Chapter XV: Preface (14)

"Exceedingly abundant in the central Philippines, especially in Masbate. Though a large series of specimens was obtained from Tablas, Romblon, and Sibuyan, none of the males show so much yellow on the crown as in typical L. regulus. Specimens of L. philippensis from Marinduque collected by the Steere Expedition show a decided wash of yellow on the crown, and it seems quite possible that other intermediate forms between L. philippensis and L. regulus may eventually be discovered in Banton and the other islands which connect the Tablas-Romblon-Sibuyan group with Luzon.

"Ten males from Masbate measure, 149 in length; wing, 90; tail, 47; culmen, 14; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 19. Thirteen females from the same locality, length, 147; wing, 91; tail, 47; culmen, 13; tarsus, 10; middle toe with claw, 18. Iris brown; legs and feet orange to brown or yellow; nails nearly black; bill deep orange-red to brownish red." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

251. LORICULUS BOURNSI McGregor.

BOURNS'S COLASISI.

Loriculus regulus Worcester and Bourns,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash. (1898), 20, 557, no. 265 (part).
Loriculus bournsi McGregor, Bur. Govt. Laboratories, Manila
(1905), 25, 16; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 50.

Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Sibuyan (Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).

Male.--Similar to L. regulus but the yellow patch on crown much smaller. Wing, 97; tail, 46; culmen from front margin of cere, 14.

Female.--Similar to the female of L. regulus.

This form which is merely a subspecies of Loriculus regulus is abundant in Romblon, Tablas, and Sibuyan.

252. LORICULUS PHILIPPENSIS (P. L. S. Müller).

LUZON COLASISI.

Psittacus philippensis P. L. S. Müller, Syst. Nat. Suppl. (1776),
80.
Loriculus philippensis Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891),
20, 524; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 36; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 50.

Co-la-sí-si, Manila.

Banton (Celestino); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Luzon (Meyer, Heriot,
Möllendorff, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor);
Marinduque (Steere Exp.).

Adult male.--Forehead red, bordered behind by a narrow line of yellow; crown faintly tinged with yellow; a narrow golden orange band or spot on nape. Length, 160; wing, 92; tail, 42; culmen from cere, 15.

Adult female.--Differs from the male in having the cheeks blue and under parts yellowish green with no red breast-patch. Length, 152; wing, 93; tail, 45; culmen from cere, 13.

"The habits of the Philippine representatives of this genus agree so closely that a description of one species will suffice for all. The eight Philippine species at present known are all peculiar to the group. They are common in the deep forests of the wilder islands, but are most readily observed and easily obtained in the coconut groves near and in the native villages, where they feed on the young blossoms and drink the 'tuba.' The latter article of diet is the palm juice which the natives obtain by cutting off the blossom stalks of the coconut trees and fitting a joint of bamboo over the cut ends. The Loriculi are inordinately fond of this juice, and many of our specimens were shot from the 'bombons' (bamboo tubes), as they drank it. They are by all odds the commonest cage birds of the Islands, and are frequently carried by the natives from place to place. The various native names 'colacici,' 'cucci,' 'culanci' are all attempts to imitate the note. They have the peculiar undulating flight of woodpeckers, and give their shrill whistle at frequent intervals when on the wing. Usually very shy in the woods, but exceedingly bold in the coconut groves. Almost never seen in flocks." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

253. LORICULUS MINDORENSIS Steere.

MINDORO COLASISI.

Loriculus mindorensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere
Exped. (1890), 6; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20,
526; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 36; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 50.

Co-la-sí-si, Mindoro.

Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Everett, Whitehead, Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor, Porter).

Adult male.--Red of forehead sharply defined against the bright green of crown; no yellow band on nape or with a faintly indicated spot. Length, 152; wing, 99; tail, 46; culmen from cere, 15.

Adult female.--Similar to the male but cheeks slightly blue, throat and breast yellow. Length, 152; wing, 97; tail, 47; culmen from cere, 14.

"Abundant both in the forests of the interior and the coconut groves along the coast. Six males measure, 152 in length; wing, 80; tail, 47; culmen, 15; tarsus, 11; middle toe with claw, 18. A female measures, 159 in length; wing, 92; tail, 52; culmen, 15; tarsus, 11; middle toe with claw, 20. Iris dark brown; legs and feet orange to dirty yellow; nails nearly black; bill scarlet, black at tip." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

254. LORICULUS SIQUIJORENSIS Steere.

SIQUIJOR COLASISI.

Loriculus siquijorensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere
Exped. (1890), 6; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20,
526; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 36; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 50.

Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).

Adult male.--Forehead bright scarlet, ending sharply against the green of crown; no yellow on the head and no yellow neck-band; rump and upper tail-coverts dark poppy-red; red throat-patch small; all rectrices, except central pair, tipped with light blue. Length, 165; wing, 100; tail, 55; culmen from base, 16; tarsus, 11.

Female.--Similar to the male; red spot on forehead smaller and sides of forehead, lores, cheeks, chin, and upper throat sky-blue; no red on the breast. "Eyes brown; feet yellow; nails black." (Celestino.) Wing, 100; tail, 55; culmen from base, 14; tarsus, 12.

Young birds resemble the adult female but the red of forehead is much reduced and the red breast-patch is wanting in very young males.

"The Siquijor colasisi is a well-marked species which seems to be strictly confined to the little island of Siquijor. There is but little forest on this island, and L. siquijorensis is found in the coconut groves, fruit trees, and bamboo clumps. It is sharply distinct from L. chrysonotus and L. regulus, and more resembles L. apicalis. The female shows more blue about the head than does that of any other Philippine species, having the cheeks, lores, a line over the eye, and entire throat heavily washed with the color.

"Measurements of two males: Wing, 94; tail, 46; culmen, 14; tarsus, 11; middle toe with claw, 18. Six females: Length, 162; wing, 98; tail, 52; culmen, 13; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 20. Bill scarlet to orange; legs and feet pale yellow to orange, nails nearly black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

255. LORICULUS APICALIS Souancé.

MINDANAO COLASISI.

Loriculus apicalis Souancé, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. (1856), 220, 221;
Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20, 528; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1900), 2, 36; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 50.
Loriculus hartlaubi Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 819,
pl. 82.

Bazol (Everett); Dinagat (Everett); Mindanao (Cuming, Everett,
Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino,
Goodfellow, Waterstradt).

