Adult male.--Above rich olive-brown, darkest on the head; wing-feathers blackish, edged with olive-brown; tail-coverts and rectrices ferruginous; lores and ear-coverts pale gray, the latter washed with olive; under parts white, washed on sides of throat and of body with pale gray; thighs brown. Bill black; iris brown; legs light blue. Length of a male from Basilan, 152; wing, 74; tail, 57; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 18.

Adult female.--Similar to the male but lores obscured with brown and ear-coverts olive-brown. A female from Mindanao measures: Length, 152; wing, 71; tail, 54; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 16.

Immature.--Sides and flanks washed with brown and feathers of breast edged more or less with brown; greater and median wing-coverts tipped with spots of light ocherous brown.

See notes on this species under Rhinomyias albigularis.

"Not rare in deep forest on Basilan. An immature bird has feathers of head with rufous shaft-markings; feathers of back, and upper wing-coverts with large spots of same color edged with black; breast similarly but more faintly spotted.

"Five males from Basilan average: Length, 143; wing, 74; tail, 60; culmen, 17; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 21. Four females, length, 129; wing, 69; tail, 50; culmen, 16; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 16. Iris dark brown; legs and feet light slate; nails same; bill black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

433. RHINOMYIAS OCULARIS Bourns and Worcester.

CHESTNUT-EYED RHINOMYIAS.

Rhinomyias occularis Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 27 (error).
Rhinomyias ocularis Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 267; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 75.

Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester).

"Adult (sexes alike).--General color above uniform olive-brown, slightly brighter on the rump; tail dark chestnut, much brighter on outer webs of feathers which are very dull at tips; wing-coverts like back; quills brownish black washed with rusty brown, this becoming whitish on first two or three primaries; lores buffy white; ring of short feathers around eye chestnut; ear-coverts and sides of hind neck fulvous-brown, the former with lighter shaft-stripes; center of throat and fore breast white, grayish along sides; breast and flanks washed with light fulvous-brown; abdomen and under tail-coverts white, the latter faintly tipped with brown; thighs olive-brown; under wing-coverts and axillars whitish; inner webs of secondaries edged with buffy white.

"The peculiar ring of feathers round the eye forms a noticeable character by which this species is readily distinguished from other Philippine representatives of the genus. Iris brown; bill light slaty brown." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"Fairly abundant in the forests of Sulu and Tawi Tawi. Food usually insects. Two specimens, however, had been eating fruit. Five males from Tawi Tawi measure: Length, 152; wing, 75; tail, 47; culmen, 17; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 18. Four females from Sulu, length, 154; wing, 78; tail, 50; culmen, 17; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 19. Iris brown; legs, feet, and nails pale slate to light brown; upper mandible dark brown, lower light brown." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

434. RHINOMYIAS INSIGNIS Grant.

LUZON RHINOMYIAS.

Rhinomyias insignis Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club. (1895), 4,
40; Ibis (1895), 442, pl. 12, fig. 2; Whitehead, Ibis (1899),
109; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 267; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 75.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor).

"Adult male and female.--The sexes of this extremely handsome flycatcher are perfectly similar to one another in plumage, and most nearly resemble R. gularis Sharpe, from Kina Balu, though the differences are remarkably striking. Upper parts olive, washed with sienna on the rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail; the superciliary stripes, chin, and throat-patch, middle of lower breast and belly, and under tail-coverts pure white; lores and fore part of the cheeks blackish; rest of cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of throat olive washed with rufous, the latter color gradually increasing in intensity on the chest and upper breast, and becoming clear rust-red on the sides and flanks. Quills washed with reddish olive instead of sienna. Adult male, length, 162; wing, 89; tail, 66; tarsus, 28. Adult female, length, 160; wing, 86; tail, 63; tarsus, 28.

"This species is evidently distantly related to R. albigularis from Negros and Guimaras and R. ocularis from Sulu and Tawi Tawi, described by Bourns and Worcester, Occ. Papers Minnesota Acad. (1894), 1, 27, 28. It resembles both these species in having the middle of the throat, belly, and under tail-coverts white, but may be at once distinguished by the strongly marked white superciliary stripes and clear rust-red of the sides and flanks." (Grant.)

A male of this species from Benguet Province was 170 in length. Iris light brown; bill black; legs and feet lead-blue.

Genus CULICICAPA Swinhoe, 1871.

Bill short and depressed, its depth at nostril little more than one-half the width; oral bristles numerous, the longest reaching nearly to tip of bill; first primary more than one-half of second and less than one-half of third; fourth and fifth nearly equal and longest; tarsus slender, equal to twice the bill from nostril; plumage largely yellow.

Species.

a1. Head, chin, and throat gray, in contrast with the remainder of the plumage. ... ceylonensis (p. 472) a2. Head, chin, and throat yellow, uniform with the adjacent parts of the body. ... helianthea (p. 472)

435. CULICICAPA CEYLONENSIS (Swainson).

GRAY-HEADED YELLOW FLYCATCHER.

Platyrhynchus ceylonensis Swainson, Zool. Illustr. (1820), ser. 1,
1, pl. 13.
Culicicapa ceylonensis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4,
369; Hand-List (1901), 3, 268; Oates, Faun. Brit. Ind. Bds. (1890),
2, 38, fig. 16 (bill); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3,
283, pl. 9, fig. 6; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 75.

Palawan (Platen). Khasi Hills, Indian Peninsula, mountains of
northwestern Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Ceylon, Java.

