Chapter IV: Preface (3)

Adult (sexes alike).--Head and a narrow band across throat pale gray, vinous on crown and occiput; a large patch of light chestnut on chin; lower breast and abdomen pale vinous; abdomen freckled with chestnut, the color becoming rich chestnut-brown on flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts; tail black below, crossed at about 40 mm. from tip by a pale gray band which shows both above and below; when the specimen is held toward the light, the crop, breast, sides of neck, and upper parts, except head, are rich green; held away from the light, tail and its coverts, rump, distal wing-coverts, secondaries, and breast become largely coppery or bronze-color; hind neck vinaceous gray, proximal wing-coverts, tertials, and interscapular region deep vinous-purple. Bill black; "iris indian-yellow, passing into red on outer ring;" legs, feet, and skin about eye crimson; nails gray. Length, 400 to 430; a male from Sibuyan measures: Wing, 235; tail, 156; culmen from base, 24; tarsus, 32; a female from Sibuyan, wing, 235; tail, 154; culmen from base, 24; tarsus, 27.

"Comparatively rare and usually frequents the loftiest trees. For a long time we mistook its deep booming note for the hoot of some great owl. Occasionally it comes down into low second-growth where it is easily shot, being very stupid about making its escape.

"Iris with outer red and inner yellow or brown ring; legs and feet red; nails dark brown; bill black; eyelids red. Length 400." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

41. ZONOPHAPS MINDORENSIS (Whitehead).

MINDORO ZONE-TAILED PIGEON.

Carpophaga mindorensis Whitehead, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1896),
ser. 6, 18, 189; Ibis (1899), 488; Grant, Ibis (1896), 476, pl. 11.
Zonophaps mindorensis Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 65; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 12.

Mindoro (Whitehead).

"Adult male.--Most nearly allied to Carpophaga radiata (Quoy and Gaimard) but much larger. Top of head, neck, breast, and rest of under parts bluish slate-gray, darkest on belly and under tail-coverts, the latter indistinctly edged with rufous; forehead, cheeks, and throat pale whitish pink; feathers surrounding eye and forming a patch above ear-coverts, blackish gray; hind neck gradually shading into sooty black on the mantle and interscapulary region; scapulars and inner wing-coverts bronze-lake, changing to bronze-green on the rest of the wings, rump, and upper tail-coverts; primary quills blackish gray, the inner ones glossed on the outer web and toward the extremity with metallic green; tail-feathers black, glossed with purple and green, and with a wide gray band across the middle; under wing-coverts and axillars slightly glossed with bronze. Length, 482; exposed culmen, 23; wing, 234; tail, 178; tarsus, 35; middle toe with claw, 51.

"Adult female.--Similar to the male but rather smaller, and the under tail-coverts distinctly margined with chestnut. Length, 445; exposed culmen, 23; wing, 223; tail, 159; tarsus, 33; middle toe with claw, 46." (Whitehead.)

This species is much larger than Zonophaps poliocephala from which it differs also in the following points: A large black patch on ear-coverts and surrounding eye; forehead, cheeks, and chin fawn-color; occiput, neck, crop, breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts gray.

"Male.--Iris bright yellow, with an outer ring of red; orbital skin lake-red, with a grayish yellow space between the rings; bill black; feet coral-pink. Female: Iris straw-yellow, with an outer ring of golden brown; orbital skin orange-yellow, bill olive-brown, black at tip; feet salmon-red; nails black.

"This species is more often met with singly or in pairs, but sometimes as many as four birds were seen together; they were feeding on some large purple colored fruits as big as a pigeon's egg. C. mindorensis, like the last species (Zonophaps poliocephala), has a conspicuous fleshy ring outside the eyelid. * * * During dull misty weather, especially just after daybreak, the penetrating booming note is more often heard than on clear days." (Whitehead.)

So far as known the species is confined to the highlands of Mindoro at an elevation of between 1,200 and 1,800 meters.

Genus MYRISTICIVORA Reichenbach, 1852.

Inner webs of first and second primaries very slightly attenuated; tarsus feathered in front for half its length. This genus is remarkable for its coloration; parts of the wings and tail, slate or black, the rest of the plumage pale creamy white.

42. MYRISTICIVORA BICOLOR (Scopoli).

NUTMEG PIGEON.

Columba bicolor Scopoli, Del Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1786), 2, 94.
Carpophaga bicolor Cassin, Ornith. Wilkes Exped. (1858), 265,
pl. 28.
Myristicivora bicolor Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893),
21, 227; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 67; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs
(1901), 1, 86; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 12.

Ca-má-su, bá-lud blan'-co, in general use.

Balabac (Steere, Everett); Bantayan (McGregor); Bongao (Everett);
Cresta de Gallo (McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Malanipa
(Murray); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester);
Mindanao (Everett, Koch & Schadenberg); Mindoro (Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor, Porter); Negros (Meyer, Steere Exp.); Nipa
(Everett); Palawan (Bourns & Worcester, White); Sakuijok (Everett);
Sibay (McGregor & Worcester); Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester);
Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); West Bolod
(Mearns). Siam, Cochin-China, Malay Peninsula, Tenimber and
Indo-Malayan Islands, Andamans, Nicobars, and Moluccas.

Adult (sexes alike).--General color pale creamy white; head and sides of head more or less ochraceous-yellow; wing-coverts and edge of wing white; alula, primary-coverts, primaries, and most of the secondaries black; outer web of longer primaries mealy; basal half, or more, of rectrices and under tail-coverts light yellow, the coverts in some specimens spotted with black; end of tail marked with a wide black band which is widest on middle rectrices. Iris dark brown; bill dull blue with a black tip; eyelids, legs, and feet dark blue; nails black. Length, about 380; a male from Ticao measures: Wing, 229; tail, 127; culmen from base, 25; tarsus, 27; a female from Cresta de Gallo, wing, 229; tail, 127; culmen from base, 24; tarsus, 29.

The camaso, or balud blanco, being a very conspicuous bird, is well known to both natives and Spaniards and can not be mistaken for any other species of Philippine pigeon. The species is irregular in distribution; it is often abundant on a small island and rare, or entirely wanting, on a larger neighboring island. Worcester and Bourns found it especially abundant in Siquijor. No specimens were taken by Whitehead and it is unrecorded from Luzon, although there seems to be no reason why it should be absent from that island.

Family COLUMBIDÆ.

Tarsus slender, feathered at base; bill slender, gape small, and nostril covering conspicuously swollen; tail nearly square or greatly graduated; colors blackish or reddish brown.