"Adult male.--Green; crown red, changing into orange on the nape; back and scapulars washed more or less with golden; rump and upper tail-coverts rich crimson; sides of the rump tinged with bluish; cheeks and under parts yellowish green; a red patch on the throat, with the base of the feathers yellow; quills black, dark green on the outer web, blue on the inner web below; tail above green, the lateral feathers blue toward the tip, and tipped with pale bluish green; tail underneath blue. 'Iris brown, bill red-orange, cere and feet orange.' (Everett.) Length, 147; wing, 91; tail, 43; bill, 15; tarsus, 10.

"Female.--Differs from the male in having the lores, cheeks, chin, and upper throat pale blue, and no red patch on the lower throat and upper breast.

"Young.--Crown-feathers green at the base and tipped with orange instead of red; the back pure green, not suffused with yellow, the uropygium less intense crimson, mixed more or less with green; cheeks, chin, and throat green, but in a second stage these parts become more and more tinged with blue." (Salvadori.)

"Abundant in Zamboanga. The Panay record made by Count Salvadori for this species on the strength of a specimen collected by Mr. Worcester and marked from that island is certainly an error, probably due to the misplacing of a label, as Mr. Worcester never shot L. apicalis in Panay." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

256. LORICULUS DOHERTYI (Hartert).

DOHERTY'S COLASISI.

Loriculus apicalis Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20,
528 (part); Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 36 (part); McGregor and
Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 50 (part).
Loriculus philippensis dohertyi Hartert, Novit. Zool. (1906),
13, 757.

Basilan (Steere Exp., Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

"Adult.--Three males and three females from Basilan show at a glance a much stronger and more reddish golden yellow wash on the back than in the specimens from Mindanao. In the old males the whole back appears to be golden orange, about the apical half of the feathers being golden orange. In the females it is as strong, or nearly so, as in the males, or in some specimens less developed, though always evident." (Hartert.)

Male.--Length, 152; wing, 94; tail, 47; culmen from cere, 15.

Female.--Wing, 94; tail, 51; culmen from cere, 12.

"The Basilan birds differ from Mindanao birds in having the nape scarlet, not golden, and in having the feathers of the back broadly tipped with orange. The back shows nearly as much color as in L. chrysonotus. The species is very rare in Basilan however, and while we think it probable that the Mindanao and Basilan birds may eventually be separated, we do not feel warranted in establishing a new species with so small an amount of material at our disposal.

"Two males average, 159 in length; wing, 89; tail, 44; culmen, 14; tarsus, 97; middle toe with claw, 15. Four females, length, 144; wing, 83; tail, 45; culmen, 13; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 17. Legs and feet orange; nails black; bill scarlet." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

257. LORICULUS WORCESTERI Steere.

WORCESTER'S COLASISI.

Loriculus worcesteri Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere
Exped. (1890), 6; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 36; McGregor and
Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 50.
Loriculus apicalis Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20,
528 (part).

Co-si, Bohol.

Bohol (Everett, McGregor); Leyte (Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead);
Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

Adult male.--Entire forehead and crown red, tinged with orange on occiput where it tapers to a point; back and mantle slightly tinged with yellow; red throat-patch much smaller than in L. philippensis and mindorensis. Length, 152; wing, 88; tail, 45; culmen from cere, 15.

Adult female.--Top of head similar to that of the male; cheeks and upper throat light blue; throat and breast yellowish green. Length, 152; wing, 94; tail, 48; culmen from cere, 13.

"L. worcesteri is scarce about Catbalogan, and as there are no coconut groves near the town, we had great trouble in securing a good series of specimens, being less fortunate in this respect than was the Steere Expedition. Measurements from two males: Wing, 91; tail, 43; culmen, 15; tarsus, 10; middle toe with claw, 18. Iris dark brown; legs and feet orange; bill red; nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

258. LORICULUS GALGULUS (Linnæus).

BLUE-CROWNED COLASISI.

Psittacus galgulus Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 103.
Loriculus galgulus Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20,
531; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 36; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds'
Eggs (1903), 3, 17; Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18,
90; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 50.

Cagayan Sulu (Mearns). Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Banka,
Nias.

"Adult male.--Green; a deep blue spot on middle of crown; a golden yellow triangular spot on interscapular region; a bright yellow band across lower back; rump and upper tail-coverts scarlet-red; a large scarlet-red patch on throat; wings and tail above green; greater under wing-coverts, inner web of quills underneath, and tail below verditer-blue; tail tipped with yellowish green. 'Bill and cere black; iris deep brown; feet buffy brown.' (Davison). Length, about 132; wing, 84; tail, 36; bill, 11; tarsus, 10.

"Adult female.--Green of under parts duller and more yellowish; blue crown-spot duller; orange patch nearly obsolete; no yellow band across lower back; rump and upper tail-coverts duller red, the coverts shorter than in the male; no red patch on throat.

"Young.--Dull green, all the feathers with narrow dusky edges; forehead gray, with a bluish tinge on the sides; no blue spot on crown; no orange patch on interscapulars; rump green, with edges of feathers dull red. 'Bill, cere, legs, and feet dull yellow; bill shaded dusky.' (Davison.)" (Salvadori.)

This species is included in the list of Philippine birds on the evidence of a pair of cage birds obtained by Mearns, in Cagayan Sulu. These were probably brought from Borneo.

259. LORICULUS BONAPARTEI Souancé.

BONAPARTE'S COLASISI.

Loriculus bonapartei Souancé, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. (1856), 222;
Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20, 53; Ibis (1891), 48,
pl. 3; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 36; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 50.

Bongao (Everett); Sulu (Guillemard, Platen, Bourns & Worcester);
Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester, Everett).

"Adult male.--Green, under parts a little lighter; head above red, scarlet on the forehead, shading off into a rich orange on the occiput; rump and upper tail-coverts red; a large patch on the throat also red; outer web of the primaries and tail-feathers dark green, the last tipped with lighter green; inner webs of the quills underneath and under surface of the tail-feathers verditer-blue. Bill horny black; feet in the dried skin dusky, nearly black. Length, about 152; wing, 94; tail, 49; bill, 15; tarsus, 11. (Museum Rothschild.)

"Female.--No gular red patch, lores and cheeks blue. (Museum Rothschild.)" (Salvadori.)

"Common in the scattering trees between the town of Sulu and the hills back of it. Found about flowering trees in Tawi Tawi. Bill of adult birds coal black.