Adult male.--Top of head smoky gray; lores and sides of head lighter; remainder of upper parts light greenish yellow, rump a trifle lighter; wings and tail brown, the edges of the feathers greenish yellow, edges of secondaries lighter and more yellowish; chin, throat, and fore breast ashy gray; remainder of lower parts including axillars and wing-lining bright yellow. "Upper mandible black; lower mandible pale fleshy; feet olive-brown; soles yellow." (Abbott.) "Iris dark hazel; bill brown, paler at the base and gape; mouth yellow; legs yellowish brown; claws horn-color." (Oates.) Length, about 125; wing, 60; tail, 48; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 12. Here described from a specimen collected by Abbott in Trong, Lower Siam.

436. CULICICAPA HELIANTHEA (Wallace).

YELLOW FLYCATCHER.

Muscicapa helianthea Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1865), 476.
Xantholestes panayensis Sharpe,
Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 327.
Culicicapa panayensis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 371.
Culicicapa hilianthea Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 109 (habits).
Culicicapa helianthea Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 268; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 75.

Bongao (Everett); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Whitehead);
Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor); Mindanao (Mearns); Negros (Steere
Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Platen, Whitehead, Steere Exp.,
Everett, Bourns & Worcester); Panay (Steere); Tawi Tawi (Bourns &
Worcester). Celebes, Banggai and Saleyer Islands.

Adult (sexes similar).--Above greenish yellow; feathers of crown with dusky centers; lores and sides of head lighter; a circle of feathers around eye bright yellow; under parts uniform bright yellow; wings and tail brown, the edges of the feathers greenish yellow, those of secondaries more yellowish. Upper mandible black; lower mandible pale yellowish, dusky along the edge; legs and nails dark brown. Length, 115. A male from Palawan: Wing, 59; tail, 48; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 13. Female, wing, 55; tail, 48; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 6; tarsus, 13.

Young.--Three nestlings collected in Benguet Province, Luzon, on June 1, 1903, resemble the adults, but the upper parts are darker and more greenish; rump and edges of secondaries and coverts pale yellow and entire lower parts pale yellow, brightest on the abdomen.

"The nine specimens collected by us in Tawi Tawi have the back slightly greener and show rather less yellow on the rump than do typical birds from the central Philippines. A deep woods bird with rather a pleasant song. Quite easy to obtain when once seen, as it is not at all shy.

"Three males from Tawi Tawi average: Length, 118; wing, 59; tail, 48; culmen, 14; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 11. Seven females, length, 113; wing, 54; tail, 44; culmen, 14; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 11. Iris nearly black; legs and feet dirty yellowish brown; upper mandible black, lower yellow." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus CRYPTOLOPHA Swainson, 1837.

Bill slender, depth and breadth equal at nostril; nasal and rictal bristles few and weak; wing longer than tail by less than length of tarsus; first primary more than one-half of second and less than one-half of third; fourth and fifth nearly equal and longest; tarsus slender and more than twice the bill from nostril. Small, inconspicuous birds with olive and yellowish green plumage; sexes similar. Some of the species resemble the members of the genus Acanthopneuste, but the very short first primary in the latter genus serves to distinguish it.

Species.

a1. Top of head olive-green, more or less streaked with ashy gray.

b1. Lower parts white, more or less streaked and washed with
pale yellow.

c1. Chin and throat white, streaked with pale yellow. ... olivacea
(p. 474)
c2. Chin and throat uniform light yellow. ... cebuensis (p. 474)

b2. Lower parts nearly uniform greenish yellow.

c1. Smaller, wing and tail shorter; lower parts lighter
yellow. ... nigrorum (p. 475)
c2. Larger, wing and tail longer; lower parts darker
yellow. ... mindanensis (p. 476)

a2. Top and sides of head chestnut. ... xanthopygia (p. 476)

437. CRYPTOLOPHA OLIVACEA (Moseley).

OLIVACEOUS FLYCATCHER WARBLER.

Abrornis olivacea Moseley, Ibis (1891), 47, pl. 2, fig. 2; Sharpe,
Hand-List (1901), 3, 276; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 76. [61]
Cryptolopha olivacea Grant, Ibis (1896), 543; Whitehead, Ibis
(1899), 110.

Bohol (McGregor); Leyte (Whitehead); Luzon (Whitehead); Mindanao
(Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Negros (Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, Whitehead); Samar (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Sulu
(Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester).

Adult, male and female.--Entire upper parts olive-green; top of head and neck streaked with ashy gray; lores dusky, surmounted by a line of light greenish yellow; eyelids bright yellow; postocular band dusky, surmounted by a narrow whitish line; cheeks and ear-coverts yellowish green, streaked with pale yellow; under parts whitish, streaked with pale yellow; flanks washed with light olive-green; feathers of thighs dusky, tipped with light yellow; under tail-coverts uniform light yellow; wing-feathers brown, edged with olive-green; edge of wing and axillars clear light yellow; rectrices olive-green, the inner webs of two outermost pairs edged with light yellow. A male from Bohol measures: Length, 127; wing, 60; tail, 52; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 18. A female from Mindanao, wing, 52; tail, 42; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 18.

"Young birds have the crown olive-green like the rest of the upper parts, the chin and throat pale yellow, and the outer webs of the outer primaries olive-green like the rest of the quills." (Grant.)

"Not uncommon; met with by us in several islands in company with flocks of Phylloscopus. Seven males from various localities average: Length, 121; wing, 59; tail, 49; culmen, 15; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 15. Two females, length, 114; wing, 52; tail, 44; culmen, 15; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 14. Iris dark brown to black; legs, feet, and nails light brown; upper mandible dark brown to black; lower mandible yellow." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

438. CRYPTOLOPHA CEBUENSIS Dubois.

CEBU FLYCATCHER WARBLER.