Subfamilies.

a1. Tail moderate, nearly square; plumage mostly blackish with purple and green metallic reflections. ... Columbinæ (p. 51) a2. Tail greatly elongated and graduated; plumage mostly chestnut or rufous-brown with little metallic color. ... Macropyginæ (p. 52)

Subfamily COLUMBINÆ.

Genus COLUMBA Linnæus, 1758.

Bill comparatively slender; membrane behind nostril greatly swollen and bulging out on the side; first primary very slightly scooped on inner web; tarsus feathered at the base. The only Philippine species is almost entirely black, glossed with green and purple.

43. COLUMBA GRISEOGULARIS (Walden and Layard).

GRAY-THROATED PIGEON.

Ianthoenas griseogularis Walden and Layard, Ibis (1872), 104,
pl. 6.
Columba griseigularis Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893),
21, 313; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 72; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 13.

Bá-lud mai-tim, Manila; bá-duc, Batan.

Basilan (Everett, Bourns & Worcester); Batan (McGregor); Cagayan
Sulu (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Guimaras (Layard, Meyer);
Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Gevers, Whitehead); Mindanao (Steere
Exp., Platen, Goodfellow); Mindoro (McGregor); Negros (Everett,
Whitehead); Romblon (McGregor); Sibutu (Everett); Sibuyan
(McGregor); Sulu (Burbidge); West Bolod (Mearns). Northern Borneo.

Adult (sexes alike).--General color slate-black with metallic purple or green tips to the feathers; chin, upper throat, and sides of face below eyes pale gray; head, neck, back, breast, abdomen, and tips of wing-coverts, and upper and under tail-coverts glossed with metallic purple changing to green; remiges and rectrices black without metallic reflections, their coverts largely black with only the tips metallic; colors change greatly with the angle at which the specimen is held. Iris bright yellow; base of bill dark red, tip light yellow; feet and bare space about eye red. Length, 380 to 430; two males, wing, 248; tail, 161; exposed culmen, 22; tarsus, 28.

Young.--Differs from the adult in having metallic edges of feathers narrower on body, and wanting on wing-coverts; throat and breast blackish brown, each feather tipped with cinnamon.

Although of wide distribution, this species does not occur in great numbers except on the Island of Batan in the Batanes group where many individuals are caught with bird-lime and sold to visiting ships.

Subfamily MACROPYGINÆ.

Genus MACROPYGIA Swainson, 1837.

Bill small and rather slender; upper part of tarsus slightly feathered; tail long and greatly graduated; longest and shortest rectrices differing in length by about half the wing.

Species.

a1. Smaller and lighter, without a vinous wash on breast and abdomen; dark rufous-brown above. ... tenuirostris (p. 52) a2. Larger and darker, a faint vinous wash on breast and abdomen; blackish brown above. ... phæa (p. 53)

44. MACROPYGIA TENUIROSTRIS Bonaparte.

SLENDER-BILLED CUCKOO DOVE.

Macropygia tenuirostris Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium (1854), 2,
57; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 346; Whitehead,
Ibis (1899), 491; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 74; McGregor and
Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 13.
Macropygia eurycerca Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 288
(young).

Ba-tic'-la-uin', Manila; i-bu-oo, Benguet Igorot.

Balabac (Everett); Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Leyte
(Whitehead); Luzon (Meyer, Heriot, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns &
Worcester); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester);
Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Porter); Negros (Meyer,
Steere, Everett, Keay); Palawan (Lempriere, Whitehead, Platen,
Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (McGregor); Sibutu
(Everett); Sibuyan (McGregor); Sulu (Burbidge); Tawi Tawi (Bourns
& Worcester).

Adult male.--Head, sides of neck and breast, and lower parts bright cinnamon-rufous, much lighter on throat and chin, darker on flanks, under tail-coverts, and rectrices; above including wings and tail dark brown; most of the feathers except remiges and rectrices, edged with fine rufous dots; feathers of neck covered with irregular vermiculations of rufous and blackish brown; sides of neck and of body and crop marked with a few black cross-lines; neck and its sides glossed with amethystine changing to green; metallic colors extending faintly onto back and rump; rectrices from above dark brown, except two outermost pairs which are cinnamon-rufous, each crossed by a diagonal black bar; next pair similar but more obscurely colored; inner webs of primaries edged with cinnamon. Iris of three rings, outermost reddish or crimson, middle ring black, innermost pale straw; skin around eye dirty brown; eyelids and basal half of bill crimson; distal end of bill brown; legs and feet bright crimson; nails brown. Length, about 394; three males average, wing, 189; tail, 200; exposed culmen, 16; tarsus, 23.

Adult female.--Nearly like the male but with very little if any metallic gloss; neck and its sides black, barred with light cinnamon; crop and lower throat more or less barred and vermiculated with black.

Young.--A young bird from Sibuyan with tail less than half grown differs from the adult female in the throat- and breast-feathers being blackish brown, edged with rufous, and in having bars of upper parts more sharply cut, being produced by solid colors rather than by dots; the rectrices seen from above have narrow rufous tips and from below, each is crossed by a narrow, subterminal gray line.

The adult plumage is here described from a pair of birds taken at Irisan, Benguet Province, on May 1, 1903. That these were breeding birds was shown by dissection and was noted on the tags. If the rusty edges are absent from the wing-coverts of fully adult birds then it must require two or possibly three years for them to attain that plumage.

"Exceedingly common in some localities. Frequents open ground surrounded by patches of second growth. When flushed it frequently alights in trees. Eyes yellow; legs and feet red. Length, 370; culmen, 19; wing, 165; tail, 184; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 33." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

"Common among the mountains of north Luzon, and found nesting on the summit of Monte Data, where the large tracts of dead bracken ferns afford it good protection. I saw a young one nearly ready to fly on 28th of January on this mountain. This dove is also plentiful in the lowland forests, and is distributed throughout the Archipelago." (Whitehead.)

45. MACROPYGIA PHÆA McGregor.

DARK CUCKOO DOVE.

Macropygia phæa McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4, 9;
Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 338; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 13.

A-la-gá-dang, Calayan.

Batan (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor).

Adult.--Similar to Macropygia tenuirostris but larger and darker; cinnamon edgings on inner primary webs and rufous edging of wing-coverts narrower or obsolete. The sexes differ as in the preceding species.

Male (type).--Bill brown with reddish base; legs dark reddish brown; nails brown; iris of three rings, outer crimson, middle black, inner straw. Length, 413; wing, 198; tail, 198; exposed culmen, 18; tarsus, 24.

Female (type).--Colors of bill, legs, and eyes as in the male. Length, 406; wing, 196; tail, 195; exposed culmen, 18; tarsus, 22.