"Seven males from Tawi Tawi measure, 148 in length; wing, 90; tail, 49; culmen, 14; tarsus, 10; middle toe with claw, 17. Six females from Sulu measure, length, 144; wing, 93; tail, 50; culmen, 13; tarsus, 11; middle toe with claw, 19. Iris black; legs and feet light to dark brown; nails black; bill black in adults, yellow in immature birds." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Order CORACIIFORMES.

FROGMOUTHS, ROLLERS, KINGFISHERS, HORNBILLS, BEEBIRDS, GOATSUCKERS, AND SWIFTS.

Claw of hind toe shorter than that of third toe; two toes united for their basal joint; or, if toes are free, then the feet small and weak and gape deeply cleft. Toes usually three in front, one behind; in some, two in front and one behind; rarely, four in front and in pairs. Bill large and with a horny crest, often bright red in color, when not red the surface more or less sculptured (Bucerotes); or, bill long, straight, tapering, and sharp, usually red or black (Halcyones); or, bill slender and gently curved, tail long (Meropes); or, bill stout, gape wide (Coraciæ and Podargi); or, bill minute and weak, gape wide and deeply cleft (Caprimulgi and Micropodii). This order is an extremely unsatisfactory one as its members have few external characters of ordinal value. The suborders Caprimulgi and Micropodii seem to be particularly out of place.

Suborders.

a1. Bill large and strong, or very broad at base, or long and sharp; culmen greater than tarsus.

b1. Bill very large, crested, or sides plicated, or both; birds of
large size. ... Bucerotes (p. 326)
b2. Bill long or broad, neither crested not plicated.

c1. Bill long and tapering to a sharp point.

d1. Middle tail-feathers not greatly prolonged; culmen straight
or nearly so. ... Halcyones (p. 303)
d2. Middle tail-feathers greatly prolonged; culmen gently
decurved for its entire length. ... Meropes (p. 339)

c2. Bill short and wide; width at base more than half of culmen.

d1. Nostrils exposed; colors black, blue, and bluish green in
large masses. ... Coraciæ (p. 301)
d2. Nostrils hidden by stiff feathers; colors white, blackish
brown, and rufous-brown in spots and vermiculations. ... Podargi
(p. 296)

a2. Bill small and weak, deeply cleft; culmen much less than tarsus (except in Hemiprocne).

b1. Wings when folded not reaching tip of tail; wings mottled and
spotted with black and shades of reddish brown. ... Caprimulgi
(p. 342)
b2. Wings when folded reaching beyond tip of tail; wings blackish
or steel-blue, never mottled nor spotted. ... Micropodii (p. 350)

Suborder PODARGI.

Family PODARGIDÆ.

Bill very broad and flat; ten tail-feathers; middle toe-nail not pectinate; plumage mottled.

Genus BATRACHOSTOMUS Gould, 1838.

Bill extremely broad and short; culmen strongly curved; nostrils covered by long hair-like plumes; eyes rather large; a bunch of elongated feathers behind each eye; tarsus short, feet weak; outer and middle toes united for half of their basal joint; tail moderately long, outermost rectrices very short, the next pair considerably shorter than third; plumage lax, in color reddish brown, buff, or gray, with spots of white or creamy fawn, barred and vermiculated with blackish brown. Birds of this genus fly at night feeding upon insects and remain concealed in dense forest during the day. Their capture is extremely uncertain and difficult. The nest is a small pad-like structure saddled on a branch of a tree; the single egg is white.

Species.

a1. A white or buff band across chest; another similar band across lower breast.

b1. Bill larger; culmen from base, 25 mm. or more.

c1. Wing longer, 155 mm. or more. ... septimus (p. 296)
c2. Wing shorter, 140 mm. or less. ... menagei (p. 298)

b2. Bill shorter; culmen from base, about 20 mm.; wing, about
130. ... microrhynchus (p. 297)

a2. No light band across under parts; throat and abdomen much mottled with cream-color or light buff.

b1. Wing more than 130 mm. ... javensis (p. 300)
b2. Wing less than 125 mm. ... affinis (p. 301)

260. BATRACHOSTOMUS SEPTIMUS Tweeddale.

TWEEDDALE'S FROGMOUTH.

Batrachostomus septimus Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877),
542; Challenger Report, Zool. (1881), 2, pt. 8, pl. 2; Hartert,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 16, 638; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900),
2, 43; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 50.

Basilan (Celestino); Mindanao (Murray, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg,
Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Celestino).

Male.--General color rufous-brown; wings and upper parts chestnut-rufous mixed with fine lines of lighter brown and blackish brown, taking the form of obsolete bars on rectrices; a narrow white band across mantle, bordered on each side with blackish brown; outer webs of scapulars whitish, each feather with a black spot near its tip; a wide creamy band across the fore breast, each feather tipped and double barred with narrow lines of blackish brown, the double bars concealed; another light band about 30 mm. posterior to this with blackish tips but without the double bars; crissum buffy; primaries and secondaries blackish, mixed with chestnut-rufous on outer webs; primary-coverts nearly totally black, each of the secondary-coverts with a large white spot at tip, preceded by a smaller black spot; axillars buff. A male from Basilan measures: Wing, 160; tail, 121; culmen from base, 29; width of bill at gape, 41; tarsus, 16.

Female.--Similar to the male but colors less rufescent; white collar less sharply defined and the light webs of scapulars washed with rufous. A female from Basilan measures: Wing, 150; tail, 114; culmen from base, 27; width of bill at gape, 38; tarsus, 14.

This species is easily distinguished from B. javensis by its larger size and comparatively much shorter tail, and by the sexes being similar in their general coloration.

261. BATRACHOSTOMUS MICRORHYNCHUS Grant.

SMALL-BILLED FROGMOUTH.

Batrachostomus microrhynchus Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1895),
4, 41; Ibis (1895), 463; (1896), 121; Whitehead, Ibis (1899),
384; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 43; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 50.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor).

"Adult male in very dark plumage.--Crown brownish black marked and mottled with buff, nuchal band of the same color; mantle and back very similar to the crown, but with more buff finely intermixed; scapulars mostly clear buff, with mottled black barrings on the inner webs and a black subterminal spot; wing-coverts black mottled with rufous, most of the median and greater with a whitish spot at the extremity of the outer web; sides of head, chin, and throat finely mottled and barred with black and buff, darker on the hinder cheek; bands above and below the chest whitish, edged with black; chest whitish buff, finely mottled with black; belly rather paler and more coarsely marked.