Cryptolopha flavigularis (not of Austen), Bourns and Worcester,
Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 23.
Cryptolopha cebuensis Dubois, Syn. Av. (1900), 286; Sharpe,
Hand-List (1901), 3, 274; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 75.

Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

Adult (sexes alike).--Similar to Cryptolopha olivacea, but uniform olive-green above with no gray lines on head; lighter on rump and tail-coverts; chin and throat clear light yellow; cheeks and ear-coverts light greenish yellow; a band of olive-green from lores through eye to occiput, bordered above by a line of greenish yellow. Iris dark gray; upper mandible dark brown, lower mandible pale yellow; legs pale blue. Male: Length, 127; wing, 58; tail, 44; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 19. Female: Wing, 54; tail, 45; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 18.

"Only a single specimen collected, but it is so distinct from the allied forms that we have no hesitation in forming a species on the strength of it. Legs, feet, and nails very light brown; upper mandible dark brown, lower mandible light brown; breeding in Cebu in June." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

439. CRYPTOLOPHA NIGRORUM Moseley.

GREEN FLYCATCHER WARBLER.

Cryptolopha nigrorum Moseley, Ibis (1891), 47, pl. 2, fig. 1;
Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 110 (habits).
Abrornis nigrorum Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 276; McGregor and
Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 76. [62]

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor); Mindoro (Whitehead); Negros (Steere
Exp., Whitehead).

Adult (sexes alike).--Above dull olive-green, darkest on crown, lightest on rump and tail-coverts; wings and tail brown, the feathers edged with olive-green; two outermost pairs of rectrices edged with white on inner webs; greater coverts tipped with greenish yellow forming a bar; lores and post-ocular band dark brown, surmounted by a greenish yellow line; cheeks and ear-coverts greenish yellow; below nearly uniform greenish yellow or light olive-green, lightest on abdomen and crissum; feathers of throat and breast with white shafts. Length of a male from Benguet Province, Luzon, 114; wing, 57; tail, 40; culmen from base, 11; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 20. Female, wing, 52; tail, 37; culmen from base, 11; tarsus, 19.

Young.--An immature bird has the upper parts slightly duller and the line over the eye much paler than the adult; throat and breast very pale yellow; abdomen and crissum light yellow; the sides more dusky than the center of breast and abdomen; pale yellow tips of wing-coverts well-marked.

440. CRYPTOLOPHA MINDANENSIS Hartert.

MINDANAO FLYCATCHER WARBLER.

Cryptolopha mindanensis Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1903),
14, 12; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 76; Grant, Ibis
(1906), 481.

Behr-riss behr-riss, Bagobo (Mount Apo).

Mindanao (Goodfellow, Mearns).

Male.--Above rich olive-yellow; wings and tail brown, edged with olive-green; inner webs of two outermost pairs of rectrices white; no light bar on wing-coverts; lores bright greenish yellow; no dark line through eye and no light line above eye; under parts rich greenish yellow as in the female. Wing, 61; tail, 44; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 20. This description is taken from a specimen in poor condition, collected on Mount Apo by Mearns. The description of the type is added.

"Female.--Upper surface olive-green; remiges blackish brown, outwardly edged with the color of the back, inwardly with yellowish white; middle rectrices dusky brown, edged with olive-green, outermost pair with the inner webs white, except a brown patch near the base; basal half of outer webs pale sulphur-yellow, distal half, except a line near the shaft, dusky brown; the next pair similar, but with little more brown near the base, and the outer web throughout with dusky patches, the third pair from outside with an irregular white stripe near the shaft on the inner web and a narrow white border; a narrow brownish buff superciliar line, not very conspicuous; under side sulphur-yellow; fore neck and breast tinged with olive-green; under wing-coverts white, yellow near the edge of the wing; under tail-coverts yellow. Wing, 59.5; tail, 45; bill, 10; tarsus, about 18; (not quite certain, because both damaged by shot)." (Hartert.)

441. CRYPTOLOPHA XANTHOPYGIA Whitehead.

PALAWAN FLYCATCHER WARBLER.

Cryptolopha xanthopygia Whitehead, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1893),
1, 31; Exped. Kina Balu (1893), pl. 16, fig. 2; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1901), 3, 275; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 76.
Cryptolopha montis Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 275 (part);
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 76.

Palawan (Whitehead).

Adult.--Top and sides of head, ear-coverts, and hind neck chestnut; a broad band of black on crown from above eye to side of neck; lores yellowish; eyelids white; cheeks bright yellow, becoming rufous posteriorly; rest of upper parts dull olive-green; rump yellow; wings and tail brown, edged with olive-green; median and greater wing-coverts tipped with yellow, forming a double wing-bar; under parts, including under wing-coverts and axillars, bright yellow with a wash of rufous on sides of upper breast.

I have not seen a specimen of this flycatcher and no good description of it is available. [63] The above description is compiled from that of C. montis. By an oversight C. montis has been credited to Palawan by Sharpe and by McGregor and Worcester; as the only specimen of flycatcher warbler from Palawan is the type of C. xanthopygia, the former species must be stricken from the list of Philippine birds.

Genus EUMYIAS Cabanis, 1850.

Bill broad and depressed; width at nostril nearly twice the depth; rictal bristles moderate; the wing exceeds the tail by less than length of tarsus; first primary more than one-half of second and less than one-half of third; fourth and fifth nearly equal and longest; tarsus twice the bill from nostril. This genus is similar to Cyornis, but in Eumyias the sexes are alike in colors and nearly the entire plumage is verditer-blue.