This species is rather abundant in Calayan; in habits it does not differ from Macropygia tenuirostris. The species is rare in Batan, Batanes, where a nest containing one egg was taken, June 12. The egg is pure white and measures 37 by 27.

Family PERISTERIDÆ.

Tarsus slender and unfeathered; bill slender and weak, gape small, nostril covering swollen; tail slightly graduated; colors plain or brilliant; size moderate.

Subfamilies.

a1. Plumage mostly brown, gray, and vinous; very little if any metallic color.

b1. First primary not greatly attenuated; no narrow cross-bars on
neck and back; tail square or slightly graduated. ... Turturinæ
(p. 54)
b2. First primary abruptly attenuated; neck and back barred with
narrow lines; tail graduated, longest rectrix exceeding shortest
by more than twice the tarsus. ... Geopeliinæ (p. 57)

a2. Plumage largely metallic green or purple.

b1. Feathers of hind neck not elongated; tail not white.

c1. A gray band across rump and another across back; breast
uniform. ... Phabinæ (p. 58)
c2. No band across back nor rump; a large smear of orange or
blood-red on middle of breast. ... Geotrygoninæ (p. 60)

b2. Feathers of neck long, narrow, and soft; tail pure
white. ... Caloenadinæ (p. 64)

Subfamily TURTURINÆ.

Genera.

a1. Feathers of neck normal, not bifurcated; wing-coverts without shaft-stripes.

b1. Larger, length, 300 mm. or more; outermost rectrices with narrow
white tips. ... Streptopelia (p. 54)
b2. Smaller, length, 240 mm. or less; outermost rectrices with wide
white ends. ... Oenopopelia (p. 56)

a2. Feathers of neck bifurcated; wing-coverts with dark shaft-stripes; edge of wing pale pearl-gray. ... Spilopelia (p. 56)

Genus STREPTOPELIA Bonaparte, 1854.

This genus is characterized by having a long, nearly square tail, but the outermost rectrix on each side is about 10 mm. shorter than the next feather.

46. STREPTOPELIA DUSSUMIERI (Temminck).

DUSSUMIER'S TURTLE DOVE.

Columba dussumieri Temminck, Pl. Col. (1823), 188.
Turtur dussumieri Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 423.
Streptopelia dussumieri Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 79; Oates,
Cat. Birds' Eggs (1901), 1, 96; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 13.

Bá-to ba-tó de col-lar, Manila; pa-gao, Calayan; tuc-mó, Ticao,
Bohol, Cagayancillo.

Agutaya (McGregor); Bantayan (McGregor); Banton (Celestino);
Basilan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (Everett, Steere
Exp., McGregor); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor);
Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Caluya (Porter);
Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Everett, Steere Exp., McGregor);
Cuyo (McGregor); Fuga (McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Leyte
(Everett); Libagao (Porter); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer,
Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Maestre de Campo
(McGregor & Worcester); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Steere
Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Everett, Koch & Schadenberg,
Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow); Mindoro (Steere
Exp., Schmacker, Whitehead, McGregor, Porter); Negros (Meyer,
Everett, Steere Exp., Keay); Palawan (Platen, White); Panay
(Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Samar (Whitehead); Semirara (Worcester); Siasi (Guillemard);
Sibay (McGregor & Worcester); Sibutu (Everett); Sibuyan (Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
Celestino); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns
& Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor);
Verde (McGregor). North Borneo, Marianne Islands.

Adult (sexes alike).--Forehead and face pearl-gray; top and sides of head and nape darker, washed with vinous, nuchal collar blackish, each feather touched with gray, the tips faint metallic green; behind collar a band of light rusty brown; rest of upper parts, including tail-coverts, tertiaries, and proximal wing-coverts, earthy brown; chin white shading into light vinous on throat, breast, and sides of neck and abdomen; sides and flanks gray; middle of abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts white; alula, primary-coverts, and primaries blackish brown, the last with narrow whitish edges, secondaries similar to primaries; distal coverts in each series slate-gray; rectrices blackish brown below; outer webs of shortest pair white; three outer pairs with wide gray ends and narrow white tips; three middle pairs with brown ends. Iris light orange or reddish brown; bill dark horn-blue; angle of mouth dull red; legs light carmine; nails brown. Length, 300 to 330; three males average: Wing, 161; tail, 134; exposed culmen, 15; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 31. Two females: Wing, 158; tail, 129; culmen, 18; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 31.

"Enormously abundant in many localities, especially about the rice-fields after harvest. Everywhere common in open country. It is a favorite cage bird with the natives, who call it took-moo from its note. The nest, which is a mere platform of sticks and twigs, is placed on the branch of some low tree or bush. The eggs are pure white in color, and oval in form, with both ends rather sharply pointed. They measure 28.4 to 30.5 in length by 20.8 to 21.3 in breadth.

"Eyes golden brown; feet purple; length, 305; wing 155; tail, 123; culmen, 20; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 32." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Dussumier's dove occurs in nearly every island of the group; it is partial to open, lowland country. After harvest it feeds in the rice-fields, being found in pairs or small companies.

Genus OENOPOPELIA Blanford, 1898.

Tail short and square, its feathers subequal; first primary nearly or quite as long as the second.

47. OENOPOPELIA HUMILIS (Temminck).

RED TURTLE DOVE.

Columba humilis Temminck, Pl. Col. (1824), 259.
Turtur humilis Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 434.
Onopopelia humilis Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 79.
Onopopelia humulis McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 14
(error).

Bá-to ba-tó de col-lar, Manila.

Calayan (McGregor); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Cuming, Möllendorff,
Meyer, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor);
Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester). China, Japan,
Indo-Chinese countries, eastern Bengal, Andamans.

Adult male.--Back, wings, and under parts nearly uniform vinaceous-red; upper parts darker, more reddish brown; head and sides of face light slate-gray sharply separated from color of back by a narrow, black, nuchal band; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts blackish slate; chin white or nearly so; vent and under tail-coverts white; alula, primary-coverts, primaries, and secondaries blackish brown; rectrices black below; three outer pairs with the terminal third white; three inner pairs with terminal third pearl-gray; outermost pair with outer web all white; middle pair brown above. Iris dark; bill, legs, and nails black. Length, 215 to 240. Three males average: Wing, 138; tail, 90; exposed culmen, 14; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 25.

Adult female.--Color pattern as in the male but the vinaceous-red replaced by earthy brown; under parts paler with a faint vinaceous wash; head brown like the back. Three females average: Wing, 128; tail, 77; exposed culmen, 14; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 24.