"Adult female.--General color uniform chestnut, with scarcely a trace of any black markings except on the secondary quills; in other respects very similar in plumage to the female of B. septimus. The outer webs of the scapulars rufous-buff, each with a small subterminal black spot; greater and median wing-coverts with a terminal white spot on the outer web, edged internally with black; nuchal and pectoral bands white, edged with black." (Grant.)

Another male specimen was taken by Whitehead near Cape Engaño, northern Luzon. "It is an interesting specimen in the chestnut phase of plumage, the upper parts being like those of the female type described [above], but the outer webs of the scapulars are pale buff, as in the dark-colored male type, though the subterminal black spots are small, as in the female. The feathers of the throat and of the chest between the white bands are paler chestnut than in the female, and have white middles irregularly edged and barred with black; belly, flanks, and under tail-coverts brownish white, with a few faint reddish brown mottlings.

"As will be seen, the length and width of the culmen are slightly greater than in the types. There can not be the slightest doubt that these three differently plumaged birds all belong to one species, though Mr. Whitehead was inclined to believe that the dark and rufous forms represented distinct species." (Grant.)

Grant's measurements of the three specimens described above, reduced to millimeters, are as follows: Male and female from Lepanto: Wing, 127 to 132; tail, 99 to 102; tarsus, 17 to 18; length of culmen, 19; width at gape, 29. Male from Cape Engaño: Wing, 131; tail, 104; tarsus, 18; length of culmen, 22; width of gape, 32.

In a female from Irisan, Benguet Province, the iris was pale yellowish; bill light horn-brown, basal half of cutting edge dull pea-green; inside of mouth brighter pea-green; legs and nails dirty white; edge of eyelids brown. Wing, 132; tail, 104; culmen from base, 20; width of bill at gape, 30; tarsus, 17.

262. BATRACHOSTOMUS MENAGEI Bourns and Worcester.

MENAGE'S FROGMOUTH.

Batrachostomus menagei Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 11; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1900), 2, 43; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 51.
? Batrachostomus sp. inc. Clarke, Ibis (1900), 355.

Cow-cow, Negros.

Negros (Keay); Panay (Bourns & Worcester).

"Adult male.--Top of head rich dark-brown, slightly washed with black; feathers of forehead buff, tipped with fulvous brown, forming a distinct buff stripe reaching back to the eye; feathers of crown lighter fulvous with spots of rufous-brown on the edges, each spot being surrounded with black; some of the feathers tipped with rufous, and having black subterminal bands; occiput and nape with less black; elongated auriculars tawny-buff, with black spots and bars, the tips being black; sides of face tawny-buff streaked with black, lighter below; a distinct buffy white nuchal collar formed by white subterminal bars on feathers of neck, the bases of which are dark buff thickly vermiculated with black; their tips are black, and a black band intervenes between the white subterminal band and the buffy bases of the feathers; feathers of back dark brown, thickly vermiculated with black; feathers of rump fulvous-brown, spotted with black and reddish brown toward their tips, these colors assuming the form of irregular bands on upper tail-coverts; a few of the shorter scapulars almost black with irregular bars of dark rufous-brown; outer webs of longer scapulars light buff, the two outermost feathers entirely of this color; the next scapulars have inner webs thickly vermiculated with black; inner and longest scapulars have both webs marked in this manner, their inner webs being the darker; last of the longer scapulars with an irregular terminal spot of black; lesser wing-coverts nearly black, tipped with chocolate-brown; bases of primary-coverts fulvous brown, their outer webs heavily spotted with rufous-brown, inner webs less so, and a subterminal bar of black crossing entire outer web and half of inner web, all the feathers tipped with prominent spots of creamy white; secondary-coverts like primary-coverts but the black bar and white spot confined to outer web; primaries fulvous-brown when held toward light, changing to smoky brown when held away from light; outer webs spotted with buffy white throughout their entire length, the spots being much lighter on the second and third primaries; tips of feathers mottled with rufous-brown; general color of secondaries same as primaries, their outer webs and tips being spotted with rufous-brown and these spots in turn being speckled with fulvous-brown; inner three secondaries speckled with fulvous-brown, rufous-brown, and creamy white, each feather with a terminal spot of fulvous; general color of tail rufous-brown, distinctly barred with lighter rufous-brown, each of these bars succeeded by a narrow irregular bar of black, the entire feather thickly speckled with black and each feather having a small black terminal spot; throat and fore breast like sides of face; a buffy white pectoral band continuous with nuchal collar and succeeded by a second creamy white band, the feathers between the two bands being brown, thickly vermiculated with black and creamy white; abdomen lighter; flanks and under tail-coverts ashy, slightly tinged with pinkish, some of the feathers with dark black shaft-stripes, others with small terminal spots of black; under surface of tail much like coverts, the black markings of upper surface showing only faintly; shafts of tail-feathers creamy white; under wing-coverts fulvous-brown, tipped with white; axillars white. Eyes pale yellow; legs, feet, and nails nearly white; upper mandible brown, lower dirty green. Culmen, 27; wing, 139; tail, 105; tarsus, 15.

"Food, beetles. Native name 'cow-cow.' The single specimen obtained is a fully adult male; its rich and complicated markings are very difficult to describe. We have named it in honor of Mr. Menage." (Bourns and Worcester.)

Female.--"Head and hind neck a fine mixture of black and fulvous, the feathers terminally barred with broader bands of these tints, producing a spotted appearance; an indistinct buff band from the forehead over the eye; elongated auriculars fulvous, banded and tipped with black; nuchal collar banded with buff, fulvous, and black; mantle and lower back reddish brown, closely vermiculated with black and darker than the head; upper tail-coverts similar, but more coarsely vermiculated; scapulars plain cinnamon on the outer webs, vermiculated with black on the inner webs, each feather with a subapical spot of black; wing-coverts like the back; some of the feathers with conspicuous apical spots of white; primary-coverts chiefly black; primaries cinnamon, barred with dusky on the outer webs, dusky on the inner webs; secondaries cinnamon, irregularly barred and mottled with black on the outer webs, dusky in the center and on the inner webs; tertials cinnamon, vermiculated with black; tail cinnamon-rufous, with transverse bands of a dark tint, which are narrowly margined with black; chin, throat, and breast tawny, finely banded with black, the concealed portions of the feathers of the upper breast being white, subterminally and mesially banded with black; feathers of the lower breast and abdomen chiefly whitish, margined with tawny slightly vermiculated with dusky; thighs and under tail-coverts buff. Wing, 140; tail, 106; tarsus, 18; culmen, 25." (Clarke.)