Species.

a1. Forehead and chin verditer-blue to base of bill.

b1. Feathers of lores with black bases, the tips blue; wing
longer. ... panayensis (p. 477)
b2. Feathers of lores entirely black; wing shorter ... nigriloris
(p. 478)

a2. Forehead and chin black ... nigrimentalis (p. 478)

442. EUMYIAS PANAYENSIS Sharpe.

PANAY VERDITER FLYCATCHER.

Eumyias panayensis Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877),
1, 326; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 76.
Stoparola panayensis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 440;
Hand-List (1901), 3, 286; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 110 (habits).

Negros (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Panay (Steere).

"Adult (type of species).--General color above dull verditer-blue, rather brighter on the forehead and over the eye, forming an indistinct eyebrow; least wing-coverts resembling the back, the greater series and the quills blackish brown, externally edged with dull verditer-blue; tail feathers blackish, also edged with verditer on the outer web; sides of face dull verditer, as also the whole of the throat and breast, shading off into white on the abdomen and flanks, the latter washed with blue; fore part of cheeks and throat slightly varied with silvery tips to the feathers; thighs and under wing- and tail-coverts buffy white. Bill black; feet dark brown. Length, 152; culmen, 14; wing, 75; tail, 62; tarsus, 18." (Sharpe.)

"The Panay verditer flycatcher seems to be a mountain form. A single specimen was collected by the Steere Expedition on an expedition into the mountains back of Sibulan, Negros." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

443. EUMYIAS NIGRIMENTALIS (Grant).

BLACK-MASKED VERDITER FLYCATCHER.

Stoparola nigrimentalis Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 3,
50; Ibis (1894), 507, pl. 14, fig. 2; Whitehead, Ibis (1899),
110; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 286.
Eumyias nigrimentalis McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 76.

Luzon (Whitehead, Worcester, McGregor); Mindoro (Whitehead).

Adult (sexes alike).--General color verditer-blue, darker above; silvery on forehead, over eyes, and on under parts; forehead, lores, jaw, chin, and line around eye black, forming a mask; abdomen and crissum white, the latter washed with pale ocherous; thighs black, the feathers tipped with white; wings and tail brownish black, the outer webs of the feathers verditer-blue. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, and nails black. Length, 145 to 150. A male measures: Wing, 73; tail, 62; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8.5; tarsus, 18. A female, wing, 71; tail, 60; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8.

Nestling.--Above blackish, each feather tipped with rusty yellowish brown; below ocherous or dark buff, the feathers edged with black; middle of abdomen white; the slightly developed primaries, secondaries, and rectrices brownish black edged with blue, as in the adult; wing-coverts like the back.

444. EUMYIAS NIGRILORIS (Hartert).

MINDANAO VERDITER FLYCATCHER.

Stoparola panayensis nigriloris Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club
(1904), 14, 80.
Eumyias nigriloris McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 76.

Mindanao (Goodfellow, Mearns).

"Similar to St. panayensis panayensis, but the wing is about 5 mm. shorter, the feathers on the lores black to the tips, not only at the bases; the feathers on the chin and upper throat less squamiform, the bases not so blackish; the lower abdomen and under tail-coverts creamy buff, not buffy white." (Hartert.)

A male collected on Mount Apo by Mearns measures: Length, 168; wing, 79; tail, 66; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 15.

Family CAMPOPHAGIDÆ.

Bill strong, as wide as deep at nostril, or slightly wider; culmen and cutting edge gently curved throughout their length; a small notch near tip of bill; nostrils covered by short close-set feathers; rictal and nasal bristles short and weak; wing rather long and pointed; first primary short, equal to about one-half the length of wing; second primary considerably shorter than third or fourth; tarsus moderately developed; feathers of rump with thickened shafts. In this family the bill, legs, and nails are black. The nests are built in trees, and the eggs are usually greenish blue, spotted with brown and gray.

Genera.

a1. Bill larger and stronger; culmen from base longer than tarsus; wing more than 150 mm.; parts of the body-plumage usually more or less barred with black and white. ... Artamides (p. 479) a2. Bill smaller and more slender; culmen from base equal to, or less than, tarsus; wing less than 140 mm.; body-plumage of the adult never barred with black and white.

b1. Much larger; wing more than 125 mm.

c1. Wing shorter, about equal to tail; a black collar, incomplete
behind. ... Malindangia (p. 485)
c2. Wing considerably longer than tail; no black
collar. ... Edolisoma (p. 486)

b2. Much smaller; wing less than 125 mm.

c1. Tarsus shorter and weaker, less than middle toe with claw;
rectrices long, slender, and strongly graduated. ... Pericrocotus
(p. 490)
c2. Tarsus longer and stouter, more than middle toe with claw or
than culmen from base; rectrices shorter and wider. ... Lalage
(p. 494)

Genus ARTAMIDES Hartlaub, 1865.

Bill large and strong; wing considerably longer than tail; first primary little more than one-half of second, fourth longest; tarsus strong, longer than bill from nostril; tail nearly square, but outermost pair of rectrices decidedly shorter than the others. The Philippine species of Artamides are very much alike; the wings and tail are black, and the greater part of the remaining plumage is gray, but certain parts are barred with black and white in nearly all the species. The sexes are unlike and the male is slightly larger than the female. The length is usually more than 260 mm. The key to the species of Artamides is modified from the key given by Grant, Ibis (1896), 535.

Species.