Young.--The young male is like the adult female but lacks the nuchal band and under parts have no vinaceous wash; wing-coverts and feathers of breast tipped with yellowish brown.

The eastern ruddy dove is one of the common doves in Luzon; it is very abundant in open lowland country where it feeds upon the ground. Like the barred and Dussumier's doves this species is common in the vicinity of Manila; many are sold in the markets throughout the year. In the other islands it is very scarce.

Genus SPILOPELIA Sundevall, 1873.

Tail graduated; its outermost feather 40 mm. shorter than the central pair; a wide band of feathers on neck with bifurcated tips.

48. SPILOPELIA TIGRINA (Temminck and Knip).

MALAY SPOTTED DOVE.

Columba tigrina Temminck and Knip, Hist. Nat. des Pig. (1808-11),
1, pl. 43.
Turtur tigrinus Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 440.
Spilopelia tigrina Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 80; Oates,
Cat. Birds' Eggs (1901), 1, 98; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 14.

Balabac (Everett); Palawan (Whitehead, McGregor, Celestino,
White). Burma, Malay Peninsula, Greater and Lesser Sunda Islands,
Celebes, Moluccas.

Adult (sexes alike).--Head dark gray with a vinaceous wash; forehead and face lighter; lores with a small black spot; bifurcated feathers of neck black with white tips; feathers of upper parts brown with paler, dull, rusty edges and dark shaft-stripes, the stripes widest on tertials and wing-coverts; distal coverts in each series pearl-gray, outer webs white; quills brown with narrow pale edges; lower parts vinous; paler, nearly white on chin; abdomen white washed with buff; under tail-coverts white; three outer tail-feathers black broadly tipped with white; next pair black, tipped with gray; two central feathers uniform brown, next pair black with a broad, terminal, brown band. "Iris reddish pearl; bill black; feet pinkish." (Wallace.) Length, about 300; wing, 145; tail, 150; exposed culmen, 17; tarsus, 22.

Young.--"More rufescent above and beneath; feathers of the hind neck of a pale brown with grayish edges." (Salvadori.)

The Malay spotted dove occurs in small numbers as a winter visitant to Balabac and Palawan. Whitehead says it is "scarce and very local" in Palawan; Celestino took several specimens at Puerto Princesa.

Subfamily GEOPELIINÆ.

Genus GEOPELIA Swainson, 1837.

Tip of first primary very slender; tail long and greatly graduated, and its feathers very slender. This genus contains the smallest Philippine doves.

49. GEOPELIA STRIATA (Linnæus).

BARRED GROUND DOVE.

Columba striata Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed 12 (1766), 1, 282.
Geopelia striata Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21,
458; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 80; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs
(1901), 1, 101; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 14.

Ba-to ba-tó ca-tic'-bi, Manila.

Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Mindoro (Everett, McGregor);
Verde (McGregor). Siam, Southern Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula,
Greater and Lesser Sunda Islands, Celebes, Amboina.

Adult male.--Anterior half of head, sides of face, chin, and upper throat pearl-gray; a little lighter on chin and forehead; hind crown and nape uniform dull reddish brown; rest of upper parts, including wing-coverts, earthy brown; neck and sides of neck decorated with sharply cut black and white bars (on hind neck washed with brown); above, the bars become obliterated posteriorly leaving the feathers uniform brown with black tips which persist to longest upper tail-coverts; below, along sides and flanks the black bars are reduced in width; middle of breast vinaceous-pink; middle of abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts white and unbarred, primaries and secondaries brown, narrowly edged with brown or gray; lining of wing cinnamon with narrow black bars; rectrices brown, all but middle pair with wide white tips. Iris pale blue; bill and bare skin about eyes blue; legs and feet dull red; nails light horn. Length, 216 to 229. Five males yield the following measurements: Wing, 94 to 100 (98); tail, 91 to 104 (96); exposed culmen, 14 to 15 (14.5); tarsus, 19 to 20 (19.5); middle toe with claw, 22 to 24 (23).

Adult female.--Like the male; said to be less reddish on the occiput but this difference is not very obvious except where fully adult birds are compared.

Young.--Above like the adult but bars continued from nape onto top of head; wing-coverts barred with brown, buff, and rusty brown; secondaries edged with rusty buff; inner webs of primary-coverts rusty brown; no vinaceous-pink on breast which is barred like the sides.

In the full-plumaged bird the bars encroach upon the pink area of breast and are more strongly developed on sides and flanks than in less mature individuals. In most specimens the primary-coverts are tipped with cinnamon but in fine plumage these coverts are uniform brown and the primaries from third to eighth inclusive, are narrowly edged with red near their bases.

The nest of this species is a frail mass of twigs with scarcely any hollow; it is placed on the branch of a bush, in a small tree, or according to Whitehead, among hanging creepers. Near Mariveles, Bataan, a nest with fresh eggs was found February 27, 1902. The two oval eggs are pure white.

The barred dove, while one of the commonest species in Luzon, occurs but rarely in other islands of the Archipelago. It is often found feeding in rice-fields after the grain has been harvested and is brought into the Manila markets from neighboring towns.

Subfamily PHABINÆ.

Genus CHALCOPHAPS Gould, 1843.

Bill slender; wing short; tail short and slightly rounded, its feathers wide; tarsal envelope entire, with no division into plates or scales; wings and mantle largely bronze-green.

50. CHALCOPHAPS INDICA (Linnæus).

INDIAN BRONZE-WINGED DOVE.

Columba indica Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 164.
Chalcophaps indica Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893),
21, 514; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 84; Oates, Cat. Birds'
Eggs (1901), 1, 103, pl. 8 figs. 2 & 3; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 14.

Ba-to ba-tó si-li, Manila; ma-ná-tad, Bohol; ac-bá-on, Ticao;
ba-na-tá, Cagayancillo; li-mú-kin, Calayan.

Banton (Celestino); Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Batan (McGregor); Bohol (McGregor);
Cagayancillo (McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester);
Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Cebu (Everett,
Steere Exp., McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor); Fuga (McGregor); Guimaras
(Steere Exp.); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Meyer, Bourns &
Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate
(Steere Exp., McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Koch & Schadenberg,
Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Celestino); Mindoro
(Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Porter); Negros (Meyer, Everett,
Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Palawan (Steere, Whitehead,
Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White); Panay (Steere,
Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar
(Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Platen); Tablas
(Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao
(McGregor); Verde (McGregor). Indian and Malay Peninsulas,
Indo-Chinese countries, Sunda Islands, Nicobars, Andamans,
Moluccas, Ceylon, Celebes, New Guinea.