There can be little doubt that the specimen described above is really the female of B. menagei. Birds of this genus are so complex in colors and so scarce in collections that it is very difficult to arrive at a satisfactory understanding of their plumages and relationships.

263. BATRACHOSTOMUS JAVENSIS (Horsfield).

JAVAN FROGMOUTH.

Podargus javensis Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1821), 13,
pt. 1, 141.
Batrachostomus javensis Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892),
16, 640; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 43; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 51.

Palawan (Whitehead, Everett, Steere Exp.). Borneo, Java, and
Sumatra.

"Rufous phase.--Deep reddish brown, with numerous fine black vermiculations; an indistinct white band across the neck, and large white spots on the scapulars; under surface deep reddish brown below, with a broad pure white band across the upper breast, the feathers of this part being white with dark terminal cross-bars, one distinct and one generally obsolete, the bases being dark. Many feathers of the breast have very large central spots of white, margined with a black line; abdomen mingled with blackish, brownish, and a good deal of isabelline.

"Brown phase.--Above dark brown, with many pale bars and vermiculations; a broad distinct band of whitish across the hind neck and much white on the scapulars; a good deal of creamy white on the lower surface.

"Blackish phase.--Several specimens from Borneo are black or blackish in color, the vermiculations white or whitish.

"The reddish specimens are probably females, the brown and the black ones being probably males in different phases or perhaps representing different ages.

"The size of all is about the same, the total length being about 229 to 254; wing, 135; tail, 132; tarsus, 14; culmen, 20; width of gape, 33 to 35.

"The specimens described above are all from Borneo. Two females in the British Museum from Sumatra, in reddish plumage, are lighter than those from Borneo, being rather of a cinnamon-rufous color. The patches on the lower throat are cream-colored, with a cinnamon-rufous border and a blackish subterminal bar, but without any further blackish bars.

"These differences, however, seem to me not constant after comparing the material in the Leyden Museum; nevertheless, I have not yet heard of any blackish specimens from Sumatra, and it must therefore be left open to question at present whether it is possible to separate the Sumatran and Bornean specimens specifically or subspecifically." (Hartert.)

264. BATRACHOSTOMUS AFFINIS Blyth.

ALLIED FROGMOUTH.

Batrachostomus affinis Blyth, Jour. As. Soc. Bengal (1847),
1180; Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 426, pl. 45; Hartert,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 16, 643; Everett, Ibis (1895), 38;
Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 43; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 51.

Palawan (Everett, White). Malay Peninsula, southern Tenasserim,
Borneo, Sumatra.

Adult.--In plumage somewhat similar to B. javensis, but of smaller size. Hartert gives the measurements of the male as follows: "Length, about 216; wing, 114; tarsus, 13; width of gape, 25 to 30; culmen, 18 to 20."

Female.--A specimen recently collected in Palawan by White resembles the brown phase of B. javensis as described under that species. The specimen was taken near Iwahig on July 10, 1908, with its nest and two small nestlings. The adult bird measures: Wing, 115; tail, 113; culmen from base, 20; width of gape, 33; tarsus, 15.

Suborder CORACIÆ.

Family CORACIIDÆ.

Bill broad and slightly depressed; twelve tail-feathers; pectination of middle claw not comb-like; plumage not mottled, colors gaudy.

Subfamily CORACIINÆ.

Genus EURYSTOMUS Vieillot, 1816.

Bill short and broad; width of gape about equal to culmen; no rictal bristles and the bristles about bill very short; tail square.

265. EURYSTOMUS ORIENTALIS (Linnæus).

BROAD-BILLED ROLLER.

Coracias orientalis Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), 1, 159.
Eurystomus orientalis Hume, Oates ed., N. & E. Ind. Birds (1890),
3, 57; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 33, pl. 2, fig. 1;
Hand-List (1900), 2, 47; Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1895), 3,
107, fig. 30 (head); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 51.

Lo-ro in'-chic, Manila; lan-gac, Cagayancillo; ta-ga-tac, Calayan;
Sa-lac-sá-can, Ticao.

Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Cagayancillo (McGregor);
Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin
N. (McGregor); Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester); Cuyo (Meyer);
Dinagat (Everett); Fuga (McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp.,
Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Steere Exp., Everett, Whitehead);
Libagao (Porter); Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Maestre de Campo (McGregor &
Worcester); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Steere Exp.,
McGregor); Mindanao (Steere, Murray, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg,
Steere Exp., Goodfellow, Celestino), Mindoro (Steere Exp.,
Schmacker, Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Porter); Negros
(Steere, Layard, Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead, Keay); Palawan
(Everett, Platen, Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, White); Panaon
(Everett); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns
& Worcester); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead);
Sibutu (Everett); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Steere
Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester);
Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao
(McGregor); Verde (McGregor). Malay Peninsula, Burmese provinces,
Cachar, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Andamans, and Nicobars.

Adult.--Forehead, crown, and sides of face black becoming dark brown on occiput, neck, ear-coverts, and sides of neck; back, rump, tail-coverts, scapulars, inner secondaries, and secondary-coverts brown, washed with dull oily green; chin black with a small white spot in the center; throat deep purplish blue with bright blue mesial streaks; remainder of under parts greenish blue, becoming more intense on crissum; primaries, outer secondaries, and rectrices glossy black, marked more or less on both webs with deep purplish blue; a wide band of light blue across middle of primaries; alula and primary-coverts black, edged with deep purplish blue. Bill and legs bright red; nails and tip of bill black. Length of a male, 280; wing, 180; tail, 96; culmen from base, 33; tarsus, 17. Length of a female, 266; wing, 190; tail, 104; culmen from base, 34; middle toe with claw, 29.

"Young.--Differs from the adult in being duller in color and in having a black bill, and in wanting the bright blue patch on the throat, which is greenish, a little duller than the abdomen." (Sharpe.)

"Sixteen specimens measure as follows: Length, 352; wing, 181; tail, 109; culmen, 24; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 26. Usually seen perching on some dead limb from which it flies in pursuit of insects, soon returning to its perch. Often seen flying about actively just after dark, like a night hawk." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

This roller is easily identified by its gaudy plumage, bright red bill, and peculiar jerky flight; there is no other Philippine species resembling it.

Suborder HALCYONES.

Family ALCEDINIDÆ.