MALES.

a1. Under parts uniform gray.

b1. Lores and space in front of eyes deep black.

c1. Tail less than 140 mm.

d1. Feathers covering the nostrils deep black like the lores.

e1. Feathers of the rump gray, fringed with whitish; tail,
120 mm. ... striatus (p. 482)
e2. Feathers of the rump uniform gray; tail, 122 to 124
mm. ... mindorensis (p. 483)

d2. Feathers covering the nostrils gray like the crown; tail,
132 mm. ... cebuensis (p. 484)

c2. Tail more than 140 mm.; feathers covering the nostrils deep
black like the lores and the space in front of eyes; tail, 144
mm. ... guillemardi (p. 481)

b2. Lores and space in front of eyes pale gray like the crown;
general color pale gray. ... difficilis (p. 480)

a2. Throat and breast gray; belly and rest of under parts barred with black and white.

b1. Lores and space in front of eye deep black; under tail-coverts
white, barred with black, the black bars extending right across
the feathers and being about two-thirds of the width of the white
interspaces. ... panayensis (p. 483)
b2. Lores and space in front of eye gray like the crown; under
tail-coverts uniform white; or white with rather narrow wide-set
black bars, which are generally confined to the middle of the
feathers. ... kochi (p. 482)

FEMALES.

a1. Entire upper and under parts uniform gray.

b1. Smaller; wing, 157 mm.; tail, 119. ... mindorensis (p. 483)
b2. Larger; wing, 170 mm.; tail, 142. ... guillemardi (p. 481)

a2. Upper and under parts not entirely uniform.

b1. Throat and breast uniform gray; belly and under parts barred
with black and white.

c1. Lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts barred with black.

d1. Feathers of rump dark gray, barred with black and fringed
with whitish; general color of upper parts and breast darker
gray; black bars on the belly and flanks as wide as, or wider
than, the white interspaces, giving these parts a much blacker
appearance; under tail-coverts with wide bars of black and white,
the former being rather wider. ... striatus (p. 482)
d2. Feathers of rump white, barred with black; general color of
upper parts and breast paler gray; black bars on the belly and
flanks much narrower than the white interspaces, giving these
parts a whiter appearance; under tail-coverts white, with one
or two narrow wide-set black bars. ... difficilis (p. 480)

c2. Lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform gray like
the back. ... cebuensis (p. 484)

b2. Entire under parts barred with black to the throat; rump and
upper tail-coverts barred with black.

c1. Under tail-coverts widely barred with black and white,
the black bars being as wide as the white interspaces; patch of
feathers covering the nostrils gray like the rest of the crown;
general color of the throat and breast gray, barred with black,
contrasting with the black and white belly; black bars on the
belly and under parts very wide. ... panayensis (p. 483)
c2. Under tail-coverts either pure white, or white with some
black bars; patch of feathers covering the nostrils whitish;
general color of throat and breast white, barred with black like
the rest of the under parts; black bars on the belly and under
parts narrower. ... kochi (p. 482)

445. ARTAMIDES DIFFICILIS (Hartert).

PALAWAN ARTAMIDES.

Artamides sumatrensis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4,
12 (part).
Graucalus sumatrensis difficilis Hartert, Novit. Zool. (1895),
2, 470.
Artamides difficilis Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 287.
Artamides dificilis McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 76
(error).

Balabac (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan
(Steere, Everett, Lempriere, Whitehead, Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, Celestino, White).

Adult male.--Except wings and tail, nearly uniform pale gray, palest on uropygium and crissum, much lighter gray than in A. striatus or A. mindorensis; no black on forehead, lores, and chin. A male from Palawan measures: Wing, 158; tail, 115; culmen from base, 29; bill from nostril, 21; tarsus, 25.

Adult female.--General color pale gray like the male; rump and upper tail-coverts white, barred with black; black bars on under parts narrower than the white spaces, and under tail-coverts with only one or two bars on each feather. An immature female from Palawan measures: Wing, 145; tail, 108; culmen from base, 25; bill from nostril, 18; tarsus, 25.

Young.--The young male is barred like the young female and the young of both sexes have white fringes on the rectrices, remiges, and wing-coverts.

"Fairly common; frequents high trees. Three males average: Length, 282; wing, 155; tail, 121; culmen, 32; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 26. A female, length, 279; wing, 150; tail, 114; culmen, 30; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 26. Iris pale yellow; bill, legs, feet, and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

446. ARTAMIDES GUILLEMARDI Salvadori.

GUILLEMARD'S ARTAMIDES.

Artamides pollens Guillemard, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1885), 258.
Artamides guillemardi Salvadori, Ibis (1886), 153; Sharpe,
Hand-List (1901), 3, 288; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 76.

Bongao (Everett); Lapac (Guillemard); Sibutu (Everett); Sulu
(Platen, Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester).

Male.--Under parts uniform gray; feathers covering nostrils, lores, and space in front of eye deep black. Tail, about 144.

Female.--Entire upper and under parts uniform gray as in A. mindorensis. Wing, 170; tail, 142.

In naming this species Salvadori compares it with A. schistaceus from the Sula Islands and does not state in what way it differs from the previously described Philippine species, but the diagnoses given above are sufficient to distinguish it.

"Fairly common; frequents high trees in the forest. Three males average: Length, 307; wing, 172; tail, 137; culmen, 34; tarsus, 26; middle toe with claw, 30. Four females, length, 316; wing, 168; tail, 137; culmen, 35; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 28. Iris very dark brown; legs, feet, nails, and bill black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

447. ARTAMIDES STRIATUS (Boddaert).

LUZON ARTAMIDES.

Corvus striatus Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl. (1783), 38.
Graucalus striatus Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9, 175,
pl. 30, fig. 1.
Artamides striatus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4,
18 (part); Hand-List (1901), 3, 289; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 76.

Ba-búy ba-búy-an, Manila.

Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead,
McGregor).

Male.--General color, except remiges and rectrices, dark gray; feathers of rump fringed with white; feathers in front of eyes and covering nostrils, a narrow line above eye, a small patch on jaw, and a few feathers on chin black. Iris straw-yellow; bill, legs, and nails black. Length, about 280; wing, 163; tail, 120; culmen from base, 24; bill from nostril, 20; tarsus, 25. From a Lubang specimen.