Adult male.--Forehead and superciliary stripe white, shading into slate-blue on crown and nape; upper back and neck washed with slate-blue; primaries, primary-coverts, and alula dull brown; small lesser coverts on shoulder tipped with white; rest of wings and back rich metallic green, changing to rich bronze when specimen is held away from the light; back metallic copper-color crossed near middle by a band of blue-gray; another blue-gray band between back and rump; upper tail-coverts dark slate with black tips; sides of neck and face and lower parts vinaceous-purple, paler on chin and on abdomen, the former sometimes washed with brown; basal under tail-coverts blue-gray, the longest ones blackish; rectrices mostly blackish, outermost pair mostly pearl-gray above, clearest on outer web, with a subterminal black band; next two pairs similar but variable. Iris brown; bill coral-red, dark at base; legs dark carmine; feet bluish; nails horn. A specimen from Mindoro measures: Length, 255; wing, 152; tail, 92; culmen from base, 23; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 30.

Adult female.--In color pattern like the male from which it differs chiefly in having the vinaceous-purple replaced by brown, more or less faintly glossed with purple; whole head brown, superciliary stripe much reduced; small lesser wing-coverts brown; rump and upper tail-coverts cinnamon-brown with blackish tips and slight purple gloss; rectrices much as in male but second, third, and fourth outer pairs more or less rufous basally. A specimen from Masbate measures: Length, 241; wing, 139; tail, 85; culmen from base, 20; tarsus, 26; middle toe with claw, 28.

Young.--A young male has top and sides of head brown, the tips of many feathers cinnamon or rusty, especially those about the eyes; metallic colors of back and wings largely replaced by dusky brown and many of the wing-coverts, as well as some primaries and secondaries, tipped and mottled with rusty cinnamon; sides of neck, breast, and abdomen barred with cinnamon and blackish brown. Iris dark brown; bill dull reddish brown; legs dull pink; nails slate.

"Exceedingly common throughout the group. Invariably found on the ground and usually in deep woods. Usually alights on the ground again when flushed. Eyes dark brown; bill dark red; legs and feet light to dark red; nails light brown. Seven specimens average, 243 in length; wing, 141; tail, 88; culmen, 22; tarsus, 24; middle toe and claw, 29." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

The bronze-winged dove, because of its wide distribution, is a species little valued by the collector but its solitary and unobtrusive habits usually lead the novice to mistake it for a rarity. In no place abundant, the species may be found in nearly every island where forest, or even a small growth of trees, exists to afford protected feeding grounds. Oates records two eggs of this species which were collected in Mindoro by the Steere Expedition.

Subfamily GEOTRYGONINÆ.

Genus PHLEGOENAS Reichenbach, 1852.

Terrestrial and solitary; wings moderate; first primary normal; tail moderate and rounded; tarsi unfeathered; wing-coverts banded; chin and throat white; a conspicuous spot, or patch, of orange or red on crop region, where the feathers are decomposed and harsh.

Species.

a1. Breast-spot blood-red.

b1. Forehead gray; lower breast pink. ... luzonica (p. 60)
b2. Forehead green like crown; lower breast buff or fawn.

c1. A broad chestnut band on wing-coverts. ... criniger (p. 61)
c2. A broad white band on lesser wing-coverts. ... keayi (p. 62)

a2. Breast-spot orange.

b1. Hind breast and upper abdomen pearly ash. ... menagei (p. 63)
b2. Chest and abdomen white. ... platenæ (p. 64)

51. PHLEGOENAS LUZONICA (Scopoli).

LUZON PUÑALADA.

Columba luzonica Scopoli, Del Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1786), 94.
Phlogoenas luzonica Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21,
585; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 88; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 15.

Pu-ña-lá-da, Manila and generally.

Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Heriot, Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor,
Celestino).

Adult (sexes similar).--Top of head, from base of bill to hind border of eye, gray; rest of upper parts dark brown, each feather, except rectrices and their coverts, edged with metallic green or purple, according to the light; the edging wider on interscapulars; sides of neck similar to back; chin, throat, and sides of face below eyes pure white; a patch of blood-red on the stiffish feathers of crop, shading into pale salmon on lower breast and abdomen; sides gray; flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts light buff; primaries and secondaries brown, edges reddish brown, basal half of inner web of primaries cinnamon; greater and median coverts reddish brown with wide gray tips forming two gray bands across each wing; lesser coverts gray; two middle pairs of rectrices brown on upper surface; the other rectrices gray, each with a subterminal black bar.

Length, about 280. A male from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 148; tail, 112; culmen from base, 21; tarsus, 35. A female from the same province measures: Wing, 145; tail, 102; culmen from base, 20; tarsus, 32.

This beautiful dove is often found in the Manila markets; it is a well-known favorite of the Spaniards. The species is commonly known as puñalada which means "stabbed with a dagger." The Calamianes record of this species is doubtless an error.

52. PHLEGOENAS CRINIGER (Jacquinot and Pucheran).

HAIR-BREASTED PUÑALADA.

Pampusana criniger Jacquinot and Pucheran, Voy. Pôle Sud. (1853),
3, 118.
Phlogoenas bartletti Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1863), 377, pl. 34.
Phlogoenas crinigera Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893),
21, 587; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 88; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 15.

Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Leyte
(Whitehead); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp.); Samar (Bourns &
Worcester).

Adult male and female.--Head, cheeks, neck, and mantle dark metallic green changing to metallic purple; back, rump, and tail-coverts chestnut, some of the feathers with amethystine edges; white of chin and throat extending backward on each side of a large dark red crop-patch; rest of under parts rich buffy brown, lighter on tail-coverts, nearly white on abdomen; alula, primaries, and primary-coverts dark brown; secondaries chestnut; upper lesser coverts brown, edged with metallic green changing to amethystine; remainder of lesser coverts broadly tipped with gray; median and greater coverts chestnut, tipped with gray forming wing-bands; middle tail-feathers chestnut, the others blackish with wide gray tips. A male from Basilan: Length, 280; wing, 153; tail, 110; exposed culmen, 19; tarsus, 36. A female from Basilan: Wing, 145; tail, 95; exposed culmen, 19; tarsus, 34.

"Eyes lilac; legs light pink; feet dark pink; nails nearly white; upper mandible black, lower gray. Seven specimens average as follows: Length, 355; culmen, 21; wing, 146; tail, 95; tarsus, 32; middle toe with claw, 9.

"We consider the Sulu record of this species extremely doubtful. We saw a Phlegoenas there which we failed to obtain. It seems to us more probable, however, from the close relationship of the known birds of Sulu to those of Tawi Tawi that the species in question is P. menagei.