Bill long, strong, and pointed, never hooked; culmen rounded or slightly flattened, straight or nearly so; nostrils small, reached by frontal feathers; wings and tail moderate, the latter slightly rounded; tarsus short; feet weak; front toes more or less united. The two subfamilies will not be considered here as their differences are very slight.

Genera.

a1. Tail longer than culmen.

b1. Bill compressed; culmen flattened; a groove on each side
from nostril parallel to culmen; length of bird, 350 mm. or
more. ... Pelargopsis (p. 303)
b2. Bill little if at all compressed; culmen rounded; groove
parallel to culmen shallow or absent; length of bird, 300 mm. or
less. ... Halcyon (p. 318)

a2. Tail shorter than culmen.

b1. Toes four. ... Alcedo (p. 305)
b2. Toes three; forest inhabiting.

c1. Bill more slender and more compressed; the species usually
found near streams. ... Alcyone (p. 308)
c2. Bill stouter and less compressed; the species usually found
away from water in forest or in thickets. ... Ceyx (p. 311)

Genus PELARGOPSIS Gloger, 1842.

Large, length 300 mm. or more; bill bright red, very large and strong; culmen flattened and perfectly straight; a well-marked groove on each side of bill from nostril to near tip of bill, back and rump pale blue, lower parts buff, tail much longer than bill.

Species.

a1. Back and wings deep ultramarine blue; lower back rich cobalt. ... javana (p. 303) a2. Back and wings bluish green; lower back greenish cobalt.

b1. Head, neck, and under parts rich deep ocherous. ... gouldi
(p. 304)
b2. Head whitish; hind neck and under parts pale
ocherous-buff. ... gigantea (p. 305)

266. PELARGOPSIS JAVANA (Boddaert).

BORNEAN STORK-BILLED KINGFISHER.

Alcedo javana Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl. (1783), 47.
Pelargopsis leucocephala Steere, List Bds. & Mams. Steere
Exped. (1890), 9; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17,
98; Hand-List (1900), 2, 48; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 51.

Mindoro (Steere Exp.); Palawan (Whitehead, Steere Exp.). Borneo.

"Adult male.--Head and back of neck deep ochraceous, the latter rather deeper in color; upper part of the back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts rich blue; the median and greater coverts and the outer aspect of the primaries rich ultramarine, inner secondaries entirely of this color; tail ultramarine above, black beneath; under surface of body deep rich ochraceous, a little lighter on throat and sides of face. 'Bill and feet coral-red; iris chocolate.' (Everett.) Length, 330; culmen, 76; wing, 147; tail, 84; tarsus, 11." (Sharpe.)

"Included in this list chiefly on the authority of Dr. Sharpe, who identifies a bird collected by Dr. Steere as P. leucocephala (=javana). Mr. Whitehead speaks of 'two specimens' secured by himself, and refers to the fact that the bird was discovered by Dr. Steere in the Island. It is our opinion that the Mindoro bird is P. gouldi, and we doubt the correctness of Dr. Steere's identification of the bird collected by the Steere Expedition in Palawan. It might well happen that an occasional specimen of P. javana should find its way into Palawan, but there is little doubt that P. gouldi is the common species there." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

267. PELARGOPSIS GOULDI Sharpe.

GOULD'S STORK-BILLED KINGFISHER.

Pelargopsis gouldi Sharpe, Ibis (1870), 63; Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 100; Hand-List (1900), 2, 49; Grant, Ibis
(1896), 470; McGregor, Bur. Govt. Labs. (1905), 34, 12, pl. 9
(nest); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 52.

Balabac (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Cuming); Mindoro (Steere Exp.,
Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Porter);
Palawan (Lempriere, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., White).

"Adult (type of species).--Entire head and neck, as well as the whole of the under surface of the body, rich ochraceous; upper part of back, scapulars, wing-coverts, upper tail-coverts, and tail bluish green; quills and tail-feathers rather more blue; entire back and rump silvery cobalt. Length, 330; culmen, 81; wing, 152; tail, 89; tarsus, 13." (Sharpe.)

Iris dark brown; bill and legs bright scarlet; nails dark brown; eyelids scarlet. A male from Mindoro is 343 in length; wing, 143; tail, 89; culmen, 85; tarsus, 15.

Individuals of this species are often found near the seashore where they feed on small crabs; at other times they are fairly common in mangrove swamps. A nest found in Mindoro on April 18, 1905, was excavated in a deserted termites' nest which was fastened to a tree at about 9 meters from the ground. The three incubated eggs were glossy white and measured 37.8 by 27.6; 39.8 by 28.9 and 39.6 by 28.9.

"In Volume XVII of the Catalogue of Birds, P. gouldi is recorded from Panay, the specimen having been collected by the Challenger expedition. This specimen seems to have been identified with some doubt as P. gigantea by Lord Walden, Proceedings of the Zoological Society (1877), 536. It would seem altogether probable that this identification was correct, as P. gigantea has since been repeatedly found in the central Philippines." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

268. PELARGOPSIS GIGANTEA Walden.

PHILIPPINE STORK-BILLED KINGFISHER.

Pelargopsis gigantea Walden, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1874), (4),
13, 123; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 100; Hand-List
(1900), 2, 49; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 52.

Ba-rí-ta, Ticao.

Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol
(McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Dinagat (Everett); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Lapac (Guillemard);
Leyte (Everett); Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
McGregor); Mindanao (Murray, Steere, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg,
Steere Exp., Goodfellow, Celestino); Malanipa (Murray); Negros
(Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Panay (Murray, Bourns & Worcester);
Salok (Meyer); Samal (Goodfellow); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns
& Worcester, Whitehead); Sibutu (Everett); Sibuyan (Bourns &
Worcester); Sulu (Burbidge, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns &
Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor).

Adult male.--Back, rump, wings, and tail as in P. gouldi, but head, neck, and entire under parts very much lighter in color, being pale ochraceous-buff. Wing, 155; tail, 92; culmen from base, 82; bill from nostril, 69.

Adult female.--Similar to the male. Bill bright scarlet, blackish at tip; iris brown; eyelids and legs scarlet; nails dark horn-brown. A specimen from Ticao measures: Length, 370; wing, 159; tail, 93; culmen, 88; tarsus, 18.

Immature.--Differs from the adult in having buff of lower parts darker and the breast-feathers narrowly edged with dark brown forming crescentic marks. The bill and legs are much duller than those of the adult.