Female.--General plumage dark gray; feathers of rump and upper tail-coverts with white tips and subterminal black bars; abdomen, crissum, wing-lining, and axillars black with narrow white bars; lores and feathers around eyes blackish. Wing, 170; tail, 125; culmen from base, 26; tarsus, 26. From a Luzon specimen.

448. ARTAMIDES KOCHI Kutter.

KOCH'S ARTAMIDES.

Artamides kochii Kutter, Orn. Centralbl. (1882), 183; Journ. für
Orn. (1883), 19 of reprint; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 289;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 76.
Artamides mindanensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere
Exped. (1890), 14.
Artamides kochi Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 102.

Basilan (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol
(McGregor); Leyte (Whitehead); Mindanao (Jacquinot, Steere,
Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
Celestino, Goodfellow); Nipa (Everett); Panaon (Everett); Samar
(Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

Male.--Rump and tail-coverts barred with black and white; lower breast and abdomen barred with black and white, posteriorly the white bars wider than the black bars; under tail-coverts white, each feather with two or three narrow incomplete black bars. Iris pale yellow. Length, about 280; wing, 162; tail, 122; culmen from base, 29; bill from nostril, 23; tarsus, 25.

Female.--Above similar to the male; lores and feathers over nostrils mottled with white; outermost rectrices tipped with white, and each with a small subterminal black spot; next pair of rectrices slightly tipped with white; entire under parts barred with black and white, the black bars narrow and incomplete as in the male. Wing, 155; tail, 115; culmen from base, 28; bill from nostril, 22; tarsus, 25.

This species is similar in markings to A. difficilis, but the general gray color is much darker. The measurements given are taken from specimens collected in Basilan.

"Two males average: Length, 265; wing, 150; tail, 106; culmen, 32; tarsus, 26; middle toe with claw, 27. Four females, length, 273; wing, 149; tail, 109; culmen, 27; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 26. Iris usually pale yellow, but in two cases brownish red; bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Food insects and fruit." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

449. ARTAMIDES PANAYENSIS Steere.

VISAYAN ARTAMIDES.

Artamides panayensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere
Exped. (1890), 14; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 102; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1901), 3, 289; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 77.

Ca-ri-ac'-ri-ac', Ticao.

Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
McGregor); Negros (Meyer, Steere, Everett, Keay, Whitehead, Bourns
& Worcester, Banks); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester);
Ticao (McGregor).

Male.--Lores, feathers over nostrils, jaw, and chin black; rump and tail-coverts barred with black and white; lower breast, abdomen, and tail-coverts heavily barred with black and white. Iris plum-color; bill, legs, and nails black. Length, 290; wing, 168; tail, 120; culmen from base, 30.

Female.--Similar to the male, but lores, feathers over nostrils, jaw, and chin gray; fore breast narrowly barred. Wing, 165; tail, 120; culmen from base, 28.

"The Visayan artamides is quite common and occurs in small flocks; it is called 'guia-guia' by the natives from its note. Often found in open country. It is bold, and does not fly away when shot at. Four males from Masbate average: Length, 286; wing, 157; tail, 118; culmen, 33; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 30. Four females, length, 289; wing, 156; tail, 117; culmen, 31; tarsus, 26; middle toe with claw, 28. Iris brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

450. ARTAMIDES MINDORENSIS Steere.

MINDORO ARTAMIDES.

Artamides mindorensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere
Exped. (1890), 14; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 102; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1901), 3, 289; McGregor, Bur. Govt. Labs. Manila (1905), 34, 19
(nest and egg); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 77.

Libagao (Porter); [64] Mindoro (Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead,
Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester).

Male.--Lores, nasal plumes, line around eye, jaw, and chin black; rest of plumage gray with no bars; very similar to the male of A. striatus, but feathers of uropygium not fringed with white. Iris pale yellow. Wing, 160; tail, 118; culmen from base, 26; bill from nostril, 20; tarsus, 23.

Female.--Uniform gray, similar to the male but no black about eye, lores, etc.; similar to female of A. guillemardi, but slightly larger. Wing, 160; tail, 120; culmen from base, 29; bill from nostril, 21; tarsus, 24.

"The differences between A. guillemardi and A. mindorensis are very slight. Sharpe, Ibis (1894), 254, states that the latter is lighter gray in color than the former. On comparing specimens of these two species we are unable to perceive the slightest difference so far as the general color of the body is concerned. The feathers of the throat and crown in the male of A. mindorensis are, however, lighter gray than in the male A. guillemardi, so that the black markings on the side of the head stand out more sharply.

"We have a large series of birds from Tablas. In nearly all of them the under wing-coverts are barred with black and white. This we consider to be a sign of immaturity, however, and we do not regard them as specifically distinct from the Mindoro birds, though their general color is slightly darker, and the black head-marking less distinct." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

A nest and one egg were taken in Mindoro on April 26, 1905. The nest is composed of mosses, small leaves, lichens, and fine rootlets; the outside is covered with cobwebs which serve to hold the materials together and to fasten the nest to the fork in which it was built. The nest is about 115 mm. across the top and its outside depth is about 50. The ground-color of the egg is light gray with a slightly greenish tinge; a heavy and continuous wreath of spots and blotches encircles the shell near the plane of its short diameter; a few small spots are scattered about over the entire surface; the deep shell-markings vary from pale to dark lavender; the surface spots and blotches are reddish brown; measurements, 30.7 by 21 mm.

451. ARTAMIDES CEBUENSIS Grant.

CEBU ARTAMIDES.