"The habits of the Philippine representatives of this genus are the same. The birds are invariably found on the ground in the forest. They run very rapidly, and in close cover frequently escape in this way without taking wing. When flushed they invariably alight on the ground again, and run rapidly after alighting, so that they are very difficult to kill. P. criniger is fairly abundant in Basilan, but much rarer in Samar." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

53. PHLEGOENAS KEAYI Clarke.

NEGROS PUÑALADA.

Phlogoenas keayi Clarke, Ibis (1900), 359, pl. 8; McGregor and
Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 15.

Pe-nes, Negros.

Negros (Keay).

Adult.--"Feathers of the head, upper part of cheeks, hind neck, sides of breast, mantle, and lesser wing-coverts (except the distal series) gray, broadly edged with dark metallic green, changing to amethystine; back and rump purplish chestnut with amethystine margins to feathers; upper tail-coverts purplish chestnut; primaries dusky, with margins of outer webs and basal two-thirds of inner webs chestnut; secondaries chestnut, dusky toward tips of inner webs; greater and median coverts purplish chestnut; lesser coverts with two or three of their distal rows subterminally gray, broadly margined with white, the latter color forming a conspicuous band across wing; lining of wing and under wing-coverts chestnut; central pair of tail-feathers dark chestnut, the remainder gray with a broad subapical band of black; lower part of cheeks, throat, fore neck, breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts white (abdomen washed with fawn in some specimens); flanks and thighs fawn, almost white in some examples; patch on crop-region small and blood-red; pectoral band narrow and incomplete, formed by the metallic green margins to some of the breast feathers. Feet red. Wing, 159; tail, 104; culmen, 18; tarsus, 37." (Clarke.)

Keay's blood-breasted pigeon is easily recognized by the conspicuous white band across the wing.

54. PHLEGOENAS MENAGEI Bourns and Worcester.

TAWI TAWI PUÑALADA.

Phlogoenas menagei Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 10; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1899), 1, 88; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 15.

Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester).

"Adult male.--Entire upper surface of head, nape, hind neck, upper back, sides of neck, and sides of breast rich metallic green; scapulars and interscapulars dark brown, broadly edged with elegant violet when specimen is held between observer and the light, this color changing to deep green when specimen is held away from source of light; rump and upper tail-coverts ruddy brown narrowly edged with metallic colors of back; a few of the longest coverts nearly black, washed with rufous-brown at tips; basal portion of tail-feathers dark ashy gray, the two central feathers darkest; a distinct subterminal band of black on all but central pair of feathers; all the feathers with a terminal gray band, least distinct on central pair; wing-coverts dark brown, broadly tipped with metallic green except outer series, which are broadly tipped with ashy gray; primary- and secondary-coverts and secondaries fulvous-brown, the outer half of outer webs of feathers rich rufous-brown, the inner secondaries having the entire outer web, and tip of inner web, of this color; primaries fulvous-brown faintly washed with rufous-brown on basal half of outer webs; lores, a narrow line under eye, and ear-coverts nearly black with a faint wash of metallic green; metallic green of back and sides of neck continued in a distinct band across the breast, only slightly interrupted at center of breast and inclosing a beautiful orange plastron formed by the bristle-like tips of the feathers of the fore breast; basal portion of these feathers as well as chin, throat, sides of face, and sides of throat pure white; an indistinct white band behind the green pectoral band; hind breast and upper abdomen pearly ash, a few of the feathers tipped with creamy white; belly creamy white; flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts buff; under surface of tail like upper, the terminal band being rather more pronounced; under wing-coverts, axillars, and basal portion of inner webs of all the quills chestnut-brown; rest of quills dark brown. Iris light silver-gray; bill slaty gray at tip, black at base; legs and feet light red; nails light brown. Length, 286; wing, 153; tail, 103; culmen, 21; tarsus, 36.

"Extremely rare and difficult to obtain. We secured two fine males but failed to get a female." (Bourns and Worcester.)

55. PHLEGOENAS PLATENÆ Blasius.

MINDORO PUÑALADA.

Phlogoenas platenæ "Blasius," Hartert, Jour. für Ornith. (1891)
302; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 588; Sharpe,
Hand-List (1899), 1, 88; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 15.

Mindoro (Platen, Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

Adult (sexes similar).--Head and neck dark metallic green changing to amethystine; scapulars, back, and rump chestnut, many of the feathers edged with metallic green; below white becoming faint buff or ochraceous on abdomen, flanks, and tail-coverts; finely speckled with gray on sides of breast; red crop-patch very small; alula, primaries, and primary-coverts brown; secondaries and coverts chestnut, except some of the lesser series which are blackish with broad light gray tips forming a conspicuous patch; upper tail-coverts and middle pair of tail-feathers gray, remainder of rectrices blackish with gray tips. Iris purple; bill black; legs dark rose-color; nails gray. Length, 275 to 285. A male measures: Wing, 150; tail, 106; exposed culmen, 20; tarsus, 34. A female: Wing, 141; tail, 100; exposed culmen, 20; tarsus, 34.

Two nests with eggs were collected on the Baco River in 1905. The first was taken April 28, and was placed 1.5 meters from the ground on a horizontal limb of a small tree. The two eggs were advanced in incubation. They measure 30 by 22 and 29 by 22. The second nest was similarly placed in a shrub. The nest measures 200 by 280 mm. across the top and is very shallow, the outside depth being about 50 mm. On the bottom are a number of rather large leaves and sticks, topped by fine rootlets and spiral plant-tendrils. The materials were poorly put together so that a large part of the bottom fell off when the nest was removed from its site. The two eggs were well incubated. They measure 29 by 22 and 30 by 21. Their color is light cream.

"Common in the old forests in the interior of Mindoro, but very difficult to shoot. We found its nest in a tangle of vines about two meters above the ground. The female flew from the nest to the ground and pretended to be lame. The nest, which contained two young birds, was found in the month of May." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Subfamily CALOENADINÆ.

Genus CALOENAS Gray, 1840.

The genus Caloenas is distinguished by having the feathers of the neck long, narrow, and pointed; bill deep, with a knob on the base of culmen; legs and feet large, covered with large transverse plates; tail short and square.

56. CALOENAS NICOBARICA (Linnæus).

NICOBAR PIGEON.

Columba nicobarica Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 164.
Caloenas nicobarica Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893),
21, 615; Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1898), 4, 24, fig. 5
(head); Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 91; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs
(1901), 1, 106; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 15.

Dun-dú-nai, native name.

Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Negros (Bourns &
Worcester); Palawan (Platen); Sibutu (Everett); Siquijor
(Celestino); Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Talaran, off Basilan
(Freer); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester). Nicobar and Greater Sunda
Islands, Mergui and Bismark Archipelagos, Moluccas to New Guinea.