"Abundant along the seashore and the banks of large fresh-water streams in the islands indicated. P. gigantea is a very tough bird, and will carry off a pretty good-sized load of shot. Ten specimens measure 379 in length; wing, 153; tail, 93; culmen, 83; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 35. Iris dark brown; feet red to dark red; bill dirty red to dark red." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus ALCEDO Linnæus, 1758.

Small, length less than 200 mm.; bill long; culmen slightly curved and rounded, not flattened, a slight groove on each side; tail shorter than bill; toes four.

Species.

a1. Wings dirty green; back, rump, and upper tail-coverts greenish cobalt; head and wing-coverts spotted with greenish blue. ... bengalensis (p. 306) a2. Wings black; back, rump, and upper tail-coverts cobalt-blue; head and wing-coverts spotted with purplish blue. ... meninting (p. 307)

269. ALCEDO BENGALENSIS Gmelin.

ASIATIC KINGFISHER.

Alcedo bengalensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, 450; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 52.
Alcedo ispida Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17,
141 (part); Hand-List (1900), 2, 50 (part); Blanford, Fauna
Brit. Ind. Bds. (1895), 3, 122, fig. 35 (head); Oates and Reid,
Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 33 (part).

Su-sul'-bot, Manila; ma-min-dí-ta, Calayan; sa-cal', Lubang.

Balabac (Steere Exp., Everett); Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester); Bantayan (McGregor); Batan (McGregor); Bohol (Everett,
McGregor), Cagayancillo (McGregor); Cagayan Sulu (McGregor);
Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Calayan (McGregor);
Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester,
McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester); Leyte (Everett); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Cuming,
Meyer, Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Masbate
(Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Steere, Everett,
Steere Exp., Celestino, Goodfellow); Mindoro (Schmacker, Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor, Porter); Negros (Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, Keay); Palawan (Lempriere, Platen, Whitehead, Steere
Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White); Panay (Bourns & Worcester);
Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Bourns &
Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester);
Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester);
Verde (McGregor). Malay and Indian Peninsulas, Burmese provinces,
Moluccas and Greater Sunda Islands, China, Hainan.

Adult male.--Upper parts, including wings, dark greenish blue; back, rump, and tail-coverts light cobalt-blue; feathers of head banded with cobalt; median wing-coverts tipped with cobalt; lores and a band to ear-coverts deep ferruginous, followed by a white patch on side of neck; a wide band from lower mandible to below white patch, greenish blue, spotted with cobalt; lower parts deep ferruginous or orange-rufous but chin and throat buffy white; under wing-coverts and axillars similar to breast but slightly paler. Bill black, dusky red along base; feet bright red; nails dark brown; iris dark brown. A male from Mindoro measures: Length, 168; wing, 71; tail, 32; culmen from base, 39; tarsus, 9.

Adult female.--Similar to the male. A specimen from Mindoro measures: Length, 170; wing, 75; tail, 34; culmen from base, 40; tarsus, 9.

Young.--Similar to the adult but duller; lower parts with little or no ferruginous; throat and chin white; breast and abdomen ashy or dusky brown.

"Probably occurs abundantly on every island of the group. Found along the seashore, in mangrove swamps, and along banks of fresh-water streams in the open. Much less commonly met with along streams in the forest." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

270. ALCEDO MENINTING Horsfield.

MALAYAN KINGFISHER.

Alcedo meninting Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1821), 13, pt. 1,
172; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 157; Hand-List
(1900), 2, 51; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 33;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 52.

Balabac (Everett); Bongao (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns &
Worcester); Palawan (Platen, Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester,
White); Sulu (Guillemard); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester,
Everett). Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, southern Tenasserim, Java,
Borneo.

"Adult male (type of species).--Above rich purplish blue; the entire back brilliant cobalt, changing to deeper blue on the lower rump and upper tail-coverts; wing-coverts black, washed with purplish blue, with a small spot of brighter blue near the end of each feather; quills black, secondaries externally purplish blue like the scapulars; tail black, washed with purplish blue; crown black, barred with purplish blue rather brighter than the shade of the back; hind neck beautiful purplish blue, with the black cross-bars more or less obsolete; lores blackish, with a rufous supra-loral streak; sides of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks purplish blue like the crown, the feathers mottled with black bases; behind the ear-coverts a broad band of white, tinged with ocherous-buff; throat white with a rufous wash; rest of under surface of body from the lower throat downwards chestnut-rufous, with a patch of purplish blue, lilac-tinged feathers on each side of the upper breast; under wing-coverts chestnut-rufous, a little paler than the breast. 'Bill blackish brown; feet coral-red; iris brown.' (Everett.) Length, 135; culmen, 42; wing, 65; tail, 27; tarsus, 9.

"Adult female.--Exactly resembles the male in color, and has even the cheeks blue like the male. It appears, however, always to have the bill more, or less red, and generally the greater part of the lower mandible is rufous. Length, 140; culmen, 42; wing, 66; tail, 27; tarsus, 6." (Sharpe.)

"Found chiefly along banks of fresh-water streams in forest. More rare in mangrove swamps and never seen by us along the seashore. Iris dark brown; legs and feet deep scarlet; bill black, reddish at base of lower mandible. In a single case the bill was deep scarlet except base and culmen black. Seven birds average as follows: Length, 155; wing, 64; tail, 28; culmen, 37; tarsus, 8." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus ALCYONE Swainson, 1837.

The Philippine species here placed in Alcyone are scarcely separable generically from those of the next following genus. They feed along small forest streams wherein they differ from the members of the genus Ceyx which are always found away from water in forest or in thickets.

Species.

a1. Back and upper tail-coverts cobalt-blue; head spotted with cobalt-blue; chin and throat orange-buff.

b1. Lower mandible dark red; spots on crown smaller. ... cyanopectus
(p. 308)
b2. Lower mandible black; spots on crown larger. ... nigrirostris
(p. 311)

a2. Back and upper tail-coverts black, more or less spotted with white; chin and throat white.

b1. Breast and sides dark greenish blue. ... argentata (p. 309)
b2. Breast and sides purplish blue. ... flumenicola (p. 310)

271. ALCYONE CYANOPECTUS (Lafresnaye).

BLUE-BREASTED KINGFISHER.

Ceyx cyanopectus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool. (1840), 33; McGregor,
Bur. Govt. Labs. (1905), 25, 13, pl. 10.
Ceyx cyanipectus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 185;
Hand-List (1900), 2, 53; Bourns and Worcester, Ibis (1895), 404;
Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 48.
Ceyx steerii Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 187.
Alcyone cyanipectus Grant, Ibis (1895), 112, 464; Whitehead, Ibis
(1899), 385.
Alcyone cyanopectus McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 52.