Artamides cebuensis Grant, Ibis (1898), 535; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1901), 3, 290; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 77.

Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

Male.--Lores and line of feathers around eye black; general plumage gray; similar to A. mindorensis, but chin and nasal plumes gray. Wing, 170; tail, 130; culmen from base, 31; bill from nostril, 23; tarsus, 27.

Female.--Upper parts, throat, and breast gray; abdomen and crissum closely barred with black and white. Wing, 166; tail, 130; culmen from base, 28; bill from nostril, 22; tarsus, 25.

Genus MALINDANGIA Mearns, 1907.

"Wing and tail about equal; wing-feathers as in Edolisoma, third, fourth, and fifth quills longest; tail forked, fourth quill longest, third subequal, outer quill shortest; webs of outer pair of rectrices sharply pointed; in form and pattern the tail resembles that of Campochæra, but has the webs more pointed; bill with culmen decidedly shorter than tarsus, narrower at gape than length of outer toe without claw; stiffened shafts of rump-feathers very pronounced." (Mearns.)

452. MALINDANGIA MCGREGORI Mearns.

MCGREGOR'S CUCKOO SHRIKE.

Malindangia mcgregori Mearns, Phil. Journ. Sci. (1907), 2,
sec. A, 355.

Mindanao (Mearns).

"Adult male and female.--Upper parts including crown, mantle, rump, upper tail-coverts, and middle pair of tail-feathers uniform light gray; forehead, chin, throat, breast, and sides of head to above eyes black; innermost secondaries, scapulars, and least wing-coverts gray like the back; middle and greater wing-coverts and a broad external band on innermost pair of secondaries white; remaining wing-quills black externally, broadly white on inner webs at base; alula all black; axillars and under wing-coverts white; three outer rectrices tipped with grayish white on both webs, the innermost of the three narrowly, the next broadly, and the outermost for more than one-third of its length; chest, flanks, and thighs gray like the back, this color fading to whitish on the abdomen and becoming pure white on the under tail-coverts. Iris red or reddish brown; bill all black; feet plumbeous-black, with under side of toes yellow. Three adult males measure: Length, 236 to 240; alar expanse, 335 to 342; wing, 110 to 113; tail, 108 to 117; culmen, 19 to 19.5; tarsus, 23 to 24; middle toe with claw, 20 to 21. Female: Length, 230; alar expanse, 330; wing, 108; tail, 111; culmen, 19; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 21.

"Remarks.--The black of the under side of the head extends around the neck and forms an incomplete black neck-collar which in the oldest males is but narrowly interrupted in the median line above. The sexes are colored alike, but one female (No. 14,177), probably immature, has the black areas of the head and neck replaced by a dark gray color. The plumage otherwise differs from that of the adult only in having scarcely discernible fulvous edgings and wavy cross-bands to the feathers of the abdomen. This species was abundant on Mount Malindang. Fifteen specimens were collected, ten of them males and five females." (Mearns.)

Genus EDOLISOMA Jacquinot and Pucheran, 1853.

This genus is similar to Artamides, but its members are smaller and the bill is decidedly more slender. The plumage is unbarred in the adult and the male has the chin, throat, forehead, and face masked in black, or else the whole plumage is black. The young have the under parts barred. The following key to species is modified from the one given by Grant, Ibis (1896), 538.

Species.

a1. Crissum and tips of rectrices black or gray; no white wing-band.

b1. Plumage nearly uniform glossy black or blackish gray (males).

c1. Plumage entirely glossy black.

d1. Back glossed with blue ... cærulescens (p. 486)
d2. Back slightly glossed with green ... alterum (p. 487)

c2. Plumage nearly uniform blackish or dark gray (females).

d1. Darker; under parts uniform dull smoke-gray ... cærulescens
(p. 486)
d2. Lighter; under parts uniform slate-gray ... alterum (p. 487)

b2. Plumage not entirely uniform in color; wings-and tail mostly
black; under parts mostly light gray.

c1. Band across forehead, lores, sides of face, and throat black
(males).

d1. Rump and upper tail-coverts whitish gray, much paler than
the back. ... mindanense (p. 488)
d2. Rump and upper tail-coverts gray, uniform in color with
the back.

e1. Smaller; wing, 123 mm ... everetti (p. 488)
e2. Larger; wing, 130 mm ... elusum (p. 489)

c2. Entire head and throat gray, uniform with back and breast
(females).

d1. Rump and upper tail-coverts whitish gray, much paler than
the back. ... mindanense (p. 488)
d2. Rump and upper tail-coverts gray, uniform in color with
the back.

e1. Smaller; wing, 117 mm ... everetti (p. 488)
e2. Larger; wing, 125 mm ... elusum (p. 489)

a2. Crissum, tips of rectrices, and wing-band pure white.

b1. Forehead, lores, cheeks, throat, and breast black, slightly
glossed with greenish (male) ... panayense (p. 487)
b2. Entire head, throat, and breast gray like back and abdomen
(female). ... panayense (p. 487)

453. EDOLISOMA CÆRULESCENS (Blyth).

LUZON CUCKOO SHRIKE.

Ceblepyris cærulescens Blyth, Jour. As. Soc. Bengal (1842),
11, 463.
Volvocivora (?) cærulescens Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9,
178, pl. 30, fig. 2.
Edoliisoma cærulescens Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4,
44; Hand-List (1901), 3, 294; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898),
235, pl. 6, fig. 3 (egg); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 102 (habits);
Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 295; McGregor and
Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 77.

Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Möllendorff, Whitehead, Steere Exp.,
McGregor).