Adult male.--Head, neck, throat, and breast dark slate or blue-black; long neck-plumes, mantle, back, wing-coverts, and some of the inner secondaries bright metallic green, blue, or bronze-red changing with the light; primaries and outer secondaries black, more or less edged with blue; tail and its coverts pure white; abdomen, flanks, and thighs blue-black with more or less metallic green. Wing, 250; tail, 82; culmen from base, 24; tarsus, 40.

"Female.--Similar to the male but smaller, narrow feathers of the neck shorter, and also frontal knob smaller.

"Young.--Like the female, but the tail greenish black." (Salvadori.)

"Rare in all the islands visited by us except Tawi Tawi, where it is very common. Invariably found on the ground in deep woods. It rises very heavily and with much noise, always alighting in low trees, and then flying from tree to tree if disturbed. Iris dark brown; legs dark purple; upper surface of feet dark purple; lower surface yellow; nails yellow; bill black. Seven specimens average as follows: Length, 346; culmen, 23; wing, 241; tail, 86; tarsus, 38; middle toe and claw, 48." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Order RALLIFORMES.

RAILS, GALLINULES, AND COOTS.

Size medium to small; body compressed; thighs very muscular; legs rather long; toes long; wing short and rounded; tail short and soft, composed of ten or twelve feathers; bill strong but variable in form; long and slightly curved in typical rails, short and thick in the crakes, subconical and heavy in Porphyrio; nostrils pervious and variable in shape; wing usually bearing a short spine or a flattened knob. Most of the species inhabit marsh-land, rice-fields, or thick beds of reeds bordering ponds and streams; Rallina, Amaurornis, and Gallicrex are often found in dry fields or underbrush at considerable distances from water. The nest is placed on the ground and well concealed among reeds or bunches of grass; usually situated near water or marshy ground. The eggs vary in number from four to ten, and are usually much spotted and streaked. The downy young are coal-black.

Family RALLIDÆ.

Characters same as those given for the Order.

Subfamilies.

a1. Toes without webs or lobes. ... Rallinæ (p. 66) a2. Toes lobate. ... Fulicinæ (p. 81)

Subfamily RALLINÆ.

Genera.

a1. No frontal shield.

b1. Bill more slender; exposed culmen equal to middle toe without
claw. ... Hypotænidia (p. 66)
b2. Bill stouter; exposed culmen much less than middle toe without
claw.

c1. Culmen not swollen at base; wing less than 140 mm.

d1. Tarsus longer than middle toe with claw. ... Rallina (p. 69)
d2. Tarsus about equal to middle toe with claw or shorter.

e1. Culmen decidedly longer than hind toe with claw; under
tail-coverts banded with white.

f1. Smaller; wing, 90 mm. or less; forehead, throat, and
breast slate-gray. ... Porzana (p. 71)
f2. Larger; wing, 100 mm. or more; forehead, throat, and
breast chestnut. ... Limnobænus (p. 73)

e2. Culmen but little longer than hind toe with claw; under
tail-coverts unbanded. ... Poliolimnas (p. 73)

c2. Culmen slightly swollen at base but not forming a frontal
shield; wing more than 150 mm. ... Amaurornis (p. 75)

a2. Frontal shield present; legs and feet long and heavy.

b1. Nostrils elongate; frontal shield narrower; terminal half of
bill green or yellowish green.

c1. Under tail-coverts pure white; tarsus less than 65
mm. ... Gallinula (p. 77)
c2. Under tail-coverts not white; tarsus more than 75
mm. ... Gallicrex (p. 78)

b2. Nostrils small and circular; frontal shield wider; bill all
red. ... Porphyrio (p. 80)

Genus HYPOTÆNIDIA Reichenbach, 1852.

Bill slender; abdomen and flanks black or brown, banded with white.

Species.

a1. Chin white; upper parts more or less spotted with white.

b1. Smaller; wing less than 125 mm.; breast uniform; no white
eyebrow. ... striata (p. 67)
b2. Larger; wing more than 140 mm.; breast barred with black and
white; a white eyebrow. ... philippensis (p. 67)

a2. Chin black; upper parts uniform. ... torquata (p. 68)

57. HYPOTÆNIDIA STRIATA (Linnæus).

BLUE-BREASTED RAIL.

Rallus striatus Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), 1, 262.
Hypotænidia striata Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1894), 23, 33;
Hand-List (1899), 1, 95; Oates, Cat. Bird's Eggs (1901), 1, 111;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 15.

Tic-líng, general name for rails.

Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Cebu (Everett); Guimaras (Steere
Exp.); Leyte (Everett); Luzon (Cuming, McGregor, Gevers); Mindanao
(Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow); Mindoro
(McGregor, Porter); Negros (Steere Exp., Keay); Palawan (Celestino,
White); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Steere
Exp.); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester);
Sulu (Guillemard). Burmese countries to China, Malay Peninsula,
Indo-Malay Islands, Southern India, Ceylon, Formosa, Celebes.

Adult male.--Above olive-brown, feathers centered with black and barred with broken white lines; crown, neck, and sides of neck dull chestnut, brighter on the last; center of crown blackish; chin and upper throat; lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts, lower throat, fore neck, and breast slate-gray; posterior lower part of body, under wing-coverts, and axillars blackish barred with white; alula blackish brown; primary-coverts and primaries blackish brown spotted and barred with white; tail and its coverts similar to the back. "Basal half of bill rose-pink, the anterior half horn-color; legs and toes deep olive-brown; claws pale brown; iris red." (Oates.) Length, 246; culmen, 38; wing, 120; tail, 47; tarsus, 37.

"Adult female.--Similar to the male, but paler and decidedly more olive, head not so bright chestnut; white bars on lower parts much tinged with fulvous. Length, 240; culmen, 35; wing, 110; tail, 41; tarsus, 35.

"In winter the plumage is entirely overshaded with olive-brown and there is a distinct fulvescent tinge on abdomen and under tail-coverts, almost hiding the black bars on the latter.

"Young.--Differs from the adults in having the bill black, and the upper surface much darker and without any white spots and bars on the back; head blackish, and back darker olive-brown with broad black centers to the feathers; no rufous on the head or sides of crown and sides of neck." (Sharpe.)

58. HYPOTÆNIDIA PHILIPPENSIS (Linnæus).

PECTORAL RAIL.

Rallus philippensis Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), 1, 263.
Hypotænidia philippinensis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1894),
23, 39; Hand-List (1899), 1, 96; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1901),
1, 113; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 16.