Sal-pac', Ticao and Masbate.

Luzon (Cuming, Heriot, Möllendorff, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead);
Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor);
Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Ticao (McGregor).

Male.--Lores orange-chestnut; sides of face, crown, and occiput deep blue, the feathers tipped with silvery cobalt; back, rump, and tail-coverts silvery cobalt; scapulars black, widely edged with dark blue; wings black, secondaries edged with dark blue; secondary-coverts dark blue, each feather with a spot of silvery cobalt; a large spot of orange-chestnut on side of neck; throat orange-chestnut, much paler on chin; middle of abdomen and a large spot on center of breast orange-chestnut; rest of under parts deep ultramarine-blue and forming two bands across the breast; axillars and wing-lining orange-chestnut; tail dark blue. A male from Mindoro measures: Length, 145; wing, 60; tail, 23; exposed culmen, 35.

Female.--Similar to the male, but all the lower parts deep orange-chestnut except the pale throat and a single dark blue band across the breast. A female from Mindoro measures: Length, 152; wing, 61; tail, 23; exposed culmen, 35.

"We found A. cyanopectus abundantly in Masbate. In Sibuyan it was much more rare. It is to be found along the banks of small fresh-water streams, which it is extremely loath to leave. In Sibuyan one specimen was seen in a mangrove swamp. We never met with it away from water. Legs, feet, and nails scarlet; upper mandible black, lower red; food (in one case) fish.

"Eight males average, 138 in length; wing, 58; tail, 22; culmen, 39; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, 17. Seven females average, 142 in length; wing, 60; tail, 22; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, 17; culmen, 39." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

272. ALCYONE ARGENTATA (Tweeddale).

SILVERY KINGFISHER.

Ceyx argentata Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1877), 20,
(4), 533; Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), pl. 6, 108; Sharpe, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 187; Hand-List (1900), 2, 53.
Alcyone argentata McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 52.

Basilan (Bourns & Worcester); Dinagat (Everett); Mindanao (Everett,
Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow,
Celestino).

Adult.--Sexes similar; upper parts, wings, and sides of head black; bases of loral feathers white; sides of crown from above eyes to nape with small white spots; back, rump, and upper tail-coverts white, resulting from the wide tips to the feathers; white tip of each feather preceded by a light blue bar which is more or less concealed; a large white patch on each side of neck; chin, throat, and fore breast pure white, forming a well-defined patch; thighs and middle of abdomen white; remainder of under parts black, the breast and sides of abdomen strongly washed with blue; greater secondary-coverts with white tips; edge of wing and most of wing-lining white; axillars black. "Eyes black, feet red; nails and bill black." (Celestino.) A male from northern Mindanao is 152 in length; wing, 64; tail, 27; culmen from base, 41; tarsus, 10. A female from the same region is 150 in length; wing, 60; tail, 22; culmen from base, 39; tarsus, 10.

In some specimens the white patch behind ear-coverts is washed with buff and some of the median secondary-coverts are tipped with pale blue. These characters are probably due to immaturity.

"We obtained four specimens in Mindanao and one in Basilan; it is extremely rare in the latter island, at least in the portion over which we collected. Like A. cyanopectus and A. nigrirostris it is invariably found along the banks of wooded streams."

"Iris very dark brown; legs and feet scarlet, much darker in some specimens than in others; nails red to black. Three males from Mindanao measure, 145 in length; wing, 59; tail, 21; culmen, 39; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, 15. A female from Basilan measures, 143 in length; wing, 61; tail, 28; culmen, 39; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, 16." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

273. ALCYONE FLUMENICOLA (Steere).

STEERE'S RIVER KINGFISHER.

Ceyx flumenicola Steere, List. Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890),
10.
Ceyx fluminicola Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 187;
Hand-List (1900), 2, 53.
Alcyone fluminicola McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 53.

Leyte (Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead); Samar (Steere Exp.,
Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

"Adult male.--Similar to C. argentata, but differing in having the breast and sides of body black, washed with ultramarine or purplish blue. 'Bill black; legs and feet scarlet, the nails brown; iris brown.' (Worcester.) Length, 127; culmen, 37; wing, 61; tail, 23; tarsus, 10.

"Adult female.--Similar to the male in color. Length, 140; culmen, 37; wing, 58; tail, 22; tarsus, 9.

"The specimen from Leyte is more ultramarine on the breast than those from Samar, which incline to purplish blue; but Steere unites the birds from the two islands, and thus the Leyte specimen in the Museum may be immature, especially as it has the throat and abdomen tinged with buff. This last character Steere considers to be specific, but I feel sure that it is a sign of immaturity." (Sharpe.)

"We had scant faith in Steere's C. flumenicola before our return to the Philippines. But one specimen of C. argentata was collected by the Steere Expedition, and that was so shot to pieces that the differences between it and C. flumenicola were not in evidence to any great extent. The examination of a good series of specimens from Mindanao and Basilan has, however, convinced us that the Samar-Leyte birds are quite distinct.

"The blue of the under parts affords the best means of distinguishing the species, being much darker in the northern birds. The under wing-coverts in the southern birds are white; in the northern birds they are almost invariably light buff. All of our specimens from the south have pure white throats, while the northern birds usually have the white of the throat washed with buff. This last character is not of a very satisfactory nature, however, as the northern birds show a great deal of individual variation in this respect. This variation is independent of the sex; nor does it seem to be, as Dr. Sharpe thinks, a sign of immaturity, young birds in some cases having very little of the color. C. flumenicola is always found along the wooded banks of streams where it perches over the water.

"Iris very dark brown; legs and feet bright scarlet; nails usually blackish; bill black. Food, in one case, small crabs. Eight males measure, 136 in length; wing, 56; tail, 23; culmen, 36; tarsus, 8; middle toe with claw, 20. Five females measure, 139 in length; wing, 57; tail, 23; culmen, 34; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, 16." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

274. ALCYONE NIGRIROSTRIS (Bourns and Worcester).

BLACK-BILLED KINGFISHER.

Ceyx nigrirostris Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 13; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1900), 2, 54.
Alcyone nigrirostris Mcgregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 53.

Cebu (Bourns & Worcester); Negros (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead);
Panay (Bourns & Worcester).