Male.--Entire plumage black; head, neck, back, and under parts slightly glossed with blue; wings very faintly glossed with dark green. Iris dark; bill, legs, and nails black. Length, about 260; measurements of four males, wing, 127 to 136; tail, 109 to 127; bill from nostril, 18 to 20; depth of bill at angle of gonys, 8.1 to 8.4.

Female.--Under parts uniform dull smoke-gray; above darker and nearly black; upper tail-coverts edged with smoke-gray; wings and tail black, slightly glossed with green. Wing, 125; tail, 115; culmen from base, 23; bill from nostril, 18; tarsus, 21.

The single egg secured by Whitehead in Benguet Province, Luzon, March 14, 1894, was taken from the bird. The egg is thus described:

"Shape ovate. Ground-color pale blue, spotted and dotted over the entire shell. Under-markings gray and grayish lilac; over-markings dark brown. Measurements 29 mm. by 21 mm." (Grant and Whitehead.)

454. EDOLISOMA ALTERUM Ramsay.

CEBU CUCKOO SHRIKE.

Edoliosoma alterum Ramsay, Ibis (1881), 34.
Edoliisoma alterum Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 294; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 77.

Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

Male.--Very similar to the male of E. cærulescens being entirely black; all the plumage slightly glossed with dark green. Iris brown; bill, legs, and nails black. Length, about 260; measurements of four males, wing, 126 to 136; tail, 110 to 120; bill from nostril, 18 to 19; depth of bill at angle of gonys, 8 to 9.

Female.--Similar to the female of E. cærulescens, but much lighter; head, neck, and body slate-gray, somewhat darker above than below; two or three pairs of outer tail-feathers tipped with gray. Wing, 130; tail, 117; culmen from base, 25; bill from nostril, 19; tarsus, 22.

"This cuckoo shrike is fairly common in Cebu; it usually frequents high trees in forest where it may be found in small flocks. Seven males average: Length, 260; wing, 129; tail, 120; culmen, 28; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 23. Four females, length, 249; wing, 120; tail, 113; culmen, 28; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 21. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Food in one case large caterpillars." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

455. EDOLISOMA PANAYENSE Steere.

VISAYAN CUCKOO SHRIKE.

Edoliisoma (Graucalus) panayensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere
Exped. (1890), 14.
Edoliisoma panayense Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 103; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1901), 3, 294; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 77.

Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Negros (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns
& Worcester, Whitehead, Keay); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester).

"Male.--Above lead-black, lighter and washed with ashy on rump and upper tail-coverts; throat, breast, wings, and tail clear black; flanks and thighs plumbeous black; under wing- and tail-coverts white; wing-coverts and outer edges of secondaries forming a white wing-bar as in Lalage; feathers of tail tipped with white.

"Female.--Plumbeous gray above and below; wings and tail as in male. Legs and beak black. Length, 264; wing, 133; tail, 127; culmen, 25; tarsus, 22." (Steere.)

"Four males average as follows: Wing, 128; tail, 120; culmen, 30; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 21. A female, wing, 118; tail, 108; culmen, 28; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 21. Bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Common in the woods of Panay and Negros. Always found by us in flocks and usually in very high trees." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

456. EDOLISOMA EVERETTI Sharpe.

EVERETT'S CUCKOO SHRIKE.

Edoliisoma everetti Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1893), 3, 10;
Hand-List (1901), 3, 297; Grant, Ibis (1896), 538; McGregor and
Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 77.

Bongao (Everett); Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns
& Worcester).

Male.--Forehead, lores, sides of face and throat black; back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform gray; breast, abdomen, and crissum gray. Wing, 123.

Female.--Entire head and throat gray; back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform gray.

I have seen neither a specimen nor a detailed description [65] of this species, but there should be little difficulty in identifying it.

"A male from Sulu measures: Length, 236; wing, 123; tail, 105; culmen, 26; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 24. A female, length, 229; wing, 117; tail, 98; culmen, 26; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 22. Iris very dark brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Quite rare and seems to be confined to the forest." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

457. EDOLISOMA MINDANENSE (Tweeddale).

MINDANAO CUCKOO SHRIKE.

Volvocivora mindanensis Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 947.
Edoliisoma mindanense Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4,
470; Hand-List (1901), 3, 297; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 77.

Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao
(Everett).

Male.--Above bluish gray, becoming lighter on lower back, and pearl-gray on rump and tail-feathers; frontal band, lores, sides of face to above eyes, chin, throat, and fore breast glossy black; rest of under parts slate-gray; wings and tail mostly black; secondaries and wing-coverts broadly edged with ashy gray; a few of the primaries narrowly edged with ashy gray; two middle rectrices gray for three-fourths of their length and some of the outer ones tipped with gray. Length, about 230; wing, 122; tail, 100; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 16; tarsus, 21.

Female.--Wings and tail as in the male, remaining plumage ashy gray or light slate-gray, becoming delicate pearl-gray on rump, abdomen, and upper and under tail-coverts. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, and nails black. Wing, 117; tail, 92; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 16; tarsus, 22.

"Average length of three males, 218; wing, 115; tail, 92; culmen, 25; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 22. Two females, length, 227; wing, 115; tail, 91; culmen, 24; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 22. Iris, bill, legs, and nails black; food fruit and seeds in the individuals examined. This species is very similar to E. everetti." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

458. EDOLISOMA ELUSUM McGregor.

ELUSIVE CUCKOO SHRIKE.

Edoliisoma elusum McGregor, Bureau Govt. Laboratories, Manila
(1905), 34, 19; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 77.

Luzon (Celestino); Mindoro (McGregor).

Male.--Similar to the male of E. mindanense, but rump and upper tail-coverts bluish slate-gray like the back and not lighter pearl-gray.