Batan (Edmonds); Luzon (Everett, Whitehead, McGregor). Pacific
Islands, Malay Archipelago, Australia, New Zealand.

"Adult male.--General color above ochraceous-brown, all the feathers black, with ochraceous edgings, and spangled with white spots on the mantle and back; lower back and rump ochraceous-brown, with white centers to the feathers, but no white spots; wing-coverts like the back, but more uniform, and with scarcely any spots on the lesser and median series, the greater series, however, having large white spots and intermediate bars of black; alula black, checkered with white spots and bars; primary-coverts rufous, olive-brown at tip and banded with black; quills rufous, banded with black, and black at tips, the first two primaries checkered on the outer web and barred on the inner web with white; secondaries blackish, externally and at the tips ochraceous-brown, with numerous ovate spots or bars, the innermost secondaries ochraceous-brown, with broad black centers resembling the back; tail-feathers ochraceous-brown centered with black; crown of head olive-brown, with black longitudinal spots to the feathers; hinder neck ferrugineous, mottled with blackish centers to the feathers, which are edged with olive-brown, obscuring the rufous; lores and broad band through the eye dusky brown, becoming rufous on the ear-coverts and extending to the sides of the neck, where it is a little brighter rufous; over the lores a white band extending above the eye, and continued in a broad band of light ashy gray above the ear-coverts, and extending to the sides of the nape; cheeks light ashy gray, extending over the fore neck, which is washed with brown; fore part of the cheeks and throat white, remainder of under surface white, with black bars, very distinct, but narrow on the sides of fore neck, broader and more regular on the sides of body, where the feathers have olive-brown tips; flank feathers distinctly barred with black and white, the black bands being the broader; feathers at the sides of the vent tawny-buff, black at the base, and barred with white; long under tail-coverts black, with white bars, tawny-buff at the ends, the lower coverts tawny-buff, with black bases; thighs tawny-buff, dusky brown behind, under wing-coverts black, broadly edged with white; axillars black, barred with white. 'Bill warm brown; feet and claws light grayish brown; iris indian-red.' (Everett.) Length, 292; culmen, 32; wing, 145; tail, 67; tarsus, 39; middle toe with claw, 47." (Sharpe.)

Female.--An immature female agrees with the description of the male but the lower throat and fore breast are obscured with slate-gray and a slight olive wash. Bill dull brick-red, the terminal third brown; iris red; legs and nails light brown. Length, 305; wing, 136; tail, 73; culmen, 30; tarsus, 39; middle toe with claw, 43. This species is rare in Luzon.

59. HYPOTÆNIDIA TORQUATA (Linnæus).

PHILIPPINE RAIL.

Rallus torquatus Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), 1, 262.
Hypotænidia torquata Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1894), 23,
43; Hand-List (1899), 1, 96; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 16.

Bantayan (McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Cagayancillo (McGregor);
Camiguin N. (McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Everett,
Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Everett);
Luzon (Cuming, Meyer, Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead,
McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester,
McGregor); Mindanao (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow);
Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Everett, Keay);
Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester);
Sibuyan (McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino);
Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor).

Adult (sexes alike).--Above olive-brown with a few, obscure, black lines on forehead; lores and circumocular area black, continued as a wide black band behind eye to side of nape; below this a wide white band from gape to neck, slightly washed with chestnut at its end; chin gray; throat and lower part of face black; lower throat and rest of lower parts black profusely banded with white; vent and under tail-coverts washed with clay-brown; a wide band of chestnut across breast; under wing-coverts and axillars barred with black and white like the breast. Iris red; bill, legs, and nails brown. Three males: Length, 317 to 330; wing, 151 to 155; tail, 54 to 65; exposed culmen, 41 to 43; tarsus, 52 to 53; middle toe with claw, 52 to 55. Two females: Length, 305, 317; wing, 142, 144; tail, 51, 60; exposed culmen, 39, 41; tarsus, 51, 52; middle toe with claw, 51, 52.

Young.--Resembles the adult but has more white on the chin; band across breast wider and olive-brown; vent and under tail-coverts barred with reddish brown.

"H. torquata usually deposits four eggs, more rarely three. The ground-color of the egg is creamy white, sparingly marked with spots and a few blotches of brown varying from dark chocolate to reddish, and with more numerous spots and blotches of pale lilac; all the markings more numerous at the larger end. Ten eggs average 38 by 28.4." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

The Philippine rail is the most abundant species of its family with the possible exception of Poliolimnas cinereus; both species are often taken in snares.

Genus RALLINA Reichenbach, 1849.

The species of this genus are of small size with short stout bills; middle toe with claw shorter than tarsus; head, neck, and chest chestnut; sides and abdomen barred with white.

Species.

a1. Wing-coverts broadly barred with white or buffy-white. ... fasciata (p. 70) a2. Wing-coverts uniform or with few irregular white bars. ... eurizonoides (p. 70)

60. RALLINA FASCIATA (Raffles).

MALAY BANDED CRAKE.

Rallus fasciatus Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1822), 13, pt. 2, 328.
Rallina fasciata Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1894), 23,
75; Hand-List (1899), 1, 99; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 16.

Balabac (Everett); Mindoro (Porter); Palawan (Whitehead,
Platen). Burmese provinces, Malay Peninsula, Indo-Malayan Islands,
Halmhéra, Pelew Islands.

"Adult male.--General color above ruddy brown, scapulars like the back; rump a little more olive-brown; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers reddish brown; lesser and median coverts ruddy brown, with buffy white bars, each of which is margined with black; greater coverts black, rather broadly barred with white, as well as the alula and primary-coverts; quills blackish brown, checkered with white spots on outer web, and barred with white on the inner one; secondaries broadly barred and tipped with white, these white markings obsolete on the innermost, rufous-brown secondaries; crown, neck, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, and chest chestnut, a little lighter on the throat; breast and sides white, broadly banded with black, the abdomen white; thighs white externally, ashy brown internally; under tail-coverts barred with black and white or rufous-white; under wing-coverts and axillars white, barred with black like the inner lining of quills. 'Bill dark horny; orbital skin and gape vermilion; feet and exposed portion of tibia bright coral-red; iris dull cinnabar-red.' (Davidson.) Length, 216; culmen, 24; wing, 132; tail, 48; tarsus, 46.

"Adult female.--Similar to the male in color, but a little browner, and with narrower black bars on the under surface, the abdomen being, therefore, whiter. 'Bill plumbeous; feet coral-red; iris reddish brown.' (Davidson.) Length, 230; culmen, 23; wing, 124; tail, 48; tarsus, 38.